The EU Energy and Climate Change Package (CCP) are primarily adopted by the

European Council I the year 2009. Renewable Energy Directive (RED) is part of this
enclosing, entered into play on June 25, 2009. It had to be imposed into national
legislation primarily into Member States (MS) by December, 2010. MS were also
necessary to give in National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP) by 2010 (June).
The pacake includes 20/20/20 goals:

A reduction in Green House Gas (GHG) by 20% compared to year 1990.

An improvement of efficiency by 20% compared to 2020 forecasts.
Energy mix in EU must contain 20% procurement form renewable.
o In this 10% minimum target must be pertained to transportation sector.

The aim for 20% renewable utilize in the whole energy mix is a largely EU goal. The RED
next sets diverse targets for diverse MS within this target based on individual MS ability.
In disparity to the 20% EU goal, 10% target for renewable energy in transport is
compulsory for all MS.

Transportation of RED:
By June 2014, all MS except Poland had at least partially transposed the RED into
national legislation, a step that was supposed to have been taken by December 2010.
Currently, Poland is waiting for the EC approval of the new legislation, which would
finalize RED transposition in this country. The MS that have only partially transposed the
Directive are Austria, Cyprus and Ireland. For some MS, although they claim to have fully
transposed the Directive, the EC has yet to finalize its assessment of the transposition.
These MS are Belgium, Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Spain.

INTRODUCTION

Standard type: Biofuel penetration targets, renewable energy

mandates, carbon intensity targets

Regulating body: The Renewable Energy Directive (RED) is regulated by

the European Commission Directorate General for Energy (DG Energy),
and the Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) by the Directorate General for
Climate Action (DG Clima)

Current standard: Fuel Quality Directives and, Renewable Energy

Directive.

Applicability: All road fuel, electric vehicles

HISTORY

European Union (EU) started implementing biofuel targets in 2003. The

Biofuel Directive set symptomatic biofuel diffusion targets of 22 by the top of
2005 and 5.75% by the top of 2010.
In 2009, the EU Commission approved 2 major directives supporting the
multiplied use of renewable fuels extending to 2020. Renewable Energy
Directive (RED) mandated that 20% of energy mix usage within the EU, as
well as a minimum of10% of energy in road transportation fuels must be
made from renewable sources by 2020. Aboard RED, associate amended Fuel
Quality Directive (FQD) was passed requiring that, by 2020, the road
transportation fuel combine within the EU ought to be 6% less carbon
intensive than a fossil diesel and petrol baseline.

TARGETS:

Renewable Energy sets a target of 10% of energy in transportation should be

from renewable energy sources by 2020. Renewable sources of energy
utilized in both aviation and shipping is primarily eligible to count towards
national targets in the Directive, yet though energy utilized in these modes is
not accounted to defining the largely national 10% targets.
Fuel Quality Directive sets a target that carbon concentration of European
road transportation fuel should be abridged by 6% by 2020 compared to
target baseline. It additionally imposes 'indicative targets' (i.e. optional
targets) for supplementary carbon concentration reductions of 4% to that
total of 10% reduction in carbon intensity of fuel energy mix. Hence

accounted half that is 2% is primarily targeted for electrification and carbon

capture and storage. The other 2% in reduction can be achieved by purchase
of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) credits.
Renewable Energy Directive states that under national biofuel support
systems, the utilization of bio fuel made from residues, wastes, lignocellulosic and non-food cellulosic material, substance will be measured to be
twice that made by other forms of biofuels. Fuel Quality Directive does not
consider double counting of any other types biofuels.

SUSTAINABLE CRITERIA & GHG ASSESSMENT:

RED and FQD enforce requirements that bio-fuels ought to meet assured
sustainability criteria. These requirements also apply to bio-liquids for power
and heat, but not to any other types of renewable energy such as solid
biomass. These primarily cover GHG emissions saving from using fuels, and
types of land that may be transformed to bio-fuels production. There are also
circumstances on European feedstock manufacture on cross-compliance
along with agricultural sustainability criteria.

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

The two Directives are clearly targeted to decrease GHG emissions. Both
Directives put a threshold of 35% GHG savings primarily compared to other
fossil fuels that ought to be achieved by bio-fuel to be eligible for the support
under any Member State renewable policies. This 35% threshold might not
apply to amenities that were already in function by January 2008 until after 1
April 2013. From January 2017 onward, GHG savings threshold will rise to
50%. Beginning from January 2018, installations opening manufacture on or
after January 2017 be obliged to meet 60% or higher GHG savings compared
to any other fossil fuels.
Directives describe a lifecycle method to calculate GHG emissions from biofuel manufacture. Based on the approach, European Commission has
calculated default GHG emissions for different bio-fuel production. Regulated
entity reporting bio-fuel under Directives might in general report that it has
the default carbon intensity without providing any additional information to
Member States. The Directives include principles for typical emission, which
is in general lower than that of default emissions. Regulated entities which
are able to provide extra information concerning their production process will
be allowable to report based on several typical emission values. Directive

also allows regulated entities to give procedure specific information to create

different lifecycle emissions intensity value.
At present, Directives are not accountable for indirect land use change (iLUC)
in lifecycle calculation of GHG savings, which primarily include only direct
emissions. The Directives however be familiar with iLUC as an issue.
ENIVRONMENTAL CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS

Directives limit production of bio-fuels on land which had elevated

biodiversity status or high carbon content in i.e. it highly restricts the change
of high biodiversity and high carbon stock land used bio0fuel production. High
biodiversity land is defined to include:

Area where ecological process is not disturbed and human activity do

not take place like Wooded land

Nationally designated nature protection areas

Internationally designated conservation areas

Highly biodiverse grassland, whether or not that biodiversity is

maintained by human intervention

The Directives prohibit gold-plating i.e. MS must put forward right of entry
to their schemes to bio-fuels which meet the supplies lay out by Directive,
and it cannot add other sustainability criteria. Mandatory sustainability
requirements, Directive takes report from Commission to Parliament and
Council on procedures taken in countries supplying substantial amount of
feedstock to guard soil, water and air quality. Commission must also report
primarily on social sustainability, particularly in developing nations and with
respect to land rights.
Directive needs Member States to take needed measures to ensure that
information given by regulated entities is precise.
ILUC PROPOSAL

In October 2012, the European Commission published a proposal to limit the

use of food-based biofuels and to include ILUC emissions when assessing the
greenhouse gas effect of biofuels. The use of food-based biofuels to meet the
10% renewable energy target of the RED would be limited to 5%. This
proposal is currently being voted on by the European Parliament and Council.

The Commission's proposal would amend the current Renewable Energy and
the Fuel Quality Directives. Some of the key points of the proposal are:

To increase the minimum greenhouse gas saving threshold for new

installations to 60% in order to improve the efficiency of biofuel
production processes and to discourage further investments in
installations with low greenhouse gas performance.

To include indirect ILUC factors in the reporting by fuel suppliers and

member-states of greenhouse gas savings of biofuels and bioliquids.

To limit the amount of food crop-based biofuels and bioliquids that can
be counted towards the EU's 10% target for renewable energy in the
transport sector by 2020, to the current consumption level, 5% up to
2020, while keeping the overall renewable energy and carbon intensity
reduction targets.

To provide market incentives for biofuels with no or low ILUC emissions,

and in particular for biofuels produced from feedstock that do not create
an additional demand for land, including algae, straw, and various types
of waste, by double or quadruple counting the energy from these fuels
when determining compliance with the 10% renewable energy in
transport target of the Renewable Energy Directive.

As part of its strategy to combat global warming by reducing the emission of greenhouse
gases, the European Union (EU), in 2009, agreed the Renewable Energy Directive with
ambitious targets for the use of renewable energy. These include targets for renewable
energy in the road transport sector. By 2020 10% of the final consumption of energy in
transport in the EU and each of its Member States should come from renewable sources.
This energy could come from renewable electricity generation or from biomass. However,
uptake of electric vehicles and the overall contribution of renewable energy systems to
electricity generation in Europe are low, and it is expected that the renewable energy for
the 2020 target will come primarily from biomass in the form of biofuels. In 2020 it is
expected that the dominant production route for biofuels will still be through the use of
edible parts of plants (first-generation biofuels).