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blk b,u a'G hdiVjq dl>z idtbj ] m sPlig ljcg W[Vag dHh ]
dw aphjcg wqjHg Whpa f+Wv ] m$
#dHl wiw[ aplk lpa.ai h' w[ bjfSg qi;g Vjv dryi' m$$
bjf ug V[ W[Vag wgag ##q{G hpS dwo[ ujrJ ($$ l.a ug V[ dwhj
##ljc[ epiP l.a WjWj q,v dl>z ug dVNij sg f>c'ig idh>s[ hV m
u[ aphjcj q>V q>V[ aJ Rpo[ yv[ ujY m$$ bjfV[ dwhj ##Rph aJ
q{} ujSs[ Vhk m$$ aJ l.a ug V[ dwhj ##blk dy,ng dvt ds>s[
hJ m$$ dHRpG wdhw[ RpV%J V[ dH,w fiyg dvt ds,ag a[ WjWj ug }
dVNiJ sg f>c'ig l.a q,v dl>z ug w'v F[u ds,aj m
dVNiJ sg f>c'ig
l.a q,v dl>z ug qhjijuj iSuga dl>z sg V"wig wis[ lV
l.a qlajV dl>z ug sj Rpfs[L v{ w[ V"wig A,cw[ zi bj eH[ m
zi'G dxi bjfS[ epiP fjl f>c'ig dV,Nij ih[ m dxi wpN lqJ lPl df>c
ih[ m dHo'G y,vw[ dWbjl dwVji[ dtvrg Vei bj w[ ih[ m dxi f>c'ig
dV,Nij bj w[ dBw eH[ m bjf WC[ Wgaije qhjaqJ lV ba[
drsrjV rg fPiV lV m f>c'ig idhw[ A,Wg ljv lqJ fPij wiw[
l.qa 1411 dWw+qg } l,yt>c eqV wi eH[ m \dHdahjl dViqv
F[t dr,Dy'G 340| Z.Vrjs ldha
l.a q,v dl>z ug dV,NiJ sg f>c'ig a'G yC%s[ rjv[ fjl[ o'Cg
hg sPi dH,w c[i[ dr,y idh>s[ lV m dHV%J w'v dldtbjiog drdsbj
fC%V vHg bjRpGs[ idh>s[ lV m dHo[ drdsbj sj v.ei a[ b>V sj
v.ei s'V' hg yvs[ lV m l' WjWj ug dHV%J fjl epiPbJ sg dy,ng
44
v{ w[ fhp.y eH@[ fhp.yS a'G Wjbs l.aJ V[ dy,ng fC% w[ dH,w rtij
wqij s[ ds,aj m bjf Rpo[ idhS v,e fH[ m RpV%J l.aJ w'v h'i
rg drdsbjiog idh>s[ lV m fi>aP RpV%J V[ bjfl dr,y h,lSj t[cSj
fi WjWj ug bV.s qeV hg idh>s[ lV m Vj dwl[ w'v ujSj ba[
u[ dwl[ V[ dHV%J w'v bj ujSj aJ rg w'Hg e,v Vj wiVg m u[
l[rjsji V[ WvjRpS sg w'dLL rg wiVg aJ b,e' w'Hg urjW hg
Vj s[Sj m dHl ai%J wpN lqJ Wgdabj m
dH,w dsV l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ lji[ drdsbjiogbJ } dH,wn[
wiw[ fpdAbj ##duhCj l.a ljc[ w'v l.a ijq dl>z ug sg dy,ng
v{ w[ bjdHbj ] Rph wg wisj ] m$$ RpV%J V[ dwhj ug Rph aJ
bjfS[ wqi[ dr,y hg idh>sj ] m uJ ws[ Wjhi } yvj uJsj ] m
W'vsj yjvsj dwl[ Vjv rg Vhk m ws[ Ljq } v.ei dr,Dy'G i'Bg
A,w v{Gsj ] m b,nJ fdhiJ dr,y dHw rjig A,wsj ] m$$ dxi vJeig
dl>z } Wpvj w[ fpdAbj Rpl V[ sdlbj ##b,nj fdhiJ Wjbs r,Z
a'G r,Z dH,w f+Ljsj hg A,wsj ] m dHl a'G dWVJ ws[ wpN Vhk
q>Ddebj m$$ dHh lpSw[ l.a q,v dl>z ug yp,f wi eH[ m wpN dsVJ
a'G Wjbs dH,w dsV l.a q,v dl>z ug c[i[ dr,y dxis[-dxis[ WjWj
ug s[ wqi[ s[ b,e[ bj eH[ a[ WjWj ug b>si W{n[ lV m WjWj ug
l.aJ } s[t w[ ldawji Vjv Rpn tv'a[ a[ RpV%J V[ rg dHV%J sg
idhSg WdhSg s[t w[ y.ej ldawji wgaj a[ dwhj ##u[ dwl[ ygu
sg v'C h'r[ aJ q>e dvbj wi' m$$ dHaVj WyV wiw[ l.a rjfl
qpC bjH[ m Rpl a'G Wjbs b{lj lqJ bjdHbj WjWj ug V[ bjfS[
wqi[ b>si rC w[ WPhJ b>si'G W.s wi dvbj ba[ yji dsV b>si
hg ih[ m y"o[ dsV l[rjsjiJ V[ l.aj w'v duwi wgaj ##u' VrJ
l.a bjdHbj ] Rph yji dsVJ a'G b>si hg W{nj ] m$$ RpV%J V[
dwhj ##ujRp faj wi' m$$ us'G l[rjsjij V[ bj w[ r[dtbj sirjuj
b>si'G W>s lg m l[rjsjiJ V[ l.aJ } uj w[ s,Ddlbj ##WPhj b>si'G
45
Wl.a 1194
\FeaWjSg|
ujSe[ m$$ dxi l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ bjf ug sj Vjq fpdAbj m bjf
ug V[ s,Ddlbj ug l.a ijq dl>z ug V[ q[ij Vjq hdiVjq dl>z idtbj
] m l.a q,v dl>z ug V[ dwhj Vhk aphjcj Vjq #qhJ hdiVjq dl>z$
] m fi hpS aplk dHo'G yv[ ujY m bjfSg dHAj bVplji dryi' m
dHh ljcg W[Vag ] hpwq Vhk m dwa[ ljcj l[rjsji aphjcg W[bsWg
wi s[r[ dxi qpLwv WS ujH[eg m aJ bjf ug V[ fpdAbj ##q{G dwo[
ujrJ($$ aJ l.aJ V[ dwhj dw ljig Ziag aphjcg hg ] m aphjc[
idhS rjvg fdr,ai Ziag b>Ddq+ali ] m Rpo[ fhp>y ujY m l' dHl
ai%J RpV%J sj WyV q>V s[ b>Ddq+ali r,v h' api[ m lpdSbj ] dHo[
l.a wjhV dl>z ug l.a q,v dl>z ug s[ y[v[ lV m RpV%J s[ fjl
bj wiw[ dBw eH[ m
49
bjfV[ v'C bVplji A,w dvbj m dxi Rpl V[ dwhj ##a{} a[i[ zi
dwr[G fpyjrJ a{o'G aJ Rpdnbj Vhk uJsj ($$ Rph df>c dr,y uj
w[ qdhi[ \dNRpi| rdh>eg rjv[ } v{ bjdHbj m ljig e,v lqNj w[
dwo[ fhp.yjRpS ] ba[@ u' Rpl V[ dqhVa q>eg Rpl } s[ ds,ag m
dxi qdhi[ V[ rdh>eg s[ dHw fjl[ fjSg sj zCj Fi w[ i,t dvbj@
sPli[ fjl[ fgC%g cjh w[ dHVJ } dWnj w[ y,v dfbj m apis[ apis[
} du,Do[ spfdhij h' debj Rpo[ AJ r[t w[ RplV[ spfdhij w,BS vHg
rdh>ej i,t ds,aj ba[ bjf ug } bjfS[ w'v hg dW+A s[ Vjv
T' duhj vpbj w[ dWnj ds,aj m bjf l'G debj m dHo'G spfdhi s[ lq[G
dH,w rji epiP VjVw fjaLjh s[ siLV h'H[ m Rph WyV bjf hg
qhJ fpitJ V[ lpSjdHbj lg m sPug rji siLV h'S s[ Vjv qV'
brloj h'i rg RpKyg h' eHg m dxi aJ f,a[-f,a[ dr,y VPi hg VPi
ds,Dl[ m dHl brloj } FjHg episjl ug V[ lj} lqNjRpS vHg
wpN dHVJ btiJ spbjij riVS wgaj ] ^
yiV wqv Fdu wqv f+ejl FH[ silsidl3 lq-sil dstjH[ ] mm
lWs lpida bVhs dvrvgV FH[@ RpVqV qeV eeV fpi AjH[ ] mm
f+[q il Wdl h'dH dWlq dW s[h FH[@bda blyiu q{ h[ia dhijH[ ] mm
epiqpdt lpt xv qdhqj bejZ W'dZ bwo woj dWV's@ wha Vj bjH[ ] mm
ldaepi siLV LWs bjejdZ W'Z@ bdWeda eda V[da Vda Vq' Vq ] mm
sil dZbjV bip LWs debjV dvr@ epfa f+eB nB fPiV W+hq ] mm
dViepV liepV wplqjrvg lpe.dZ l.dZ@ H[w bRp bV[w iPf e.dqaj beq ] mm
fiqsFpa blyiu{ blyiu q@{ bwo woj bvt dWlq{ dWlq ] 4781 mm
yiV wqv w' qhjaq bejdZ Wd'Z@ bda blyiu q{ Vq' Vq' Vq ] mm
w'qv w'qvaj bRp lgav lgavaj w{@ WjlV lpWjlp ajlp spagbj V lq ] mm
ldhu lqjdZ dVu bjlV dl>zjlV l:js dWlqjs ih iligdqaj beq ] mm
1! dhis[ sj wqv 2! siLV 3! r[tw[ 4! bjfS[ liPf dr,y qeV h' eH[
5! w'aw 7! blyiu 8! igag 9! W[-b>a 10! WS debj 11! q[v h' debj
12! Ziq blyiu h' debj 13! bjV.s qHg w"aw
52
iPf w{ bVPf iPf@ qV qVlj owa@ bwo woj@ dWV's dWlq{ dWlq ] mm
dHl brloj } riSV wiVj ldaepiP VjVw s,ls[ hV m
VjVw woVj wiCj lji mm dxi rg WjSg spbjij epiP ljdhWjV V[
Feaj V[@ FjHg episjl rie[ W+hq debjVg epi dl,tJ V[ u' wpN
s,lS sg w'dlL wgag ] Rpl } bljc[ lqN e'yiJ wiV vHg
btiJ spbjij dHRpG hg riVS wgaj ] m fi ligi } hiwa dr,y
dvbjRpSj qpLdwv lg m dHh rg dHw w'Hg wpsiag f+gdtbj hg lg m
spfdhij T,vS a'G Wjbs rdh>eg rjvj y,v dfbj m bjoS a,w
qVlPirjv fhp>y debj m us'G zi eH[ aJ qjaj r[t w[ WCg h{ijV
rg h'Hg ba[ dHw dH>V[ dyi df,A'G zi bjH[@ wHg ri[% hg Wjhi
v,e eH[ lV sPlij WjWj ug zi'G yv[ ujS s[ Wjbs dfaj ug
ligi dabje eH[ lV m dHw WjWj ug zi'G Wgqji h' w[ eH[ lV
lF e,vJ iv eHgbJ m qjaj V[ r{ije WCj wgaj m ev ve w[
i'Hg ba[ dwhj ##a[i[ dfaj a{} dqvS vHg ails[ l.lji a'G yv[
eH[ m aP. dwZi yvj debj lg m$$ dHl ai%J qjaj V[ Whpa r{ije
wgaj m bjf bjfS[ i>e qla ih[ m w'Hg RpKai Vj ds,aj m rdh>e[
rjvj aJ dHw ija w,B w[ rjfl y,vj debj fi bjf bjfS[ zi
hg ih[ m
dH,w spf,Bj ba[ dHw A'Bg duhg wp,ug dr,y l[i dzRp fj w[ dNRpi
} l,s w[ Rpl[ ai%J rdh>eg dr,y dWnj w[ duo'G b,e[ bjH[ lV@ qVlPi
rjv a'G wpN sPi rjB fhp>yj ds,aj m WjWj ug Rpl[ ai%j qla hjva
dr,y idh>s[ lV m
l.aV bri V wjhp ujVg mm
W[-firjh lsj i>Dde hdi w{
uj w' fjtp lpbjqg mm ihjRp mm
\B'cg q^ 5 711|
wfPiv[ fhp.ySj
dHl df>c a'G o'Cg duhg sPi ujS Wjbs dH,w e,c[ rjvj
dqdvbj m fpAS v,ej ##l.a ug dwo[ ujYe[ ($$ Rpai ds,aj dw
##l+g bV.sfpi ljdhW r,v m$$
Rph wdhS v,ej ##aplk aJ apis[ rg h"vg-h"vg h'@ dHl ai%J
ws'G fhp.y'e[ ($$ bjf V[ s,Ddlbj ##ligi } awvgx h'S wiw[
apdibj Vhk uJsj m$$ e,Dc[ rjvj W'dvbj ##wfPiov[ a,w aJ q[i[
Vjv yv[ yv' m Rpo'G a,w q{G fpyj lwsj hJ m q{G Rpo[ a,w hg ujSj
] m$$ bjfV[ dwhj ##Vhk ljcj w.q hg i'u Wjhi idhSj sj ] m
dw,Do[ lrjig FjvJe[ m aP. uj m$$
Rph wdhS v,ej ##hpS aJ aplk W{n ujY m$$ Rpls[ wHg rji
wdhS Rpa[ q>V eH[ m RplV[ e,Dc[ Rpa[ q>ug itg h'Hg lg m wdhS
v,ej ##dHl Rpa[ bijq Vjv W{n ujr'e[ m$$ bjf h,l w[ wdhS v,e[
##WHg a[i[ aJ e,c[ Rpa[ WdhS sj ljc[ w'v wpN s[S } Vhk u[
q>ug Rpa[ W{n eH[ a[ x[i FjCj q>e[ej m$$ Rph W'dvbj ##ug@ q{G wpA
55
Vhk q>esj m aplgG W{n ujY m$$ bjf W{n eH[ m Rph e,cj h"vgh"vg a'isj dihj m ila[ dr,y duo[ Ljq f{ eHg m Rpo[ e,cj i'w
ds,aj m RplV[ i'Bg dabji wi vHg a[ wdhS v,ej ##l.a ug@ i'Bg
tjY ug m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ ##lj} aJ Fpt Vhk@ aP. tj v{ m$$ RplV[
dwhj ##aphjc[ rjla[ s' i'BgbJ it ds,agbJ hV m us'G dy,a q>V[
tj v{SgbJ m$$ dHRpG wdhw[ f+Ljs[ WjWj ug s[ spf,DB[ dr,y vf[B
ds,a[ m bjf i'Bg tj vHg a[ h,o Z' w[ wdhS v,ej ##l.a ug q{G aJ
o,Ddwbj h'dHbj hJ bijq wisj hJ m Vks bjRpGsg ] m$$ dHRp
wdhw[ W'ig Rpa[ sig drAj w[ uqgV a[ v[B debj m WjWj ug wdhS
v,e[ WHg aP. q>ug Rpa[ f{ uj m$$ Rph wdhS v,ej ##dHh q>ug aphjcg
Vdqa hg ] m hpS Vjv[ aplk Rpfi'G lji[ dVejh it'e[ m q{G odwbj
h'dHbj hJ m u[ q{G q>ug Rpa[ f{ debj q{} o,Dw[ } Vks Vhk
bjRpSg m$$ dHl wiw[ ;qgV a[ v.qj f{ debj m o'C[ dyi l"S a'G
Wjbs Rpnw[ us'G RplV[ dVe%j qjig m Wvs r[t[ aJ dH,w Wvs
dvB dihj lg dur[G WC[ u'i sj sis h'r[@ qvPq hp.sj lg hpS qdibj
dw hpS qdibj m Rph r[tw[ Rpyg-Rpyg i'S ve dfbj m bjrju
lpSw[ bjf V[ V[a+ t'v%[ fpAS v,e[ m ##dwRpG WHg wg e,v h' eHg ($$
i'Gsj h'dHbj W'dvbj m ##ug q{G qjdibj debj@ eigW bjsqg hJ m
drbjuP f{l[ v{ w[ q{G dHh Wvs tigdsbj ] m FjCj dwijdHbj T'h
w[ epujij wisj hJ@ A'B[ A'B[ W,y[ hV m uqgV edhS[ fjHg h'Hg
] m h'i w'Hg i'ug sj rlgvj Vhk m
bjf wdhS v,e[ ##awCj h'@ dul V[ f{sj wgaj ] Rph i'ug
s[r[ej h"Glvj wi m$$
wdhS v,ej ##dwr[G h"Glvj wiJ ( dli a[ qpw,sqj yvsj ]
dHl aigw a[ tWi[ wg x{lvj h'r[ ( Rpa'G Wvs rjvg dWfaj f{
eHg m$$ i"Gsj r[tw[ qV dr,y sdHbj bj eHg m qhJfpit sj qV
WCj dViqv a[ w'qv hp.sj ] m dwl[ sj spt r[t WCg A[ag dqhi
56
wis[ hV m RpV%J sg dVe%J dr,y q[hi@ yiVJ dr,y q[hi@ h,oJ dr,y
q[hi m dwl[ ildaRpG w'Hg bjr[ q[hi h'Hg lqN' m blk bjf hg w'Hg
Fp,v wi W{ns[ hJ m dulsj xv lj} spt iPf dr,y dqvsj ] m WjWj
ug V[ fpdAbj ##dw duhCgbJ s' i'BgbJ ljc[ vHg itgbJ hV Rph
dvbj dwo[ hV m$$ RplV[ WjWj ug s[ fiV[ s[ vC a'G s' i'BgbJ
w,T w[ xCj ds,agbJ m dH,w i'Bg wTw[ wdhS ve[ ##v{ dHh i'Bg
Rpl Wvs } trj dsY m
Rph wdhS v,ej ##ug Rph aJ uqgV a[ dvBg uj dihj ] m
Rpnsj hg Vhk m tjH[ej dwr[G ($$
bjf wdhS v,e[ ##aP. Rpl s[ w'v uj qP>h b,e[ aJ wi m b{o[
e,vJ wig uJsj ] m$$ dul r[v[ Rph i'Bg v{ w[ debj Wvs V[ N,BqP>h
dr,y fj vHg m tjS lji hg sis hB debj Wvs Rpn s[ tC'
debj m Rph tpL h' debj m bjf wdhS v,e[ m$$ aP. hpS W[-dxwi
h' w[ l"G uj m Rph uj w[ l"G debj m fi dH,w-s' rji Wvs } Rpn
w[ r[dtbj m Wvs ngw lg m duaVg rji Rpdnbj WjWj ug Rpl
} W{n[ hg V;i bjH[ m us'G dsV ydC%bj@ apiV sg dabjig wiw[
y,v fH[ ila[ dr,y Rpl V[ duwi wgag dw ##l.a ug qhjiju@ dwa[
q[i[ rg y.e[ dsV bjRpSe[ ( us'G sg q{G h'L l.Fjvg ] q{G w'Hg rg
lp,t Vhk r[dtbj m$$ dHl ai%J wiw[ i' dfbj m bjf ug Rpai ds,aj
##Vj hg lsj dsV y.e[ idh>s[ hV ba[ Vj hg lsj hg qjC[ idh>s[
hV m aP. dwia wqjHg wig yv f+q[Lri Fvg wi[ej m
Rph W'dvbj ##ug dH,w q[i[ a[ dwl[ V[ qpw,sqj wgaj ] m
wydhig dr,y b,u Rplsj x{lvj h'Sj ] m$$ WjWj ug h,lw[ wdhS
v,e[ ##x{lvj a[i[ h,w dry h'r[ej m b,u hg h'r[ej m$$ Rph W'dvbj
##ug dul W.s[ Vjv q[ij qpwsqj ] Rph WCj u'i rjvj ] m dHo[
Rplsg WCg yvsg ] m$$ bjf h,l w[ W'v[ ##u[ a{} Vhk dHaWji
aJ blk RpaVj dyi a[i[ e,Dc[ Rpa[ hg ihje[@ o,v[ f{i Vhk
57
vjRpGs[ m$$ wfPiov[ fhp.yS a'G Wjbs Rpl V[ e,cj i'w ds,aj m bjf
W'v[ ##uj W[-dxwi h' w[ blk W{n[ hJ a[ij qpw,sqj du,a[ a'G hg
ujrJe[ m$$ Rph wydhig yvj debj m dul r[v[ bsjva v,eg
fdhvg brj; hg dHl W.s[ } fHg ba[ u,u V[ ljij qpw,sqj lpS
w[ x{lvj dHl s[ h,w dr,y s[ ds,aj m W,l dxi wg lg tpLg tpLg e,Dc[
w'v bjdHbj aJ bjRpGs[ lji Rpl r,v r[t w[ WjWj ug h,Dl[ wdhS
v,e[ dwRpG a[ij w.q aJ ija hg wi ds,aj lg m aP. b{r[G cig uj
dihj lg m$$ wdhS v,ej ##q{} aJ aphj} i,W V[ dqvj ds,aj WCg
q[hi h'Hg q[i[ eigW Rpa[ m$$ bjf W'v[ ##blk aJ hpS yvs[ hJ m
bjfSj lqjv lJF v{ m$$ apiV vdebj@ Rpl } da>V WyV dwa[ m
!
bjfS[ dr,a bVplji bjH[ l.a ljZ sg l[rj wik m epiP VjVw
Fvg wi[ej m
yv[ ujY m$$ fdhv'G aJ bjf wpN Vhk W'v[@ sPug rji Rpl s[ wdhS
a[ W'v[ ##dfbjdibj@ aP. w'Hg dxwi Vj wi bjfSj w.q wi uj
w[$$ m Rph W,wigbJ yjisj yjisj b,e[ yvj debj m Ljq } Rph
rjfl qpdCbj aJ bjf ug } Rpl aiJ Rpo[ W{n[ r[dtbj m V[C[ bj
w[ Vqlwji wiw[ wdhS v,ej ##i,W rjdvY@ aplk dHo[ hg W{n[
h' m dwa[ eH[ Vhk F'uV A,wS vHg ($$ bjf V[ dwhj dw ##Vhk m$$
bjuCg W'dvbj ##u[ qVuPi wi' aJ dH,w W,wig sj sp,Z hg o'Cj
v{ vr' m$$ bjf V[ dwhj u[ aJ dHVJ dr,y a[ig bjfSg W,wig ] aJ
Rpl sj sp,Z s[h@ Vhk aJ dwl[ sg W,wig sj Vhk m$$ Rph W'dvbj
##dHV%J dr,y s' W,wigbJ q[igbJ hV m dH,w sj v{ vr'G m$$ dHaVj
bjt w[ Rph W,wig w.V' xC w[ v{ bjdHbj m bjf V[ Rplsj sp,Z
dH,w dy,fg dr,y y' w[ A,w dvbj m bjuCg aJ zi yvj debj
a[ dul rwa bjfS[ zi uj w[ W,wig y'Hg aJ sPug W,wig s[
oSJ dr,y sp,Z r[dtbj@ h{ijV duhj h' w[ l'yS v,e dfbj@ dHh
W,wig aj l.aJ V[ y' vHg lg m us'G oS Fi[ r[t[ aJ sp,Z y' dvbj m
fi ljig ija l'ysj dihj m dsV ydCbj aJ W,wigbJ v{ w[ lF
a'G fdhvJ Rpo[ hg fhp.dybj m fi bjf Rpl s[ bjrpS a'G fdhvJ
hg yv[ eH[ m dxi bjuCg V[ W,wigbJ rg yjigbJ@ bjf ug sg
Fjv rg wgag dwa'G Vj dqv[ m sPu[ dsV rg Vj dqv[@ agli[ dsV
Fjv rg wgag w'Hg faj Vj v,ej m y"o[ dsV dH,w oJ dH,w dW+A
h[n W{n[ byjVw hg dqv fH[ m RplV[ fAjS w[ w'v uj w[ Vqlwji
wgag a[ W'dvbj ##ug q{G aJ@ WCg sPi a,w Fjv wgag@ dwa[ faj
Vhk v,ej a[ b,u byjVw hg dqv fH[ m$$ h,l w[ wdhS v,e[ ##lj}
dwo'G dwo'G Fjv[ej ( aP. bjfSj w.q wi uj w[ m$$ Rph W[Vag wiV
v,e ##ug sp,Z wpA h'i v{ vr' m$$ wdhS v,e[ w,v } lhg@ b,u
aJ v'C Vhk m$$ bev[ dsV lr[i[ hg Rph W,wig v{ bjdHbj ##vY
qhjiju ) spZ y' vr' m$$ bjf V[ sp,Z y' w[ A,w dvbj m Rpl bjuCg
s[ qjvj xCg h'Hg r[t w[ WjWj ug wdhS v,e[ ##aP. alWg x[isj
59
hp.sj ] ($$ Rpl V[ dwhj wHg ljv h' eH[ m dxi fpdAbj ##dwo'G
Rpfs[L dvbj lg ($$ RplV[ s,Ddlbj ##ug ljcj dH,w fgi lg m RplV[
ljij wpN s,Ddlbj lg Rpl V[ h'i Whpa wpN dwhj lg@ dw b>si'G
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Nvw rg f{S v,e uJsg m fi bu[ wpN Vhk faj v,ej m dxi WjWj
ug wdhS v,e[ ##ljc[ V[C[ h' a{} wpN dstjHgH[ m$$ us'G V[C[ h'dHbj
aJ wdhS ve[ ##dHo[ W{n w[ hpS fC% u' a[i[ fgi V[ s,Ddlbj ] m$$
us'G Rpl V[ fdC%bj aJ qV h'i hg h' debj m bV.s b{lj bjdHbj
dw woV a'G Wjhi@ u' dHl } ws[ bjdHbj hg Vhk lg m qla h'
debj m dxi WjWj ug W'v[ ##dwRpG WHg hpS s,l m$$ wdhS v,ej
##b,vj rjdvY@ WCg idhqa wgag q[i[ eigW Rpa[ m wpiWjV
ujrJ m$$ dHh lF wpN b>si'G hg dstj ds,aj ] m$$ bjf h,lw[
W'v[ ##hJ@ lF wpN b>si hg ] m$$
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uqjdv Y hqj uj@ W[ hujW uvrjei bla
aP. si hujdW tpsg@ Ijdi dy^ wp V.s ( 2 mm
lJHg hi oj hjui Vjui@ fCsj dr,y Vj ijHg
a{} bjf tpsg Rphvj s,l wi[ wg qjhg mm
lF dwAp zi qdh Wjhdi Vjhg mm
qjN^ q^ 5 \102|
60
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u.ev dr,y af,Ddlbj wis[ ih[ m dxi dur[G bjf s,ls[ hV
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siejh } yv[ uJs[ hV m dHV%J } dHh hpwq ] m dHls[ Vjv dH,w
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64
rji qjaj } dqv' Rpl V[ Ijs wgaj ] m hpwq q>V w[ y,v fH[ m
Vei fhp.y[ m dul r[v[ zi eH[@ b,e[ qjaj sj ligi wpN dT,vj
lg m zi dwl[ ug V[ bjrj; s[ w[ dwhj ##qJ@ qlajVj bj debj
] m aP. Ijs wisg lg m$$ qJ V[ b,tJ t'v% w[ r[dtbj Vjv hg qjaj
s[ lpbjl fPi[ h' eH[ m dxi zi Vhk ndhi[ m rjdfl RpVk f{ig qpC[ m
dHo'G yvs[ h'H[ Whpa sPi dVwv eH[ duo[ epiP VjVw sj dq,nj
ignj blojV ] m dHo[ wpN dsV ndhi[ m dHo'G y,v w[ bjei[ ##ijZj
lpbjqg$$ qa s[ dwl[ bjeP Vjv q[v h'dHbj m Rpl s[ fjl ndhi
w[ dxi b,e[ yv[ eH[ m
qhJhdiVjq dl>z ] m$$ fgi W'dvbj ug q[ij dH,w w.q dreC debj
] m$$ bjf W'v[ ##Rph dwhCj ($$ fgi W'dvbj q[ij dVIq lg dw
b{V[ dsV vejaji bjfSg W.seg s[ s"ijV bjfS[ bjlS Rpa[
dwl[ } Vhk bjRpS s[Sj@ fi sis h'S wiw[ dVIq Bp,B debj m$$
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wiw[ r[t m ##fgi ug q{G dwr[G a'C[ ($$ aJ bjf W'v[ ##dw>V[ dh>sP
v'w qplvqjV WSjH[ m Ijs wi m Rph sptg h' w[ b"vjs r,v'G@ zi
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WVS sj Rpfs[L wgaj m wHg aJ WS rg eH[ bjfSg eiu rjla[ m
wg RpV%J sj w'Hg dVIq Vhk lg duhCj aP. a'dCbj h'r[ ( hpS rg
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b{Vg W.seg wiw[ qpaljW wiV sg wg v'C m u' a[i[ qpidLs V[
a{} s,Ddlbj ] Rph aP. wi m u[ w'Hg a[ig wiVg r[t w[@ a[i[ a[
LiZj wisj ]@ aP. bjfSg ajwa Vjv Rplsg spdVbjrg v'C fPig
wi lwsj ]@ u[ w'Hg iPhjVgba Wji[ lrjv wi[@ wpN q>e[@ Rpl
W.s[ sg lpia dWiag Rpo[ v,e[ h'H[ sg Rpyg wis[@ qV sg brloj
Wsvs[@ sgV WsvjRpS sg v'C Vhk m duo[ WPBj v,ej h'r[@ rdZbj
xpdvbj h'r[@ Rpo'G fp,BS sg v'C Vhk m wg faj a[ij h'i oJ vjdHbj
h'dHbj v,e[ w[ Vj v,e[ m u' wpN aP. wi dihj ]G dHh zjB[ rjvj
l"sj ] m Whpa[ qpigs WSj w[ r,c[ aJ Vhk WSgsj m ugrV rjv[
o'C%[ hg Wha hV@ Whpa[ ws[ h'H[ rg Vhk m$$
h{dV driv[ Vjhg zS[ x{v xwCp l.ljip m
WjWj ug V[ s,Ddlbj ljc[ epiP s[ zi dr,y aj dHY hpwq ]^f+oq[ qVp fiW'Z{ bfVj fjA{ bri igNjr{ mm
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dWvrv q^ 809
FjHg V.svjv ug
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dl>z ug qhjiju VjVw li rjvg ue%j a[ ndhi[ lV f,wj bjlS
vjdHbj h'dHbj lg m ueijRpG s[ bjl[ fjl[ fjSg hg fjSg lg m
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug qhjiju VjVw li a'G bjlS y,pw w[
l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW sj liPf v{ w[ bjf WjiL f{Gsg dr,y l+g epiP
e+.o ljdhW ug s[ liPf Rpa[ A,aig s[w[@ Wjwg ipqjv[ FjHg ci'vg
} ypwj w[ wpN h'i f+[qgbJ } Vjv v{ w[ W[igbJ sg w'ng ndhi[
lV m Rpl lq[G WjWj ug Vjv l[rw WjWj huPij dl>z ba[ FjHg
ci'vg lV m wpN lqJ Rpo[ epujdibj m dHw dsV FjHg ci'vg w'v
WjWj ug V[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[ d;wi wiw[ dxi dHh WyV wgaj
lg m ##bjh ) Rph lqJ b,u WdSbj h{ m RpV%J s[ hpwq Vjv i,dtbj
h' eHg h{ m$$ dHh WyV WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ Rpl r[v[ fPij wgaj m
hpS bjfJ WjWj ug s[ f+l.e r,v y,vgH[ m dHl a'G Rpfi.a WjWj
ug } v,f[ Ljh V[ fpdAbj@ ##dw q{} ufpug ljdhW sj fjn
lpSjYe[($$ WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ ##hJ lpS v{ m$$ dHM wdh w[ fjn
lpVjRpSj LpiP wi ds,aj m WjWj ug V[ fjn sj F'e fjdHbj aJ Rpl
sg lqjZg v,eg h'Hg lg m wpN dyi Wjbs WjWj ug V[ bjrj; s[
w[ Rpl sg lqjZg tpv%jHg m v,f[ Ljh V[ dwhj@ ##qhjiju ug@ u' bV.s
b,u bjdHbj h{@ d;>seg dry b,e[ ws[ VhgG bjdHbj ba[ dHaVg
ajwa q[i[ dry h{@ dw u[ wHg ljv a,w lqjZg vej w[ W{nVj
yjhJ aJ W{n lwsj hj m b,u q{G lqNsj hJ q[ij lF wpN wgaj
h'dHbj@ aphjc[ siLV wiw[ lxv h' debj m$$ dxi Rpls[ W[Vag
wiV a[ ufpug ljdhW sj fjn Rpl} ;WjVg Ijs wirjdHbj m
dxi Rpo'G drsj h' eH[ m
71
hnPi sg rjiaj
hnPi WjWj ug dH,w x,wi } dqv[ aJ RplV[ WjWj ug sj Whpa
ldawji wgaj m dHo[ wpN dsV dBw[ m dHl x,wi sj dH,w epi-FjHg
dwa[ Wjhi debj h'dHbj lg m WjWj ug s[ hp.dsbJ hg bj debj
us'G Rpl V[ r[dtbj dw q[ij FjHg dwl[ h'i q,a s[ l.a } bjfS[
w'v i,tg W{nj h{ a[ Rplsj Whpa qjV ldawji wisj h{@ Rph r[t
w[ Whpa dVijL h'dHbj a[ W'dvbj@ ##dHl Vjv bjfSj qplvqjVJ
sj wg qavW( dHl } dHo'G a'i s[ m$$ Rph wdhS v,ej@ ##Vj WHg
dHM VhgG a'iVj m dur[G bjH[ hV Rpr[G hg bjf[ yv[ ujSe[ m Vjv[
u[ w'Hg spdVbjsji W.sj h'r[ aJ a'i s[HgH[ m$$ sPuj wdhS v,ej
Vhk aJ q{G a'iJ fdhvj wdhS v,ej dwr[G a'i[Gej($$ aJ sPu[ V[
dwhj@ ##dur[G ljZ } ljZ a'isj h{ m$$ Fjr Lwag Vjv a'iJej m
fdhvj h,l w[ wdhS v,ej@ ##a[i[ Vjv'G awCj h'dHbj aJ dxi wg
wi[Gej( q{} faj h{ dw dHh Whpa hg r,cg wqjHg rjvj h{ m sPuj
73
ep,Dl[ dry bj w[ W'dvbj aP. yp,f wi uj m q{G bjf[ lqN vrJej m$$
bev[ dsV lr[i[ WjWj ug W{n[ lV m sPuj rg w'v fhp.y debj m
WjWj ug } wdhS v,ej@ ##iJdNbj@ hgi dqvg h{ dw VhgG m dwa[
q,NJ yjigbJ b{r[G aJ VhgG eHgbJ( u[ wpN VhgG WdSbJ aJ dwl[
Vjo } epiP Zji v{ m$$ dHlsj bio dHh h{ dw b{Vg ljZVj wiw[
wpN Lwag rg dqvg h{ uJ VhgG m u[ VhgG dqvg aJ dwl[ h'i sj
y[vj WS uj m WjWj ug V[ dHh WyV bjf hg dH,w dsV l.ea
dry s,dlbj lg m l.a Whjv sjl ug Rpl dsV bjfS[ l[rwJ Vjv
siLV wiV bjH[ h'H[ lV FjHg iaV dl>z ci"vg f,Dt[ sg l[rj
wi ih[ lV m h;Pi W'v[@ ##blgG Rpl} wdhSj aJ wpN VhgG lg
yjhp.s[@ fi us'G Rpl V[ VrJ epiP ZjiV wiV rjvg n'wi qjig
aJ l'dybj dw hpS aJ epiP VjVw r,v hg RpGevg wi ds,ag h{ m
hpS aJ urjW s[Sj hg fr[ej m blgG dwhj dw@ ##dHo[ aJ wHg
hgiJ b,e[ df,A[ apigbJ dxisgbJ hV@ ws[ dwl[ r,v r[dtbj rg
VhgG@ a{} fp,AS sg wg v'C fHg h{ m$$ Rph W'dvbj@ ##aP. qP>h V.ej
wiw[ q[i[ Vjv e,v wi m$$ WjWj ug W'v[@ ##`wgi lJHg@ bjfSg
w'Hg vCjHg o'C%g h{ m bjfJ vCs[ y.e[ VhgG v,es[ m us'G Rph Vj
hg hKdBbj aJ dxi bjf W'v[@ ##y.ej dxi h' ljhqS[@ dHM WyV
wiw[ us'G qP>h a'G w,fCj fjl[ wiw[ r[dtbj aJ Rph ;qgV a[ dc,e
dfbj m Rpl sj epiPFjHg rg bj debj m wdhS v,ej@ ##ug@ dHh
rg bjfS[ bjf } i,W lqNsj lg m y.ej hg h'dHbj A[ag faj
v,e debj m$$ Rph aJ W[h'L dfbj dihj m Rpl s[ Vjv rjv[ } WjWj
ug V[ dwhj A[ag Vjv dHl s[ qP>h dry fjSg fjRp m$$ uv q>ej
w[ dA,Bj ds,aj m h'L bjHg aJ RpKn w[ yiVJ Vjv dvfB debj m
wdhS v,ej@ ##ug@ q{} dtqj wi dsY m q{o'G WCg br,Ddebj h'
eHg h{ m$$
WjWj ug V[ lqNjdHbj dw w'Hg ljZP dwl[ i.e dry h'r[ Rpl
74
} Wpij Vj wh' m a{G lj} epiP r,v dHLjij wiw[ Bw'i vjHg aJ
dHo'G a,w e,v fhp.yg m VhgG aJ lj} wg v'C lg@ dHh w.q wiV
sg( Rpl V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ q{G aJ epiP VjVw sj Vjq VhgG dvbj m$$
WjWj ug W'v[@ ##us'G aP. h'i epiP ZjiV rjvg e,v wgag dHl sj
qavW dHh' hg lg m ajwa WS ujH[ ui v{Sg y.eg h{ m$$ RplV[
W[Vag wgag@ ##q{} rg epip VjVw sg wvjl s,Dl' m$$ aJ Rpl }
qPv q>ai lpSj w[ wdhS v,e[@ ##dHl } udfbj wi m LwagbJ
rg Whpa bj ujSegbJ a[ qV } lpt LJag rg dqv[eg m$$
lavpu s[ dwVji[
hnPi a'G yvw[ ueijrJ r,v bjH[ dxi Ldhi dry VhgG eH[ m
bjl[ fjl[ hp.s[ h'H[ lavpu sdibj dwVji[ fhp.y eH[ m dHo[ dHw
q,NJ yjiV rjvj qplvqjV dHZi bj dVwdvbj m WjWj ug } W{n[
s[t w[ wdhS v,ej@ ##lJHg ug@ aplgG dh>sP h' dw dl,t($$ bjf V[
dwhj dl,t hJ m dxi wpN l'y w[ W'dvbj dw q{G aJ qplvqjV hJ@
aphjcg l[rj dwr[G wiJ m bjh q[igbJ q,NJ rg sp,Z VhgG ds>sgbJ m
dHw q,N h{ duhCg b,nJ fdhiJ Wjbs sp,Z ds>sg h{ m b,u lr[i[
hg y'Hg h{ m Rph hpS w,v% } dqv[eg m bjf wdhS v,e[ dxi idhS
s[ m Rph W'dvbj@ ##q[ij dy,a aJ sp,Z dfbjRpS } wisj h{ m$$ bjf
ug V[ dwhj@ ##u[ ;iPi dy,a wisj h{ aJ s,l sp,Z sj wg qp,v
vr[Gej($$ Rpl V[ dwhj@ ##q{G aJ l[rj wiVg h{ m qp,v VhgG r[ySj m
q[ig q,N V[ rg hpS dqvSj VhgG m WCg w"C h{ m$$ bjf ug W'v[ ##u[
a[ij dHaVj dfbji h{ aJ dvbj q,N s[tgH[ dwhCg h{ m$$ Rph wdhS
v,ej@ ##b"h WPi[ i.e sg m lF a'G b,e[ ujS rjvg h{ m$$ bjf ug
Rpn w[ Rpl s[ w'v eH[ m ojfg qji w[ q,N h[n W{n eH[ m q,N tv'
eHg m bjf bjfSg WjBg dry hg sp,Z y'Gs[ ih[ a[ Vjv'G Vjv fgGs[
eH[ m bjfSg dH,Aj qpajWw A,w w[ Rpn tv'a[ m Rph h{ijV h' w[
75
wdhS v,ej ##i,W rjdvY aphjcgbJ aplgG hg ujS' m$$ q[i[ w'v dHl
q,N } bjHg } s,l ri[% h' eH[ hV m q{o'G dWVj dwl[ } V[C[ VhgG
bjRpS ds>sg m sp,Z aJ dHl V[ wg s[Sj h{ m ##bjf ug W'v[ ##i"vj
Vj fj lr[i[ bjHgG m dxi a[i[ Vjv w'Hg e,v wiJe[ m$$ Rph lr[i[
q,N y'H[ a[ dWVJ v{ w[ bj debj m WjWj ug W'v[ ##q,N } dwM Vjv
dvbJsj($$ ##Rph W'dvbj$$ dHh q,N hpS q{G VhgG y'Sg@ aphjcg hg
h{ m ##bjf W'v[ VhgG WHg dH,w c.e } y'dHbj wi ba[ dHw c.e
blgG y'dHbj wiJe[ m ljcj dHw w.q h'i h{ a[i[ f+ag m u[ wi[Gej
aJ s,lgH[ m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj@ hpwq wi'@ ;iPi wiJej m ##aJ WjWj
ug V[ dwhj$$ blgG dHo[ yjvg dsV idhSj h{ m w'Hg oJ s,l m sPuj
aP. dwl[ w'v e,v Vj wigG m Rpl V[ dHw dVr[wvg duhg oJ@ dWvwpv
sdibj s[ dwVji[ V[C[ dstjHg m WjWj ug ue%j fl.s wiw[ W'v[ #dHh
ngw h{ dHo[ dBwJe[ m Rpl } dHh hpwq wgaj ##aP. lPiu Tv[ a'G
q,NJ yjiV s[ WhjV[ Vjv bj ujdHbj wigG m blgG bjf[ hg Rpn
w[ y' dvbj wiJe[ m aP. blJ } WpvjRpSj VhgG m u[ v'C h'Hg aJ
e,v wdibj wiJe[ m ##dHl ai%J Rpl } wdh w[ Rpo[ dBw eH[ m
Rph i';jVj bj w[ q,N sj sp,Z ypbj ujdHbj wi[ m us'G wpN dsV
dHl[ ai%J v.z eH[ m RplV[ l'dybj r[tgH[ aJ lhg dHh wg wis[
hV m aJ dHM l'y w[ Rph lPiu dAfS s[ rwa bjdHbj aJ Rpl}
dHw WCj Fjig lpdVhig i.e sj l,f V;i bjdHbj a[ Rph r[t
w[ ci debj m b{cj r,cj l,f dwo'G bjdHbj( dHaV[ dyi } WjWj
ug Wjhi bjH[ m fp,AS v,e[ dwr[G bjdHbj b{l r[v[( Rpl a'G W'dvbj
Vj debj m WjWj ug Rpl s[ dWvwpv V;sgw bj w[ wdhS v,e[@
hpS cisj dwM h{( r[t v{ u[ wpN s[tSj h{ m aJ i' w[ wdhS v,ej@
##q{} WtL vRp m q{o'G Fp,v h' eHg m qpC w[ b{lg evag VhgG wisj m
dxi W'v[ y.ej hpS uj m Rph Vqlwji wiw[ yvj debj m$$
dHw dsV bjfS[ rwa bVplji q,N v{ w[ bjdHbj aJ RplV[
76
77
dw w,v qdibj lqN' m$$ bjf wdhS v,e[ qjHg ##u[ Wy ujH[ ($$
Rph W'vg ##y.ej hg ] u[ Wy ujH[ m$$ bjf W'v[ ##aP. wpA wi[Geg
rg m$$ wdhS v,eg eigWSg hJ m q[i[ fjl f{lj aJ w'Hg ] Vhk @
dul s[ Vjv fp>V sjV wi lwj m bjf W'v[ ##a[i[ fjl'G fp>V dlix
dHw' hg wijRpSj ] m$$ Rph W'vg wg ( ##dHh W,yj dwl[ } s[ s' m$$
wdhS veg ##dwl} ( dHl hjva dry vr[ej w'S ($$ aJ bjf
W'v[ ##blk vrJe[$$ m
qjHg ##aplk y[vj WVjRpSj ] (
WjWj ug ##a{} wg Fjr[G WSjHgH[ Fjr[G Vj WSjHgH[ m$$
##dsbJe[ ijug h'H[ a'G$$
##uj v{ bj W,Dy[ }$$@ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj m
qjHg W,Dy[ } Rpl[ r[v[ uj w[ v{ bjHg m WjWj ug V[ s[dtbj
a[ dwhj ##WCj wqu'i h' debj m ##Rph W'vg ##s[t vY m$$ bjf
W'v[ ##b{o[ ljc[ ljq%S[ uqgV a[ fj s[ m$$ Rpl V[ fj ds,aj m huPi
V[ dHw w,fCj dHl s[ Rpfi s[ ds,aj m dxi qjHg } W'v[ ##hpS aP.
uj w[ bjfSj w.q wi v{ m$$ Rph u,Dw' a,wg dry Rpn w[ yvg eHg m
us'G WjvS v{S bjHg aJ W,y[ s[ w'v W{nS v,eg WjWj ug W'v[
##uj zi } a[ dHw fdhi a'G Wjbs bjrk m$$ Rph api aJ fHg@
fi dHw s' rji dfAJ qpC w[ s[tsg ihk m zi'G uj w[ uvsg hg
bjHg mdul r[v[ bj w[ WjWj ug } bjrju ds,ag@ aJ bjf W'v[
w,fCj ypw w[ bjfS[ fp,ai } s[t v{ m us'G Rpl s[ qP>h a'G w,fCj
vjdhbj@ s[t w[ h{ijV idh eHg m vCwj aJ Rpl } dHRpG vdebj
dur[G dwa[ dWqji h'dHbj hg Vhk hp>sj m WjWj ug h,l w[ W'v[ ##hpS
dHh ljcj ] a[ij Vhk m ih[ej a[i[ w'v hg fi ljcj WS w[ ihPej m
dHh dlZ fpit h'r[ej m dHl dHvjw[ dry us'G w'Hg w.q wiVj
h'H[ej dHl s[ ijhk wdibj wiJe[ m$$ dHRpG WyV wiw[ W'v[@ ##dHh
e,v dwl[ } Vhk slSg@ ypf hg idhSj ] m$$ dxi qjHg V[ fpdAbj
80
##ug aphjcj Vjq wg ] ( dwo'G bjH[ h' m$$ bjf W'v[ ##bjH[ hJ
dxis[ apis[ m ljcj Vjq ] qhJ hdiVjq dl>z iP>qg rjv[ m$$ dxi
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veg uj dfbjl bjlS a[ W{dnbj l.a qhjiju } m
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V[ q{} epiqptg fC%jHg lg m$$ dxi fpdAbj ##a[i[ w'v epiWjVg sg
w'Hg f'og ] m$$ Rph b>si'G uj w[ ipqjv dr,y vf[Bg dHw f'og v{
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f'og h,o sg dvtg h'Hg lg m f'og s[t w[ W'v[ ##v{ dul zi dHh
f>u ei>og f'og ] m Rpl s[ zi lF wpN ] m dHl sj b>Ddq+a r[v[
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lF wpN ngw h' ujr[ej m dHl f'og sj ldawji wiVj ] m Rpy[
lojV a[ ljx ipqjv[ dry vf[B w[ itSj ] m dHl sj dVaV[q wis[
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87
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