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Physics Equation List :Form 4
Introduction to Physics

Relative Deviation

Relative Deviation = Mean Deviation 100%

Mean Value
Prefixes
Prefixes
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico

Value
1 000 000 000 000
1 000 000 000
1 000 000
1 000
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 001
0.000 000 000 001

Standard form

Symbol

1012
109
106
103
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12

T
G
M
k
d
c
m

n
p

Units for Area and Volume

1 m = 102 cm
2

(100 cm)
1 cm

1 m = 10 cm

(10,000 cm )

1 m3 = 106 cm3

(1,000,000 cm3)

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

= 10-2 m

1
m)
100

1 cm2 = 10-4 m2

1
m2 )
10,000

1 cm3 = 10-6 m3

1
m3 )
1,000,000

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Force and Motion

Average Speed

Average Speed = Total Distance

Total Time
Velocity

v= s
t

v = velocity
s = displacement
t = time

(ms-1)
(m)
(s)

Acceleration

a=

vu
t

(ms-2)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(s)

a = acceleration
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t =time for the velocity change

Equation of Linear Motion

Linear Motion

Motion with
constant velocity

v=

s
t

Motion with
constant
acceleration

Motion with
changing
acceleration

v = u + at
1
s = (u + v)t
2

Using Calculus
(In Additional
Mathematics
Syllabus)

1
s = ut + at 2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
s = displacement
t = time

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(ms-2)
(m)
(s)

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Ticker Tape
Finding Velocity:

velocity =

s
number of ticks 0.02s
1 tick = 0.02s

Finding Acceleration:

vu
a=
t
a = acceleration
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity
t = time for the velocity change

(ms-2)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(s)

Graph of Motion
Gradient of a Graph

The gradient 'm' of a line segment between two

points and is defined as follows:
Gradient, m =
or
m=

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

y
x

Change in y coordinate, y
Change in x coordinate, x

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Displacement-Time Graph

Velocity-Time Graph

Gradient = Velocity (ms-1)

Gradient = Acceleration (ms-2)

Area in between
Displacement

the

graph

and

x-axis

Momentum

p = mv

p = momentum
m = mass
v = velocity

(kg ms-1)
(kg)
(ms-1)

Principle of Conservation of Momentum

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2 v2

m1 = mass of object 1
m2 = mass of object 2
u1 = initial velocity of object 1
u2 = initial velocity of object 2
v1 = final velocity of object 1
v2 = final velocity of object 2

(kg)
(kg)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)

Newtons Law of Motion

Newtons First Law
In the absence of external forces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues in
motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

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Newtons Second Law

mv mu
F
t

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the

resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction.
F = Net Force
m = mass
a = acceleration

F = ma

(N or kgms-2)
(kg)
(ms-2)

Implication
When there is resultant force acting on an object, the object will accelerate
(moving faster, moving slower or change direction).
Newtons Third Law
Newton's third law of motion states that for every force, there is a reaction force with the same magnitude
but in the opposite direction.
Impulse

Impulse = Ft

Impulse = mv mu

F = force
t = time

(N)
(s)

m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity

(kg)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)

F = Force
t = time
m = mass
v = final velocity
u = initial velocity

(N or kgms-2)
(s)
(kg)
(ms-1)
(ms-1)

Impulsive Force

F=

mv mu
t

Gravitational Field Strength

F
g=
m

g = gravitational field strength

F = gravitational force
m = mass

(N kg-1)
(N or kgms-2)
(kg)

Weight

W = mg

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

W = Weight
(N or kgms-2)
m = mass
(kg)
g = gravitational field strength/gravitational acceleration

(ms-2)

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Vertical Motion

If an object is release from a high position:

The initial velocity, u = 0.
The acceleration of the object = gravitational
acceleration = 10ms-2(or 9.81 ms-2).
The displacement of the object when it reach the
ground = the height of the original position, h.

Lift
In Stationary

R = mg

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

If an object is launched vertically upward:

The velocity at the maximum height, v = 0.
The deceleration of the object = -gravitational
acceleration = -10ms-2(or -9.81 ms-2).
The displacement of the object when it reach the
ground = the height of the original position, h.

When a man standing inside an elevator, there

are two forces acting on him.
(a) His weight which acting downward.
(b) Normal reaction (R), acting in the opposite
direction of weight.

The reading of the balance is equal to the normal

reaction.

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Moving Upward with positive acceleration

Moving downward with positive acceleration

R = mg ma

R = mg + ma
Moving Upward with constant velocity

Moving downward with constant velocity.

R = mg

R = mg

Moving Upward with negative acceleration

Moving downward with negative acceleration

R = mg ma

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

R = mg + ma

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Smooth Pulley
With 1 Load

Moving with uniform speed:

T1 = T2

T1 = mg

Stationary:

Accelerating:
T1 = mg

With 2 Loads

T1 mg = ma

Finding Acceleration:
(If m2 > m1)
m2g m1g = (m1+ m2)a
Finding Tension:
(If m2 > m1)
T1 = T2
T1 m1g = ma
m2g T2 = ma

Vector
Vector Addition (Perpendicular Vector)

x2 + y2

Magnitude =

Direction =

tan 1

Vector Resolution

| x |=| p | sin
| y |=| p | cos

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

| y|
| x|

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Inclined Plane
Component parallel to the plane

= mgsin

Component perpendicular to the plane

= mgcos

Forces In Equilibrium

T3 = mg

T3 = mg

T2 sin = mg

T2 cos = T1 cos

T2 cos = T1

T2 sin + T1 sin = mg

T1 tan = mg
Work Done

W = Fx cos

W = Work Done
(J or Nm)
F = Force
(N or kgms-2)
x = displacement
(m)
= angle between the force and the direction of motion

When the force and motion are in the same direction.

W = Fs

W = Work Done
F = Force
s = displacement

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

(J or Nm)
(N or kgms-2)
(m)

(o )

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Energy
Kinetic Energy
EK = Kinetic Energy
m = mass
v = velocity

1
EK = mv 2
2

(J)
(kg)
(ms-1)

Gravitational Potential Energy

EP = Potential Energy
EP = mgh
m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration
h = height

(J)
(kg)
(ms-2)
(m)

Elastic Potential Energy

1
EP = kx 2
2
1
EP = Fx
2

EP = Potential Energy
k = spring constant
x = extension of spring

(J)
(N m-1)
(m)

F = Force

(N)

Power and Efficiency

Power

W
P=
t

P=

E
t

(W or Js-1)
(J or Nm)
(J or Nm)
(s)

P = power
W = work done
E = energy change
t = time

Efficiency

Efficiency =

Useful Energy
100%
Energy
Or

Efficiency =

Power Output
100%
Power Input

Hookes Law

F = kx

F = Force
k = spring constant
x = extension or compression of spring

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

10

(N or kgms-2)
(N m-1)
(m)

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Force and Pressure
Density

m
=
V
= density
m = mass
V = volume

Pressure

F
P=
A

(kg m-3)
(kg)
(m3)

P = Pressure
(Pa or N m-2)
A = Area of the surface
(m2)
F = Force acting normally to the surface (N or kgms-2)

Liquid Pressure

P = h g

h = depth
= density
g = gravitational Field Strength

(m)
(kg m-3)
(N kg-1)

Pressure in Liquid

P = Patm + h g

h = depth
= density
g = gravitational Field Strength
Patm = atmospheric Pressure

(m)
(kg m-3)
(N kg-1)
(Pa or N m-2)

Gas Pressure
Manometer

P = Patm + h g

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

Pgas = Pressure

(Pa or N m-2)

Patm = Atmospheric Pressure

(Pa or N m-2)

g = gravitational field strength

(N kg-1)

11

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U=tube

h1 1 = h2 2

Pressure in a Capillary Tube

Pgas = gas pressure in the capillary tube

Patm = atmospheric pressure
h = length of the captured mercury
= density of mercury
g = gravitational field strength

(Pa or N m-2)
(Pa or N m-2)
(m)
(kg m-3)
(N kg-1)

Barometer
Pressure in unit cmHg

Pressure in unit Pa

Pa = 0

Pa = 0

P b = 26

P b = 0.261360010

P c = 76

P c = 0.761360010

P d = 76

P d = 0.761360010

P e = 76

P e = 0.761360010

P f = 84

P f = 0.841360010
(Density of mercury = 13600kgm-3)

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

12

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Pascals Principle

F1 F2
=
A1 A2
F1 = Force exerted on the small piston
A1 = area of the small piston
F2 = Force exerted on the big piston
A2 = area of the big piston
Archimedes Principle
Weight of the object, W
Upthrust,

= 1V1 g

F = 2V2 g

1 = density of wooden block

V1 = volume of the wooden block
2 = density of water
V2 = volume of the displaced water
g = gravitational field strength

Density of water > Density of wood

Density of Iron > Density of water

F=T+W

T+F=W

Vg = T + mg

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

Vg + T = mg

13

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Heat
Heat Change

Q = mc
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
= temperature change
Electric Heater

Energy Supply, E = Pt
Energy Receive, Q = mc

(kg)
(J kg-1 oC-1)
(o)
Mixing 2 Liquid

Heat Gain by Liquid 1 = Heat Loss by Liquid 2

m1c11 = m2 c2 2

Energy Supply, E = Energy Receive, Q

Pt = mc
E = electrical Energy (J or Nm)
P = Power of the electric heater (W)
t = time (in second)
(s)

m1 = mass of liquid 1
c1 = specific heat capacity of liquid 1
1 = temperature change of liquid 1
m2 = mass of liquid 2
c2 = specific heat capacity of liquid 2
2 = temperature change of liquid 2

Q = Heat Change (J or Nm)

m = mass
(kg)
c = specific heat capacity (J kg-1 oC-1)
= temperature change (o)
Specific Latent Heat

Q = mL
Q = Heat Change
m = mass
L = specific latent heat

(J or Nm)
(kg)
(J kg-1)

Boyles Law

PV
1 1 = P2V2
(Requirement: Temperature in constant)
Pressure Law

P1 P2
=
T1 T2
(Requirement: Volume is constant)

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

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Charless Law

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
(Requirement: Pressure is constant)
Universal Gas Law

PV
PV
1 1
= 2 2
T1
T2
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature

(Pa or cmHg .)
(m3 or cm3)
(MUST be in K(Kelvin))

Light
Refractive Index
Snells Law
Real depth/Apparent Depth

n=

sin i
sin r

n = refractive index
i = angle of incident
r = angle of reflection

(No unit)
(o)
(o )

n=
n = refractive index
D = real depth
d = apparent depth

Speed of light

D
d
(No unit)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)

Total Internal Reflection

n=

c
v

n=

n = refractive index
(No unit)
c = speed of light in vacuum
(ms-1)
v = speed of light in a medium (like water,
glass ) (ms-1)

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

15

n = refractive index
c = critical angle

1
sin c
(No unit)
(o )

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Lens
Power

1
f

P=
P = Power
f = focal length

(D(Diopter))
(m)

Linear Magnification

m=

hi
ho

m=

v
u

hi v
=
ho u

m = linear magnification
u = distance of object
v = distance of image
hi = heigth of image
ho = heigth of object

(No unit)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)
(m or cm)

Lens Equation

Conventional symbol
positive negative

1 1 1
+ =
u v f

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

16

Real object

Virtual object

Real image

Virtual image

Convex lens

Concave lens

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Astronomical Telescope
Magnification,

Pe
m=
Po

fo
m=
fe

m = linear magnification
Pe = Power of the eyepiece
Po = Power of the objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens
Distance between eye lens and objective lens
d = fo + fe
d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens
Compound Microscope
Magnification

m = m1 m2
=

Height of first image , I1 Height of second image, I 2

Height of object
Height of first image , I1

Height of second image, I 2

Height of object, I1

m = Magnification of the microscope

m1 = Linear magnification of the object lens
m2 = Linear magnification of the eyepiece
Distance in between the two lens

d > fo + fe
d = Distance between eye lens and objective lens
fe = focal length of the eyepiece
fo = focal length of the objective lens

http://www.one-school.net/notes.html

17