Short Essay on Women in Modern Indian

Society
by Subha Sarkar

There was a time when women were just the kitchen keepers and the house keepers in the Indian
society. That was treated as the only field for their activity.
Rearing children, cooking meals for the large joint family, or at best in their spare time doing some
tailoring or knitting, but all within the four walls of the house this was considered to be their only
way of life.
Even the well-to-do families had large houses and right from the grandfather and the grandmother
down to the grandchildren all lived under one roof and were fed at the common kitchen.
Sometimes cousins also shared the same home. Those were the times till the first quarter of the
twentieth century.
Gradually women began to get educated, even highly educated, and a stage came when some of
them came out on the social and political field to rub shoulder with the men folk in these fields. In the
freedom struggle of India, there are notable names of women who took an active part in the different
movements and even reached the top. This was the opening up of the new horizon for womanhood
in India.
As of today women are found to be working in all fields and they are distinguishing themselves in
those fields. For the middle class families, choosing a career for women has also become necessary.
If they are duly qualified, they do want to be using their talents to seek an employment and be a
support earner to their husbands. There is the social scenario that has also necessitated it.
Men, in search for jobs or while in their jobs, shift to bigger towns where the housing accommodation
for them remains limited. The whole family, parents, brothers, sisters, all cannot be accommodated
under one roof, therefore the concept of the family centers round the husband, the wife and their one
or two children. This is the compulsion of the situation.
With the price-index escalating every day it is also found necessary that the wife, if she has the
requisite academic qualifications, which generally she is able to possess, should also be working
and supplementing the family income. This while giving her a social status, also helps the family to
have a better standard of living, which everyone does crave for and rightly too.

Women now are in every career and in every field. But this has its own problems too. They have to
be mothers, and as mothers, they have to give birth to children and also to rear them up. This
becomes for them a major problem. It is the desire of all parents that their children are well looked
after; they are properly nursed and cared for and grow up healthy.
The major part of this responsibility falls upon the woman the mother. Ayas and maids, how much
one might pay them, cannot be trusted to look after the children so well and then the Pace of work
will not grant the woman a long leave leave would be granted only according to rules. This
becomes a very major problem with women with a career.
And then the home has also to be looked after. The husband also works full time; he also needs his
breakfast; should carry his lunch or have his lunch at home if he can afford to come back home for it
and then, of course, the last meal the dinner.
The lady of the house has to look after all this also; it is still, in the Indian Society, treated as the
womans domain. In this way balancing between official duties and the home front presents the
women-with-a-career, enormous problems. Whatever said or done, the Indian society still remains a
man-dominated society and the wife may respectably be called the better-half, but in practical
terms, she does remain the worse-half. It would really be a very good fortune if the husband and
wife of such a micro-family can have a caring mother or a mother-in-law to be staying amicably with
them, adjusting somehow, in the limited accommodation, but amicable is the much needed
adjective to that living. That alone can, to some extent, minimize the problem of looking after the
children as also sharing the household chores.
But if that living is not amicable then the problem becomes doubly aggravated. The husband or the
wife has to remain torn between the dual loyalties and this can lead to an ever tensioned
atmosphere most uncongenial for all. The sensitive minds of children also receive the shocks of
such a tension and when they grow up, would try to avoid staying at home and seek relief among
friends. This may lead them astray. So the problems persist and even get aggravated.
Then there are problems with the career-women at their work places too. There have been cases
reported in the papers everyday, of harassment by colleagues or by superiors.
The gender factor is there and menfolk are men folk anyway. In such a situation even the husband
can hardly be of any help. He works somewhere else while she works somewhere else. Who to take
cudgels on her behalf?

If a colleague well-meaning though he is espouses her cause; stories may begin to be woven
around. It is to combat such situations that the Supreme Court had to come to the rescue of the
harassed woman worker and in the landmark judgement has ruled sexual harassment of women at a
workplace as a cognizable offence. But again to bring the ruling of the highest court in play, the
harassed woman shall have to take recourse to the court which, in itself, is no easy matter.
These are some of the basic and fundamental problems which the career-oriented woman in the
present Indian society has to face.
But then, that does not take away the pleasure and the privilege of women to take up work of their
choice. Parents are giving equal attention to the education of girls. Those days are gone where the
daughters were discriminated against in everything vis-a-vis the sons, Daughters, sometimes, have
been found to be more dashing and more achieving in their academic fields and have earned a
respectable career on their own merit.
The Indian woman today stands second to none she happens to be a woman which she cannot
help, but that does not denigrate her in any way. What is needed is that the society should learn to
respect women; those who try to harass them should be looked down upon by the society and more
drastic and deterrent punishments should be given to the offenders.
Peculiar is human nature even a very highly placed officer in an inebriated state misbehaved with
an IAS lady officer and the lady launched a case and relentlessly pursued it and got justice
ultimately. Such should be some example- setting cases which should be speedily decided by the
courts. Much of this problem would stand mitigated by this deterrence.
At home, the husband should learn to share equal burden in running the household. The wife should
be treated more like a colleague and a co-partner the husband to be a co-sharer and not the
demanding partner. The kitchen if run jointly would make the meals more pleasurable and more
enjoyable.
The children can be cleaned and bathed by the husband while the wife is preparing the breakfast or
the lunch. The men folk have to give up their domineering and demanding role they should
understand that their life style adequate or lavish whatever it is is due to the wifes financial
contribution to it. It is not his single effort or his single achievement. This feeling, if it gains ground,
would make living a life a more pleasurable experience and the children would also learn the same
way of life to help them live a happy life when they get married. Not a difficult thing to happen but
only if the men folk reorient their thinking on these lines.

857 Words Essay on Television Its

Advantages and Disadvantages
by Manish

Television was introduced in India on an experimental basis in Delhi on 15th September, 1959. This
was made into a regular service in 1965. Thereafter, a number of T. V. centres namely, Mumbai,
Srinagar, Jalandhar, Kolkata, Chennai and Lucknow were set up from October 1972 onwards in
quick succession. The T.V. network received a big boost during the Ninth Asian Games in November
1982, when 20 low power transmitters were installed at different state capitals and important towns.
Another landmark was achieved on 15th August, 1982 when colour television was introduced in the
country. Doordarshan also started its National Programme.
Doordarshan network consists of 64 Doordarshan Kendras/Production Centres, 24 Regional News
Units, 126 Doordarshan Maintenance Centres, 202 High Power tranmitters, 828 Low Powr
Transmitters, 351 Low Power Transmitters, 18 Transposers, 30, Channesl and DTH Service and has
a sanctioned strength of 21708 officers and staff of various categories.
Television is one of the greatest miracles of science. It was invented by J.L. Baird. One can now see
live pictures on the screen while sitting in ones own house. On the radio set, one can only hear the
voice of the speaker but on television one can even see his own picture. This invention has brought
about a revolution in the fields of entertainment, education and communication.
The greatest advantage of television is that one can watch its programmes at home. One need not
go out for it. Television has great educative value for school and college students. It is a boon for a
developing country like India. India is a vast country. It has an area of 32.87 lakh sq. km and a
population of about 103 crore. Television programmes telecast under the National Network can
reach out to the people living in the farthest and remotest parts of the country. Television gives us the
latest national and international news.
We can see films and dramas on television. We can hear talks given by politicians, scientists,
scholars, film stars, poets, writers, artists, musicians and other eminent persons. These talks play an
important role in the mobilisation of public opinion. Television enlarges the frontiers of our
knowledge.

Another advantage of television is that it helps to focus the attention of the people on social and
political evils prevailing in society. Some of these evils are untouchability, dowry, drinking, gambling,
drug addiction, etc. It can exhort the people to root out these evils.
Television also comes in handy to popularise Government policies and programmes like family
welfare, tree plantation, adult education, etc. It is an effective medium for imparting civic sense
among citizens.
Corruption is the enemy number one of our country. It is present in all walks of life. Television can
play an important role in fighting the menace of corruption. People can be made aware of the evil
effects of corruption on our economic and ethical life. They can be advised to help the Government
in curbing bribery, black marketing, smuggling, hoarding, etc.
Television serves as a link between the Government and the people. It makes the people aware of
the policies, programmes and activities of the Government. It also makes the Government aware of
the problems being faced by the people.
Television has great entertainment value. We can see on it our favourite films. Sports lovers are able
to watch sports events of national and international importance on their T. V. When cricket matches
are relayed live, people remain glued to their T.V. sets for the whole day.
Nearly 70 per cent of our people live in villages. Agricultural programmes relayed on television
interest the villagers very much. It enables them to boost their agricultural production. It tells them
how they can supplement their income by taking to fishery, piggery and poultry in their spare time. In
every News Bulletin, a weather forecast is given for the information and guidance of the farmers.
When the Parliament is in session, the highlights of the days proceedings in both of its Houses are
telecast on the television so that the people remain in touch with the Parliament, where their elected
representatives sit and deliberate on problems facing the country.
Television is also being put to good use by telecasting educational programmes for the benefit of
school and college students. Special programmes are also telecast during the days of examination.
There is a saying, there is nothing good or bad, only thinking makes it so. Television, nay any other
gift for mankind, cannot by itself be either good or bad. It merely places at mans disposal more
power and potential. But it is entirely upto man how he would put to use his power. Television has
certain disadvantages also. Experience has shown that if a person spends too much time in

watching T.V. daily, he will become lazy and shirk work. Doctors say that if a person, especially a
child, sees television from a close range, it adversely affects his eyesight. Students sometimes fall
into the bad habit of seeing films regularly on the T.V and V.C.R. and they neglect their studies,
despite all these disadvantages, TV. Has become the most popular and effective medium of
education and entertainment.

1354 Words Essay on Rainwater Harvesting in

India
by Vishal

Nature has endowed India with huge water resources. We have perennial rivers like Ganga,
Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Beas and others along with their tributaries and distributaries besides in
North and Eastern India, we have spring fed and rain fed rivers in central and peninsular India-the
major among these being- Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Tapti and Kaveri.
These huge potential water resources notwithstanding, we are facing a water crisis across the
country. Over the years, rising population, growing industrialisation and expanding agriculture have
pushed up the demand for water. Monsoon is still the main hope of our agriculture.
Water conservation has become the need of the day. Rainwater harvesting is a way to capture the
rainwater at the time of downpour, store that water above the ground or charge the underground
water and use it later.
This happens in open areas as well as in congested cities through the installation of required
equipment. The collection and storage of rainwater from run-off areas such as roofs and other
surfaces has been practised since ancient times in India. It is particularly useful where water supply
is inadequate. If the collection and storage equipment is designed carefully it is possible for a family
of four persons to live for a year in areas where annual rainfall is as little as 100 mm. Observations in
some other countries like Zimbabwe, Botswana and Israel have shown that up to 85 per cent of all
measurable rain can be collected and stored from outside catchment areas.
This includes light drizzle and dew condensation which occurs in many parts of the country during
drier months. A study has shown that if the rainfall is 635 mm per year, the run-off from a suitable
catchment area can be as high as 500 mm. An area covering one hectare may yield 5000 kilolitres of
water in the year-enough for 500 heads of cattle for six months. One ml of rain falling on one sq m of
area will yield approximately one liter of water. For a family of five persons the daily requirement is

about 100 liters per day. If we assume that the longest period without rain to be six months, the
volume of required water can be worked out at 18 kilo liters. This requirement can be met through
rainwater harvesting at the time of rainy season.
Nature has its own systems of recharging groundwater. In forests water seeps gently into the ground
as vegetation breaks the fall and flow of water. This groundwater in turn feeds wells, ponds, lakes
and rivers. Protecting the forests, therefore, means protecting catchment areas. However, with the
cutting down of trees, these systems are being hindered.
In urban areas, the construction of houses, roads and footpaths has left little exposed parts of earth
for water to soak in. Most of the water, therefore, runs wastefully through drains. In rural areas, the
water quickly takes the form of flood and flows into rivers which dry up as soon as the rain stops as
the bulk of water flows away. If this water can be held back, it can seep into the ground and recharge
the groundwater supply.
A sample urban installation of roof rainwater collection in a metropolitan city can be like this: If you
live in a single dwelling unit or a multi-tenant apartment complex you already have 80 per cent of
rainwater harvesting system. Only small reorientation of the plumbing design needs to be done.
The existing designs in the cities make all the rainwater from the roof and all the groundwater areas
surrounding the house flow towards the street, from where it goes to the drains and runs off
wastefully as sewage water.
What we need to do is to bring the rainwater down using closed PVC pipes and direct it to a sump.
Then include a simple three-part filtration unit consisting of sand, brick jelly and broken mud bricks. If
you do not have a sump, use a well/construct a baby well about 2 ft in diameter and about 16 ft deep
based on soil structure. Another type of rainwater harvesting system collects groundwater and stops
its flow at the gate. A concrete slab is put with holes in it, a 2 ft deep pit is built across the full width of
the gate. Then a pipe is connected and water is flowed to a well or baby well as the case may be.
Rainwater harvesting has become a very popular method of conserving water, particularly in the
urban areas. Collecting rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use has
several advantages. It conserves water as a valuable source and stops it from running off wastefully
as sewerage water. It provides water during dry season. It also recharges the aquifers or the
reservoirs of water below the surface of the earth, thus raising the level of underground water table.
This is highly beneficial for trees and other vegetation cover which draw mainly from underground
water.

When vegetation is dense and strong there are other benefits like checking of soil erosion, soaking
in of water when rain falls directly on the open area. Raising the underground water table makes it
easier for pumping sets and bore wells to draw water out of irrigation and other uses. Arresting the
decline of water table also checks water in grass, i.e. prevents sea-water from moving landward.
Rainwater harvesting can also stop groundwater contamination. During rainy season, water tends to
collect in puddles in low lying areas, in unattended pits on the ground. At times it gets collected in
empty tins, containers, tires or other waste material. Such water gets contaminated within a few
hours and becomes a breeding ground for insects and vectors like mosquitoes which spread
malaria, dengue, meningitis and chikungunya. With rainwater harvesting all these problems can be
solved to some extent if not entirely.
Agriculture contributes 22 per cent to Indias GDP and provides employment to about 58 per cent of
our population. With almost 60 per cent of the cropped area dependent on rains, monsoon continues
to have a major bearing on our agriculture growth and on GDP as a whole. The only solution is to
free agriculture from the clutches of rain-fed growth. One way is to bring more and more area under
irrigation. For this massive investment both public and private sector is needed. Another alternative
is the adoption of rainwater harvesting.
Availability of sufficient water in an area does not mean that water supply will be there forever. If the
favourable conditions disappear because of natural causes or human activities, there can be a
shortage. Cherrapunji was famous for receiving the largest volume of rainfall in the world, and it still
is, but experiences acute water shortage as a result of extensive deforestation and due to the reason
that water conservation methods are not used. Free flow of water along the slopes of hills has
caused heavy erosion of top soil. There are now many stretches devoid of trees and greenery.
People have to walk long distances to collect water. If rainwater harvesting had been used, things
would have been different.
Similarly, if there is an acute water shortage in some region, it does not mean that it will continue to
experience such shortage forever. If proper water conservation methods are adopted, the shortage
can be reversed or at least reduced. This actually happened in the surrounding area of river Rupee
in Rajasthan. It does not receive even one-fourth for rainfall received in Cherrapunji but has more
water available then the Meghalaya city. When drought-like conditions developed in Rupee area
during the 1980s, some Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) guided the women living in the
area to take initiative in building small, round ponds and dams to hold back rainwater.

Gradually water began coming back as proper methods of conserving and harvesting rainwater were
followed. The revival of the river has transformed the ecology of the place and consequently, of the
people living there. If such efforts by the people are supplemented by proper plans and
implementation by the government, water shortage in India can be overcome.

Computer a Boon or Bane

Boon means blessing or advantage. Curse means solemn invocation of divine
wrath on a person or thing. Here positive and negative impact of
computer on students is the subject of concern.
Computer meaning-A computer is a programmable machine designed to
automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. Boon
means blessing.
The first computer was developed by Charles Babbage.It was called the
Differential and Analytical Engine and was a huge, 2 tone machine that was
told what to do by punched cards.
Ability to connect to the internet is a tremendous blessing of the computer.
Computer allows us to access huge information. Computers can store
tremendous amount of data. They can process it in a fraction of seconds.
They can manipulate it to give our expected analysis result. The computer in
today time penetrated every facet of our lives. Home, schools, hospitals,
banks, transport system, airlines, shopping malls, and Industry are
completely depending on computer. Its performance cannot be thought
without a computer. We can more easily research almost any topic we can
think of. It is because of the ability of computer about speed , perfection ,
large capacity of data storage , tremendous efficiencies of data processing
and data retrieving at lightening speed. These parameters have discarded
human mind error of any business. It have resulted high per capita
performance. In these sense computer is tremendous blessing to us.
But there is also negative side of this blessing. With spell check we become
much less concerned with learning how to spell. With grammar check we find
it less demanding to learn correct grammar usage. With the ability to
develop and access huge databases of information we get lazy about
learning and remembering things. We are using computer for also reminding
us about daily work which is reducing our memory power. These are our
mistake. But there are also supporting elements of computer. If suppose
electricity goes off then our lives will be stopped. Thing about Y2K scare
which required huge investing to eradicate the problem of Y2K. If satellites
stopped working then we will be blind. Our bank will no more will be able to

gives us electronic money. It will be a dangerous situation. We cannot

communicate in absence of computers. So in these sense computer is curse.
But these problems if thought of in advance then curs of computer can be
made less effective.
Conclusion:
My logic is that keeping ourselves at the pace of computer's performance
and using our intellect power of inventions, we can stop the future disaster
of computing errors and problems. So in this sense computer can do more
blessing than curse.

Short Essay on Deforestation (537 Words)

by Sangeeta Dutta

Here is your Essay on Deforestation !

Deforestation is the permanent devastation of native forests and woods. Deforestation happens in
many ways: when trees are cut down to grow crops, for livestock, logging so wood can be used for
building things like houses and furniture, for roads and neighborhoods, for firewood, and forest fires.
Deforestation is affecting our environment and the way our earth appears. At least eighty percent of
our forests have been destroyed. Our rain forests are disappearing. It has been estimated that in the
last two years around 728 km of forest roughly half the size of Delhi- have been wiped out clear.
Although there may be a need to cut down trees to some extent, humans and other species need to
protect the forests and woodlands. Trees are not just beautiful; they also house many different kinds
of plants and animals that could become extinct with deforestation. They also provide good things for
humans and for the environment.
Deforestation disrupts the carbon cycle. The forest trees take carbon dioxide as well as pollutants
from the atmosphere. When the trees are destroyed or burned or left to rot, carbon is released into
the air as C02 and methane.
Methane and C02 contribute to the greenhouse effect. According to the World Rainforest Movement,
twenty-five percent of our medicine comes from the forests. Deforestation affects our water, too.
Trees take up water from their roots and then expel it into the air as moisture.
This moisture then gets converted into clouds that will bring rain. If we have fewer trees, the
atmosphere will be drier. With fewer trees, our soil does not have as much support and much silt is

released into the waters, resulting in loss of soil and more flooding. And, what happens to the
animals that make a home in our trees? Where do they go?
To protect our forests and woodlands, the animals that live in them, the soil, the waters, the very air
that we all breathe, and for all humanitys health and well-being, we must use paper products
responsibly and sparingly; and without doubt we must make sure to recycle paper products.
Try to imagine the earth without our trees, not just because of the things above, but also for the
beauty of nature. Almost all of us have walked down a road with the sun beating ruthlessly down on
us and wished silently that there were some trees along that road. There are so many things
associated with trees that affect our senses as well, like the soothing sounds of the wind blowing
through the leaves, the sound of the branches swaying in the wind and the ever so sweet chirping of
the sparrows at dawn and dusk.
Seriously can we imagine a world without our trees? No, definitely not. So we must all join hands to
prevent deforestation, each in our little way. The world did exist before the making of paper. A lot of
things like paper kitchen towels, facial tissues can be avoided if only we are not so obsessed with
the word disposable. So go for that which is reusable and recyclable instead. Our trees are our
legacy given to us by our ancestors, its the legacy we must leave our own.

The advantages and disadvantages of mass media

Mass media play a very important role in our everyday life.
They serve to inform people of different events that take place or
may happen. Also they entertain people or even help to make
their life better. But the most important thing that newspapers,
radio or TV bring to people is information.The process of sharing
information in the modern world is extremely intense. In all
countries is becoming more complex social culturalphenomenon
that applies to various activities and is inseparable from the study
of languages, political and social, economic, scientific, educational
and technological
development. That
is
why a
significant
and constantamount of information students receive through the
media.
Print media has traditionally been one of the main means in the
system ofmass media. The print media includes newspapers,

magazines, brochures, newsletters, books and even leaflets and

pamphlets. Visual media like photography can also be mentioned
under this sub-head, since photography is an important mass
media, which communicates via visual representations. Although,
it is said that the electronic or new media have replaced the print
media, there exists a majority of audiences who prefer the print
media for various communication purposes.
Newspapers are
a
valuable source
of educational
material such aslearning a foreign language. They offer an
interesting, topical and various
information.
Students
can actively use newspaper in addition to thetextbook and as an
additional source for reading and
writing. Reading
thedocumentary essays, various articles, advertisements, etc. to
help studentsapply grammar and quantitative skills, understand
the importance to keep abreast of current events. Also students
can discuss what they have read the next day in the class. Some
researches have found that the benefits ofworking with the
newspaper's material is much higher than just gettingactual
information from the textbook. However, print media also has its
own disadvantages. Here, we shall take a quick look at the
advantages and disadvantages of print media.
The advantages of print media:

Print mass media focus public attention on the most urgent

problems of the society. Those may be problems in health care,
education, transportation or even corruption in government.

Complete and accurate information is very important to get

nowadays.

It is useful that print media provide people in small towns and

villages with the information of what takes place in society, and
are also means of entertainment.
The disadvantages of print media:

This medium may not always give you a wide reach. Internet, on
the other hand, can target a global audience.
There is a limitation in terms of the kind of people who may
actually read your message. The particular newspaper may not
actually be accessible every time to your target group, which
means, your message may be missed! The Internet on the other
hand, can be accessed from anywhere.
Thus, we can see, there are certain pros and cons of print
media. With proper planning, you can opt for the right form to
gain maximum coverage and make the best of this medium!

Short essay on the Role of Computers in today's

world
SHYAM SONI

Today, we are living in a computer age. The awareness of computer is more than at any other time. It
has dominated almost all the fields. There is hardly an industry, which does not use computers. It is
not anymore thought of as a mere calculating machine. Computers are used in banks, factories, in
Government offices, education institutions, for research and development and even supermarkets.
The Computer plays a very vital role in the following fields:
1. Trade and Commerce: In business, transactions that take place have to be very carefully recorded so that there is less
ambiguity and the recorded transactions later on are utilised for various purposes - tax purposes,
analysis, forming business strategies and so on. The technological advances have made computers to
be one of the most robust machine or device that help the business community and the society at
large. It is now possible for the commercial establishments to reach the people globally. This has
been possible by the advancement of networking technologies such as WAN. The acceptance of
computer by the business community has proved the fact that computers are definitely reliable.
2. Education: Education system is one of the key elements in producing good human beings in any society and a
computer is definitely considered as one of the better teaching aids. The visual impact leaves a better
impression than the conventional way of teaching. The imagination and the creativity of both teacher
and taught is enhanced. The advanced countries have already adopted computers as a teaching aid.
Some institutions in India are using computers for presenting the subject concerned. Applications
like MS POWER POINT help in preparing the slide shows.
3. Transportation:
Another significant role the computer has played is in transport sector. It has very efficiently utilised
by the Indian Railways. Now, a commuter could get latest information about the availability of seats,
the arrival and departure of trains. He can book the tickets from any counter in the city and cancel it
from any counter. Road transport has taken the cue from Railways and adopted it successfully. Even
air traffic control is through the use of Computers. They have helped in minimizing accidents to a

great extent. Vehicles can now be tracked by using a technology called GPS (Global Positioning
System).
4. Process Industry:
Computers are playing the role of Quality Controllers in manufacturing concerns. A program called
CMC is utilized where the machines are programmed to produce units of same quality thereby
reducing defective components. Engineers make use of CAD/CAM to design products or design the
plant layouts.
5. Home and Hobby:
Personal computers are an exciting hobby. Many people prefer to build their own computers from
kits or modify systems that they have purchased.
Home computer is much sought after for relaxation. There are many games that use the full
capabilities of a computer to provide many hours of challenging and exciting leisure -time adventure.
The list of other home and hobby applications of personal computer includes checking, account
management, budgeting, personal finance, planning, nutrition analysis and dieting, personal income
tax preparation, investment analysis, telephone answering and dialing, home security, home
environment and climate control, calendar management and maintenance of address and mailing
lists.
6. Word Processing:
A word processing system is as much advanced over a typewriter as a microcomputer is over a
calculator. Word processing is so popular that it appears on almost everyone's list of uses for the
personal computer. This software enables to type any document at rough - draft, speed and then to
correct or modify it in any manner before printing.
Using the CRT monitor as the display screen, correction of the mistakes in spelling or grammar, add
or delete sentences, move paragraphs around or search for and replace words can be done and the
computer quickly modifies the document to accommodate all the changes. It can be printed error free by a dot matrix or letter quality printer.
7. Professional :
This category includes persons whose occupations are suited to the Desk-top use of personal
computer. Authors are professionals who make extensive use of word processing. Other occupations
are accountants, financial advisors, stockbrokers, tax consultants, lawyers, architects, engineers,
educators and managers at all levels.
The application programs that are popular with these occupations are accounting, income tax
preparation, statistical analysis, graphics, stock market forecasting and computer modeling.
The payroll application is a well established computer software. Production of the weekly or monthly
salary payments of employees is a regular repetitive clerical task on a large amount of data which is
ideal for computerization.
The stock control application is important in both public and private organization. The very large
stock control systems become unmanageable to deal with manually and have to be handled by
computer. Computers are used to control production and labour, just as they are used to control
stock.
8. Engineering and Scientific:

Personal computers do the performance of both routine and complex calculations in fields such as
Chemistry, Engineering, Physics and Aerodynamics. They are used to design and test new products
such as missiles, aircrafts, home appliances and communications equipment.
9. Meterological Department : The MET department has successfully utilized the computer in forecasting the weather. People
residing in the coastal areas have enormously been benefited by such forecast especially at the time
of cyclones. It has also helped in forecasting of timely onset of monsoon.

Science Is A Good Servant But A Bad Master

Essay
by Subha Sarkar

We today revel in the idea that we are living in a world of science and science can work wonders for
us. It is true that science has revolutionised modern life.
What our forefathers, half a century ago, could not even dream of, we have that at our beck and call.
Electricity is a wonder and what it is doing would have appeared to be a fairy tale for our forefathers.
A button is pressed, the room gets flooded with light; the fan moves, the A.C. cools or warms the
room, water is boiled or cooled even is frozen, eatables can be preserved for days.
Human suffering has greatly been eliminated. Science has investigated into diseases and found
startling cures for them. Artificial limbs can be fitted the disabled bodies, even kidneys and heart are
being transplanted. Painless operations are being performed.
Machinery has eliminated human labour and made life more mechanical and less arduous. Means of
communication The Fax, The E-mail, The cordless telephones are really wonderful means given
to us by Science. The atomic energy if put to use for peaceful purposes can work wonders.
We have begun to feel that life without the modern scientific gadgets is impossible.
True, that all this has happened and we feel beholden to science and the scientists. But there is the
other side of the picture too.
Man has become a slave to the machines. Human labour has been minimised but that has led to a
more luxurious living and less of physical activity. Mankind has begun suffering from such ailments
which our hardworking forefathers never knew of.

More and more use of machines has led to large scale unemployment. The pesticides and
germicides used in saving the crops are sending out such alarming signals as demolishing and
dismantling the ozone layer which was protecting the earth from the evil effects of the sun rays. The
world is getting exposed to the situation of great alarm and danger.
The atomic energy is being used for destructive purposes and the nuclear explosions are causing
radiations which are fatal for mankind. Can we ever forget what happened to Nagasaki and
Hiroshima in Japan during the World War II? Do we want to live under such further threats of largescale devastation and destruction?
The worst that science has done is the demolition of our faith in the Divine power. The Darwinian
Theory of evolution has given a death blow to our faith that there is some Creator the super
power far too superior which has created this universe and good or bad actions invite rewards or
punishments to us in the form of Heaven and Hell.
The scientists of today consider themselves as masters of nature. Inspire of all scientific
advancements, earthquakes still occur, cyclones still come and leave back large-scale loss of life
and properties. If man has become the master of nature why cannot he avoid such disasters? So
this proves what Shakespeare had said Therere more things in heaven and earth which are beyond
our philosophies.
Therefore, what is necessary is that we may use science as our slave take the utmost advantage
from it but should not permit it to become our master. We have to keep the genie under our control,
use it for the good of mankind; cure diseases with its help, explore treasures of this earth through it;
communicate with one another at the quickest pace but keep its dangerous use under check.
Let science remain our slave and not allow it to become our master. Let science like Alladins genie
remains in Alladins controlling power not to overpower and be a menace to mankind.

284 Words Short Essay on Science A Blessing

or A Curse
by Manish

The modern age has provided us with many wonderful inventions and discoveries of science. The
world has changed tremendously by its contributions in every walk of life. It has increased the
comforts and made domestic life easy giving men more time for leisure.

Industries are giving finer and greater number of outputs in lesser time. It has also helped in
boosting the agricultural yields and preserving the same over a longer period of time. With the use of
various machines, equipments and gadgets, trade and business has accelerated.
Electricity in itself is a great wonder of science. It is the essence of mechanical functioning.
Communication is made quick and easy by various instruments and travelling has become
comfortable by the use of variety of vehicles on land and seas as well as in the air. The large world
has become a small place as the long distances have been minimized.
Numerous drugs and vaccines have cured people from dangerous life-taking diseases. Unimagined
wonders of organ transplantations and laser surgeries have increased the life expectancy world
over. Pain due to illness is reduced.
On the lighter side, science has provided us with many means of entertainment like Radio, TV and
Video to fight the boring Monotony in life. Life is easier and man is proud of his achievements.
The machines which have provided comforts and easiness have failed to provide the peace of mind.
It has led to unemployment and competitions. Man has become greedy and lost the spirit of
brotherhood.
He lives in the constant fear of wars and destruction. In fact, the misapplication of scientific
knowledge has brought man face to face with destruction. So, the potentialities of science must not
be misused.

Short Essay on Environmental Pollution

MILI

Environmental pollution is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today. It means
adding impurity to environment. The environment consists of earth, water, air, plants and animals.
If we pollute them, then the existence of man and nature will be hampered.
It is true that trees are being cut down rapidly. Our earth is becoming warmer. If pollution continues,
the day is not far when our earth will be a boiling pan and become a desert. Or it will be covered with
sea water causing destruction of mankind.
Pure air is always needed for inhaling. If we take pure air, our health improves. On the other hand
impure air causes diseases and impairs our health and causes our death. Smoke pollutes the air. It is
the root of air pollution. The smoke which is discharged from industries, automobiles and kitchens is
the mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane etc. These are all poisonous gases. These
cause lung-cancer, tuberculosis etc. which take a heavy toll of life. The glaring incident is the Bhopal
gas leak in December 1984. Thousands of the residents of Bhopal died due to lungs problem which
was caused by methylamine gas from the Union Carbide Plant.

The garbage emitting foul smell, the decaying plants and animals also cause air pollution. Hence the
doctors advise the patients having lungs trouble to settle in some rural places because the air of
villages is pure and free from population.
Then comes sound pollution. The harsh sounds of buses, its, mopeds etc. affect our power of hearing
and causes fart trouble. It has been reported that there are two villages named Biraspalli and
Devadas Palli near Dum Dum airport m Calcutta where a large number of people have lost their
power of hearing. This is because of the frequent sounds of planes coming in and going out of Dum
Dum Airport. The evils of sound pollution can be imagined from this example.
The water of rivers and seas is being constantly polluted all over the world by various dangerous
chemical and biological wastes. Mills and factories discharge very harmful waste waters into many
rivers and sea. The water of the Ganges flowing by the side of both Varanashi and Calcutta is
extremely polluted and contains all sorts of dangerous bacteria. It is really very strange and
laughable that large number of the Indians regard this water as holy. They even drink this water for
salvation. There is no doubt that the fish that grow in such waters are poisonous too.
Reckless application of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides pollutes the soil. Vegetables
and fruits are quite injurious today, because they contain the poison of insecticides and pesticides.
If the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil which produces our crops, vegetables and fruits,
all become more and more impure, then our chances of good health and longevity will be very less
and less. Environment pollution is a serious menace to our existence. Realising the danger, we must
plant trees in large number to absorb impure air. Impure water from industries can be sent back for
purification and then it can be used for irrigation purpose. Our government is well aware of the fact
and is taking steps to save environment from pollution. We have also I minister to look after the
environment.

1619 Words Essay on the Value of Books

by Shivi Rawat

Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age. They support us under solitude and keeps
us from becoming a burden to ourselves.
There are other plus points, too. They help us forget the littleness and matinees of people around us.
They soothe our frayed nerves. They make our frustrations sleep.
Many inspire us to action, teaching life is action. Passivity is akin to death. Others enlighten our dark
minds, penetrating the mind, yet others heal wounds of the soul as the bleeding heart. An Egyptian
king defined such books as the medicines of the soul.
Books exercise a silent power on the sensitive mind. They lend a joy and a delight, which is
exclusive to the reader as it is precious. Silent, passive and noiseless, they set in motion countless
multitudes and change even the character of nations, much more than individuals.

They are a potent weapon because the printed word has a power of its own. Lord Byron says, A
drop of ink can make millions think. Alexander the Great was respectful as well as fearful of books.
It is said when he conquered a country, he ordered its libraries to be burnt.
We can understand Alexanders apprehension of books creating long-range unrest against him.
Milton puts it, A good book is the precious life-blood of a master spirit, embalmed and treasured up
on purpose for a life beyond.
The famous French writer, Voltaire, says, the entire known world, excepting savage nations, is
governed by books. This is close to except a living man there is nothing more wonderful than a
book.
There is a profound reason for it because, next to our soul, a book is the only thing that takes us to
immortality. Who are the people, men, and women who have come, down to us from generations?
They are the people who have left us something worthwhile in the form of books. Minus them, we
would have been mentally bankrupt, so to say. We have to lose and find ourselves in the books of
others. That is one way of identifying ourselves with it.
An enlightened mind likes to lose him in others mind, more enlightened. Charles Lamb says, When
I am not walking, I am not reading, I cannot sit and think. Books think for me.
This, however, does not mean that we should not use our own critical faculties when we read a
book. These days especially when books are being churned out from printing presses sooner than
you can say books, we have to be choosy and selective. The litmus test is that the books which
make us think the most are the best.
Some books need no mental exertion in reading them because they, in the first place, needed none
from those who wrote them! There is no worse stealer of time than such a book.
Books are useful in understanding and exploring vast, hidden internal territory. Carlyle has said,
The true university of these days is a collection of books. To this, we may add inspiration and selfhelp books.
There is always room for improvement, however impressive you think your personality already is. In
fact, most of us pass through life without ever realizing our full potential. A majority of people fail to
realize their real potential.

Books, the distilled wisdom of the ages, can help a good deal in realizing our real potential. When
Mahatma Gandhi said that the real transformation in his life came after he read the Gita, he was
expressing the same truth. Reading at random is unlikely to yield fruitful results. It is like rushing
through a garden without looking at the beauty of flowers.
Fix your goal carefully and then select the best book in that area. Prepare a list of other books, which
can be taken up later, enlarging your interest information and knowledge. Draw a distinction between
information and knowledge. The former is sketchy and smacks of smatterings.
The latter has depth, is many dimensional and makes you a modest authority on a subject. That is
why Bacon says, Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed and some few to be chewed and
digested.
Choose a book, which elevates you and inspires you and raises your spirits so that you emerge a
better human being. Such a book appeals to your because your own limited information fails you.
Thus, be willing to be led by it into a wider insight and clarity of concepts.
Books (good ones) are teachers and preachers though silent ones. They are selfless and have
advantage over oral teaching. Above all, they are ready to repeat their lesson as many times as you
want.
The focus should be your own development and improvement. Simple principle is the best book is
the one which meets your wants, the natural thirst of your own mind, arouses interest in further
reading and also rivets thought. The art of reading lies in judicious omission.
Pay a visit to any bookshop, and you will find many such books on almost every conceivable subject
from good, better vocabulary to a winsome personality.
Go to a good library and you will be simply astounded by the wealth of material available. Avoid
aimless browsing. You will walk through the library without picking a good book of your requirement.
Go with a pre-determined mind. You save time. If you go to the library sans aim, there is a strong
possibility that you will come out without a book or a wrong book.
No matter how deep (or shallow) your knowledge, you find something to whet your interest and
curiosity and give you the advantage of a well-stored mind and a full, better life. But do not
mindlessly run after what are called best-sellers. They are products of high voltage publicity. They
usually contain nothing but ornamental trash. They have been aptly called girded tomb.

Be genuinely interested. Choose something in which you are already interested. Interest is the key
to all learning. A cox-comb is like a bird in interested artificial feathers!
When you choose a book, buy it. A book borrowed is not quite the same thing as a book owned.
Possession means interest as well as an added value. You are at liberty to mark its pages, and
underline it as you see fit. This is valuable as you are to keep the book for future reference.
Hasty reading is like a spirit in a garden. You ignore flowers, texture of the grass, etc. Another
disadvantage is that you have to backtrack to know what has passed you unnoticed.
Do not buy books because they have been brought out by a noted printer. It is like buying clothes
which ill-fit you but have been tailored by a famous firm.
Read the preface. Scan the contents, the areas covered and the topics dealt with. Go back over
them slowly second time, pausing over bits you do not follow, underlining those paragraphs, which
seem vital or in some way arrest your attention.
Some books are sure to call for much more thought and concentration. Take time to ensure that you
really absorb them, like a sponge. The book fills your mind and it becomes a part of your personality.
Practical wisdom books yield a rich harvest. You are never too young or too old to profit by them.
The opportunities are endless for widening knowledge, for finding a new interest, and cultivating a
new hobby.
Thirty-six years ago. I adopted writing (bad, then it was) as a hobby. Today, it is my passion. It brings
a daily delight, and is an eternal prize packet.
Learning is a permanent luminary, which may be fogged for the time being, but when the fog
disappears, is again bright. A good book may be neglected but when opened, will impart instruction
again. It is a lighthouse of knowledge.
If the book is along the line of your job, it adds to your efficiency. Victor Hugo began to study Greek
when he was past fifth he had become so charmed with the language.
De Quincy, whose prose style has served as a model for perfection relates that he spent hours
looking for a word, which would give the exact shade or meaning he intended.

If such luminaries felt it necessary to devote the better part of their lives to the improvement of their
vocabulary, surely, you, too, will consider it a goal worth your effort and consideration, if you aspire to
write of read well.
You want to speak more effectively. There are many books on the subject. They are down-to-earth,
practical and written in a vivid style.
Those, which deal with the psychological approach to the problems of living, are of immense help.
Psychology has brought a wealth of knowledge to every part of life, which has revolutionized thinking
and brought loads of help, to ordinary people. How-to-do books are a simple version of what pure
psychology is, telling about the kind of person you are and how your mind works.
You get instructions as to how you can help yourself to become a balanced and integrated
personality. How to sleep well, overcome inferiority complex, mastering shyness, fear and phobias
and a whole lot of them on sex, marriage, psychocybermatics.
Choose one area for improvement of you personality at a time. Then pass on to another. Shed the
notion that you are born with a fixed, rigid personality. Personality is acquired.
You may not be born with a magnetic personality but what prevents you from acquiring magnetic
manners? Apart from the sheer inspiration of striking out into something new, you will be surprised at
how your life changes inside you. A new person emerges from inside you.

309 words short essay on the Importance of

Sports and Games
by Smruti

Sports and games are very important for us. They keep us healthy and fit. They offer us a change
from the monotony of daily life. It is a useful means of entertainment and physical activity. Sports and
games help in character building. They give us energy and strength.
Sports and games are means of mental and physical growth. During sports we come to learn many
things. We learn how to maintain mental balance in the midst of hopes and despair. They make us
learn how to tackle the difficult situation. Sports develop a sense of friendliness. They develop in us
team spirit. They help in developing mental and physical toughness. They shape our body and make
it strong and active. They give us energy and strength. They remove tiredness and lethargy. They
improve blood circulation. This improves our physical well-being.

Sports and games improve our capability. They improve our efficiency. Either study or work alone
makes us exhaust. We remain no longer efficient to do any work. Sports remove our mental
exhaustion. Sports are integral part of education. Education without sports is incomplete. Keeping
their value in life, children are taught some sorts of games in the very early stage in school. These
days sports are a part of academic curricula.
Sports are particularly important for the youth. They help in their physical and mental growth. They
contribute in the formation of character. They inculcate in them good values. It is therefore, sports
competition is held at school and college levels. The students who perform well in this competition
are promoted to play at the national and international level. Thus sports help in career growth also.
Sports and games give us opportunity to grow in life. These days sports have been commercialized.
They have become a good means of earning. The sports person who does well in sports is
showered with name, fame and wealth. He becomes a hero overnight. Sports have great potential to
offer career opportunities. So we should take them very seriously from the very early age of our life.
Sports are good means of earnings. Sports offer opportunity to prove talents.
Thus, sports have great value in life. Sports facilities are being developed in rural and semi-urban
areas. There are playgrounds in villages. Sports infrastructure are being developed everywhere so
as to promote them. Various sport organizations are also doing well in promotion of sports.

21ST CENTURY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

The computing power in the few micro processors that are now in a Ford Motor Car is much more than all the
computing power that was put in the space vehicle that landed the first men on the moon and brought them back. In
today's do-more-with-less business environment, with increasing demands from customers, shareholders, and
regulators, the IT organization is not only asked to work harder and smarter, but is being asked to take on the role of
assuring the business.
Humanity has progressed from agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution and is now moving to an information
revolution. It is this awesome computing power at continuously falling prices and the computers being networked over
global telecom highways that is leading to the use of Information Technology in every sector of human activity be it
communication, banking, trading, learning and teaching, entertainment, socializing, government, management and
librarying. Just as machines have extended man's mechanical power and his convenience and comfort, Information
Technology as commonly picturized by computers, is extending man's mind or brain or intellectual power. The term
information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is
more recognizable than ever before.
Objective:
Looking at the present scenario, one can easily predict the dominance of Information Technology in daily life. Despite

of hectic schedules and lots of burdens, IT always wins in the long run. Globalization and Liberalization has expanded
their wings in the world and even beyond that in terms of bringing the global space on to a common platform. Ranging
from magnificent infrastructures to wearable transmitters, IT manages it all. On the contrary, there are negation points
of the same for different cases. A brief research has been portrayed in this article.
Thoughts:
Just as chemical or metallurgical or electrical technologies enable the processing of raw materials into usable goods,
to satisfy man's and societies' needs so does information technology (IT) help the storage, processing, transmission
and exploitation of information to satisfy a person's, company's, society's or government's needs for information. The
invention of printing was the first big breakthrough in Information Technology. It enabled literacy and education to go
up from 10% to over 80% within 50 years by making available vast amount of reading material. That reading also led
to the Reformation in Europe. Other break-through for Information Technology were the inventions like telegraphy,
telephony, wireless or radio, television, broadcasting, computers (from room size to desk top to lap top to palm top
and very soon, wearable ones.)
There had been breath-taking inventions in electronics and photonics, micro-miniaturization, super and mega-scale
integration; optical fiber and communication satellite transmissions, electronification and digitization of all information,
storage and display devices and the transport of electronified information on worldwide telecommunication networks,
increasingly under the control of the sender and the receiver. Information covers voice as in telephony, text as in fax,
images as in video and data as between computers. The limitation for transmission and reception of information only
from instruments connected to wires and therefore only from particular places, has been dramatically overcome by
earth-based cellular mobile, radio telecoms and now by satellite based globe wide mobile systems like the Iridium.
Information Technology devices like microprocessors are becoming mass appliances from pace makers for the heart,
hearing aids, and efficiency enhancers in automobile engines and devices to steer space vehicles on the moon.
Technology is an enabler for more effectively managing the business, but does not solve the problem unless it is tied
directly to business and governance objectives. There is an urgent need for IT in underdeveloped areas where access
to even the smallest bits of knowledge can have far-reaching, long term effects. The use of technology has a great
many effects; these may be separated into intended effects and unintended effects. The implementation of technology
influences the values of a society by changing expectations and realities. Technology, throughout history, has allowed
people to complete more tasks in less time and with less energy. However, work has continued to be proportional to
the amount of energy expended, rather than the quantitative amount of information or material processed.
In countries like India, which undertook government-centered development since Independence, government has
become obstreperous, taking in the largest fraction of the GDP as taxes and the largest amount of their savings as
loans. Government is not confined to its primary role of defense, internal security, justice, primary education, primary
health, irrigation and roads, but it encompasses production, industries, services and businesses. It is commonly
known that most of government's money is spent very inefficiently and much of it, on the salaries and establishment
of the Government servants them selves and yet every service is inefficient. And the delays and the non-transparency
and controls breed corruption.
Talking about IT, Information technology (IT), as defined by the IATA, is, "The study, the study, design, development,
implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications
and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computer and computer software to convert, store,
protect, process, transmit and securely retrieve information.
Technology has had profound effects on lifestyle throughout human history, and as the rate of progress increases,
society must deal with both the good and bad implications. Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic

group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply not possible. Technology enables greater knowledge of
international issues, values, and cultures.
Due mostly to mass transportation and mass media, the world seems to be a much smaller place. The effects of
technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious effects include the depletion of
nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added pollution of air, water, and land. The
more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e.g., global warming, deforestation, natural habitat
destruction, coastal wetland loss.) Each wave of technology creates a set of waste previously unknown by humans.
Humanity at the moment may be compared to a colony of bacteria in a Petri dish with a constant food supply: with no
way to remove the wastes of their metabolism, the bacteria eventually poison themselves.
Today, the term information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology and
the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering
many fields. IT performs a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer
networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management,
networking and engineering.
When computer and communications technologies are combined, the result is information technology, or "InfoTech".
Information Technology (IT) is a general term that describes any technology that helps to produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate information.
There are mixed consequences of IT on environment. As previously discussed, each wave of technology creates a
set of waste previously unknown by humans. Talking of life, about fifty years, back the line, no one was familiar with
what is called Cyber Waste, but we are now.
So, the point is, despite of higher achievements, there are major drawbacks that IT has failed to rectify during course
of its evolution.
Most modern technological processes produce unwanted byproducts in addition to the desired products, which are
known as industrial waste and pollution. While most material waste is re-used in the industrial process, many forms
are released into the environment, with negative environmental side effects, such as pollution and lack of
sustainability. Different social and political systems establish different balances between the value they place on
additional goods versus the disvalues of waste products and pollution. Some technologies are designed specifically
with the environment in mind, but most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects. Historically, the value of
a clean environment and more efficient productive processes has been the result of an increase in the wealth of
society, because once people are able to provide for their basic needs, they are able to focus on less-tangible goods
such as clean air and water.
The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle. The more obvious effects include the
depletion of nonrenewable natural resources (such as petroleum, coal, ores), and the added pollution of air, water,
and land. The more subtle effects include debates over long-term effects (e.g., global warming, deforestation, natural
habitat destruction, coastal wetland loss).
Each wave of technology creates a set of waste previously unknown by humans: Toxic waste, radioactive waste,
Electronic waste.
One of the main problems is the lack of an effective way to remove these pollutants on a large scale expediently. In
nature, organisms "recycle" the wastes of other organisms, for example, plants produce oxygen as a by-product of
photosynthesis, and oxygen-breathing organisms use oxygen to metabolize food, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct, which plants use in a process to make sugar, with oxygen as a waste in the first place. No such mechanism

exists for the removal of technological wastes.

Impacts of Technology
Technology, throughout history, has allowed people to complete more tasks in less time and with less energy. Many
herald this as a way of making life easier. However, work has continued to be proportional to the amount of energy
expended, rather than the quantitative amount of information or material processed. Technology has had profound
effects on lifestyle throughout human history, and as the rate of progress increases, society must deal with both the
good and bad implications.
In many ways, technology simplifies life:

The rise of a leisure class

A more informed society can make quicker responses to events and trends

Sets the stage for more complex learning tasks

Increases multi-tasking (although this may not be simplifying)

Global networking

Creates denser social circles

Cheap price

In other ways, technology complicates life:

Pollution is a serious problem in a technologically advanced society.

The increase in transportation technology has brought congestion in some areas.

Techniques

New forms of danger existing as a consequence of new forms of technology, such as the first
generation of nuclear reactors.

New forms of entertainment, such as video games and internet access could have possible social
effects on areas such as academic performance.

Increases probability of diseases and disorders, such as obesity.

Social separation of singular human interaction. Technology has increased the need to talk to more
people faster.

Conclusion
Concluding from the aspects stated above, the only line which comes to mind is "In one line of thought, technology

develops autonomously, in other words, technology seems to feed on itself, moving forward with a force irresistible by
humans. Information is knowledge and knowledge is power. Knowledge plus experience is wisdom and it is the wise
use of information that gives advantage to those who have information."

729 words essay on Child Labour (Free to read)

by Smruti

Free sample essay on Child Labour (Free to read). Children are the most important asset of any
nation. Each child is an asset to the society. The future welfare of society is closely related to the
welfare of the child.
Children are the future of the nation. They are flowers of our national garden. It is our duty to protect
these flowers. Child labour is a socio-economic problem. Child labour is not a new phenomenon in
India. From ancient times, children were required to do some work either at home or in the field
along with their parents.
However, we find in Manusmriti and Arthashastra that the king made education for every child, boy
or girl, compulsory. In those days there was a system of trade of children, who were purchased and
converted to slaves by some people. The problem of child labour was identified as a major problem
in the 19th century when the first factory was started in mid-19th century. Legislative measures were
first adopted as early as 1881. Since independence there have been several laws and regulations
regarding child labour.
Child labour has been defined as any work done by the children in order to economically benefits
their family or themselves directly or indirectly, at the cost of their physical, mental or social
development. Child is the loveliest creation of nature. But it is the circumstances which force them to
hard labour. They have to earn livelihood from early childhood, stopping their mental development.
The nation suffers a net loss of their capacity as mature adults.
Child labour is a global problem. It is more common in underdeveloped countries. Child labour, by
and large, is a problem of poor and destitute families, where parents cannot afford education of their
children. They have to depend on the earning of their children.
The prevalence of child labour is a blot on society. It is a national disgrace that millions of children in
this country have to spend a major part of their daily routine in hazardous works. The problem of
child labour in India is the result of traditional attitudes, urbanisation, industrialisation, migration, lack
of education, etc. However, extreme poverty is the main cause of child labour. According to the

UNICEF, India is said to have the largest number of worlds working children. Over 90% of them live
in rural areas. The participation rate in rural urban areas is 6.3% and 2.5% respectively. According to
a recent report, 17 million children in our country are engaged in earning their livelihood. This
constitutes 5% of the total child population of the nation. It is about one-third of the total child
labourers of the world.
In India, working children are engaged in different organised and unorganised sectors, both rural and
urban areas. In rural sector, children are engaged in field plantations, domestic jobs, forestry, fishing
and cottage industry. In urban sector they are employed at houses, shops, restaurants, small and
large industries, transport, communication, garages, etc. In India, working children are also selfemployed as newspaper, milk boys, shoeshine boys, rag pickers, rickshaw-pullers, etc. About
78.71% of child workers are engaged in cultivation and agriculture, 6.3% are employed in fishing,
hunting and plantation, 8.63% in manufacturing, processing, repairs, house industry, etc., 3.21% in
construction, transport, storage, communication and trade and 3.15% in other services.
Child Labour is exploited in several ways. Preference of child labour by many employers is mainly
due to the fact that it is cheap, safe and without any liability. Many children take up the job just
because of the non-availability of schools in their areas and thus rather than sitting idle, they prefer
to go to work. Illiteracy and ignorance of parents is also an important factor. These parents do not
consider child labour as evil. Child labourers have to work more than adult workers. They are
exploited by their employers.
There are several constitutional and legal provisions to protect working children. At present there are
14 major acts and laws that provide legal protection to the working children. Notwithstanding, the
evils of child labour is on the increase. The biggest cause behind its spread is poverty. It cannot be
completely eradicated from society unless its root cause is not addressed. Child labour perpetuates
poverty.
Child labour is economically unsound, psychologically disastrous and ethically wrong. It should be
strictly banned. The general improvement in socio-economic conditions of people will result in
gradual elimination of child labour.

Essay on the awareness, causes and prevention of

aids/ HIV + STD
by Mayank Pal

AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Human body has a strong immuno
capacity.
It is capable of fighting all diseases to a large extent. AIDS is a disease that causes deficiency of
human immuno system. Therefore, AIDS causes, death, pain and misery.
AIDS poses one of the biggest threats to the human existence. It is caused by HIV (The Human
Immunodeficiency Virus).
In order to lead an AIDS-free life, one must know all about HIV for knowledge is the best defence
against AIDS.
HIV gets transmitted through:
i. Unprotected sex with an infected partner.
ii. Transfusion of infected blood and blood products.
iii. Use of contaminated needles and syringes.
iv. From an infected mother to her baby before, during or soon after birth.
To keep away from AIDS all one needs to do is:
1. To Avoid Casual/Multiperson Sex:
It may be noted:
Sex must always be enjoyed with only one partner, always with own wife/husband.
It is advised that for keeping the body free from all types of sexually transmitted diseases as well as
other contagious/infectious diseases, one must always be very particular in sharing sexual
intercourse.
It is also strongly recommended that while going to start mating sex even with own life partner, one
must always ensure that the person being so mated with does not have STDs/AIDS and other such
diseases.
In case of any such chance, the same must immediately be cured.

2. To Use Condom During Sexual Intercourse:

How does a condom help?
A Condom helps!
i. In prevention of pregnancies.
ii. In prevention of STDs.
iii. In keeping one safe from acquiring the HIV infection.
What does a Condom do?
A condom provides a mechanical barrier. It prevents direct contact from potentially infected semen
and vaginal fluids in different ways, e.g.,
i. Direct contact with vagina/cervix/penis.
ii. Direct contact with anus/rectum.
iii. Direct contact with mouth.
iv. Direct contact with exposed wounds.
How to use a Condom?
To correctly put on a condom:
1. Open the packet carefully.
2. Pinch out the air from the teat with the thumb and forefinger.
3. Roll down the condom over erect penis.
4. Roll it down to the base of the penis.
5. After ejaculation and before the penis goes limp, unroll the condom carefully to ensure that no
semen escapes.

6. Wrap in a paper carefully and dispose after use.

3. Before accepting blood or blood products, to make sure that they have been screened for
HIV
Bear in mind:
i. Blood products like plasma, factor 8, Rh Factor, immunoglobulin, interferon etc. also should not be
accepted until one is sure that they have been screened for HIV.
ii. In case of requirement of blood, always prefer to accept blood from family and friends instead of
buying blood from professional donors as one cannot be sure of the quality of blood donated by him.
iii. Donating blood does not carry the risk of transmission of HIV infection as needles used for these
purposes are sterile.
iv. You could rule out the risk of acquiring HIV infection when you go in for a blood-test if the
equipment being used on you is sterile.
Some More Information:
i. Menstrual blood of an HIV positive woman is infective.
ii. Mosquitoes are not capable of transmitting HIV infection as the HIV is not able to survive or
replicate inside the intestine of the mosquito.
iii. Medical personnel are at a potential risk of acquiring HIV infection as they have to deal with blood
and other body fluids.
But the risk is very minimal if precautionary measures such as use of gloves, masks, and goggles
are taken when handling potentially infected material.
iv. Dried blood is not infective as the HIV cannot live long outside the body and cannot survive in a
dried form.
4. To use sterilized or disposable needles/syringes
Bear in Mind:

i. Do not indulge in sharing of needles and syringes for taking intravenous drugs.
ii. Before using a needle/syringe make sure that it is sterile. If possible buy and use a disposable
needle syringe.
iii. Ear piercing and tattooing could transmit HIV infection if the needle/wire used to pierce the
ears/tattooing purposes is contaminated.
To eliminate this risk ensure that the needle/wire being used to pierce the ears/for tattooing is
sterilized by flaming before use.
iv. Each time you go for a blood-test verify whether the equipment to be used on you is sterilized.
v. Donating blood carries no risk of acquiring HIV infection as needles uses for this purpose are
always sterile.
How to Sterilize Needles/Syringes?
1. The easiest method for sterilizing needles/syringes is by boiling them for a minimum of 30
minutes.
2. The second method for sterilizing is by using bleach powder.
Procedure:
i. Before using bleach, wash the needle with water.
ii. Make a bleach solution using 1 part of bleach to 10 parts of water.
iii. Fill and flush the syringes at least 2-3 times. Keeping the bleach solution in it for 20 seconds each
time.
iv. After bleaching, flush the syringe and needle several times again with clean water.
v. Never reuse water and bleach solution once used in the sterilizing process.
5. To get a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) treated promptly by a qualified doctor as
untreated STDs increase chances of acquiring HIV infection.

What are STDs?

STDs are Sexually Transmitted Diseases; they can be transmitted through vaginal or anal
intercourse or through oral sex with an infected person.
STDs are serious; they can be very painful and can cause a lot of damage to the body often
resulting in illness, intertility, various disabilities and even death.
In pregnant women, some STDs can infect babies in the womb or during delivery causing birth
defects or even death.
What are the Common Symptoms of STDs?
An individual infected with a sexually transmitted disease could suffer from:
i. Red patches on/near private parts.
ii. Burning or itching on/near private parts.
iii. Boils on/near private parts.
iv. Bleeding while urination whiles discharge and a difficulty in passing urine.
Can Condom help prevent an STD?
Yes. Using a condom not only saves one from acquiring an STD but it also helps in prevention of
acquiring AIDS.
How do untreated STDs increase the risk of HIV infection?
STDs cause genital sores or ulcers which provide easy entry points for the HIV.
Some More Guidelines to remain free from STDs:
i. Avoid multipartner sex. Use a condom.
ii. One should seek immediate treatment from a qualified doctor if he acquires an STD and also get
his partner examined promptly for the same.

iii. It is imperative for each individual to be very particular about personal hygiene.
Are HIV infected persons to be kept alienated?
No! If persons infected from HIV adopt an open and healthy style of living, they can for long survive
a normal and healthy life.
HIV infected persons should be treated with the same love and care as is provided to persons
suffering from other incurable diseases.
AIDS is also like other diseases and persons suffering from AIDS feel a healthy by the care and love
of family and friends.
AIDS patients want your friendship and affection; do not abandon them, as it is not transmitted by
friendship.
Some Facts and Myths about HIV/AIDS:
i. HIV cannot get transmitted by casual contact such as touching, holding hands, shaking hands,
working or playing together, sharing food vessels, and clothes, eating food cooked by an infected
person, mosquito and other insect bites, swimming pools and toilets.
To keep away from AIDS all one needs to do is :
1. To avoid casual/multipartner sex.
2. To use condom during sexual intercourse.
3. Before accepting blood or blood products, to make sure that they have been screened for HIV.
4. To use sterilized or disposable needles/syringes.
5. To get a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) treated promptly by a qualified doctor as untreated
STDs increase chances of acquiring HIV infection.

Essay on students and social service

ABHINAV
ESSAY

What social service isMan is a social being. He cannot live alone. He requires the help of other
men. If a man does some good service to society or to a particular individual or individuals, he does
social service. A man falls ill. He has nobody to look after him. If you nurse him during his illness,
you render social service to that person. Epidemics break out in a village or in your locality. You with
your friends form a group and nurse the patients. You may go and advise every family how it should
take precaution to be free from the attack of epidemic diseases. In that case you are doing social
service.
Scope of students for social serviceNow-a-days elderly men of a family have to struggle hard to
maintain their family. They can hardly make time to think of others. In this respect students have
greater scope to render social service. Besides studies, they have ample time for games, sports and
amusements. They can better utilize a portion of their leisure in rendering some useful service to
society. They can do it individually or in groups.
Different ways of social serviceStudents can render social service in many ways. In India most of
the people are illiterate. For the uplift of the country it is essential to teach them at least the three R's
i.e. elementary knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic. During their leisure hours students in
groups can take upon themselves the task of teaching illiterate people the three R's. Small night
schools may be set up in their locality for this purpose. If they earnestly do it, illiteracy may be
removed. It will be doing great service to society, because illiteracy is a great obstacle in the way of
improvement of society. Ignorant people do not know the laws of health and sanitation. As a result
they fall victims to many diseases. If the students can teach them how to observe the laws of health
and sanitation they may be free from the attack of these diseases. They will then learn to live in a
better way. It is a great social service for the uplift of the country.
Besides these, there are other fields to render social service. A famine breaks out or a flood or
earthquake devastates a part of the country. It is then the duty of all, specially the students,, to help
the distressed people. Relief organizations are formed to help them. Students should be volunteers of
these organizations. They will collect subscriptions, clothes, food, medicines and building materials.
They will go to the spot and help the suffering people with all these things. A helpless person dies.
Students may cremate the dead body. This is social service.
Sometimes there are big social, religious, political or other gatherings. People assemble there in large
numbers. Students can render useful social service by helping these people in various ways. During
long vacations students may go to villages and do many constructive works themselves, such as
making roads, re-digging neglected ponds, clearing jungle, building school house, etc. with the help
of the villagers.
ConclusionStudents are a great source of strength to the country. They have ideals, energy and
power to work. If they are rightly guided, they can really render very valuable service to society.
There must be selfless leaders to make right use of them. Under proper guidance and noble
inspiration they can work wonders.

525 words short essay on National Integration (Free

to read)
by Smruti

Free sample essay on National Integration (Free to read). India is a country of varied ethnic groups,
communities, cultures and tongues. Economic independence, culture, language and territorial
integration are the ties of a nation. There is a feeling of oneness, unity and commonness in it. There
has been political disunity, and rise and fall of various empires.
Different languages are spoken here. People have different food habits. Different religions are
propagated and professed here. But Indian culture and customs have united the Indians. These
have promoted a feeling of oneness and common citizenship.
National integration is a psychological process. It means a well-knit society in which all are loyal to
their country. The feeling of nationalism is dominant. It prevails over all other issues and interests. It
means that every Indian, irrespective of caste, creed, language or religion, belongs to India. He/She
is proud of his/her country. National integration is very important for the all-round development of the
country. In fact, its existence depends on it.
There are different climates in India. Food habits are different, crops are different and there is a
difference in faiths and beliefs. People wear different dresses. Even the Indian customs and
conventions are vast and varied. The people pursue different sects and religions. There is difference
even in the lands. The northern area is very fertile. There are hills and mountain ranges. In South
there are barren lands and plateaus.
The geographical features are different. Even the fertility and nature of soil are varied. Different
crops are produced in different parts of the country. The taste and temperament, colour, features are
all different. There are fanatic people who create communal disturbances in the name of religion.
Casteism and provincialism are also rampant in our society. Sectarianism and communalism disrupt
our social harmony. Sometimes, the separatist forces emerge. Such forces lead to the creation of
many states on the basis of language formula. However, the people all over India hold similar
outlook and moral values.
In spite of all the diversity of culture, India stands united. It is because our Constitution was so
designed as to give equal rights to people of every religion, sect, area, sex and culture. The people
of India enjoy freedom of thought and expression and show reverence for every faith. An awareness
of common nationality is well developed in the minds of the people.
National integration is essentially needed to keep India alive. We cannot allow disintegration of any
kind. It is our prestige.

There are forces now that resort to communalism, provincialism and parochialism. They have their
vested interests. They do not stand for India. They want it to disintegrate. They are tools in the hands
of some foreign elements. They want to weaken the country. We need to be vigilant against those
forces. We should crush them in the beginning.
We should work towards strengthening national integration and promote a feeling of goodwill and
mutual trust among the masses. The politicians should not be allowed to fan communal feelings to
secure vote bank. There should be equal distribution of benefits of development. These should reach
the lower strata of society. We should work towards inclusive growth. Nobody should feel ignored
and isolated.

Mobile Phones: A boon or a bane

Is a knife useful instrument or a perilous weapon? It depends on how it is used. Same
implies with the case of technology. The greatest invention are those which affect the mass
of people; and of those greatest invention is cell phones .It would be very ungrateful on our
parts not to recognise how imperative are they to us. Cell phones have revolutionised the
human existence .This is possible only because they are getting cheaper and cheaper day by
day. Discounted cell phones accessories have made it even easier to keep the phone intact
and give it a longer life.
Undoubtedly , if cell phones are in right hands ,then they are a marvel ! Firstly they are
proved to be a gratuity on the account of uniting not only the country but the entire planet
as a global village. No matter how far we are sitting we can gossip anytime anywhere! In
fact its bliss to the parents as well as children .Parents can every time monitor their
children and children are also safe. If anyone is in any kind of danger s/he can call for help
immediately . It arrests mishaps.
The delight of watching favourite tv shows, songs, etc is unmatched; as now cell phones are
embedded with all high tech features. Also discounted cell phone accessories have added
cherry on the top. Accessories such as wireless Bluetooth handset (can be used to talk
without even locating the cell phone ) , cases and pouches (keeping the phone intact and
out of harm's way ) , charger ,adapter battery covers ,screen protectors are so easily
available that they help people to uphold their cell phone with an ease.
There are always two sides of a coin . The Time creation aspect of technology has posed a
peril which we keep ignoring .The cell phones have progressed rapidly at the rate of knots.
Also at the same time they have provide us with a cushion to challenge more task than what
we would have attempted if cell phones would have gone on a French leave! This invites
element of multitasking. This deprives a person of enjoying his own hard earned money!
Also when a person is multitasking rather than completing a single task he merely juggles
between a huge number of tasks. This causes burden and hence results in Stress . Stress is
a bane to the modern era. Due to our ill capacities of not understanding the correct usuage

of resource, our life has turned into a Frankensteins movie!

Also cell phones have made terrorist attacks in the world very easy. This has become a
global matter of concern .Not going far beyond and viewing things aerially and focusing
solely on our lives children are growing in precocious manner ,which is again a big matter of
concern for parents .Also discounted cell phone accessories have made it easier for children
to buy them and keep them unnoticed! They burn their time to ashes by playing games on
it, listening songs etc. Instead of going out and playing, they stick to their easy chairs or
couches and play games on their phones , which turns their reflexes into slow responses!
We have heard of batteries blasting when they were put to charging. This is again on the
account of using discounted cell phone accessories .The retailers replace the original piece
with duplicate ones, to which customers are totally unaware of.
Over utilisation of any resource is harmful . Now mobile phones have interweaved into our
lives so much ,that some have started considering it as an inevitable part of their lives. They
are addicted to it like a drug addict is addicted to drugs and some have gone even worse!
This has consequently given rise to new phobias! Such as Nomophobia (the fear of being
out of cell phone) ,Phantom ring (imagining call phone to be ringing when it is actually
not) , Human antenna (holding phone high up in the air so that it can catch signal! )and so
on. Not only this usage ,of cell phones driving have contributed 10% to the road accidents.
We should always remember , that there lives a wise man between the valley of two
mountains. Plain and pleasure are a result of modern technology .
Usage of cell phones as a boon or a bane ; the answer lies in our hands!

Essay on Atomic Energy

ROHIT AGARWAL

Until World War II, the world was familiar with only mechanical, chemical, acoustic, thermal, optic,
magnetic and electrical forms of energy. But on a fateful day in 1945 when the U.S. exploded atom
bomb over Hiroshima, the world got aware of nuclear energy.
How exactly is energy got from the atom? For the atom, as we know, is the tiniest speck of matter?
Each atom has a central core called the nucleus, around which revolve the electrons. The nucleus is
built up of two kinds of very minute particles called protons and neutrons. The electron has a
negative electrical charge, the proton has an equal positive charge and the neutron has no charge.
The nucleus of the radium atom constantly disintegrates ejecting alpha particles which are the nuclei
of helium atoms. This phenomenon is called radioactivity. Uranium is another radioactive element.
In 1938 Hahn and Strassman bombarded uranium with neutrons and found traces of barium in the
material.
This led to the discovery that some of the uranium atoms capture a bombarding neutron and get split
into two nearly equal parts. This splitting is called nuclear fission. At the same time two or three
neutrons are set free in the reaction. These go on splitting other uranium atoms and release
neutrons. This is called a chain reaction and, in its wake, enormous amounts of heat and gamma rays
which are X-rays of very short wavelength and great penetrating power are released.

This knowledge was utilised in the preparation of the atom bomb. Such a weapon had become
imperative in view of the mounting supremacy of the Germans and Japanese in the World War. After
three years of intensive work atom bombs were perfected. It is now history that the two atom bombs
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki knocked out the striking power of the enemies and brought the
war to a speedy end. The two cities were completely destroyed with great loss of life. Such was the
destructive power of the atom bomb. The energy needed was derived from nuclear fission.
The bomb demonstrated that nuclear fission provided a new and powerful source of energy and that
it might be put to peaceful uses as well. In agriculture, atomic energy is used in the shape of
radioactive tracers in researches for finding the best type of fertilisers for plants. In medicine,
radioisotopes of iodine are used for diagnosing brain tumours. Other radioactive isotopes are used
for the cure of the human ailments-in the treatment of cancer, radio-gold, radio-iodine and radiocobalt. In industry, radio isotopes are used for measuring the thickness of paper, rubber, textile and
metallic sheets, for the detection of hidden flaws in castings, for the detection of the thickness, flow
and separation of liquids.
Nuclear energy is used vastly in the development of atomic power. When the supplies of coal and oil
are running low, the development of atomic power is a welcome achievement. Nuclear energy offers
a new source of cheap fuel for the production of power, especially in spots far for power production.
The first step in the production of atomic power is the setting up of atomic reactors.

Water Conservation: Now More

Than Ever
Will there be enough water for a more crowded world? The adult human uses on average
about 100 gallons of water a day. Utahs population as of 2009 is about 2.8 million, making
domestic water usage about 278 million gallons per day. This is only about 0.3% of Utahs
overall daily water usage. The other 99.7% goes to public supply, aquaculture, industrial
work, and irrigation. This is only a small percentage compared to what the rest of the world
is using. Only about 2.5% of earths water is fresh and only 1% is actually attainable for
usage. The available water on earth has not changed. The same water we have today has
been recycled for millions of years, we are not gaining any more. The time to do something
is now. In this essay I would like to remark on the past, present, and future of water
conservation.

We use much more water today than we ever did in the past. With new technologies and
fashions, we use more and more water every year. Not only do we have luxuries that we
didnt have a hundred years ago, our world population has more than tripled since then. Yet
our supply of water is not changing. Water has gone through the same replenishing cycle
since our world began, and we are using more then ever. Now is the time to make sure we
conserve.
Small fixes can make a big difference. This could be not leaving the faucet running while
brushing teeth, or not allowing a leak to continue unchecked. However, it is just as
important, if not more, to fix the big things. For example, 81.1% of Utahs freshwater usage

goes to irrigation. I have personally observed this water being wasted, such as farmers
leaving their sprinklers watering crops all day, nonstop, rain or shine. Much could be done to
fix this problem such as low-pressure sprinkler systems, rain sensors, and cost-sharing
programs that can improve farm water delivery systems. If we use to much to fast, the
earth will be unable to replenish her supply quickly enough to fulfill our needs. If we dont
take the needed steps now, it may be to late.
We have an obligation to our future. With world population growing at the rate it is, we must
take precautions that those ahead of us dont suffer because of our negligence. Water is life;
the number one necessity for survival. Not only must we conserve now to prevent future
problems, we need to teach the coming generations the importance of our water, that they
in turn can make sure nothing will ever happen to bring about disaster in the form of water
shortage.
As we can see, water conservation is a much larger issue now than it ever was in the past.
What we do now makes a difference. We must do all we can to make sure our future is safe.

1069 words essay on rural development in

India
by Priyanka

Free sample essay on rural development in India. India lives in villages. About 70% of its population
lives in villages, scattered all over the country like stars in the night sky. About 96% of Indias
geographical area is covered by villages. The vast majority of India living in rural areas cannot be
taken lightly in any planning aimed at socio-economic development of the country.
It is now increasingly being felt that no planning can be successful unless more and more attention is
paid to rural development schemes and poverty alleviation programmes. Therefore, many new
schemes to ameliorate the conditions of the rural population are being launched, and the old ones
are being completed expeditiously. That this rural bias and thrust has registered a success is evident
from the fact that the poverty line has come down significantly, from over 57% in 1961 to 26% in
1999-2000. The implementation of various community development programmes in the first three
Five Year Plans and specific poverty alleviation and unemployment removal programmes during the
Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Five Year Plans have gone a long way in the
upliftment of the masses in the villages.
The quantum of financial assistance and allocation under the Ninth FIVE Year Plan was raised
substantially and many major structural changes have been effected to achieve the targeted goals of
rural development, poverty alleviation and employment generation schemes. Consequently, the
number of beneficiaries is rising rapidly. The Constitutional sanction granted to gram panchayats,
etc. has further boosted the morale of rural institutions.

Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) is a major instrument to alleviate rural poverty.
The main objectives of IRDP are to raise families of the identified target group above the poverty line
and create substantial opportunities of self- employment in the villages. The funds for this
programme are shared 50: 50 between the Centre and the states. In case of the Union Territories,
complete financial assistance is provided by the Centre. The scheme is being implemented through
the District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) and block level functionaries at the grass root levels.
At the level of the state, there is a co-ordination committee headed by the chief secretary to look
after its overall implementation. IRDP was first launched in 1978-79 in 2,300 blocks and was
extended to cover all the 5,011 blocks of the country from October 2, 1980.
The scheme, meant to improve the social and economic condition of the poorest of the rural poor, is
being evaluated through research conducted by independent and government institutions. According
to the report of January-December 1989, about 20% of the old families crossed the poverty line of
Rs. 3,500 and 28% of the revised poverty line of Rs. 6,400. However, about 78% of the families had
incremental income. Nearly 34% of the assisted families belong to destitute and 46%, very poor
groups. The major impact of the scheme is that it benefits the poorest and the most deprived sectors
of the society. The families eligible for help under the scheme are those where the annual family
income is less than Rs. 4,800 per year. It also includes families of small and marginal farmers whose
operational holding is less than 5 acres of land. The final selection of these poor families is done
through gram panchayats and gramsabhas. Special attention is being paid to women. They are
organised in groups for productive activities. These groups are given training and provided with
suitable monetary help for increasing their family income.
Then there is the National Scheme of Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRIES),
launched as a centrally- sponsored scheme on 15 August, 1979. The main emphasis of the scheme
is on equipping rural youth, in the age group of 18-35 years, with necessary skills and technology to
take up vocations for self-employment in agriculture and allied activities, industry, services and
business. There are some special schemes to improve the lot of rural women and children, under
which groups of 5-10 rural women are formed for carrying on income generating activities. Each
group is sanctioned a revolving fund of Rs. 15,000. In case of states, the fund is shared equally by
the Centre, state government and UNICEF, while in the Union Territories, the Centre bears Rs.
10,000 per group and the balance is borne by UNICEF. UNICEF also bears the expenditure on the
staff component for a period of six years. The scheme has taken significant strides since its
beginning in 1982.
Similarly, various pilot projects have been launched to generate employment. These include Crash
Scheme for Rural Employment (CSRE), Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme (PIREP) and

National Rural Employment Programme. These schemes and programmes specifically aim at
generating additional gainful employment opportunities, creation of durable community assets and
improvement of overall quality of life in the rural areas. To improve the lot of landless labourers, the
Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) was launched in 1984. The
programme guarantees employment to at least one member of every landless labour family up to
100 days in a year. The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana is an ambitious programme being implemented
through the village panchayats. It seeks to guarantee employment to at least one person in a rural
household living below the poverty line. It was launched in 1989. Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar
Yojana, launched in April 1999, is a new scheme for rural development.
The budget for the year 1995-96 was again a village- oriented one, in which many gifts were given
to the rural masses. It envisaged establishment of Rural Infrastructure Development fund, a
technological development and modernisation fund for small scale industries, with Rs.200 cores
initial capital, a National Social Assistance Scheme to give a minimum old age pension and lump
sum survivor benefits to the poor and maternity benefits to poor women, among many other
schemes. It also proposed to set up an exclusive line of credit of Rs. 400 cores to co-operative and
regional, rural banks to meet the needs of scheduled castes and tribes in a 100-odd predominantly
rural, tribal districts. There is also a proposal to begin a Group Life Insurance Scheme of the LIC to
be implemented by the panchayats in rural areas. The liberal package for the rural poor and
vulnerable sections of the village society is laudable, but the main problem is that all the benefits do
not reach the targeted poor people. Much of the funds are misappropriated by intermediaries
responsible for the implementation of these packages.

Essay on Cleanliness
RADHAKANTA SWAIN
ESSAY

Introduction:
Cleanliness is one of the good qualities. It is a part of our civilization. A man of dirty habits is far
from civilization. So, with the progress of civilization man cleans himself more and more. He cleans
his body. He cleans his mind and heart. He cleans all his action and manners. he cleans his soul. This
will lead him to the highest form of civilization. But on the cleanliness of body, depend all other
cleanings. Hence, cleanliness is considered so important.
Usefulness:
If we clean our bodies and limbs we will be free form many kinds of disease. Clean food cooked in the
clean pot and served in the clean dishes, will give us health and happiness. If we clean our bodies
regularly, our complexion will be brighter. We will look fit and smart. If we wear clean dress our
mind will be happy. Cleanliness gives us a cheerful mind. We are more interested to write on a clean
khata than on a dirty one. Hence, we write more and better. We like to read clean books. Hence, we
read more and understand better. So, cleanliness brings us progress and improvement in all fields of

activities and in all spheres of life. By cleanliness of body and limbs, cleanliness of all our articles of
use, cleanliness of our dwellings and soul, we gradually move towards divinity. Hence, there is
saying. "Cleanliness is next to Godliness".
How to keep clean:
In order to keep ourselves neat and clean, we should properly take daily care of ourselves, of our
articles of use, of our dwellings and surroundings and of our neighborhood. We should clean our
teeth and tongues two times a day in the morning and before going to bed. Beside, we should clean
our mouth properly before and after each meal and each tiffin. We should was our bodies two times a
day with soap and water. We should clean our cloth and shirts with washing soap everyday at the
time of bath. We should sweep our house off all dirts. We should remove the filth and rubbish into a
pit, dug out at a distance for this purpose. We should clean our beddings and lay them exposed to
sun and air. We should look to the proper drainage and sanitation work of our house and the
surrounding. We should wash our house and furniture with soda and water once a week. We should
advice our neighbors to be neat and clean. Because we cannot be perfectly clean, if our neighbors are
dirty. We should wash our latrines and urinals everyday with dettol and phenyl. We should get our
hair cut and our nails pared at proper intervals. These are some important to keep ourselves neat and
clean.
Conclusion:
it is really a matter of sorrow that most of our students are dirty. It is very sorrowful when we think
that they keep dirty. Though they read science and hygiene. To make our countrymen neat and clean
we should put ideals in the public institutions. So, our students should learn to keep themselves
clean regularly.