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Gases in Centrifugals
Lee Chong Jin (Team leader)
Mohd Zakiyuddin Mohd Zahari
Cheah Cang To
James Bryan
-
Abstract
Centrifugal compressor performance prediction relies heavily on accurate modelling of
thermodynamic properties using Equations of State (EOS); In particular, the gas compressibility factor
(Z) and ratio of specific heat (k). There have been efforts to develop more generalised EOS such as
GERG, but the challenge remains on identifying the best EOS fit for specific duties.
More recent EOS including AGA8 and REFPROPs NIST EOS haven been explored in this paper, along
with some earlier ones. The boundary limits of the various EOS are herein described with comparison
of the results of all of these equations on various gas mixtures encountered in real applications.
The purpose of this work is to explore the more thermodynamically challenging heavy gas and
mixtures. Operating points are selected to cover typical duties that are commonly encountered in
LNG and offshore compression. Z and k derived from the EOS are then compared with REFPROPs
EOS as a reference and the deviations are tabulated.
More specifically, Mixed Refrigerant gases are typically used for LNG liquefaction applications while
CO2 gas are common in sour gas fields, hence relevant for the intended investigation.
Discharge temperature is not calculated and compared between EOS in this paper; a reliable model
for calculating polytropic exponents is open for further research.
Nomenclature
Symbols
)
(
Abbreviations
The following are abbreviations of the different EOS names used throughout the report:
Fundamentals
The Compressibility Factor, Z, is the fundamental thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal
gas law to account for the real gas behavior. Z is introduced into the Ideal Gas equation [1]:
Eq. 1
Due to the various factors involved such as having infinite possible combinations of ratios between
each component in a gas mixture, it is infeasible to develop an EOS that will accurately calculate Z
across a wide combination of operating conditions (in terms of gas compositions, temperatures and
pressures).
With the specific heat ratio, k, polytropic exponents can be obtained and in turn gas compression can
then be expressed in terms of pressure and temperature variation [2]:
Eq. 2
( )
The power required to compress a gas is directly proportional to the gas compressibility factor, Z. For
an ideal gas, Z=1 regardless of the gas state. Since in practice Z changes depending on the gas
conditions P and T, power calculation will deviate between a real gas and ideal gas calculation by as
much as the Z deviates. Similarly, k affects the accuracy of the head and power equations.
Therefore, it is worth investigating the different EOS that can be used to obtain Z and k for a specified
mixture and operating condition. The EOS that are investigated in this report are tabulated in Table
1:
Equation of State
Redlich-Kwong (RK) [1]
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
(SRK) [1]
Peng-Robinson (PR) [1]
)
(
(
Benedict-Webb-RubinStarling & Han modified by
Nishiumi & Saito (BWRSNS) [3][4]
)
(
)
(
Lee-Kesler-Plcker (LKP)
[1]
AGA8 [5]
(
(
)
(
) )
Table 1: Equations of States analysed and the general form of the equation.
REFPROP, a commercially available program developed by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST), performs estimation of real gas thermodynamic properties based on three
models for the thermodynamic properties of pure fluids: EOS explicit in Helmholtz energy, the
modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, and an extended corresponding states (ECS) model
[7]. Equation of state modules available from the REFPROP package are:1.
2.
3.
4.
The NIST EOS is primarily based on the GERG 2008 EOS (which is used in [8;9;10;11]), in turn
expanded from GERG 2004 to include additional fluids (e.g. ethylene, propylene, methanol, etc.).
NIST's database is widely recognised as a reliable source of reference in terms of real gas behaviour,
as can be traced in both the academic and turbo-machinery industry [12;13;14;15]. Thus, with the
established database in REFPROP software, the default NIST EOS will be the benchmark EOS which
other EOS will be referred to for the purpose of this paper.
The standalone EOS (not included in REFPROP) compiled by the authors for the purpose of this
discussion are as follows:1.
2.
3.
4.
Redlich-Kwong (RK)
Lee-Kesler-Plcker (LKP)
Modified Benedict, Webb, Rubin, Starling and Han by Nishiumi and Saito (BWRS-NS)
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
RK and SRK EOS are relatively straightforward to model as they are cubic EOS. Virial EOS such as
BWRS-NS and LKP are developed as an improvement to the former; These are EOS which represents
a power series of density with temperature coefficients [1]:
Eq. 3
The roots in these virial EOS are evaluated using the Newton-Raphson method where the initial guess
for compressibility factor is set to be 0.8 for the vapor phase [1]. AGA8 which is an extended virial
equation is even lengthier where it contains summations of 58 polynomial terms.
BWRS-NS is selected over the standard BWRS model for its wider range of operations; specifically in
the cryogenic range [3]. Nevertheless, BWRS would still suffice for noncryogenic CO2 duties.
In the absence of REFPROP, the Multiparameter EOS such as GERG could also be modelled. GERG is
represented in the Helmholtz Free Energy form in terms of reduced density and inverse reduced
temperature [6]:
(
Eq. 4
The Critical Point of Methane is at P=46bara and T=190.6k. Thus, data to the right of the critical P line
in Figure 1 in this case are within the Supercritical Region.
Figure 2: Specific Heat Ratio (k=Cp/Cv) vs Pressure for Methane gas at T=210K and T=300K
Similarly, the Specific Heat Ratios, k can be plotted versus P, as seen in Figure 2. As the ratio k=Cp/Cv
and Cp>Cv in all cases, the graph for k is always above k=1. A notable feature is that near the critical
point, the EOS spikes to infinity yielding erroneous results. This issue is not apparent on the Z graph,
thus it is possible to obtain operating points near the critical point where values of Z appear sensible
while k becomes overly sensitive. The curve slowly flattens out as Temperature is increased beyond
Tc. Deviations of k also increase when P increases as the gas deviates from the Ideal Gas model.
It is not practical to present the entire range of data on this paper as this requires a 3D graph to
effectively plot Z for various P and T; even then, it will be difficult to compare multiple 3d surfaces
representing each EOS. Therefore, selected operating points applicable for the gas examined will be
used to compare Z and k to evaluate how the EOS differ from each other.
Pure Methane
Methane is the simplest alkane molecule and the main constituent in natural gas, serving as a
reference to establish the comparisons between EOS. Selected points are chosen rather than
presenting all the data on a graph here as it is impractical to overlay all the data of the various EOS.
Operating Point 1 represents boil-off gas conditions. Operating points 2-7 represent typical values of
a natural gas compressor.
Operating Point
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.01
13.82
24.41
24.6
105.66
56.42
115
320
320
350
350
380
Table 2: Selected Operating Points for Pure Methane
7
128.94
380
Note that the critical point of methane is at 46bara, 191K. None of the operating points are selected
near this value.
%Deviation Z
1.5
Z GERG
1
Z LKP
Z BWRSNS
0.5
Z SRK
0
Z PR
Z RK
-0.5
1
4
5
Operating Points
%Deviation k
0.5
k GERG
k LKP
-0.5
k BWRSNS
-1
k SRK
k PR
-1.5
k RK
-2
1
Operating Points
1
10.91
320
2
21.42
320
3
24.3423
350
4
102.8026
350
5
55.93
380
6
126.52
380
%Deviation Z
1.5
Z GERG
Z LKP
Z BWRSNS
0.5
Z SRK
Z PR
-0.5
Z AGA8
-1
1
Operating Points
%Deviation k
0.6
0.4
k GERG
0.2
k LKP
k BWRSNS
k SRK
-0.2
k PR
-0.4
k AGA8
-0.6
1
Operating Points
As predicted, the results of the graphs (Figures 1 & 3, 2 & 4) for natural gas are similar to the pure
Methane gas graph except with slightly more deviations.
Z:
For Natural Gas data, it is observed that LKP gives stable results; with less than 0.5%
deviation for each data. However, the results show that AGA8 show the least deviation throughout
the range; demonstrating great correlation with NIST for natural gas mixtures. As predicted, SRK
again exhibits large deviations up to 2% at high P and T. PR has low deviations in this range but may
overshoot at higher P and T; same goes for BWRS-NS.
k:
AGA8 represents the closest EOS to NIST but deviates more significantly at the higher
P>100bara (around 0.5%). SRK still models k well comparatively (around 0.25% at most) despite poor
comparison with Z, however k continues to deviate more negatively as P and T increase. PR basically
demonstrates to be a worse SRK in this mixture. LKP remains fairly consistent with deviations
throughout the range around 0.25%.
Overall, it can be concluded that for the ranges above, AGA8 resembles closest to NIST for this
methane-predominant mixture. Otherwise, LKP is also a strong contender for Z, and LKP/SRK for k.
However within the P and T ranges analysed above, most EOS do agree well with each other as
deviations are at most 1%. Therefore for a natural gas mixture with similar composition to the above,
any of the above EOS can be used and a deviation of not more than 1% for Z and k can be expected
(except for RK and SRK at higher P).
5
43.48
400
6
56.86
400
Note that the critical point of this mixture is at 103bara, 334K. The operating P typically do not
exceed the critical P. GERG2004 does not contain parameters for ethylene and propylene, therefore
is excluded from the analysis of this mixed refrigerant composition.
0.5
Z LKP
Z BWRSNS
-0.5
-1
Z SRK
-1.5
Z PR
-2
Z AGA8
-2.5
-3
1
Operating Points
%Deviation k
1
0.5
k LKP
k BWRSNS
k SRK
-0.5
k PR
k AGA8
-1
-1.5
1
Operating Points
Overall, BWRS-NS seems like a safer option for Z and k to compare with NIST for this heavier
hydrocarbon mixture especially at higher pressure and temperature conditions. However, PR
performs relatively well too for computing Z. The other EOS are expected to deviate at least 1% at
higher P.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7*
8
9
32 48.1 54.1 62.9 79.6 95.6 100.6 416.8 481
310 350 320 370 400 420 320
400 400
Table 5: Selected Operating Points for Pure Carbon Dioxide
10
520
430
*The critical point of CO2 is at 73.77bara, 304.1K. Operating point 7 is reasonably close and therefore
may result in anomalous results.
%Deviation Z
Z GERG
Z LKP
Z BWRSNS
Z SRK
Z PR
Z RK
1
10
Operating Points
%Deviation k
5
k GERG
k LKP
-5
k BWRSNS
-10
k SRK
-15
k PR
-20
k RK
1
10
Operating Points
Z:
Below the critical point, LKP and BWRS-NS have the lowest deviations to NIST (<1%). At
P=100.57bara and T=320K which is close to the critical point of CO2, most EOS have massive
deviations with NIST. At this point, only LKP demonstrates astonishingly high correlation with NIST,
while the other EOS deviates by at least 7%. RK performs surprisingly well throughout these
conditions, deviating at most 2% throughout the range. RK does not take acentric factor into account
when calculating Z and k, thus for CO2 it was expected that RK will have large deviations from NIST.
Beyond the critical point - at supercritical conditions (Operating Points 8, 9, 10), some EOS exhibits
larger inconsistencies to NIST; with SRK having up to 8% deviations. In general however, LKP and PR
shows the most consistent deviation with NIST at around 1% even in supercritical regions.
k:
Massive deviations can be seen throughout the range, with average deviations at least 2%
among the EOS. This is because k is more sensitive than Z - especially near the critical point; k
theoretically shoots to infinity while Z is not affected. Below the critical point, BWRS-NS and
surprisingly RK demonstrate excellent correlation with NIST. In the supercritical region, each EOS
deviates by large amounts with each other and thus, it is unsafe to draw a general conclusion as to
the validity of the EOS models.
Thus, for Z it is generally safe to use LKP as the EOS with the lowest deviation to NIST. PR may be
used for Z in the supercritical region (about 1% Deviation). However for k, it is advised there will be
deviations between EOS of at least 2% in the supercritical region. Otherwise, below the critical point
BWRS-NS and RK does comparatively well (<1.5% Deviation).
%Deviation Z
8
6
Z GERG
Z LKP
Z BWRSNS
Z SRK
Z PR
Z AGA8
-2
1
10
Operating Points
%Deviation k
k GERG
k LKP
k BWRSNS
k SRK
k PR
k AGA8
1
10
Operating Points
Z:
Similar to the pure CO2 graph, LKP demonstrates consistently low deviations throughout the
range. However for mixtures, the correlation between AGA8 and NIST is unrivalled; only deviating
notably near the critical point. At P higher than Tc, LKP and PR compares reasonably well with NIST at
1% deviation but AGA8 correlates much better.
k:
Similar to pure CO2, BWRS-NS correlates well with NIST below the critical point (<1%
Deviation). Near the critical point, all of the EOS examined tend to deviate significantly; PR, SRK and
BWRS-NS deviates around 8-10%. In the supercritical region, again it is not possible to establish with
confidence the validity of the results due to the large deviations between EOS.
A similar conclusion for CO2 mixture can be drawn; LKP is fairly reliable for Z across the range, and
BWRS-NS correlates well with NIST below the critical point for k. However, AGA8 demonstrates the
best comparison with NIST for both Z and k for CO2.
Conclusion
The selection of a reliable EOS ensures more accurate calculation of a compressors power and
discharge temperature. By establishing NIST as a datum, results of Z and k of different EOS for Mixed
Refrigerant and CO2 duties were compared.
For predominantly methane based mixtures, most EOS agree well with each other as the properties
of methane are well established (0.5% average deviation for Z and k). However, heavier hydrocarbon
mixtures such as Mixed Refrigerants and CO2 gas demonstrate larger deviations among EOS. The
results are summarised in Table 7. The following EOS are therefore recommended (with some
caution):
Mixture
Mixed Refrigerants
Pure CO2 (gas)
Pure CO2
(supercritical)
CO2 Gas Mixtures
(gas)
CO2 Gas Mixtures
(supercritical)
Recommended EOS
Z
k
BWRS-NS, PR BWRS-NS
LKP/BWRSNS
LKP/PR
BWRS-NS
1% for Z, k inconclusive
AGA8
LKP/BWRSNS
LKP/PR
AGA8
BWRS-NS
1% for Z, k inconclusive
References
[1] Marc J. Assael, J. P. M. Trusler, Thomas F. Tsolakis (1996) Thermophysical Properties of
Fluids, Imperial College Press
[2] Heinz P. Bloch (2006) A Practical Guide to Compressor Technology 2nd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[3] Nishiumi H., Saito S. (1975) An Improved Generalized BWR Equation of State Applicable
to Low Reduced Temperature, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan
[4] Nishiumi H., Saito S. (1977) Correlation of the Binary Interaction Parameter of The
Modified Generalized BWR Equation of State, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan
[5] ISO 12213-2 (2006) Natural Gas-Calculation of compression factor (Part 2: Calculation
using molar composition analysis)
[6] Kunz O., Klimeck R., Wagner W., Jaeschke M. (2007) The GERG-2004 Wide-Range
Equation of State for Natural Gases and Other Mixtures, Lehrstuhl fr Thermodynamik
Ruhr-Universitt Bochum Germany
[7] Lemmon, E.W., Huber, M.L., McLinden, M.O. (2013) NIST Standard Reference Database
23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.1,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program,
Gaithersburg
[8] Nimtza M., Klatta M., Joachim H. Krautza (2011) Evaluation of the GERG-2008 Equation
of State for the Simulation of Oxyfuel Systems, 2nd Oxyfuel Combustion Conference
[9] Raimondi L. (2010) Rigorous calculation of LNG flow reliefs using the GERG-2004
equation of state, 4th International Conference on Safety & Environment in Process
Industry
[10] Yildiz T. (1996) Analytical Gas Pipeline Design Method Using The GERG Equation of
State, European Petroleum Conference 22-24 October, Milan, Italy
[11] Mark R. Sandberg, Gary M. Colby (2014) Limitations of ASME PTC 10 in Accurately
Evaluating Centrifugal Compressor Thermodynamic Performance, 42nd Turbomachinery
Symposium
[12] Aicher W. (1993) Test of Process Turbocompressors Without CFC Gases, 22nd
Turbomachinery Symposium
[13] Moore J., Lerche A., Delgado H., Allison T., Pacheco J. (2011) Development of
Advanced Centrifugal Compressors and Pumps for Carbon Capture and Sequestration
Applications, 40th Turbomachinery Symposium
[14] F-Chart Software (2014) Engineering Equation Solver REFPROP Interface,
<http://www.fchart.com/ees/ees-refprop.php>
[15] AspenTech (2014) Aspen Properties, <http://www.aspentech.com/products/aspenproperties.aspx>
[16] Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles (2005) Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
5th Edition, McGraw-Hill College, Boston, MA
[17] Mark R. Sandberg (2005) Equation of State Influences on Compressor Performance
Determination, 34th Turbomachinery Symposium
[18] H. K. Ldtke (2004) Process Centrifugal Compressor: Basics, Function,
Operation, Design, Application, 1st Edition, Springer
Mixed Refrigerant
Mole fraction
0.257800
0.079780
0.000000
0.002530
0.016730
0.047480
0.215113
0.000078
0.001319
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000
0.378900
0.000270
0.829700
0.060810
0.029040
0.042890
0.017600
0.005328
0.003198
0.001838
0.001929
0.001500
0.004157
0.002010
0.000000
0.000000
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
1.01
115
%Deviation to NIST
13.82
320
%Deviation to NIST
24.41
320
%Deviation to NIST
24.59628
350
%Deviation to NIST
105.6605
350
%Deviation to NIST
56.42
380
%Deviation to NIST
128.94
380
%Deviation to NIST
Z NIST
0.9671
0.00
0.9820
0.00
0.9687
0.00
0.9786
0.00
0.9280
0.00
0.9706
0.00
0.9525
0.00
Z GERG
0.9674
0.03
0.9820
0.00
0.9687
0.00
0.9786
0.00
0.9280
0.00
0.9706
0.00
0.9525
0.01
Pure Methane
Z LKP
0.9667
-0.05
0.9826
0.06
0.9697
0.11
0.9793
0.07
0.9315
0.38
0.9718
0.12
0.9563
0.40
Z BWRS-NS
0.9685
0.14
0.9806
-0.14
0.9665
-0.22
0.9763
-0.24
0.9306
0.28
0.9675
-0.31
0.9583
0.61
Z SRK
0.9704
0.34
0.9830
0.10
0.9706
0.20
0.9809
0.24
0.9429
1.61
0.9772
0.68
0.9700
1.84
Z PR
0.9699
0.29
0.9790
-0.30
0.9639
-0.49
0.9750
-0.36
0.9260
-0.21
0.9667
-0.39
0.9532
0.07
Z RK
0.9691
0.20
0.9808
-0.12
0.9667
-0.20
0.9766
-0.20
0.9248
-0.34
0.9668
-0.39
0.9479
-0.48
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
1.01
115
%Deviation to NIST
13.82
320
%Deviation to NIST
24.41
320
%Deviation to NIST
24.60
350
%Deviation to NIST
105.66
350
%Deviation to NIST
56.42
380
%Deviation to NIST
128.94
380
%Deviation to NIST
k NIST
1.3693
0.00
1.3250
0.00
1.3504
0.00
1.3232
0.00
1.4822
0.00
1.3445
0.00
1.4462
0.00
k GERG
1.3697
0.03
1.3250
0.00
1.3503
-0.01
1.3231
-0.01
1.4818
-0.02
1.3443
-0.02
1.4456
-0.04
Pure Methane
k LKP
1.3760
0.49
1.3221
-0.21
1.3464
-0.30
1.3197
-0.26
1.4761
-0.41
1.3401
-0.33
1.4412
-0.35
k BWRS-NS
1.3733
0.29
1.3222
-0.21
1.3469
-0.26
1.3206
-0.20
1.4844
0.15
1.3433
-0.09
1.4502
0.28
k SRK
1.3680
-0.10
1.3266
0.12
1.3539
0.26
1.3252
0.15
1.4803
-0.13
1.3465
0.15
1.4398
-0.45
k PR
1.3627
-0.48
1.3293
0.32
1.3579
0.56
1.3288
0.42
1.4905
0.56
1.3521
0.56
1.4490
0.19
k RK
1.3709
0.12
1.3229
-0.16
1.3472
-0.24
1.3201
-0.23
1.4597
-1.52
1.3380
-0.48
1.4223
-1.66
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
10.91
320
%Deviation to NIST
21.42
320
%Deviation to NIST
24.3423
350
%Deviation to NIST
102.8026
350
%Deviation to NIST
55.93
380
%Deviation to NIST
126.52
380
%Deviation to NIST
Z NIST
0.9811
0.00
0.9632
0.00
0.9711
0.00
0.9003
0.00
0.9579
0.00
0.9286
0.00
Z GERG
0.9811
0.00
0.9632
0.00
0.9711
0.00
0.9004
0.01
0.9579
0.00
0.9287
0.01
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
10.91
320
%Deviation to NIST
21.42
320
%Deviation to NIST
24.3423
350
%Deviation to NIST
102.8026
350
%Deviation to NIST
55.93
380
%Deviation to NIST
126.52
380
%Deviation to NIST
k NIST
1.2921
0.00
1.3206
0.00
1.2991
0.00
1.4820
0.00
1.3258
0.00
1.4414
0.00
k GERG
1.2921
-0.01
1.3205
-0.01
1.2990
-0.01
1.4817
-0.02
1.3256
-0.02
1.4410
-0.03
Z LKP
0.9819
0.08
0.9647
0.15
0.9722
0.12
0.9032
0.32
0.9596
0.17
0.9315
0.32
Z BWRS-NS
0.9802
-0.09
0.9617
-0.16
0.9693
-0.19
0.9049
0.51
0.9558
-0.22
0.9365
0.85
Z SRK
0.9817
0.06
0.9647
0.16
0.9734
0.24
0.9164
1.78
0.9650
0.74
0.9480
2.09
Z PR
0.9781
-0.31
0.9578
-0.56
0.9665
-0.47
0.8972
-0.35
0.9528
-0.54
0.9285
-0.01
Z AGA8
0.9811
0.00
0.9634
0.01
0.9713
0.02
0.9025
0.24
0.9585
0.05
0.9305
0.21
k SRK
1.2938
0.13
1.3247
0.31
1.3023
0.25
1.4840
0.14
1.3296
0.29
1.4374
-0.27
k PR
1.2958
0.28
1.3279
0.55
1.3053
0.47
1.4923
0.70
1.3345
0.65
1.4448
0.24
k AGA8
1.2921
0.00
1.3204
-0.02
1.2986
-0.04
1.4743
-0.52
1.3241
-0.13
1.4342
-0.50
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
3.35
300
%Deviation to NIST
16.73
310
%Deviation to NIST
16.73
390
%Deviation to NIST
43.48
360
%Deviation to NIST
43.48
400
%Deviation to NIST
56.86
400
%Deviation to NIST
Z NIST
0.9762
0.00
0.8870
0.00
0.9504
0.00
0.8225
0.00
0.8838
0.00
0.8498
0.00
Mixed Refrigerant
Z LKP
Z BWRS-NS
0.9781
0.9754
0.19
-0.08
0.8963
0.8835
1.04
-0.40
0.9552
0.9487
0.50
-0.18
0.8371
0.8180
1.78
-0.55
0.8945
0.8806
1.21
-0.36
0.8630
0.8470
1.55
-0.34
Z SRK
0.9765
0.03
0.8890
0.22
0.9526
0.23
0.8302
0.94
0.8919
0.92
0.8621
1.45
Z PR
0.9747
-0.16
0.8808
-0.70
0.9457
-0.49
0.8149
-0.92
0.8773
-0.73
0.8450
-0.57
Z AGA8
0.9722
-0.42
0.8664
-2.33
0.9440
-0.68
0.7985
-2.92
0.8705
-1.51
0.8346
-1.79
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
3.35
300
%Deviation to NIST
16.73
310
%Deviation to NIST
16.73
390
%Deviation to NIST
43.48
360
%Deviation to NIST
43.48
400
%Deviation to NIST
56.86
400
%Deviation to NIST
k NIST
1.1959
0.00
1.2778
0.00
1.1823
0.00
1.3471
0.00
1.2513
0.00
1.2989
0.00
Mixed Refrigerant
k LKP
k BWRS-NS
1.1943
1.1959
-0.13
0.00
1.2692
1.2798
-0.67
0.16
1.1801
1.1827
-0.18
0.03
1.3331
1.3517
-1.04
0.34
1.2446
1.2530
-0.54
0.14
1.2901
1.3023
-0.67
0.26
k SRK
1.1955
-0.03
1.2799
0.17
1.1859
0.30
1.3606
1.00
1.2598
0.68
1.3096
0.82
k PR
1.1960
0.01
1.2796
0.14
1.1854
0.26
1.3577
0.78
1.2589
0.61
1.3074
0.65
k AGA8
1.1859
-0.84
1.2908
1.02
1.1750
-0.62
1.3659
1.40
1.2496
-0.13
1.2988
-0.01
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
Z NIST
Z GERG
Z SRK
Z PR
Z RK
31.96
310
%Deviation to NIST
48.07
350
%Deviation to NIST
54.05
320
%Deviation to NIST
62.86
370
%Deviation to NIST
79.61
400
%Deviation to NIST
95.62
420
%Deviation to NIST
100.57
320
%Deviation to NIST
416.84
400
%Deviation to NIST
480.90
400
%Deviation to NIST
520.02
430
%Deviation to NIST
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
31.96
310
%Deviation to NIST
48.07
350
%Deviation to NIST
54.05
320
%Deviation to NIST
62.86
370
%Deviation to NIST
79.61
400
%Deviation to NIST
95.62
420
%Deviation to NIST
100.57
320
%Deviation to NIST
416.84
400
%Deviation to NIST
480.90
400
%Deviation to NIST
520.02
430
%Deviation to NIST
0.8448
0.00
0.8503
0.00
0.7487
0.00
0.8415
0.00
0.8551
0.00
0.8605
0
0.3642
0.00
0.8037
0.00
0.8678
0.00
0.9357
0.00
0.8448
0.00
0.8503
0.00
0.7487
0.00
0.8415
0.00
0.8550
-0.01
0.8603
-0.01
0.3644
0.05
0.8036
-0.01
0.8677
-0.01
0.9355
-0.02
k NIST
1.5324
0.00
1.5125
0.00
1.8137
0.00
1.5344
0.00
1.5093
0.00
1.5059
0.00
7.1967
0.00
1.9801
0.00
1.9129
0.00
1.8221
0.00
k GERG
1.5327
0.02
1.5123
-0.01
1.8142
0.03
1.5341
-0.02
1.5089
-0.02
1.5055
-0.03
7.1328
-0.89
1.9762
-0.20
1.9087
-0.22
1.8178
-0.23
0.8406
-0.49
0.8487
-0.18
0.7418
-0.93
0.8413
-0.03
0.8575
0.28
0.8647
0.49
0.3638
-0.11
0.8119
1.03
0.8766
1.01
0.9471
1.21
0.8418
-0.35
0.8476
-0.31
0.7437
-0.67
0.8390
-0.30
0.8535
-0.19
0.8598
-0.07
0.3924
7.73
0.8301
3.30
0.8910
2.67
0.9671
3.36
0.8469
0.25
0.8554
0.60
0.7542
0.74
0.8508
1.10
0.8702
1.77
0.8808
2.37
0.4137
13.58
0.8757
8.97
0.9366
7.93
1.0063
7.55
0.8329
-1.41
0.8377
-1.48
0.7329
-2.12
0.8300
-1.36
0.8473
-0.90
0.8561
-0.51
0.3910
7.36
0.8210
2.16
0.8763
0.98
0.9454
1.03
0.8454
0.07
0.8418
-1.00
0.7459
-0.38
0.8280
-1.61
0.8366
-2.16
0.8386
-2.54
0.3730
2.40
0.8152
1.44
0.8804
1.44
0.9334
-0.25
k SRK
1.5688
2.38
1.5551
2.82
1.9101
5.32
1.5801
2.98
1.5451
2.38
1.5347
1.91
7.4018
2.85
1.8982
-4.14
1.8230
-4.70
1.7314
-4.98
k PR
1.5702
2.47
1.5586
3.05
1.9177
5.74
1.5856
3.34
1.5525
2.86
1.5434
2.49
7.4032
2.87
1.9317
-2.45
1.8595
-2.79
1.7594
-3.44
k RK
1.5105
-1.43
1.5056
-0.46
1.7882
-1.40
1.5330
-0.09
1.5111
0.12
1.5082
0.15
5.8767
-18.34
1.6844
-14.93
1.6220
-15.21
1.5766
-13.47
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
30.99
310
%Deviation to NIST
46.29
350
%Deviation to NIST
52.84
320
%Deviation to NIST
60.36
370
%Deviation to NIST
75.90
400
%Deviation to NIST
90.75
420
%Deviation to NIST
100.85
320
%Deviation to NIST
415.61
400
%Deviation to NIST
475.10
400
%Deviation to NIST
536.18
430
%Deviation to NIST
Z NIST
0.8551
0
0.8613
0
0.7655
0
0.8538
0
0.8673
0
0.8728
0
0.4357
0
0.8243
0
0.8838
0
0.9712
0
Z GERG
0.8551
0.00
0.8613
0.00
0.7654
0.00
0.8537
0.00
0.8672
-0.01
0.8727
-0.01
0.4357
-0.01
0.8242
-0.01
0.8837
-0.01
0.9709
-0.03
CO2 Mixture
Z LKP
0.8529
-0.26
0.8613
0.01
0.7619
-0.47
0.8551
0.16
0.8708
0.41
0.8780
0.59
0.4281
-1.74
0.8325
1.00
0.8922
0.95
0.9827
1.18
Z BWRS-NS
0.8524
-0.31
0.8589
-0.27
0.7612
-0.56
0.8515
-0.26
0.8659
-0.16
0.8723
-0.06
0.4510
3.52
0.8533
3.52
0.9098
2.94
1.0044
3.42
Z SRK
0.8575
0.29
0.8666
0.62
0.7716
0.80
0.8629
1.08
0.8817
1.66
0.8919
2.19
0.4743
8.87
0.8948
8.55
0.9513
7.64
1.0388
6.97
Z PR
0.8439
-1.30
0.8496
-1.35
0.7508
-1.91
0.8431
-1.25
0.8600
-0.84
0.8684
-0.50
0.4505
3.40
0.8419
2.13
0.8934
1.09
0.9787
0.78
Z RK
0.8556
0.06
0.8617
0.05
0.7665
0.13
0.8542
0.06
0.8680
0.08
0.8738
0.11
0.4434
1.77
0.8243
0.01
0.8829
-0.10
0.9703
-0.09
Pressure, bar a
Temp, K
30.99
310
%Deviation to NIST
46.29
350
%Deviation to NIST
52.84
320
%Deviation to NIST
60.36
370
%Deviation to NIST
75.90
400
%Deviation to NIST
90.75
420
%Deviation to NIST
100.85
320
%Deviation to NIST
415.61
400
%Deviation to NIST
475.10
400
%Deviation to NIST
536.18
430
k NIST
1.5054
0
1.4840
0
1.7469
0
1.5012
0
1.4764
0
1.4718
0
5.0262
0
1.9311
0
1.8743
0
1.7721
0
k GERG
1.5056
0.01
1.4838
-0.01
1.7471
0.01
1.5010
-0.02
1.4761
-0.02
1.4714
-0.02
5.0257
-0.01
1.9274
-0.19
1.8701
-0.23
1.7681
-0.23
CO2 Mixture
k LKP
1.5263
1.39
1.5028
1.27
1.7961
2.82
1.5214
1.34
1.4938
1.17
1.4885
1.13
5.2633
4.72
2.0184
4.52
1.9616
4.66
1.8483
4.30
k BWRS-NS
1.5119
0.44
1.4894
0.37
1.7661
1.10
1.5069
0.38
1.4801
0.25
1.4746
0.19
4.5261
-9.95
2.0756
7.48
2.0466
9.19
1.9062
7.57
k SRK
1.5362
2.05
1.5200
2.43
1.8252
4.48
1.5397
2.56
1.5068
2.06
1.4964
1.67
5.4992
9.41
1.8556
-3.91
1.7921
-4.38
1.6873
-4.79
k PR
1.5377
2.15
1.5233
2.65
1.8319
4.87
1.5448
2.90
1.5135
2.51
1.5043
2.21
5.4315
8.06
1.8852
-2.37
1.8248
-2.64
1.7131
-3.33
k AGA8
1.5052
-0.01
1.4856
0.11
1.7463
-0.03
1.5043
0.20
1.4813
0.33
1.4782
0.43
4.7783
-4.93
1.9485
0.90
1.8853
0.59
1.7843
0.69
%Deviation to NIST