1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Level of Service (LOS) is defined as a qualitative measure describing operational conditions within a
traffic steam and their perception by motorists and passenger. Six classifications are used to define LOS,
designated by the letters A through F. LOS A represents the best conditions, while LOS F represents
heavily congested flow with traffic demand exceeding highway capacity.

The prediction of LOS for a multilane highway involves three steps:

(1) Determination of free-flow speed
(2) Adjustment of volume
(3) Determination of level of service
Based on our observations at the entrance of UTHM from 8.45am until 9.45am, the majority of the class
of vehicle is Class B that is car. From the observations, we saw that the heavy vehicles like buses and van
were at the left line while other small vehicles at the right line of the road. The flow of traffic is free flow
and no congested were happened.
Precaution that we can take during do this survey, we have to wear a safety jacket. It is dangerous if we
dont wear it, because vehicle maybe cant see us. Lastly, dont forget to use the safety cone and flags for
additional safety. So, the vehicle can more careful.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the capacity and level of service of the UTHM signalized intersection using JKR
Arahan Teknik (Jalan) procedure.

3.0 APPARATUS
1. Measuring Tape/Odometer
2. Forms HC1, HC2 and HC3
3. Analog Counter
4. Safety Vest
5. Safety Cones
6. Flags
4.0 PROCEDURE

1) At the UTHM Signalised Intersection, we have to conduct a traffic movement count

on all approaches (each line separately) for one hour in four segments of 15 minutes.
The data have been recorded in the Tables 1 10.
2) The width of lane we measure to get the width, W (in meter) for all approaches and
the data have been recorded in the table 11.
3) We also measure the green time, g (sec) and cycle time, C(sec). the data are recorded
in table 12
4) Convert the traffic volumes in table 1 -10 to passanger car unit ( p.c.u). This is taken
as the design flow, q (pcu/hr) which then be used in Table 11.
5) The saturation flow, S (p.c.u/hr) are adjusted for each approach and transfer the value
to Table 11
6) By this, the value of y, can be compute, ehich is the ratio of design flow to adjusted
saturation flow. Also, Y value, which is the total value of y for each approach.
7) The, calculate the intergreen time, I (sec) and total lost time per cycle L (sec)
Y prac
8) The practical capacity,
and reserved capacity, RC of the intersection are
determined.
9) Lastly, determined the average stopped dealy per vehicle, d (sec) and level of service
for each approach.

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS

TABLE 1
Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (RIGHT-TURN)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 9.45 a.m

Lane: 1
Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

23

61

9.00-9.15 am

26

77

9.15-9.30 am

24

54

9.30-9.45 am

22

65

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
95
257
6

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

31.35
257.00
10.50

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

2.25

18.00

Buses)
Total

366
Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

316.85

TABLE 2
Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 2

Time: 8.45 9.45 am

Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME

8.45-9.00 am

18

52

9.00-9.15 am

10

102

9.15-9.30 am

78

9.30-9.45 am

98

12

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
34
330
31

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

11.22
330.00
54.25

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

17

2.25

38.25

Buses)
Total

412

433.72

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 3
Approach (Movement): PARIT RAJA (THROUGH)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 3

Time: 8.45 9.45 am

Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

15

23

12

9.00-9.15 am

26

60

25

9.15-9.30 am

18

54

16

9.30-9.45 am

27

54

10

26

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
86
191
24

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

28.38
191.00
42.00

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

79

2.25

177.75

Buses)
Total

380

439.13

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 5
Approach (Movement): UTHM (RIGHT-TURN)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 1

Time: 8.45 9.45 am

Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

10

9.00-9.15 am

12

9.15-9.30 am

20

9.30-9.45 am

13

27

Vehicle Class
Class 1 (Motorcycles)

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

(Veh/hour)
25

Factor
0.33

8.25

Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

69
2

1.00
1.75

69.00
3.50

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

2.25

11.25

Buses)
Total

101

92.00

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 6
Approach (Movement): UTHM (LEFT-TURN)

Lane: 2

Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.30 am

Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

9.00-9.15 am

15

9.15-9.30 am

11

16

9.30-9.45 am

10

23

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
25
58
5

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

8.25
58.00
8.75

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

2.25

18.00

Buses)
Total

96

93.00

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 7
Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (U-TURN)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 9.45 am Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

9.00-9.15 am

17

9.15-9.30 am

9.30-9.45 am

11

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
15
44
10

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

4.95
44.00
17.50

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

2.25

2.25

Buses)
Total

70
Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

68.7

TABLE 8
Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Lane: 2

Time: 8.45 9.45 am

Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

18

31

16

16

9.00-9.15 am

30

40

23

25

9.15-9.30 am

14

59

35

20

9.30-9.45 am

14

54

20

28

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
76
184
94

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

25.08
184.00
164.50

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

89

2.25

200.25

Buses)
Total

443

573.83

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 9
Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (THROUGH)

Lane: 3

Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 9.45 am

Weather: Good

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

TIME
1

8.45-9.00 am

42

14

9.00-9.15 am

63

13

9.15-9.30 am

60

9.30-9.45 am

74

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
3
239
44

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

0.99
239.00
77.00

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

17

2.25

38.25

Buses)
Total

303

355.24

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 10
Approach (Movement): BATU PAHAT (LEFT-TURN)
Day/Date: 4/3/2015 (WEDNESDAY)

Time: 8.45 9.45 am

TRAFFIC COUNT
VEHICLE CLASS

Weather: Good

TIME

8.45-9.00 am

12

27

9.00-9.15 am

10

21

9.15-9.30 am

11

25

9.30-9.45 am

17

31

Vehicle Class

Traffic Volume

p.c.u.

p.c.u.

Class 1 (Motorcycles)
Class 2 (Cars)
Class 3 (Vans & Medium

(Veh/hour)
50
104
2

Factor
0.33
1.00
1.75

16.50
104.00
3.50

Trucks)
Class 4 (Heavy Trucks &

2.25

9.00

Buses)
Total

160

133.00

Note: p.c.u passenger car unit

TABLE 11

PHASE
Movement
W (m)
S (pcu/hr)
q(pcu/hr)
y= q/S
y

PT 2

PT 3

II

PT 4 B T 2

BT3

PT 2

III

PT 3

PT 4 PR 1

IV

PR 1

BU 1

UR 1

U R 1,2

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

9m

1603.4
4
433.72

1603.4
4
439.13

1603.4
4
355.24

1603.4
4
433.72

1603.4
4
439.13

1603.4
4
316.85

1603.4
4
316.85

1603.4
4
68.70

1603.4
4
92.00

428.40

1603.4
4
573.83

0.27

0.27

0.36

0.22

0.27

0.27

0.20

0.20

0.04

0.06

0.22

0.28

0.25

0.12

93.00

0.14

Key:
P = Parit Raja Approach; B = Batu Pahat Approach; U = UTHM
Approach
T = Through; R = Right-turn; L = Left-turn
1 = Lane 1; 2 = Lane 2; 3 = Lane 3; 4 = Lane 4

Example calculation of adjusted saturation flow S

S = S

Fg

Fr

Fl

Ft

S = 1965 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85

= 1603.44 (pcu/hr)

Y=

y1

y2

y3

y4

= 0.27 + 0.27 + 0.36 + 0.22

= 0.28

Amber time, a

= 3 sec

All-red period, R

= 2 sec

Intergreen time, I

= a + R = 5 sec

Drivers reaction time, l = 2 sec

Number of phases, n = 4
Total lost time, L

= n(I a) + nl = 4(2-3) + (4)(2)

= 4 sec

Practical capacity, Yprac

= 0.9 0.0075L = 0.9 0.0075(4)

= 0.87

Reserve capacity, RC = 100% ( Yprac Y ) / Y

= 100% (0.87-0.28) / 0.28

= 210.71

TABLE 12
phase
movemen
t
C (sec)
g (sec)

=g /C
S
(pcu/hr)
q (pcu/hr)

q s =(p
cu/sec)
x= q/ S
d (sec)

PT 2

PT 3

II

PT 4 B T 2

BT3

PT 2

III

PT 3

PT 4 PR 1

PR 1

IV

BU 1

UR 1

U R 1,2

112
90
0.80

112
90
0.80

112
90
0.80

112
90
0.80

112
90
0.80

112
90
0.80

110
17
0.15

110
17
0.15

80
32
0.40

80
32
0.40

80
32
0.40

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

1603.
44

428.
40

433.7
2
0.12

439.1
3
0.12

355.2
4
0.10

433.7
2
0.12

439.1
3
0.12

316.8
5
0.09

92.00

316.8
5
0.09

68.70

573.8
3
0.16

0.02

0.03

93.0
0
0.03

0.34
3.43

0.34
3.43

0.45
4.19

0.28
3.09

0.34
3.43

0.34
3.43

1.32
17.37

1.32
17.37

0.11
13.86

0.14
14.07

0.54
26.0

LOS

Example calculation for delay and determination of LOS

d=

9
10

9
10

C (1 )
2(1 x)

1(0.8)(0.34)
2
112(10.8)2

x2

2 q s (1x )

0.34 2

(2)(0.12)(10.34)

= 3.43 sec (LOS = A (<5.0 seconds))

6.0 DISCUSSION
Signalized intersection is a study conducted to ensure the safety and smooth operation of
at every intersection. It also carried out to determine the duration of traffic lights to make way for
other vehicles or pedestrians. This can avoid a possible accident. For the LOS of UTHM
intersection that we get from the observation and calculation, for Parit Raja through and Batu
Pahat through of class I and II are A. While for Parit Raja right-turn of class II and III the LOS
are C. For Batu Pahat u-turn and UTHM right-turn of class III and IV the LOS are B. In addition,

UTHM right-turn of class IV the LOS is D. So, we can see that the traffic at UTHM intersection
is a bit busy at the peak hours that 8.45a.m - 9.45 a.m.
Therefore, the level of service can be derived from a road under different operating
characteristics and traffic volumes. The factors affecting level of service (LOS) are speed and
travel time, traffic interruptions/restrictions, freedom to travel with desired speed, driver comfort
and convenience and operating cost.

7.0 CONCLUSION
From the result we can see that the multilane capacity analysis states that the traffic
volume within the Parit Raja and UTHM have improve. This is maybe because of the increasing
of the vehicle in the area. From this survey, we can know when is the tidal flow is occurred.
Since we have done this survey manually, so, the data can possibly have some mistake. Basically,
this survey have to be done in longer time but since we do not have much time, so, we just done
it for one hour with 15 minutes interval. The result and the data give such a helpful information.
By this, we can improve the traffic control and traffic management in Parit Raja. It also can
reduce traffic jam when peak time.
The result of the study indicates that traffic control system have to improve as well as
using canalization, signal, sign etc. The survey data and result may be used for further future
survey to help minimize the problem at the area.