Field Manual For Forest Inventory

FIELD MANUAL FOR FOREST INVENTORY
ANDHRA PRADESH FOREST DEPARTMENT.
BA
Y
OF
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AL
FOREST COVER OF ANDHRA PRADESH
Legend
Dense
Open
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Water
Published by: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department

Contact Address:
Addl. Prl. Chief Conservator of Forests (IT),
Geomatics Center, A.P. Forest Academy, Dulapally, Hyderabad
040-2465 0034, 2465 0104 e-mail: ap047@ifs.nic.in Web-site: http://forest.ap.nic.in
FIELD MANUAL
FOR
FOREST INVENTORY
ANDHRA PRADESH FOREST DEPARTMENT

HYDERABAD
SATRUCHARLA VIJAYA RAMA RAJU

MINISTER FOR FORESTS, ENVIRONMENT,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY &
MINOR IRRIGATION
MESSAGE
It gives me great pleasure to learn that the Andhra Pradesh Forest
Department is going to conduct inventory of the Forest resources all over
the state of Andhra Pradesh. Forests are gaining importance, both from
environmental point of view as well as sources of livelihood for the forest
dependent communities. In this context a complete assessment of forest
resources is the need of the hour.
Andhra
Pradesh
Forest
Department
is
releasing
the
AP Forest Inventory Manual for the guidance of the field Forest Officers
on the eve of commencement of the Inventory.
I wish the Andhra Pradesh Forest Department all success in this
endeavour.
(SATRUCHARLA VIJAYARAMA RAJU)

Place: Hyderabad
Date: 23.10.2006
S.K. Das, IFS
PRL. CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS

Andhra Pradesh
HYDERABAD
PREFACE
Information on growing stock & its growth is
necessary
for
management
Inventory
of
efficient
the
provides
planning
Forests.
this
and
The
Forest
important
input.
Inventory includes mapping, sampling and

analysis. The present inventory will make use of a combination
of Geomatics and field inventory data for assessment of
growing stock and condition of the forests.
For the first time in the Country, mapping of the entire
vegetation including herbs, shrubs and climbers along with
Trees, has been brought in the ambit of this Inventory. This will
also include inventory of the Non-Timber Forest Produce trees &
medicinal plants. All this will help us ultimately to prepare the
livelihood plans for the local communities in a more effective
manner through sustainable management of the forests.
Place: Hyderabad
Date: 23.10.2006
(S. K. Das)
ACKNOWLEDEMENTS
To begin with I would like to express my deepest regards and gratitude for Sri S.
K. Das, Prl. Chief Conservator of Forests, who has been the source of inspiration,
mentor and guide for us during the entire exercise.
I would like to sincerely thank Dr. D. Pandey, Director General, Forest Survey
of India for his guidance from the initial stage of planning till the final stage of Inventory
design and for providing the Data Processing Software, which has formed the basis for
the design of our own Data entry and processing modules.
My sincere regards and thanks is due to Dr. P. S. Roy, Deputy Director, NRSA
for providing us with valuable advice and with the Forest Type Map and associated field
data for Andhra Pradesh, which has formed the foundation for this Inventory design.
I would express my gratitude towards Dr. K. D. Singh, ex-Director, FAO, Rome
for guiding us all through the design process. His clarity of thought and expression, and
his penchant for perfection is admirable. We wish that he continues to render his
valuable advice all through the Inventory.
I would like to thank the World Bank for giving top priority to forest resource
assessment in Andhra Pradesh and making budget provision for Forest Inventory,
without which this exercise would not have been initiated.
My special thanks and regards are due to Sri B.S.S. Reddy, APCCF (CFM) and
Sri R.G. Kalaghatghi, CCF (CFM) for always supporting us all though the process.
My thanks are also due to Sri Sunil Kumar, APCCF (Vig.) and Sri B.
Muralikrishna, CCF (T&E) who were the moving force in the initial phase of planning
and design of the exercise and to Sri P. K. Sharma, APCCF (IT) for instilling confidence
in us and adopting a mission approach to the entire process. I also thank all the field
officers and staff for providing valuable feedback for improving this Inventory.
I sincerely thank Dr. M. Bhanja, CF (R&D) for providing an exhaustive list of
species for Andhra Pradesh and helping us in Inventory design. I also thank Sri P.M.
Rao and Dr. C. Suvarna for providing all the logistic support.
I wish to thank Sri A. K. Naik, Sri P. Uday Sanker, Sri P. Reddy for giving top
priority to this work. My deep regards and thanks are due to the golden quartet of Sri P.
Srinivasa Rao, Sri S. Madhav Rao, Sri V. Anjaneyulu and Sri A. Ramamurthy who
have worked tirelessly from Day one and who, along with their Project Scientists are the
backbone of this entire exercise.
Place: Hyderabad
Date: 23.10.2006
(Anoop Singh)
Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
Objectives of the Field Inventory................................................................................ 1
Sampling strategy........................................................................................................ 1
Fieldwork .................................................................................................................... 2
4.1
Field crew and its duties...................................................................................... 2
4.2
Field Equipments................................................................................................. 2
4.3
Maps for fieldwork.............................................................................................. 3
4.4
Organizing fieldwork .......................................................................................... 3
4.5
Navigating to the plot.......................................................................................... 3
4.5.1
Required SETUP of GPS ............................................................................ 3
4.5.2
To store a position of the waypoint............................................................. 4
4.5.3
To create a way point .................................................................................. 4
4.5.4
To Navigate ................................................................................................. 4
4.6
Layout of the main plot in the field..................................................................... 4
4.6.1
Layout of the plot for shrubs and regeneration ........................................... 5
4.6.2
Layout of the plot for herbs......................................................................... 5
4.6.3
Collection of Soil Data................................................................................ 6
4.7
Data Collection.................................................................................................... 6
4.8
Data collection and recording ............................................................................. 7
4.8.1
Plot Approach Form (Field Form No.1)...................................................... 7
4.8.2
Plot Description Form (Field Form No. 1).................................................. 8
4.8.3
Tree Enumeration Form (Field Form no. 2).............................................. 15
4.8.4
Herbs Form (Field Form No. 3) ................................................................ 17
4.8.5
Shrubs & Regeneration Form (Field Form No. 4) .................................... 17
4.8.6
Climber Form (Field Form No. 5)............................................................. 18
4.8.7
Bamboo Enumeration Form (Field Form No. 6)....................................... 19
4.8.8
Vertical photography................................................................................. 20
5
Appendices ................................................................................................................ 21
5.1
Appendix 1: Global Positioning System ........................................................... 21
5.1.1
Procedure for use of Garmin 12 Handheld GPS. ...................................... 21
5.1.2
First Screen................................................................................................ 22
5.1.3
Second Screen ........................................................................................... 22
5.1.4
Third Screen .............................................................................................. 22
5.1.5
Fourth Screen ............................................................................................ 22
5.1.6
Fifth Screen ............................................................................................... 22
5.1.7
To Change the position format and datum:............................................... 23
5.2
Appendix 2: Measurement of Tree Diameter.................................................... 24
5.3
Appendix 3: Measurement of Tree Height........................................................ 26
5.4
Appendix 4: Measurement of Basal Area using wedge prism .......................... 28
5.5
Appendix 5: Species Names and Codes for Trees ............................................ 30
5.6
Appendix 6: Species Names for Herbs ............................................................. 36
5.7
Appendix 7: Species Names for Shrubs............................................................ 42
5.8
Appendix 8: Species Names for Climbers ........................................................ 46
6
Field Forms ............................................................................................................... 49
1 Introduction
Forest is a renewable resource and needs to be managed on a scientific basis to provide
goods and services to the people. The need for this is greater in our country and the
state because of the growing population and limited resources. Information on growth
rate and drain are necessary for efficient planning and management information about
the quantity and quality of the forests, and this is provided by inventories.
Forest inventory has been defined by B. Husch as an attempt to describe the quantity
and quality of forest trees and many of the characteristics of the land area upon which
the trees are growing (FAO Forestry and Forest Products Studies No. 17). A complete
forest inventory should include a description of the forested area, its ownership,
estimates of volumes of the standing trees, and estimates of growth and drain.
The objectives of the inventory are to get information about the vegetation in the forest
area. Inventory includes mapping, sampling and analysis. The present inventory will
make use of a combination of Geomatics and field inventory data for assessment of
growing stock and forest condition.
This manual is intended for the crews, inventory officer and data processing staff. It
gives the procedure to execute the ground sampling work, right from planning to
dispatch of completed data.
2 Objectives of the Field Inventory

The main objectives of the field inventory are as follows
To collect qualitative and quantitative information, about the forest resources

To prepare reports on potentiality and other forest based investigations
To serve the data needs of development planning at state and district level.
Estimate growing stock and its species-wise distribution
To know the spatial distribution of NTFP and medicinal plants
3 Sampling strategy
Stratified random sampling technique is being used for locating sampling points for data
collection. At the first stage, entire forest area is divided into seven ecological zones
basing on the species composition. Subsequently in each ecological zone, stratification
is carried out basing on forest type and canopy density. Existing field inventory data is
overlaid on these strata to determine the points required to be inventoried to achieve a
desirable precision of 80%. These points are then laid randomly on these strata and
maps generated for field use.
4 Fieldwork
Each crew should complete inventory of two plots of 0.1 ha on an average in every
working day. Presuming the availability of 25 working days in a month the output should
be about 50 plots per crew per month.
4.1 Field crew and its duties

The field inventory will be carried out by special crews constituted for the purpose and
suitably trained. The inventory work will be under the control of the inventory officer of
the Circle/Division. The crew strength will be as follows:
Team member
Number
Duties
Crew leader
Planning fieldwork in advance. Navigating

to the plot and plot layout.
(Forest
Section
Officer trained in
Forest Inventory)
Filling plot approach and description form,

herbs, shrubs, climbers and regeneration
form.
Assigning duties to crew members.
Asst. Crew leaders
Navigating to the plot and plot layout.

Filling tree enumeration form and bamboo
form
Local forest staff
Navigating to the plot and plot layout.

Arranging
fieldwork.
Field Assistants
helpers
and
assisting
in
Assisting in fieldwork.
4.2 Field Equipments

The following equipment will be carried by each field party.
Equipment
GPS
Compass
Measuring line
Flags
Calipers
Altimeters
Tape
Crow bar
Axe/ Bill hooks
Marking pens / paint
No.
1
Use
For navigating to the plot and recording at
plot center and corner.
1
Plot layout.
1
For plot layout.
5
For marking corners and centre.
2
For measuring diameter of the trees.
1
For measuring height of the trees.
1
For plot layout.
1
For planting flags at corners.
For collecting soil sample
2
For clearing bushes
As per requirement
Field forms and board, field As per requirement

manual,
Maps/
imageries,
Bag/haversack, Note book,
pencil,
ball
pen,
Scale,
protractor, Sleeping bag, Torch
Light
4.3 Maps for fieldwork

The maps will be provided for each Forest Beat by the Geomatics Centre with the
randomly generated inventory points overlaid on topographic maps of 50K scale. The
crew leader should ensure that all the maps are returned back to the Division level
Designated Officer after the completion of inventory.
4.4 Organizing fieldwork

The fieldwork will be carried out as per the movement plan prepared by the Divisional
Forest Officer. The DFO should select their camping sites in such a manner that
maximum number of sample plots can be covered from a camp with minimum travel
time.
The Crew Leader should see that the day to day programme is so chalked out that they
are not required to make wasteful journeys. They should ensure that their party is fully
equipped with stores, camp and survey equipment, ration, medicines etc. before
commencement of the field work. Any requirement should be informed to the DFO for
fulfilment. They should also see that adequate field forms are carried in field, each
member has understood the field manual and the work to be done. The duties of the
crew have been stated in the duty-chart. The crew leader will distribute the work of
inventory to the crew members and may make suitable modifications in the duty-chart if
necessary.
As a general routine Crew Leaders should keep good liaison with the local forest staff
and see that the camps are properly, neatly and systematically arranged and the staff
maintains decorum and proper discipline in the camps.
4.5 Navigating to the plot

4.5.1 Required SETUP of GPS
It should be ensured that the GPS is SET to Indian Bangladesh Datum and HDD
format. To do this proceed as follows.
NAV SETUP
Switch on GPS
POSITION FRMT:
Press PAGE button to reach the fifth screen with the Title MAIN MENU hddd.ddddd
Use arrow to reach SETUP MENU
MAP DATUM:
Press ENTER
Indian Bngldsh
Use arrow to scroll to NAVIGATION and press ENTER
CDI: 0.25
The Screen should look as given here
UNITS: METRIC
HEADING:
TRUE
DEGREES
In case your GPS SETUP does not look like this then immediately contact the
Division level Nodal officer
(The detailed procedure is explained in Appendix 5.1)
4.5.2 To store a position of the waypoint

Switch the ON the instrument by pressing the red button on the instrument > Wait the till
the position appears in the second screen > Press Mark Button > Change the label and
symbol if required > Press Enter Button (DONE).
4.5.3 To create a way point

Goto Main Menu Page > Waypoint > New > Enter the position, number, label > Done.
4.5.4 To Navigate
Press GOTO Button > Select Waypoint from the list > Press Enter Button > It Displays
the Compass with Bearing and Distance.
4.6
Layout of the main plot in the field
After reaching the plot centre fix a stout pole of 10 cm dia. and 1.5 m in height at the
centre. The layout of the plot will be done as follows.
22.36 Mts
Plot Centre
0.1Ha
31.62 Mts
S
After fixing the plot centre fix the N, S, E and W corners of the plot by measuring 22.36
m, horizontal distance by tape/rope in all four directions. Stout pegs or bamboo of 1.5 m
height should be fixed at each corner and a flag attached to it. Check the correctness of
layout by measuring each side, which should be 31.62 m.
If possible ranging rods also can be used as corner posts. A red/orange/white colour
cloth may be tied at the top end of these corner posts for getting clear visibility from
different spots in the plot.
4.6.1
Layout of the plot for shrubs and regeneration
This plot will be laid after the data collection on the main plot is over. One plot of 3 m x 3
m will be laid. To lay the plot proceed as follows.
Proceed to the northern corner of the plot. From this corner measure 2.12 m in the
northern direction and mark the point. This will be the center of this plot. From this point
mark three points at a distance of 2.12 m in each direction N, E and W. This will give
four corners for the plot for shrubs and regeneration.
4.6.2 Layout of the plot for herbs

One plot of 1 m x 1 m will be laid for this purpose. The center of this plot will be the same
as that of the plot of Shrubs and Regeneration as marked above. From this plot centre,
mark 0.71 m in the N, S, E and W directions.
After layout the plots will look like as given below.
1m
3m
22.36 m
Plot Centre
31.62 m
4.6.3 Collection of Soil Data
Soil sample data shall be collected in the following manner.

See the various landcover available in the area e.g., bare soil, grassy patch, shrub or
tree covered area and select four such areas for digging four small soil pits. The area
from which the soil sample is to be taken should be cleared of vegetation with the help of
bill hook or axe. Then with the help of crowbar/ spade dig a V-Shaped pit of 15 cm x 15
cm and 15 cm depth at each plot. The dug out soil from the pit should be removed and it
should not be mixed with collected soil. Using a Thapi1 scrape about 250 gm of soil
sample from the sides. The soil so collected from all the subplots shall be mixed
thoroughly and take a sample of 1 kg. A sample card bearing Name of Division, Range
and Plot no. should be kept in the bag. This information should also be written on the
plastic bag. If the samples are wet then care should be taken that the label should not be
spoilt. This sample bag should be tied up with a rubber band and deposited at
headquarter on regular intervals.
4.7 Data Collection

While the plot is being laid and data is being collected the Crew leader should complete
the plot approach form and plot description form. The following precautions should be
observed while collecting data.
The forms should be filled in good legible writing.

The code numbers should be correctly and neatly recorded.
Overwriting should be avoided. If an entry is found to be wrong, it should be cut and
correct entry made.
If complete data of a plot cannot be accommodated in one sheet, a second sheet of
the same form may be used clearly marking Page 1/2, 2/2 etc.
On completion of the work in a plot, the crew leader should scrutinize the forms if any
information is missing or doubtful. All equipment should be collected. The crew should
then proceed to the next plot and repeat the work. After completing all the crew should
return back. Once in the camp the crew leader should again scrutinize the forms to
ensure that no information is missing before sending it to the Designated Officer for
Forest Inventory.
Thapi is an equipment used by masons for cementing/plastering work.
4.8 Data collection and recording

Data has to be recorded in the prescribed forms, which are:
Form 1
Plot Approach Form and Plot Description Form
Form 2
Tree Enumeration Form
Form 3
Herbs Form
Form 4
Shrubs & Regeneration Form
Form 5
Climbers Form
Form 6
Bamboo Enumeration Form
The field forms should be filled up using the correct codes which are given in this
manual.
While filling this form the Crew Leaders should bear in mind that all information in this
form is recorded in such a manner that it will help in relocating the plot during checking
and re-inventory.
4.8.1 Plot Approach Form (Field Form No.1)

The latitude and longitude will be uploaded in GPS and will be used for navigating to the
plot centre from nearest known feature. This form will give details such as mode of travel
up to the plot. This form will also indicate the time taken in travel and measurements for
time and work studies.
Col.
No.
1.
Field
Description
Plot No.
This will be the code number/serial number

given in the table in the plot map
2. Name of Camping place
Place of previous night halt
3. Time (Hrs. at which left the This will be 24 hr time e.g. 6 AM will be 06.00
camp)
and 4.30 PM will be 16.30
4. Distance covered by vehicles
in Km
5. Name of the Place up to Name of the village, road junction near the point
which journey was performed to which journey was performed in vehicle
6. Time at which started on foot This will be 24 hr time.
7. Time of reaching the plot This will be 24 hr time.
centre
8. Plot center Lat: (DD) Long: This will be the actual Lat and Long as recorded
(DD)
by the field team at the plot center.
9. Plot Northernmost point Lat: This will be the actual Lat and Long as recorded
(DD) Long: (DD)
by the field team at the northernmost point of the
plot.
It should be recorded after layout of plot.
10. Time of completing the plot
This will be 24 hr time.
All latitude and longitude values will be recorded in POSITION FRMT: hddd.ddddd
and in MAP DATUM: Indian Bngldsh.
4.8.2 Plot Description Form (Field Form No. 1)

Col. No. 1: Zone Code
This is to be filled as per Zone code table given below
Zone
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
Districts
Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam
(Except Bhadrachalam (S) Division)
Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari,
Bhadrachalam (S) Division (of Khammam District)
Medak, Rangareddy, Hyderabad and
Mahabubnagar Division (of Mahabubnagar district)
Kadapa, Nellore, Chittoor
Ananthpur,
Kurnool Division (of Kurnool district)
Prakasham,
Atmakur and Nandyal Divisions (of Kurnool district),
Achampet Division (of Mahabubnagar district)
Nalgonda, Guntur, Krishna
Col. No. 2: Division Name

Write the name of the Forest Division where inventory work is being done.
Col. No. 3: Range Name
Write the name of the Forest Range where inventory work is being done.
SOIL DATA
Col. No. 4: Soil Depth
Soil depth can be seen in cuttings and stream banks, nalas, open wells and also by
seeing luxuriance of vegetation.
Code Class
Soil Depth (cm)
1. Extremely shallow
Soil less than 10 cm depth
2. Very shallow
10 25 cm
3. Shallow
25 - 50 cm
4. Moderately Shallow
50 75 cm
5. Moderately Deep
75 100 cm
6. Deep
100 150 cm
7. Very Deep
Soil more than 150 cm depth
Col. No. 5: Humus

Humus is the decomposed organic matter which becomes the upper most soil layer. It
should be clearly distinguished from un-decomposed leaf litter. The leaf litter should be
removed and humus depth measured and categorized as:
Code Class
1. No humus
Description
No humus at all
2. Very shallow Humus less than 2 cm

3. Shallow
Humus 2 - 5 cm
4. Medium
Humus 5 - 10 cm
5. Deep
Humus more than 10 cm
Col. No. 6: Stoniness

This refers to stone and boulders in the soil and the percentage of area covered by
them.
Observe the % of area occupied by the
Observe the size of rock fragment
dominant size class of rock fragment
and classify as follows
Size (in cm)
Class
% of area occupied
Class
Upto 8 cm
Gravel
Less than 10%
No stones
8 60 cm
Stone
10 50%
Very
More than 60 cm
Boulder
More than 50%
Extremely
Using the above two observations, classify as follows.

Code Class
Description
1. No stones
Where rock fragments occupy less than 10% of the ground
2. Very Gravely
Where gravel occupies 10-50% of the ground
3. Very Stony
Where stones occupy 10-50% of the ground
4. Very Bouldery
Where boulders occupy 10-50% of the ground
5. Extremely Gravely
Where gravel occupies more than 50% of the ground
6. Extremely Stony
Where stones occupy more than 50% of the ground
7. Extremely Bouldery Where boulders occupy more than 50% of the ground
Col. No. 7: Erosion status

This may be classified as follows.
Code Class
Description
1. No erosion
2. Slight
Sheet erosion, only surface erosion is seen.
3. Moderate
Rills are seen
4. Strong
Gullies are seen
5. Severe
Gullies, ravines and landslips are seen.
CROP DATA
Crop data will be recorded only where land use is shown as Forest Land. This will be
observed over an area of about 2 ha in and around the plots while navigating to the plot
center.
Col. No. 8: Origin of stand
Code Description
1. Natural Forest of seed origin
2. Forest of coppice origin
3. Plantation
4. Mixed, where seedling and coppice origin trees are mixed
Col. No. 9: Basal Area
Using the wedge prism, count the number of TALLY trees and multiply this number by
the Basal Area Factor (BAF) to arrive at the Basal area in m2/ha
e.g. if the number of tally trees is 8 and BAF is 2 then the
Basal area in m2/ha = No. of TALLY trees X BAF = 8 X 2 = 16 m2/ha.
(The deatailed procedure is explained in Appendix 5.4)
Col. No. 10: Number of storeys
See whether the forest is single storeyed, multi storeyed or mixed.
Code
Class
Description
1. Single storey
All trees approximately of same height.
2. Multi storey
Trees occupy two or three clearly distinguishable different levels
10
3. Mixed
Trees of different heights occupying more than three levels or separate

levels not distinguishable
Col. No. 11: Seedling Regeneration

This should be taken from actual count of seedlings of tree species in the North-Eastern
quadrant and classified as follows. Do not include regeneration of herbs and shrubs in
this.
Code Class
Description
1. Profuse
More than 62 seedlings
2. Adequate
31- 62 seedlings
3. Inadequate Less than 31 seedlings

4. Absent
No regeneration
Col. No. 12: Coppice Regeneration

This should be taken from actual count of stumps having coppice shoots of tree species
in the North-Eastern quadrant and classified as follows.
Code Class
Description
1. Profuse
More than 12 stumps
2. Adequate
6-12 stumps
3. Inadequate Less than 6 stumps

4. Absent
No stumps with coppice shoots
Col. No. 13: Bamboo Occurrence

If bamboo occurs in the plot, its occurrence should be classified as
Code Class
Description
1. Pure
200 or more clumps / ha
2. Dense
100 - 200 clumps / ha
3. Medium
50-100 clumps/ha
4. Scattered Less than 50 clumps / ha

5. Absent
No bamboo
11
Col. No. 14: Bamboo flowering

Code Class
Description
1. Sporadic
When less than 10% of the clumps have flowered
2. Gregarious
When majority of the clumps have flowered
3. No flowering
Col. No. 15: Bamboo Regeneration
Examine if natural regeneration of bamboo from seed is existing. Classify as:
Code Class
Description
1. Profuse
Area carpeted with regeneration i.e. More than 75% are covered
with regeneration
2. Adequate
50-75% area covered with regeneration
3. Inadequate Less than 50% area covered with regeneration

4. Absent
INCIDENCE DATA
Col. No. 16: Incidence of Weeds
Look at the ground and estimate the surface area occupied by weeds and classify as
Code Class
1. Dense
Description
Where weeds occupy more than 50% of the area
2. Medium Where weeds occupy approximately 10-50% of the area

3. Low
Where weeds occupied less than 10% of the area
4. Absent
No weeds
Col. No. 17: Incidence of Grass

Look at the ground surface area occupied by grass within and 2 ha around the plot and
classify into categories.
Code Class
1. Dense
Description
More than 50% of the area covered by grass
2. Medium 10-50% of the area covered by grass

3. Low
Less than 10% of the area covered by grass
12
4. Absent
Grass totally absent
Col. No. 18: Fire incidence

This can be judged by presence of ash, burnt twigs, charring (blackening) of under
growth & trees, absence of dry leaf litter and young regeneration depending on the
intensity & frequency of fire. This may be classified as
Code Class
1. High
Description
Stems are blackened, bark is burnt, crown is burnt and some trees
dead. Undergrowth burnt. Soil is charred.
2. Medium Stems are blackened, bark is burnt, crown not burnt and trees not
dead. Undergrowth burnt. Soil is charred. Bark may be slightly
blackened (charred).
3. Low
Undergrowth burnt. Burnt twigs found. Soil may be charred.
4. Absent
Fire totally absent
Col. No. 19: Grazing

This can be judged by presence of cattle, cattle dung, hoof marks and signs of grass
been eaten. Intensity of grazing can be judged as follows.
Code Class
1. High
Description
Cattle seen or fresh cow-dung seen and hoof-marks visible. Soil
compacted due to trampling, plants also trampled. Grass eaten.
2. Medium Cow-dung seen at one or two places, hoof marks visible. Soil not
compacted, grass also visible
3. Low
Hoof marks and cow-dung not visible. Soil not compacted. Some signs
of grazing however visible.
4. Absent
No signs of grazing.
Col. No. 20: Felling

This is generally the unregulated felling by villagers. Trees or branches may be cut,
pollarded or lopped.
Code Class
1. High
Description
Most of the trees are badly mutilated may be resulting in bushy growth
2. Medium Trees only partially damaged with the main stem in general intact
3. Low
Signs same as above but on a sporadic scale
13
4. Absent
No felling is noticed
Col. No. 21: Pest damage

Due to pests like borers, defoliators etc. which can be seen by holes in stem, wood dust,
defoliated & skeletonised leaves and presence of larvae. Fungal damage can be seen
by presence of fruiting bodies.
Code Class
1. High
Description
More than 50% of trees affected
2. Medium 25-50% of trees affected

3. Low
<25% trees affected
4. Absent
No pest damage
CANOPY DENSITY
Col. No. 22 Col. No. 26:
Use the densiometer to measure the canopy density
and write its value.
The densiometer has a mirror on which 24 squares are
marked as shown in the adjacent figure. Each square is
mentally divided into 4 parts called dots. Hold the
equipment firmly on right palm, at waist-level about 10
inches above from body, such that the shadow of the
observer does not fall on the mirror. Support the
instrument by holding the right wrist with the left hand.
First try to bring the air bubble in the spirit level at the
center. Then focus on the image of tree canopy falling
in the mirror and start counting the dots from the topmost square. Each square
completely occupied by tree canopy is counted as 4 dots. Similarly a half filled square is
counted as 2 dots and 3/4th filled as 3 dots and 1/4th filled as 1 dot. Count the total
number of dots occupied by tree canopy and enter in the table. This work has to be
repeated at N, E, S, and W corners and center of the plot.
14
4.8.3 Tree Enumeration Form (Field Form no. 2)

In this form diameter and Height of trees will be recorded. In the North Eastern (NE)
quadrant, diameter and height of the trees shall be measured. In the remaining part of
the plot only DBH shall be measured. All trees will be given a serial number starting from
the NE quadrant and this number shall be continued over the whole plot.
Trees below 10 cm diameter at breast height over bark and dead trees should not be
enumerated. The tree numbers can be written by paint or marker pen without scraping
the bark in the sample plot.
Tree enumeration form for each plot will be maintained separately. If a plot contains
large number of trees that cannot be accommodated in one sheet, another sheet may be
used, and total number of sheets should be written in the top right corner of the form.
Suppose if any plot requires 3 forms to enumerate the total number of trees in the plot
First page will be written as

Second page will be written as
Third page will be written as
1/3
2/3
3/3 etc.
Regarding border line trees, the stems of which touch the north-western and northeastern plot boundaries will be considered as in trees and counted. Stems of trees
which touch the south-eastern and south-western southern boundaries of plot will be
considered as out trees and will not be enumerated.
Enumeration will commence from the north-eastern quadrant and proceed in a clockwise
direction. The diameter of trees will be measured at breast height (1.37 m from the
ground level), measuring on the uphill side and will be recorded in centimeters. The axis
of calipers i.e. the long arm will always be kept pointing to the plot centre while taking
diameter measurement of trees. The tree height has to be measured using altimeter.
Coding instructions are as follows. (Refer Appendices for Diameter and Height
measurement).
Col. No. 1: Plot no.
This will be plot no.
Col. No. 2: Tree no.
As marked on the tree
Col. No. 3: Species code
Refer to the table for species code and enter it.
Col. No. 4: Species name/Local Name
Botanical name or Local vernacular name of the species may be written
15
Col. No. 5: DBH

Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) in cm in three digits. This will be measured using
calipers, taking care that the long arm is pointing towards the plot centre.
Col. No. 6: Tree height
This will be the Total height in meters measured using RAVI altimeter. Tree height
shall be measured In the North Eastern (NE) quadrant only. In the remaining part of the
plot only DBH shall be measured. All trees will be given a serial number starting from the
NE quadrant and this number shall be continued over the whole plot.
(The deatailed procedure is explained in Appendix 5.2, 5.3)
(The species codes are given in Appendix 5.5)
16
4.8.4
Herbs Form (Field Form No. 3)
The data regarding herbs is to be collected from one square sub-plot of 1m x 1m laid
within the Shrubs and Regeneration plot at the northern corner of the main plot.
Herbs are defined as plants usually not exceeding 1 m in height with soft stem.
Care may be taken that young regeneration of the tree species is not included in the
categories of herbs & shrubs.
Col. No. 2: Herbs - Species name
Botanical name should be written.
Col. No. 3: Herbs - Local name
Local name should be written.
Col. No. 4: Herbs Number of plants
Write the number of plants for this species found in the 1 x 1 m plot.
4.8.5 Shrubs & Regeneration Form (Field Form No. 4)

Similarly, the data regarding shrubs and regeneration is to be collected from a square
plot of 3 m x 3 m laid out at the northern corner of main plot.
Shrubs are defined as plants usually not exceeding 3 m in height with woody stem.
Regeneration information should be collected only for tree species.
Col. No. 2: Shrubs - Species Name
Col. No. 3: Shrubs - Local Name
Col. No. 4: Shrubs - Number of plants
Write the number of plants for this species found in the 3 x 3 m plot.
Col. No. 5: Regeneration - Species name/Local Name
Botanical name or Local Name may be written
17
Col. No. 6: Regeneration - Species code

Refer to the table for species code and enter it.
Col. No. 7: Regeneration Category
This will be filled as follows:
Code Class
Description
1. Established
Plants having height more than 2 m
2. Unestablished
Plants which having height less than 2 m but are more than one
year old seedling. It will include whippy and sub-whippy plants.
3. Recruit
Very small plants having 2-4 leaves but are current years
seedling.
4.8.6
Climber Form (Field Form No. 5)
Climbers should be recorded only in the NE quadrant of the main plot.

Col. No. 2: Climber Species Name
Col. No. 3: Climber Local Name
Col. No. 4: Climber - Number of plants
Write the number of plants for this species found in the NE quadrant.
18
4.8.7 Bamboo Enumeration Form (Field Form No. 6)

All bamboo clumps will be serially numbered and its data recorded in this form. Each
clump species and diameter will be recorded as in case of trees. Every fifth clump
starting from first will be for detailed measurement in which culms by age will be
recorded and the total number of dry including decayed, culms, and high cuts will also
be recorded. The number of green culms in each diameter class and the average height
will also be recorded.
Col. No. 2: Clump no.
As marked on the Bamboo clump.
Col. No. 3 Species name
Botanical name or local name may be written
Col. No. 4: Clump girth
Measure the clump girth and record in m.
Col. No. 5: Current culms
Count the number of green current years culms. Culm will have whitish powder and
sheath tightly intact.
Col. No. 6: 1-3 years culms
Count the number of green culms which are 1 & 2 year old. Culm will not have whitish
powder and the sheath would have partly peeled off.
Col. No. 7: 3+ years
Count the mature culms which are 3 years old or more. Culm will not have any sheath.
Col. No. 8: Total
Total number of green sound culms (Sum of Col. 5, Col. 6 and Col. 7)
Col. No. 9: Dry and decayed culms
Count the number of dry and decayed culms
Col. No. 10: High cuts
Culms of which the upper portion has been cut and removed. They will generally be 0.5
to 1 meter height.
19
Col. No. 11: No. of culms

Total no. of culms in diameter class 2-5 cm.
Col. No. 12: Height average (m)
Average of height of 2-5 cm diameter class
Total no. of culms in diameter class 5-8 cm.
Col. No. 14: Average Height
Average height of diameter class 5-8 cm in meters.
Total no. of culms in above 8 cm dia class.
Col. No. 16: Average Height
Average height of diameter class above 8 cm.
4.8.8 Vertical photography

Please use the digital camera provided to you for taking a vertical photograph at the plot
center. This photograph should be taken with the camera vertically pointing towards the
sky. Store this photo with the same name as the plot ID. Keep the date function on while
taking this photograph. This photograph will be used for digital image classification later
on
by
the
Geomatics
Center.
20
5 Appendices
5.1 Appendix 1: Global Positioning System
GPS Stands for Global Positioning System. GPS system is developed by DOD
(Department of Defense) of USA. It consists of 24 Satellites covering the globe in six
planes. Each plane has a minimum of four satellites. These GPS Satellites are moving at
an altitude of 20200 km to provide the coverage. GPS signals are free, available round
the clock, anywhere on the globe and in all season. Line of sight is not necessary and
there is no need to measure distances. Minimum four satellites must be tracked to get
the X, Y, Z coordinates (latitude, longitude, altitude) and three Satellites for X, Y
coordinates (latitude, longitude). Only Garmin GPS 12 Handheld GPS shall be used for
navigation. The crews will be trained in this equipment. Please do not use any other
Make or model to avoid confusion.
5.1.1 Procedure for use of Garmin 12 Handheld GPS.

GPS Instrument will display the following Information:
TIME, Number of Satellites Tracked, Altitude, Lat/Long, Speed
The GARMIN GPS Hand Held Instrument consists of following Buttons:
GOTO
: Used for navigation
RED LIGHT
: This is ON/OFF Button
QUIT
: Goes back one screen
PAGE
: Goes one screen front (It contains 5 screens)
MARK
: To mark the location
ENTER
: To save the coordinates information.
BUTTON FOUR ARROWS
: Cursor movement
DISPLAY SCREEN
: Displays the page wise information
Press red light button to switch on the instrument. This Instrument contains Total Five
Screens.
First Screen gives the information about Satellites.

Second Screen gives the information about Position of the Local features.
Third Screen gives the information about Maps.
Fourth Screen displays the Compass.
Fifth Screen gives the information about the Main Menu.
21
5.1.2 First Screen

This screen gives the Number of Satellites Tracked i.e., Number of Satellites and their
Position on hemisphere, North Direction, Status of Battery Charge.
5.1.3 Second Screen

This screen gives the Time, Position i.e., Northing and Easting (Latitudes and
Longitudes), Altitude i.e., Height above the Mean Sea Level in Meters, Trip, Speed i.e.,
km/hour, Track, True North Bearing (Position information from true north).
5.1.4 Third Screen

It contains the information about the Map, Zooming Scale, Panning, Options.
5.1.5 Fourth Screen

Compass displays the direction of the compass, Distance, Bearing, Track, Speed, and
ETA.
5.1.6 Fifth Screen

It contains the information about the Main Menu
Waypoint
Waypoint list
Nearest Wpts
Proximity Wpts
Routes
Dist and Sun
Messages
Setup Menu
alarm
Waypoint:
an intermediate point - to create, rename, delete way points

lists the waypoints
lists the waypoints that are more nearest
lists waypoints at a specified distance
stores waypoints in the form of a route
distance and bearing between two points.
to broadcast messages
to connect to computer, to change display formats, to set
etc.
an intermediate point in the survey
It displays the information about the position of the feature on the surface of the earth,
such as Northing and Easting position, Label of the position, Date and Time of the
information acquisition, Reference etc.
Dst
Rename
New
Delete
Done
:
:
:
:
:
Distance in KM
We can name the Way point (giving labels to way points)
Creating the new way point
Deleting the current Way point
Registering the information in the memory
22
5.1.7 To Change the position format and datum:

Press Page till Main Menu appears > Select Setup Menu > Select the Navigation >
Position Format > Press Enter > Select the required format using UP and DOWN arrows
> Similarly Change the datum
In case the field team is not able to reach any point, it should lay the plot at the point
where it has reached and inform the matter to the Division level test-checking officer the
same day itself. The Division level test-checking officer will then inform the Geomatics
Centre through e-mail the same day. Please remember that this concession has to be
used very rarely and in case of genuine problems only.
23
5.2 Appendix 2: Measurement of Tree Diameter

In forest inventory work, tree diameter has been traditionally measured at 1.37 meters
above the ground or root of the crown if the root crown is exposed, a point defined as
diameter at breast height (DBH). The exact position of DBH is also dependent of
individual tree form and topography. For measurement of diameter calipers or tapes are
used. The following situations may be encountered in measurement of tree diameter
Diameter on flat ground: Measure DBH at

1.37 m above the ground.
1.37 m
Leaning tree: Measure diameter at 1.37 m

from the ground along the bole.
1.37 m
1.37 m
Leaning tree on
sloping ground
Tree on slope: Measure diameter at 1.37 m

1.37 m
from the ground along the bole on the uphill

side of the tree.
Tree with irregularities at DBH: On trees

with swellings, bumps, depressions, and
1.37 m
1.37 m
branches at DBH, diameter will be measured

immediately above the irregularity at the
place it ceases to affect normal stem form.
Missing wood or bark. Do not reconstruct
the DBH of a tree that is missing wood or
1.37 m
bark or at the point of measurement. Record

the Diameter of the wood and bark that is still
attached to the tree.
Tree
with
butt-swell
or
bottleneck:
Measure these trees 45 cm above the end of
45 cm
the swell or bottleneck if the swell or
1m
bottleneck extends 1.0 m or more above the

ground.
24
Forked tree:
Trees forked below 1.37 m. Trees forked in
this region are treated as distinctly separate
trees. Distances and azimuths are measured
individually to the center of each stem where
it splits from the stump. DBH is measured for
1.37 m
1m
each stem at 1.37 m above the ground.

Trees forked at or above 1.37 m. Trees
forked in this region count as one single tree.
If a fork occurs at or immediately above 1.37
m, measure diameter below the fork just
beneath any swelling that would inflate DBH.
1.37 m
Live wind thrown tree: Measure from the

top of the root collar along the length to 4.5
1.37 m
feet.
25
5.3 Appendix 3: Measurement of Tree Height

Height measurements are collected for every tree of each species encountered in the
North-Eastern quadrant of the whole plot. For each height tree, measure total
height, or the distance from the top of the crown to the ground. For this purpose Ravi
altimeter will be used. The Ravi altimeter has five scales two for the heights graduated
to distances, one for the degrees, one for the slope correction and one for the slope
percent.
Tree height determination requires altimeter readings of both tree top and base
levels. The values will be added if they have the opposite sign and subtracted
from one another if they have the same sign.
The use and operation of Ravi altimeter is as follows
Measure 20/30 m distance from the base of the tree in a direction such that top
and bottom are visible.
Hold the instrument firmly in one hand, support with other hand and sight the
top/bottom of the tree through eye (the instrument holding side) with other eye
closed.
After the top/bottom is sighted, close sighting eye, open other eye and observe
the needle to stabilize. Click the locking pin gradually without shaking the
instrument.
See the appropriate scale in the altimeter and note down the reading.
The following cases may be encountered while measuring tree height.

Case I - On a Flat ground: Record the top height and add the height of the eye level.
Total Height = Top Height + Height of the eye level.
26
Case II - On a Sloping Ground: Height of the tree top and bottom has to be recorded.
Case II a:
If the observer is on the downhill side and below the base of the
tree, the base value is subtracted from the top value.
Total Height = Top Height Bottom Height.
Case II b:
If the observer is on the uphill side and above the base of the tree,
the base value is added to the top value.
Total Height = Top Height + Bottom Height.
Case II c:
If the observer is on the uphill side and above the base and top of
the tree, the top value is subtracted from the base value.
Total Height = Bottom Height - Top Height.
27
5.4 Appendix 4: Measurement of Basal Area using wedge prism

Basal Area is a way of explaining the crowdedness or density of a stand. The basal
area of a tree can be thought of as the surface area of the top of the stump if the tree
was cut at 1.37 meters above the ground. The total surface area of all the stump tops in
a hectare is the basal area per hectare.
Basal area measurements are expressed in square meters per hectare. A wedge prism
is used to measure basal area. Each wedge prism has a particular Basal Area Factor
(BAF), like 0.5, 1, 2.0, 5, 10 square meters per hectare.
The use and operation of a wedge prism is very easy and is given below
Place a 1.37 m tall stick at the plot center and place the wedge prism on it. In
case the plot center has a stone carrion then place this stick as close to the
carrion as possible.
Look through the prism and observe the tree stem at breast height through it.
Rotate the prism and move yourself in a complete circle while looking through it.
The line of sight should be at right angles to the prism.
You can begin with a tree in the northern direction or any other prominent tree.
Observe the displacement of the stem portion seen through the Wedge Prism.
If the displacement of the tree, as seen through the prism, is such that the
displaced portion is within the limits of the tree stem, as shown in Fig.1, the tree
is said to be TALLIED and it is counted.
If the displacement coincides with the tree's edge, as shown in Fig.2, it is

borderline tree (JUST TALLIED).
If the displacement of the tree, as seen through the prism, is beyond that part of
the tree not seen through the prism, as shown in Fig.3, the tree is NOT
TALLIED and it is not counted.
While counting, maintain the 1.37 m tall stick perpendicular to the ground; rotate
the wedge prism on this stick itself and you should also move in a circle around
this stick. Do not move the stick from its place while making observation.
As you continue around your circle to the direction that you began, you total how
many trees are counted.
28
Total number of IN trees = Total number of TALLIED trees + ( Total number of

JUST TALLIED trees)
Basal area = Total number of IN trees X Basal Area Factor
Tree
Stem
Tree Stem portion

visible through
the Wedge Prism
Tree
Stem
Wedge
Prism
1.37 m
Tree
Stem
Tree Stem portion

visible through
the Wedge Prism
Wedge
Prism
1.37 m
1.37 m
Tree
Stem
Tree
Stem
Tree
Stem
Fig.2
JUST TALLIED
Fig.1
TALLIED
Fig.3
NOT TALLIED
Correction for slope: The correction for the slope is applied, if the slope is more
than 18 degrees.
In sloping areas try to maintain the stick perpendicular to the ground, with the
help of altimeter provided to you.
Follow the procedure of calculating the basal area as in case of level ground
With the help of altimeter, observe the slope in degrees.
Multiply the basal area obtained with the multiplication factor using the Table
given below.
Angle of Slope
Multiplication
Angle of Slope
factor
20
25
30
35
40
45
1.064
1.103
1.155
1.221
1.305
1.414
Multiplication
factor
50
55
60
65
70
75
1.558
1.743
2
2.366
2.924
3.864
29
5.5 Appendix 5: Species Names and Codes for Trees

Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Name of species
Acacia auriculaeformis
Acacia chundra
Acacia farnesiana
Acacia ferruginea
Acacia leucophloea
Acacia nilotica
Acacia suma
Adina cordifolia
Aegiceras corniculata
Aegle marmelos
Aglaia elaeagnoides
Ailanthus excelsa
Alangium salvifolium
Albizia amara
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia odoratissima
Albizia procera
Albizia stipulata
Alphonsea sclerocarpa
Alstonia scholaris
Anacardium occidentale
Anogeisus acuminata
Anogeisus latifolia
Anthocephalus kadamba
Antidesma bunius
Antidesma ghaesembilla
Antidesma menasu
Aphanostachys polystachya
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Artocarpus hirsutus
Artocarpus lakoocha
Atlantia monophylla
Avicenia maxima
Avicenia officinalis
Azadirachta indica
Balanites aegyptiaca
Barringtonia acutangula
Bauhinia malabarica
Bauhinia purpurea
Bauhinia racemosa
Bauhinia retusa
Bauhinia variegata
Beilschmedia roxburghiana
Bischofia javanica
Borassus flabellifer
Local Name
Sandra
An-sandra
Tella tumma
Nala tuma
Tellachandra
Bandaru
Dudumera
Maredu
Yerra Adugu
Uduga
Dirsanam
Chinduga
Pulusu Mamidi
Eddakla Pala
Jidi Mamidi
Pasi
Tiruman
Kadamba
Janu Polari
Giridi chettu
Nakkaagadamu
Panasa
Kammaregu
Karu Nimma
Tella Mada
Nalla Mada
Yepa
Gara
Kadimi
Panta
Distribution
Introduced
Dry deciduous forests
In Rayalseema
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In Rayalseema
In all parts of AP
Mangrove
In all parts of AP
Nalamallai & Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Tirumala hills, Nellore, Northern Circars
Introduced
In all parts of AP
Northern Circar Districts
Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
Moist deciduous
Moist deciduous
In all parts of AP
Mangrove
Mangrove
In all parts of AP
Telengana forests
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Moist deciduous
Moist deciduous
Coastal areas
30
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
Boswellia ovalifoliata
Boswellia serrata
Bridellia retusa
Broussonetia papyrifera
Bruguiera cylindrica
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Buchnzan laanania
Buddleia asiatica
Bute monospema
Callicarpa arborea
Calophyllum ionophyllum
Canthium dicoccum
Capparis grandis
Carallia brachiata
Careya arborea
Caryota urens
Cassia fistula
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
Cassia siamea
Cassine glauca
Casuarina equisetifolia
Celtis australis
Celtis cinnamomea
Celtis tetrandra
Ceriops decandra
Chloroxylon swietenia
Chukrasia tabularis
Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Cleistanthus collinus
Clerodendron phlomidis
Cochlospermum religiosum
Commiphora berryi
Commiphora caudata
Cordia macleodii
Cordia myxa
Cordia walichii
Cycas sphaericus
Cycas beddomei
Dalbergia lanceolata
Dalbergia latifolia
Dalbergia paniculata
Dalbergia sissoo
Delonix regia
Desmodium oojeinensis
Dillenia indica
Dillenia pentagyna
Diospyros candolleana
Diospyros chloroxylon
Diospyros cordifolia
Gandru-chettu
Nara madi
Vurada
Kandiga
Morli, Mori
Moduga Chettu
Pona
Nella Balusu
Reguti
Kaarali
Budadharimi
Rela
Seema
tangedu
Neridi
Sarugudu
Koti-Bira
Jabjabal
Gatharu
Konda Vepa
Dalchini chekka
Kodisha
Nelli
Konda Gogu
Kondamamidi
Pedda botuku
Iriki
Patsari
Jitregi
Pachari
Sissoo
Gul Mohar
Peda Kalinga
Revadi Chettu
Ullintha
Sesachalam Hills
Telengana forests
Moist deciduous
Mangrove
Mangrove
In all parts of AP
Coastal areas
In all parts of AP
Coastal areas
Mangrove
In all hilly forest particularly in Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Coastal areas
Sesachalam
Sesachalam
Mangrove
In all parts of AP
Introduced
Krishna forests
Vizianagaram Didtrict
Sesachalam
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Agency areasumalla of Visakha & Tir
31
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Diospyros melanoxylon
Diospyros montana
Diospyros ovalifolia
Diospyros peregrina
Diospyros sylvatica
Dolichandrone crispa
Dolichandrone falcata
Drypetes sepiaria
Eeretia acuminata var.
serrata
Ehretia laevis
Elaeocarpus lucidus
Erioglossum rubiginosum
Eriolaena hookeriana
Erythrina suberosa
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Exoecaria agallocha
Ficuilas tsiela
Ficus arnottiana
Ficus benghalensis
Ficus benjamina
Ficus heterophylla
Ficus hispida
Ficus krishnae
Ficus microcarpa
Ficus mollis
Ficus mysorensis
Ficus racemosa
Ficus religiosa
Firmiania colorata
Garcinia spicata
Garcinia xanthocymus
Gardenia florida
Garuga pinnata
Givotia rottleriformis
Gliricidia maculata
Glochidion zeylanicum
Glochidium velutina
Gmelina arborea
Gmelina arborea
Grevillea robusta
Grewia tiliaefolia
Guazuma ulmifolia
Gyrocarpus americanus
Hardwickia pinnata
Heterophragam
quadriloculare
Heyna trijuga
Tuniki
Erra gatha
Kuka tuniki
Racha tuniki
Tella gatha
Niruddi
Oddi
Bira
Tella pisini
Ishirashi
Nara Botka
Muni-Modugu
Tella
Kalla ravi
Mari
Konda golugu
Kuvu juvi
Bommudu
Konda Pillara
Goni Chettu
Medi
Ravi
Kharka
Pidatha
Iwara Mamidi
Pedda Bikki
Garugudu
Konda Ponaku
Pageri
Tada
Bhadraksha
Tella poniki
Nara Yepi
Kala-Goru
Gore gudda

Seshachalam
Moist deciduous
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Mangrove
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In Eastern Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
32
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Hildegardia populifolia
Homalium nepalense
Hymenodictyon orixense
Isocandra candolleana
Ixora pavetta
Kigellia africana
Kydia calycina
Lagerstroemia parvifolia
Lannea coromandelica
Lepisanthes tetraphylla
Leucaena leucocephala
Limonia alata
Limonia cenulata
Linociera malabarica
Linociera ramiflora
Linociera zeylanica
Litsea decanensis
Litsea glutinosaNara-chettu
Litsea monopetala
Lumintzera racemosa
Macaranga peltata
Madhuca indica
Madhuca longifolia
Mallotus philippensis
Mangifera indica
Manilkara hexandra
Melia azedarach
Meliosma pinnata
Mesua ferrea
Michelia champaka
Miliusa tomentosa
Millingtonia hortensis
Mimusops elengi
Mitragyna parviflora
Morinda tinctoria
Moringa concanensis
Nauclea orientalis
Neolitsea foliolosa
Ochna squarrosa
Olea dioica
Oroxylon indicum
Pallaquium ellepticum
Peltophorum pteocarpum
Persea macrantha
Phobe paniculata
Phoenix sylvestris
Phyllanthus emblica
Kondayippa
Korivi
Yeugala
Konda-Podari
Chenangi
Gumpena
Subabul
Konda Nimma
Punna gannu
Satapala
Nellidabba
Nara mamidi
Meda
Thanduga
Boddi
Ippa
Sundari
Mamidi
Pala
Turka vepa
Naga Keshara
Champakamu
Barre Dudduga
Akasa malli
Pogada
Bataganapu
Togara mogali
Adavi munaga
Buroyida
Tammi, Sunari
Dundilam
Pala
Nara
Usiri
In the coastal areas

In Anantpur
Eastern Ghats, Maredimilli
In all parts of AP
Eastern Ghats & Sesachalam hills
In all parts of AP
Introduced
Moist deciduous
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Seshachalam
Seshachalam
Seshachalam
Moist deciduous
Moist deciduous
Moist deciduous
Mangrove
Moist deciduous
Seshachalam
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Paderu
Simhachalam & Paderu
Introduced
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Seshachalam
Seshachalam
Moist deciduous
In all parts of AP
Seshachalam & Eastern Ghats
Seshachalam & Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
33
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
Pithecellobium dulce
Pittosporum floribundum
Pleurostylia opposita
Polyalthia cerassoides
Polyalthia suberosa
Pongamia pinnata
Premna latifolia
Premna tomentosa
Pterocarpus marsupium
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
Pterocarpus santalinus
Pterospermum suberifolium
Pterospermum xylocarpum
Radermachera xylocarpa
Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora mucronata
Salix tetrasperma
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
Salvadora persica
Samanea saman
Santalum album
Sapindus emarginatus
Sapium insigne
Saraca asoka
Schleichera oleosa
Schrebera swietinioides
Scolopia crenulata
Semicarpus anacardium
Sesbania grandiflora
Shorea robusta
Shorea roxburghii
Shorea tumbuggaia
Sonneretia apetala
Sonnerretia caseolaris
Soymida febrifuga
Spondias pinnata
Sterculia foetida
Sterculia urens
Sterculia villosa
Sterospermum personatum
Sterospermum suaveolens
Streblus asper
Strychnos nux-vomica
Strychnos patatorum
Suregada multiflorum
Syzygium alternifolium
Syzygium cuminii
Tamarindus indica
Tamarix dioica
Tectona grandis
Seema chinta
Pyari
Chilikaduddi
Eti Dudugs
Kanuga
Takli
Naguru
Yegisa
Yera
chandanam
Narudu
Lolugu
Naguru
Kakki ponna
Upoo-ponna
Iroda
Chekkerachettu
Nidra Ganeru
Sandalwood
Kunkudu
Garbhasula
Asokamu
Pusuku
Mokkem
Ndiala je
Tellaa Suimint
Gugal
Jalari
Tamba
Kalinga
Kandla
Somi
Konda Mamidi
Tapasi
Vakkunara
Isikarasi
Paatala
Barinka
Mushti
Chila
Surugata
Jinna
Neredu
Chinta
Penpa
Teku
In all parts of AP
Sesachalam Hill
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Nalamallai
Mangrove
Mangrove
Moist deciduous
Coastal areas
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Seshachalam
North Circar
Sesachalam Hill
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Sesachalam Range
Sesachalam Range
Mangrove
Mangrove
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In Eastern Ghats
In all parts of AP
Moist deciduous
Seshachalam
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Coastal areas
In all parts of AP
34
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
Teminalia paniculata
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia bellirica
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia pallida
Terminalia tomentosa
Tetrameles nudiflora
Thespesia populnea
Toona ciliata
Trema orientalis
Trewia nudiflora
Vitex altissima
Vitex leucoxylon
Vitex peduncularis
Vitex pinnata
Vitex pubescens
Walsura trifoliata
Wendlandia corymbosa
255
256
257
258
259
260
Wrightia tinctoria
Wrightia tomentosa
Xantolis tomentosa
Xylia xylocarpa
Zanthoxylum rhetsa
Zizyphus mauritiana
Neemeeri
Arjuna
Tella karaka
Ganga-ravi
Gli manu
Boggu chettu
Botku
Mayurapau
Konda Vavili
Nemali Adugu
Walsuri
Ankudu,
Repala
Tella Pala
Konda tangedu
Rhetsa-man
Regu
seshachalam
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
seshachalam
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Eastern Ghats
Moist deciduous
In all parts of AP
In the easter ghats
In all parts of AP
35
5.6 Appendix 6: Species Names for Herbs

Sl.
No.
Name of species
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Acalypha alnifolia
Acalypha indica
Acanthospermum hispidum
Acanthus ilicifolius
Achyranthes aspera
Acorus calamus
Adenostemma lavenia
Aegentia indica
Aerva javanica
Aerva lanata
Agave americana
Alisicarpus monilifer
Alisicarpus vaginalis
Alocasia montana
Aloe barbadense
Alternanthera pungens
Alternanthera sessilis
Amaranthus spinosus
Amaranthus tricolor
Amaranthus viridis
Ammania baccifera
Amorphophallus paeonifolius
Anagalis arvensis
Andrographis echioides
Andrographis paniculata
Anisoschilus carnosus
Argemone mexicana
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Balanophora dioica
Barleria cristata
Barleria longiflora
Barleria prionitis
Begonia picta
Bergia ammanoides
Bidens pilosa
Biophytum sensitivum
Blepharis maderaspatensis
Blumea glomerata
Blumea pterodonta
Blumea virens
Arisaema tortuosum
Aristolochia bracteolata
Arthocnemum indicum
Asytasia gangetica
Bacopa monieri
Local Name
Distribution
In all parts mainly in the stony areas
Muripindi
Gunta-kalagaraku
In all parts of AP
Alisi
In the mangrove areas
Uttareni
In all parts of Ap, particularly in the outskirts
Vasa
Rare in the forest area. Mostly in the marshy places
In all parts of AP, mostly in the damper areas
In all parts of AP
In the interior forest as a saprophyte
Pindi konda
In all parts of AP
Pindi konda
In all parts of AP
Chager-matta
Amera
In the drier parts particularly in Telengana & Rayalseema
Baramtai-chettu
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Mostly in Eastern Ghats and Sesachalam Hills
Kalabanda
Mullu Ponnaganti
In all parts of AP
Ponna Ganti kura
In all parts of AP
Mulla thotakoora
In the sandy alluvial soils
Thotakoora
In all parts of AP
Chilaka thotakoora
In all parts of AP
Adavi kanda

In the moist areas, everywhere in AP
In all parts of AP
Nelavemu
In all parts of AP
Karpuravalli
In the stony crevices, in all parts of AP
Brahma dhendu
In the damp open areas.

Gadaparaku
Koyya pippali
In plain areas, mostly in coastal districts

A mangrove species
In all parts of AP
Sambrani chettu

In the very interior area of Vizag dist as saprophyte
In all parts of AP
Pinna-Gorinta
In all parts of AP
Mulla Gorinta
In all parts of AP
Mostly on the damper sites on the surface of rocks
In all parts of AP
Jala Puspa
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
36
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Boerhavia chinensis
Boerhavia diffusa
Borreria hispida
Borreria pusilla
Bupleurum andhricum
Bytneria herbacea
Caesulia axillaris
Calamus rotang
Canscora diffusa
Caralluma adscendens
Cassia absus
Cassia tora
Cathranthus pusillus
Celosia argentia
Centella asiatica
Chenopodium album
Chlorophyton arundinaceum
Chlorophyton laxum
Cleome gynandra
Cleome viscosa
Coldenia procumbens
Colocasia esculanta
Commelina benghalensis
Conyza aegiptica
Corchorus aestuans
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
Costus speciosus
Croton bonplandianus
Curculigo orchioides
Curcuma amada
Curcuma aromatica
Curcuma pseudomontana
Curcuma zeodaria
Cyanotis cristata
Cyanotis tuberosa
Cyathocline purpurea
Cynoglossum zeylanicum
Datura fastuosa
Datura metel
Dentella repens
Desmodium gangeticum
Desmodium motorium
Desmodium pulchellum
Desmodium triquetrum
Desmodium velutinum
89
90
91
92
Digera muricata
Dipterocanthus prostratus
Drosera burmanii
Dysophylla myosuroides
Kanne komali
In all parts of AP
Atikamamidi
In all parts of AP
Madanaku
In all parts of AP
Patcha nuvi
In all parts of AP
In the northern coastal districts
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP, mostly in the moist areas
Sannabetamu
In the damper areas of Eastern Ghats

In the drier parts particularly in Telengana & Rayalseema
Chanupala vittulu
In the drier areas of Telengana districts
Tantepu
As a roadside common weed
Erri Mirapa
In all parts of AP
Kodi Juttu
In all parts of AP
Pappu-koora

In the dry evergreen forests of Eastern ghats
In the dry evergreen forests of Eastern ghats
Vaminta
In all parts of AP
Kukka-vaminta
In all parts of AP
Hamsa Padu
In all parts of AP
Sari Kanda

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Nela Bera
In all parts of AP
Bogachchikadumpalu
In the damper areas
Kukka Mirapa
In all parts of AP
In the black cotton soil of all pats of forest
Mamidi alamu
In the interior areas of Paderu Division
Kasturi pasupu
In the interior areas of Paderu Division
Adavi Pasupu
In the drier evergreen forests of AP
Kuchur
In the drier evergreen forests of AP
Netha kina
In all parts of AP, mostly in the moister areas

Nalla Umetha
In all parts of AP
Tella Umetha
In all parts of AP
Kola Panna
A common species in most parts of the forest

Konda-Antinta, Sarivi

Civa Madu,
Cimanduri
Chenchelikura

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Gallara paku
In the interior areas of the damper localities
Maga Beera
A common species in most parts of the drier forest
37
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Ecbolium viride var dentata

Echinops echinata
Elephantopus scaber
Elytraia acaulis
Emilla sonchifolia
Enicostema axillaris
Eranthemum capense
Eranthemum purpurescens
Euphorbia heterophylla
Euphorbia hirta
Euphorbia prostrata
Euphorbia rosea
Euphorbia thymiflora
Exacum bicolour
Geophilla repens
Glinus lotoides
Glinus oppositifolius
Globba bulbifera
Glosscardia bosvallea
Gnaphalium polycaulon
Grangea maderaspatana
Gynura crepidioides
Hedychium coronarium
Heliotropium indicum
Hemigraphis latebrosa
Hibiscus lobatus
Hibiscus micranthus
Hoppea dichotoma
Hybanthus enneaspermus
Hygrophilla auriculata
Impatiens balsamina
Indigofera linnaei
Indigofera mysorensis
Indigofera tinctoria
Iphigenia indica
Ipomoea pes-tigridis
Justicia betonica
Justicia glauca
Justicia simplex
Knoxia sumatrensia
Lagascea mollis
Lasia spinosa
Launaea sarmentosa
Lepidogathis cristata
Leucas aspera
Lindernia crustacea
Linum usitatissimum
Lippia javanica
In the eastern ghats & Seshachalam hills

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Yeddadugu
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Gulvidi
In all parts of AP
In Telengana areas
Nanabalu
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Reddivari Nanbalu
In all parts of AP
In the damper areas, near water bodies
In the damper areas of Eastern Ghats
Chadrasikoora
In all parts of AP
Chayuntarashi
In all parts of AP
Kalingarastra
In the eastern ghats, mostly in tha moist areas

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Kichigadda
In the interior areas of Eastern ghats and Seshachalam hill

In all parts of AP
In the hilly areas of Telengana and other eastern ghats
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Restricted distribution in the moist areas
Ratna Purusha
In the drier tracta of Telengana and Rayalseema
Nitti Gobbi
Mudda Gorinta
Cheragadam
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Konda Nilli
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Tellarantu
In the drier parts of Eastern ghats and Sesachalam

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Kampu Rodda
In the interior parts of forest as a weed on the forest path

In all parts of AP
In the interior moister parts of Eastern Ghats
On the sea coast areas
Surya kanta
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In the moister parts nearby the water bodies
Madanaganja
In all parts of AP
In moister parts, everywhere in AP
38
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
Maranta arundinacea
Martynia annua
Melochia corchorifolia
Merremia emarginata
Mimosa pudica
Molineria trichocarpa
Mollugo nudicalis
Mollugo pentaphylla
Murdania japonica
Ocimum americanum
Ocimum gratissimum
Orthosiphon thymiflorus
Oxalis corniculata
Parthenium hysterophorus
Pavonia odorata
Pavonia zeylanica
Pedalium murex
Peristrophe bicalyculata
Persicaria barbata
Persicaria pulchrum
Phyla nodiflora
Phyllanthus debilis
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis
Phyllanthus niruri
Physalis minima
Pimpenella tirupathensis
Pimpenella wallichiana
Plumbago indica
Plumbago zeylanica
Polycapaea corymbosa
Polygala arvensis
Polygala elongata
Polygonum chinensis
Polygonum glabrum
Polygonum plebeium
Portulaca oleracea
Premna herbacea
Psoralea corylifolia
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
Puppalia lappacea
Rhincanthus nasutus
Rhyncosia minima
Rotala densiflora
Rumex vesicularis
Rungia pectinata
Salicornia bracteata
Scilla hyacinthina
Scoparia dulce
Seigesbeckia orientalis
Palaguntha
Telukondikaya
In the interior parts of Paderu
Sitha kura
In all parts of AP
Elkajamedu
In black cotton soil of all parts of AP
Nidrakanti
In all parts of AP
Pedda paripatta
In all parts of AP
Verri Chatarasi
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In the moister parts of interior forests of eastern ghats
In the moister parts of interior forests of eastern ghats

Kukka tulasi
In all parts of AP
Nimma tulasi
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Amboti Kura
In the moister parts throughout AP
Congress Poolu
An aggressive weed in most parts of AP
Pudubodapu
In all parts of AP
Karu Benda
In all parts of AP
Yenugu-palleru
In all parts of AP
Chebura
In all parts of AP
In the moister parts, nearby the water bodies
Mosalipapu
In all parts of AP
Nella-usirika
In all parts of AP
Nela Usiri
Budama
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Endemic to Seshachalam
In the eatern ghats
Erra chitramulamu
In the northern coastal districts
Agnimatta
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Polygalaceae
In all parts of AP
Polygalaceae
In all parts of AP
Pappu kura
In the moister parts of all parts of AP

In the moister parts of Eastern Ghats
Bhavanchalu,
Bavanji
Antreetha
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Naga Malle
In the eastern ghats and Seshachalam hill ranges
Gadi-Chikudu
In all parts of AP
Chukka kura

In all parts of AP
Barillakoyalu

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
39
189
190
191
192
Sessamum orientale
Sessuvium portulacastrum
Sida actangula
Sida acuta
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
Sida cordata
Sida cordifolia
Solanum incanum
Solanum nigrum
Solanum suratense
Sonchus oleraceus
Sphaeranthus indicus
Spilanthus acmella
Stachytarpheta indica
Stemodia viscosa
Stemonia tuberosa
Stenosiphon russelianum
Striga densiflora
Stylosanthes fruticosa
Stylosanthes hamata
Suadea maritima
Suadea nudiflora
Tacca leontopetaloides
Talinum portulacifolium
Tephosia procumbens
Tephosia purpurea
Tephrosia villosa
Teramnus labialis
Thalictrum foliolosum
Torenia asiatica
Trianthema portulacastrum
Tribulus terrestris
Trichodesma indicum
Tridax procumbens
Triumfetta pentandra
Triumfetta pilosa
Triumfetta rhomboidea
Triumfetta rotundifolia
Uraria lagopodioides
Uraria picta
Uraria rufescens
Urena lobata ssp lobata
Urena lobata ssp sinuata
Urginea indica
Vernonia cinerea
Waltheria indica
Zinziber montanum
Zinziber roseum
Zinziber zerumbet
Nuvvulu
In all parts of AP
Thikka kura

In all parts of AP
Chittemu, Visha
Boddi
Gayapaku
In all parts of AP
Chiru Benda
In all parts of AP
Revati Mulaga
In all parts of AP
Kamanchi
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Bodasaramu
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Bodasaramamu
Kanupu tige
In the interior parts of Eastern Ghats
Nelakurji

In all parts of AP
Sailu Kampa
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Elagu
Revu Kada
Adavi Dumpa
Sima Bachchali
Vempalli
In all parts of AP
Tella Vempalli
In all parts of AP
Nugu Vempalli
In all parts of AP
Masha Parni
In all parts of AP
Nearby the water streams
Galijru
Palleru
In all parts of AP
Guvva Gutti
In all parts of AP
Gaddi Chamanti
In all parts of AP
Chirusitrika
In all parts of AP
Teega benda
Dekki,
In all parts of AP
Banki-tuthuru
In all parts of AP
Nalla benda
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Adavi ulli
In all parts of AP
Sahadevi
In all parts of AP
Nalla Benda
In all parts of AP
Karu Pasupu
Bomma-kachikai

40
237
Zornia gibbosa
In all parts of AP
41
5.7 Appendix 7: Species Names for Shrubs

Sl.No.
Name of species
Local Name
Distribution
1
2
Abutilon indicum
Acacia latronum
Erri Benda, Thutura Benda
Throughout AP - mostly in the outskirts of forests
Budda jala, Paki-tumma
3
4
Konda korintha
9
10
Acacia torta
Actinodaphne
maderaspatana
Adhatoda zeylanica
Ageratum conyzoides
Allophylus cobbe
Alseodaphne
semecarpifolia
Alstonia venenata
Anisomeles malabarica
Common species of dry deciduous and RS forest (lower

slopes) in the skeletal soil of Telengana and
Rayalseema.
Species of thorny forest of mainly Rayalseema forest
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Ardisea solanacea
Azima tetracantha
Breynia vitis-ideaea
Breyniavitis-retusa
Bridelia montana
Bridelia stipularis
Carissa carandas
Calycopteris floribunda
Konda Mayur
A common weed in the degraded forests of most parts of

AP
Moister parts of Easter Ghats
Tella-uppi
A salt tolerant species of coatal forests
Erra-balli
A common dry deciduous species throughout AP
Pantangi, Panchavoni
Donka-Bhuvara
Kalivi
Bonta teega, Adavi jama,
Pottengi
19
20
Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis proceara
Canthium parvifolrum
Jilledu
Outskirts of forests motly seen on the forest path
Carissa spinarum
Cassia alata
Cassia angustifolia
Cassia auriculata
Cassia montana
Vaka
5
6
7
8
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Cassia occidentalis
Cassia sophera
Cassia surattensis
Cereus grandiflora
Cereus hexagonus
Chrozophora prostrata
Cipadessa baccifera
Cleistanthus collinus
Cleistanthus patula
Clerodendron inerme
Clerodendron phlomidis
Clerodendron serratum
Clerodendron viscosum
Coffea arabica
Colebrookea oppositifolia
Kovangutti
Adasaramu
Valleys of Tirumala hills, Northern eastern ghats (Rare

ssp)
Not so common; moist areas in the outskirts of forest
Common weed as a colonizer in the cleared areas
Spp. of scrub forest; more often found as a bush
Valleys of Tirumala hills, Northern eastern ghats (Rare
ssp)
Moister parts of the forest in the northern coastal districts
Mahaveera

Balusu
Mitta tamara
Common species in the dry and moist deciduous areas

of AP
Outskirts of forests motly seen near ditch
Outskirts of forests motly in Rayalseema
Tangedu
Pagada tangedu, Konda
tangedu
Kasinta
Mostly seen in the hills, ghat roads
Konda kasinda
Dry decidous forests, not so common
Metta tangedu
Cemma Raakasi
In the drier tracts of Telengana and Rayalseema areas
Sima jemudu
Chedu Bira
Kodisha
A common weed near the marshy areas in the outskirts
Jegura
Less common in slightly moister parts of Sesachalam
Erru pucha
Common in the coastal areas
Tekkali, Nelli
Gunta Barangi
A spp found in the moister localities in all parts of AP
Konda-thakali, Bokkuda
Common weed in the moist deciduous species
Kafi
Jolidi
Agency areas of Visakhapatnam district

in the moister parts of Sesachalam and northern eastern
ghats
42
42
43
44
Decaschitia crotonifolia
Dichrostachys cinerea
Dodonaea viscosa
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
In the Sesachalam hills

In all scrub forests throughout AP
Velthuru
Puli-vailu, Bandam, Golla
pulleda
Drypetes sepiaria
Ehretia microphylla
Embellia ribes
Bira
Erythroxylum monogynum
Eugenia bracteata
Eupatorium odoratum
Deva Dharu, Pagadamu chettu
Euphorbia antiquorum
Euphorbia nivulia
Euphorbia pulcherima
Euphorbia tirucalli
Flemingia macrophylla
Bomma Jemmudu
Jemmudu
Sesachalam Hills
Vidangamu
Eastern Ghat
Gardenia gummifera
Gardenia resinifera
Gardenia turgida
Glycosmis mauritiana
Gmelina asiatica
Gomphostemma
parviflorum
Grewia abutillifolia
Grewia damine
Grewia flavescens
Grewia hirsua
Grewia orientalis
Grewia rhamnifolia
Grewia rothi
Grewia serrulata
Gymnosporia spinosa
Helecteres isora
Hibiscus platanifolius
Hibiscus vitifolius
Holarrhena pubescens
Homonoia riparia
Hugonia mystax
Hyptis suaveolens
Common weed throughout AP as an aggressive

colonizer
Manchi Jemmudu
Bikki
In the dry deciduous forest of AP except Rayalseema

forests
forests
forests
Konda manga
Kukka-elka
In the moist deciduous forests of AP
Kandran Regu
Flemingia semialata
Flemingia strobilifera
In the interior parts of Agency areas of Visakhapatnam

districts
Nalla Baddu
Golugu, Konda Gilugu
In the scrub forest throughout AP
Nela Gumudu
In the scrub forest throughout AP

Rare in the agency area of Visakhapatnam districts
Pedda tariki, Pedda tada
Adavi jana, Nara budama
Meda Kava, Bunka Jana
Jibilika, Tadiki,
Tegali
Pega rotta, Bampudu, Duddu
rotta

Jana
Pegala, Potriki,
Danti
Gubathada, Nulithada

Only in Seshachalam hills
Tedla pala
Siridamanu
Near forest streams (bouldery) of eastern ghats
Pisangi, Kakibira,
Ipomoea carnea
Ixora pavetta
Jatropha curcas
Jatropha glandulifera
Jatropha gossypifolia
Kalanchoe pinnata
Lantana camara
Thutu Kada

colonizer
Plant seen mostly near water in open forest
Korivi
All parts of AP, in the outskirts of forests
Nepalamu
Outskirts of forests throghout AP
Adavi-amada
Lawsonia inermis
Seema-nepalamu
Gallara paku
Drier tract, not so common
Gorintaku

colonizer
43
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
Leea crispa
Leea indica
Leonotis nepetaefolia
Loeseneriella obtusifolia
Malvastrum
coromandelianum
Maytenus emarginatus
Melastoma malabathricum
Memecylon edule
Memecylon umbellatum
Mimosa intsia
Murraya koenigii
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis
Opuntia stricta
Opuntia vulgaris
Osbeckia chinensis
Pambarus missionis
Pandanus tectorius
Pavetta indiaca
Phoenix acaulis
Phyllanthus reticulatus
Pogostemon benghalensis
Pterolobium hexapetalum
Randia candolleana
Randia dumetorum
Randia malabarica
Randia uliginosa
Rauvolfia serpentina
Rhus mysorensis
Salacia chinensis
Scutia myrtina
Securingea leucopyrus
Securingea virosa
Sesbania bispinosa
Solanum anguivi
Solanum erianthum
Solanum torvum
Sonerila tenera
Spermadicton suaveolens
Suregada angustifolia
Anka dora
Moist forests of Eastern Ghats, Sesachalam & Nalamalai

Hills
Moist forests of Eastern Ghats, Sesachalam & Nalamalai
Hills
Sesachalam hills
Moist areas throughout AP in the outskirt of forest
Chinni, Goddali-cippa
Indicator of highly eroded soil throughout AP
Pathudu
Nearby streams of moist valleys of Eastern ghats
Alli
Common species of dry deciduous forests throughout AP
Peddalli
Common species of dry deciduous forests throughout AP
Karivepaku
Dry deciduous forests of Telengana and Rayalseema

areas
Moist areas in the valleys
Parijatham
Dry deciduous forests of mostly Telengana areas
Naga Jemudu
In the thorny forests of mostly Rayalseema districts
Nagadali
In the thorny forests of mostly Rayalseema districts

Nalla-munukudu
Sesachalam hills
Mogali
On the sea coasts
Papidi
Pulsare
All parts of AP, in the outskirts of forests
On the hill tops
Pedda Tulas
Common weed in the drier parts of the State
Korintha, Kodi mudasa, Indrasi
Konda manga
Manga chettu
Pedallli
Kuka-elka
Not so common in dry deciduous forests throughout AP
Patalagiridi
Paderu, Ettunagaram, Donkorai, Maredimilli
Sith-sundari
Telengana and Rayalseema in the scrub forests
Saptarangini, Nerani
Nellore district, Tirupathi, Vizianagaram, Chintoor
Gariki, Nalla korintha
Tella-Purugudu
Tella-Pulcheri
Ettejanga
All parts of AP
Vankudu, Adavi Uchintha

Pittu, Rasagadi
All parts of AP
Konda Vusti
All parts of AP
All parts of AP
Erra moggi
In the exposed soil of Maredimilli Ghat and Paderu ghat
Karu-Guggilamu, Surgada
in the moister parts of Sesachalam and northern eastern

ghats
Dry deciduous forests of mostly Telengana areas
127
128
129
130
131
132
Tarena asiatica
Thespesia lampas
Toddalia asiatica
Vernonia anthelmintica
Vitex negundo
Woodfordia fruticosa
Konda papidi
Advi benda
133
134
135
Ximenia americana
Zizyphus mauritiana
Zizyphus numularia
Degraded forest of moist deciduous forest of AP
Konda Mirapa
All parts of AP
Garitikamma
Mostly in Nalamalais
Vavilli
In outskirts of forest and alluvial coasts of rivers of AP
Jargi, Seringi, Jaji

Nakkeru
Mostly in the exposed soil of dry deciduous forest of

Telengana
In the dry deciduous forest of mostly Telengana districts
Regu
Nalaregu
44
136
137
138
Zizyphus oenoplea
Zizyphus trinervia
Zizyphus xylopyrus
Pariki

In moister parts of Eastern Ghats and Sesachalam Hills
Goti
45
5.8 Appendix 8: Species Names for Climbers

Sl.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Name of species
Abrus precatorius
Acacia caesia
Acacia pennata
Acacia sinuata
Aganosoma caryophyllata
Ampelocissus latifolia
Ampelocissus tomentosa
Anamitra cocculus
Anodendron paniculatum
Argyreia cymosa
Argyreia nervosa
Argyreia osyrensis
Argyreia setosa
Asparagus racemosus
Aspidopterys cordifolia
Aspidopterys indica
Atylosia scrabaeoides
Bauhinia vahlii
Blastania garcinii
Butea superba
Caesalpinia bonduc
Caesalpinia crista
Canavalia virosa
Cansjera rheedii
Capparis sepiaria
Capparis zeylanica
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Carissa inermis
Cayratia auriculata
Cayratia pedata
Cayratia trifolia
Celastrua paniculatus
Ceropegia candelabrum
Cissampelos pareira
Cissus pallida
Cissus quadrangularis
Cissus repens
Cissus vitiginea
Clematis gouriana
Climatis smilacifolia
Coccinia grandis
Cocculus hirsutus
Combretum decandrum
Combretum ovalifolium
Local Name
DISTRIBUTION
Gurivinda
In all forests of AP
Korinta
Kondakorinda
Sigekai
Palamalle, Guda Palateega
In the moister parts, in the valleys
Bedasatiga, Bedalatiga
Atukalabaddu
Koditige
In the moister parts of Sesachalam hills

In the moister parts of the interior forests of Eastern Ghats
Samudrapala
Pilliteega
In the dry deciduous forests of Telengana areas
In the dry deciduous forests of Telengana areas
Kandalu
Addaku
Tigamoduga
Gaechakaya
Mulu-tiga
Adavi tamba
Moist areas
Kallavuppi
Atonda, Adonda
Budda kakara
Pallagumodi
Gumaditige
Kurudine, Kamputige
In the interior forests
Adavibaketige
Nalleru
Nellaboddu
In the damp areas near water bodies
In the damp areas near water bodies
Kaidonda
Dusaratige
46
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
Combretun extensum
Cosmostigma racemosum
Cryptolepis buchananii
Cucumis melo
Cucumis trigonus
Cynanchum callialatum
Dalbergia spinosa
Decalepis hamiltonii
Derris scandens
Derris trifoliata
Dioscorea alata
Dioscorea oppositifolia
Dioscorea pentaphylla
Diplocyclos palmatus
Dolichos trilobus
Entada rheedii
Ericybe paniculata
Gloriosa superba
Gouania leptostachya
Grewia rhamnifolia
Gymnema sylvestre
Hemidesmus indicus var indicus
Hemidesmus indicus var
pubescens
Heterostemma tanjorense
Hiptage benghalensis
Holostemma annulare
Ichnocarpus frutescens
Ipomoea alba
Ipomoea asarifolia
Ipomoea barlerioides
Ipomoea eriocarpa
Ipomoea hederifolia
Ipomoea mauritiana
Ipomoea nil
Ipomoea obscura
Ipomoea pes-carpae
Ipomoea pes-tigridis
Ipomoea sepiaria
Jasminum angustifolium
Leptadenia reticulata
Maerua oblongifolia
Marsdenia tenaicissima
Merremia aegyptica
Merremia hederacea
Merremia tridentata
Merremia vitifolia
Milletia extensa
Milletia racemosa
In the interior forests of Eastern Ghats
Palatiga, Adavipalateega
Adavi-puchcha
In the mangove forests
In the forests of Rayalseema and Sesachalam Hill forests
Nallatiga, Sakalutiga
Mangrove or tidal spp
In moister parts of hill forests
Lingadonda
Gilatige, Peddamadupu
Putta palateega
Adavi nabhi
Penkitiga
In moister parts of hill forests of Eastern Ghats

Podapatri
Sugandhipala
Madhabtige, Mutamu
In the Sesachalam, Nalamallai and Eastern Ghat
Dudipalatige
In the Sesachalam Hills of Chittor district

In all parts of AP, mostly on sides of the forest path
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In the Sesachalam Hills of Chittor district
Purutitige
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Bhuchakragada
In the moister parts of the valleys throughout AP
Jirikakoli
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Chivula pilitige
Near water source
Mekameduga
In all parts of AP
Mettatuti
In all parts of AP
Chirumalle, Adavimalle
In dry deciduous forests of throughout AP
Palateege, Kolasa
Not so common in all parts of dry decidous forests of AP

Mostly in the dry deciduous forests
Karudushtupatige

In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
Kondalange dutige
In all parts of AP
In all parts of AP
47
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
Morinda umbellata
Mucuna monosperma
Mucuna pruriens
Naravelia zeylanica
Olax scandens
Operculina turpethum
Opilia amentacea
Coscuta reflexa
Oxystelma esculenta
Paederia foetida
Paramignya monophylla
Pentatropis capensis
Pergularia daemia
Pueraria tuberosa
Reissantia indica
Rivea hypocrateriformis
Rubia cordifolia
Salacia reticulata
Sarcolobus carcinatus
Sarcostemma acida
Schefflera stellata
Schefflera venulosa
Solanum trilobatum
Solena amplexicaulis
Stephania japonica
Strophanthus wallichii
Strychnos colubrina
Telosma pallida
Tiliacora acuminata
Tinospora cordifolia
Toddalia asiatica var floribunda
Trichosanthes cuspidata
Tylophora indica
Vallaris solanacea
Ventilago denticulata
Ventilago madraspatana
Watakakka volubilis
Zizyphus rugosa
Dioscorea volubilis
Dioscorea tomentosa
Gnetum ula
Thunbergia fragrans
In Sesachalam Hill Ranges

Enugadulagondi
Near streams in the hilly areas.
Dulagondi
In all parts of AP
Murikimalu
Tellategada
Sitamma pogunalu
In most interior ghat areas of Easter Ghats

Dudhipala
Near the stagnant water bodies
Savirela
In the moister parts of Telengana and coastal districts of AP

Interior hills of Eastern Ghats
Chekurtitiwa
In the drier parts of the outskirts of forests throughout AP
Jittupaku, Dushtupatige
Dari gummadi
In the moist localities throughout AP

In the dry hills of Visakhapatnam district
A common climber throughout AP (mostly in the outskirts of forests)
Manjistha
Annkudu chettu,
Saptarangini
Sesachalam, Eastern Ghats (in the moist shady localities)

In Chintoor
In the mangrove forests
Somalata

In the ghat areas of Sesachalam, Srisailam & Eastern Ghat
Sukulamadavi

Outskirts of frests over bush
Thiyyadonda
A common climber throughout AP

Not so common in Sesachalam and Eastern Ghats in the moister
parts
Nagamusthi
Interior forests of Nalamallai
Circars
Climber of interior foress
Not so common climber throughout AP
Tippatiga, Somida
Kondakasinda
Avaduta
Mekkanatinnana aku
Nityamalle
Eastern Ghat
A common climber in the dry deciduous forests throughout AP
Dudhipala
Goti tige, Pindi parighamu
In moist deciduous forest

In dry deciduous forests
In themoister parts of Sesachalam, Srisailam & Eastern Ghat
In moister parts of Maredimilli and Eastern Ghat
Indra tige
48
6 Field Forms
Field Form No: 1
AP Forest Inventory 2006

Plot Approach Form
Date (dd/mm/yyyy):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Plot No
Name of Camping place
Time (hrs. at which left the camp).
Distance covered by vehicle (Km.)
Name of the place up to which journey was performed by vehicle
(village name etc.)
Time at which started on foot (hrs.)
Time of reaching the plot centre
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Plot Center Lat: (DD) .

Plot Northern point Lat: (DD)
Long: (DD)
Long: (DD)...
Time of completing the plot ..
Plot Description Form

Zone Code (Col. No. 1)
Division Name (Col. No. 2)
Range Name (Col. No. 3)
Write Code
Write Name of Forest Division
Write Name of Forest Range
SOIL DATA
4
Soil depth
5
Humus
6
Stoniness
7
Erosion status
CROP DATA
8 Origin of stand
9 Basal area (use wedge prism )
Write Code
Write Code
Write Code
Write Code
Write Code
INCIDENCE DATA
16 Weeds Write Code
Write Code
17 Grass
Write Code
18 Fire
19 Grazing Write Code
20 Felling Write Code
Write Code
21 Pest
CANOPY DENSITY (using
densiometer)
Calculate and
Write
Location
= No. of tally trees x BAF
10
11
12
13
14
15
No. of storeys
Seedling regeneration
Coppice regeneration
Bamboo occurrence
Bamboo flowering
Bamboo regeneration
Name of Crew leader
Write Code
Write Code
Write Code
Write Code
Write Code
22
23
24
25
26
No. of
dots
Plot center
Northern corner of plot
Eastern corner of plot
Southern corner of plot
Western corner of plot
Write Code
Signature of Crew Leader
49
Field Form No: 2
AP Forest Inventory 2006

Tree2 Enumeration Form
1. Plot No
Tre
e
No.
2.
Spec
ies
code
3.
Species name or Local

Name
4.
Name of Crew Leader
DBH
(cm)
5.
Tree
Height
(m)
6.
Tre
e
No.
2.
Date (dd/mm/yyyy):
Spec
ies
code
3.
Species name or Local

Name
4.
DBH
(cm)
5.
Signature of Crew leader
Only Trees having DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) equal to or more than 10 cm should be included.
Height should be measured only in the NE quadrant. In the remaining plot only record DBH for trees.
50
Tree
Height
(m)
6.
Field Form No: 3
AP Forest Inventory 2006 Herbs Form

1. Plot No.
Date (dd/mm/yyyy):
Herbs (in 1 x 1 m plot)

Species Name
Local Name
2.
Name of Crew Leader
Number of
plants
3.
4.
51
Field Form No: 4
AP Forest Inventory 2006 Shrubs & Regeneration3 Form

1. Plot No.
Date (dd/mm/yyyy):
Shrubs (in 3 x 3 m plot)

Species Name
Local Name
2.
Number
of plants
3.
Regeneration of Tree species (in

3 x 3 m plot)
Species Name or
Local Name
Category of
regeneratio
n
4.
5.
Name of Crew Leader
Code
6.
7.
Regeneration of tree species only should be seen.
52
Field Form No: 5
AP Forest Inventory 2006 Climbers Form

1. Plot No.
Date (dd/mm/yyyy):
Climber (in NE quadrant of the main plot)

Species Name
Local Name
2.
Name of Crew Leader
Number of
plants
3.
4.
53
Field Form No: 6
AP Forest Inventory 2006 Bamboo Enumeration Form

1. Plot No.
Clu
mp
No
2.
Date (dd/mm/yyyy):
Species
Name
Clump
Girth (m)
3.
4.
Curr
ent
5.
Number of Culms in Clump

Total Dry
1-3
3+
High
5+6+7
Yrs.
&
Cuts
Dec
ay
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Number and Height of Culms in Dia. Class

2-5 cm
5-8 cm
Above 8 cm
No of
Height
No of
Height
No of
Height
Culms
avg. m
Culms
avg. m
Culms
avg. m
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Name of Crew Leader
54
Clu
mp
No
Species
Name
2.
3.
Clump
Girth (m)
4.
Curr
ent
5.
Number of Culms in Clump

Total Dry
1-3
3+
High
5+6+7
Yrs.
&
Cuts
Dec
ay
Number and Height of Culms in Dia. Class

2-5 cm
5-8 cm
Above 8 cm
No of
Height
No of
Height
No of
Height
Culms
avg. m
Culms
avg. m
Culms
avg. m
6.
11.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Name of Crew Leader
55
1
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Creation of Spatial (Geographic) database
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Remote Sensing and GIS
Forest Inventory
Providing inputs for planning at State,
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other projects
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organizations
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CENTRE:
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and DGPS
Database design and development
Image processing and thematic mapping
Trainings on GIS, GPS and Image
Processing
Methodology development for specific
applications
Providing DGPS and GPS on hire
PROJECTS OF APFD:
Generation of State of Forest Report
Site Suitability Analysis for Water
Harvesting Structures
Forest Fire Risk Zonation
Wildlife Habitat Mapping & Bio-Diversity
Characterization
Selection of Suitable Sites for Ecotourism
AP Hazard Mitigation Project
Selection of Suitable Sites for Coffee
Plantations
Micro level Watershed Planning using
DGPS
Online Nursery Information System
PROJECTS FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS:

Irrigation Command Area Mapping
for Godavari valley & Mapping for
Polvaram Project
CEC of Honble Supreme Court of India
Monitoring of Kolleru Lake & Change
Analysis for Hussain Sagar
APSEB Site Clearance/Alternate paths
for Power Lines
APTDC Planning for Night Safari Park Kothaguda, Hyderabad
HUDA - Mapping of Urban Lakes
MSS Foundation - Mangrove Area
mapping
RWS Drinking water Pipe line layout for
Gangadhara, Karimnagar
IDC - Micro level Watershed Planning
using DGPS
GEOMATICS CENTRE, DULLAPALLI
Facilities
Trainings
Differential GPS
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Field Manual For Forest Inventory

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Field Manual For Forest Inventory

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FIELD MANUAL FOR FOREST INVENTORY

ANDHRA PRADESH FOREST DEPARTMENT.

FOREST COVER OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Published by: Andhra Pradesh Forest Department

ANDHRA PRADESH FOREST DEPARTMENT

SATRUCHARLA VIJAYA RAMA RAJU

(SATRUCHARLA VIJAYARAMA RAJU)

S.K. Das, IFS

PRL. CHIEF CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS

Inventory includes mapping, sampling and

2 Objectives of the Field Inventory

To collect qualitative and quantitative information, about the forest resources

4.1 Field crew and its duties

Planning fieldwork in advance. Navigating

Filling plot approach and description form,

Asst. Crew leaders

Navigating to the plot and plot layout.

Local forest staff

Navigating to the plot and plot layout.

4.2 Field Equipments

Field forms and board, field As per requirement

4.3 Maps for fieldwork

4.4 Organizing fieldwork

4.5 Navigating to the plot

4.5.2 To store a position of the waypoint

4.5.3 To create a way point

Layout of the main plot in the field

Layout of the plot for shrubs and regeneration

4.6.2 Layout of the plot for herbs

4.6.3 Collection of Soil Data

Soil sample data shall be collected in the following manner.

4.7 Data Collection

The forms should be filled in good legible writing.

Thapi is an equipment used by masons for cementing/plastering work.

4.8 Data collection and recording

4.8.1 Plot Approach Form (Field Form No.1)

This will be the code number/serial number

4.8.2 Plot Description Form (Field Form No. 1)

Col. No. 2: Division Name

Soil Depth (cm)

Soil less than 10 cm depth

Soil more than 150 cm depth

Col. No. 5: Humus

2. Very shallow Humus less than 2 cm

Humus more than 10 cm

Col. No. 6: Stoniness

Less than 10%

More than 50%

Using the above two observations, classify as follows.

Where rock fragments occupy less than 10% of the ground

Where gravel occupies 10-50% of the ground

Where stones occupy 10-50% of the ground

Where boulders occupy 10-50% of the ground

Where gravel occupies more than 50% of the ground

Where stones occupy more than 50% of the ground

Col. No. 7: Erosion status

Sheet erosion, only surface erosion is seen.

Rills are seen

Gullies are seen

Gullies, ravines and landslips are seen.

All trees approximately of same height.

Trees occupy two or three clearly distinguishable different levels

Trees of different heights occupying more than three levels or separate