ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

WITH CADMIUM AND LEAD

Presented by:
JAMAL ELGOSNI
UNDER SUPERVISORE
PROF.DR MAHER GEORGI NASSEEM
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
• Pollution can be described as .the deliberate or
accidental contamination of the environment
with waste that is created by human action..
• A pollutant is a substance or effect which
adversely alters the environment by changing
the growth rate of species, interferes with the
food chains, is toxic or interferes with health,
comfort, amenities or property values of
people.
• Pollutants are introduced into the environment
in significant amounts in the form of sewage,
waste, accidental discharge, or as a by-product
of a manufacturing process or other human
activity. The damage caused to the biosphere
may be briefly summarized as follows:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1. Damage to human health caused by specific

chemical substances present in the air, food,
water and radioactivity materials
2. Damage to the natural environment which
affects vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water
3. Damage to the aesthetic quality of the
environment caused by smoke, chemical fumes,
dust, noise, the dumping of solid waste and
waste water
4. Damage caused by long term pollution effects
which are not immediately apparent. The
dangerous effects are caused by low level
pollution absorbed into the body over long
periods of time, for example carcinogenic
substances, radioactivity and excessive noise
 •(a) Water Pollution
Types of Pollution
(a) Water Pollution
(b) Air Pollution
(c) Land Pollution (b) Air
•

(d) Noise Pollution Pollution

(e) Thermal Pollution
(f) Solid Wastes

• (c) Land Pollution

(f) Solid (e) Thermal Pollution

(d) Noise Pollution
Wastes
 (a) Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs due to the presence

of dissolved inorganic materials, organic
materials
such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and
other substances found in domestic and
industrial
waste waters. It also gets polluted due to
physical factors such as turbidity, color,
temperature of effluent, associated
radioactivity act's
Quality standard for groundwater
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● Third level

Category I is primarily● reflects the background low contents of the

Fourth level
nature chemical components● Fifth of the groundwater.
level
Category II is primarily reflects the background contents of the
nature chemical components of the ground water. It is applicable to
various purposes.
Category III is based on the benchmark value of the human health.
It is primarily applicable to the concentrative drinking water sources
and industrial and agricultural use water.
Category IV is based on the industrial and agricultural use water
requirements. It is primarily applicable to the industrial use water
and partial agricultural use water. After it is properly processed, it is
applicable to the drinking water.
Category V is not applicable to the drinking water. The selection of
such category of water depends on other purposes.
Farmland irrigation water( limiting value ）： quote
from< 《 Standard for irrigation water quality 》

Lead ≤0.1mg/L - Cadmium ≤0.005mg/L

 (b) Air Pollution
Apart from natural causes, pollution of air occurs
due to increased industrialization and
urbanization. In nature, thousands of tones of
dust, sand and obnoxious gases are carried
from one place to another by wind, cyclones,
volcanic eruptions and forest fires. A healthy
man inhales about 16.5 kg air/day. If this air is
polluted, intake of oxygen is reduced. Corrosion
of materials by acid mist and acid gases like
SO2, CO2 and oxides of nitrogen can be very
significant
Pollution of air occurs from process industries
such as sulfuric acid plants, power station
boilers, nitric acid plants, cement plants,
foundries, chlor-alkali industries and plastics
industries among many others. Technically
solutions exist for all pollution problems, but
economically they may not be favorable
Effects on the Environment
Ø Plants are even more sensitive to gaseous air pollutants
than are humans
Crop damage
Forest damage
Ø Aquatic ecosystems become more acidic
Kills organisms
Upsets balance
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Integrated emission standard of air
pollutants
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● Third level

● Fourth level

Category I indicates
● Fifth the
levelnature protected areas,
and the beauty spot areas, as well as other areas
that need special protection.
Category II indicates the town planning resident
areas, and the mixed areas for resident and
business purposes, as well as culture areas, and
ordinary industrial zones and rural areas.
Category III indicates the specifically designated
industrial zones.
(c) Land Pollution
The greatest land pollution by far occurs due to
urbanization and concentration of population. Garbage,
waste paper, packing materials and rejects from
households and industries form solid wastes.

• The decomposition of organic materials in soil can

release sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds,
causing acid rain. Heavy metals such as cadmium ,
lead and other potentially toxic elements are the most
serious soil pollutants in sewage.
• Sewage sludge contains heavy metals and, if applied
repeatedly or in large amounts, the treated soil may
accumulate heavy metals and consequently become
unable to even support plant life.
Effects of land pollution
Ø Plants are even more sensitive to gaseous

air pollutants than are humans

• Crop damage
• Forest damage
Ø Aquatic ecosystems become more acidic
• Kills organisms
• Upsets balance
Environment Quality Standard for cadmium
and lead in Soils
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Level I Standard is the limit value of the soil environment
quality that must be maintained in nature background for
the nature ecosystem of the protected areas.
Level II Standard is the limit value of the soil that must be
maintained to ensure the agricultural production and
maintain the human health.
Level III Standard is the critical value of the soil that must
be maintained to ensure the agricultural and forest
production and maintain the plant normal growth.
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(d) Noise Pollution
Noise pollution- also known as environmental
pollution- is sound produced by humans and/or
machines that disrupt the natural environment
and society in general
• Definition of noise are unwanted sound waves
that did not exist in the environment during the
pre-modern electromagnetic spectrum
• Noise is one of the most common forms of
pollution that can cause harm to the general
health and hearing
(e) Thermal Pollution
•Artificial heating of waters, primarily be hot-water
emission from industrial operations and power plants.
– Major sources: Hot-water discharge from industrial
operations, power plants, abnormal ocean currents
•Heated water causes several problems:
Ø Heated water contains less O than cold water
Ø leads to adverse changes to the habitats of organisms
Ø favors growth rate of undesirable organisms
Solid Wastes
Solid wastes are useless, unwanted or discarded materials.
They include agricultural wastes, commercial and industrial
wastes and household wastes. Another word for solid waste
is garbage. Mountains of garbage once surrounded cities.
Lead and cadmium containing solid waste should be
identified according to the <Identification Standard for
Hazardous Wastes—Identification for Extraction Procedure
Toxicity .The wastes shall be hazardous wastes which is
featured by leaching toxicity if the lead content in the lixivium
≥3 mg/L, or cadmium≥0.3 mg/L. Hazardous wastes must be
disposed in accordance with the requirements stated in the
<Standard of Pollution Control on Hazardous Waste Storage
 References

Duckworth, Carolyn. "Noise pollution." Gale Encyclopedia of

Science. Ed. K. Lee
Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale
Group, 2008. Student
Resource Center - Gold. Gale. St Francis Prep School. 5 Apr.
2009
<http://find.galegroup.com/srcx/infomark.do?
&contentSet=GSRC&type=retrieve
&tabID=T001&prodId=SRC-
1&docId=EJ2644041588&source=gale&srcprod=SRCG&userG
roupName=fres78
823&version=1.0>.
The headway on Controlling the Environmental Pollution of
Lead and Cadmium in China (Zong zijiu, China)
http://www.chem.unep.ch/Pb_and_Cd
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION