BLOQUE I

TEMA 2
EL VERBO TO BE
NDICE
INTRODUCCIN
OBJETIVOS
PALABRAS CLAVE
ESTRATEGIAS DE APRENDIZAJE
DESARROLLO DE CONTENIDOS
1. VERBO TO BE (SER/ESTAR)
1.1. Presente
1.2. Pasado
2. VERBO TO HAVE (HABER/TENER)
2.1. Presente
2.2. Pasado
3. FORMA IMPERSONAL THERE IS/THERE ARE (HAY)
4. VOCABULARIO
4.1. En casa
4.2. Los empleos militares
4.3. Las especialidades fundamentales
4.4. Las unidades
2-1

5. EJERCICIOS
6. RESPUESTAS EJERCICIOS
RESUMEN DEL TEMA
GLOSARIO DE TRMINOS
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
LECTURAS COMPLEMENTARIAS
EJERCICIOS DE AUTOCOMPROBACIN

2-2

BLOQUE I

TEMA 2
EL VERBO TO BE

INTRODUCCIN
En este segundo tema comenzaremos la parte de gramtica
con la conjugacin de los dos verbos considerados como base a
la hora de la formacin de las oraciones, como son el verbo to
be y el to have, y analizaremos la conjugacin de los mismos.
Dentro del vocabulario nos meteremos con los nombres ms
importantes de las cosas que nos rodean dentro de una casa,
para continuar familiarizndonos con el vocabulario necesario
dentro de nuestro entorno castrense.

OBJETIVOS

Conocer el verbo to be.

Analizar dentro de su conjugacin el presente y el pasado.
Conocer el verbo to have.
Analizar dentro de su conjugacin el presente y el pasado.
Memorizar palabras del vocabulario.
2-3

PALABRAS CLAVE

Presente.
Pasado.
Forma contrada.

ESTRATEGIAS DE APRENDIZAJE

El aprendizaje de una segunda lengua o, en este caso, del idioma

ingls, es un proceso largo y complejo, pues requiere abarcar cuatro
reas fundamentales de conocimiento, como son: expresin oral (spe aking), expresin escrita (writing), comprensin oral (listening) y
comprensin escrita (reading), algo que resulta imposible en nuestro
contexto actual (limitacin de tiempo, imposibilidad de dedicacin
exclusiva al estudio de esta materia, exigencias y caractersticas del
temario). Por lo tanto, nos centraremos en los aspectos bsicos de la
enseanza de esta lengua, relacionados, como es de suponer, con su
aplicacin prctica al entorno militar.
El primer paso para el ap rendizaje de una lengua consiste en
adquirir unos conocimientos bsicos de ndole gramatical, as como
un lxico ms o menos amplio. se ser el objetivo fundamental de
este curso.
No olvidemos que, en nuestro caso, resultar herramienta fundamental un buen diccionario bilinge (Espaol-Ingls, Ingls-Espaol),
con el cual trabajaremos tanto gramtica como vocabulario.
A continuacin estableceremos una serie de pautas para el aprendizaje de las lecciones, que, como vern, tienen un amplio contenido
terico:
1. En primer lugar, tendremos presente el ndice del tema para
localizar las nociones gramaticales bsicas en un marco general.
2. Realizaremos una primera lectura del tema con el fin de familiarizarnos con los contenidos del mismo.
3. El aprendizaje del tema lo llevaremos a cabo dividiendo el
mismo en los apartados fijados por el ndice, de modo que
2-4

emplearemos la misma estrategia de estudio para todos y cada

uno de los apartados. Esta estrategia de estudio consistir en:
3.1. Leer detenidamente el apartado objeto de estudio, prestando especial atencin a los ejemplos.
3.2. Subrayar los aspectos gramaticales ms importantes.
3.3. Realizar una segunda lectura del apartado, elaborando al
mismo tiempo un esquema con ejemplos propios (no los
que figuren en el texto). Para ello ser necesario utilizar el
diccionario.
3.4. Memorizar tal esquema.
3.5. De nuevo, con la ayuda del diccionario, buscar ejemplos
representativos.
3.6. Finalmente procederamos a realizar ejercicios de forma
individual, llevando a cabo su correccin en grupo.
4. Como ya hemos dicho anteri o rm e n t e, desarrollaremos esta
estrategia tantas veces como nociones gramaticales haya.
5. En el caso del aprendizaje de vocabulario, el procedimiento
ser ms sencillo:
5.1. En primer lugar, examinaremos la lista de palabras.
5.2. Buscaremos su significado en el diccionario.
5.3. Memorizaremos el mismo.
5.4. Realizaremos frases utilizando esas palabras (esta fase se
puede realizar de forma individual o colectiva).

2-5

DESARROLLO DE LOS CONTENIDOS

1. VERBO SER/ESTAR (TO BE)
En ingls el verbo to be significa tanto ser como estar.
1.1. Presente
Forma afirmativa
(Forma contrada)
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are

[ay am]
[ju: a: r]
[hy: yz]

[ i: yz]

[ytyz]
[wi: a: r]
[ju: a: r]
[ey a: r]

I'm
You're
He's
She's
It's
We're
You're
They're

[aym]
[ju: r]
[hy:z]
[ i:z]
[ytz]
[wi:r]
[ju:r]
[ey r]

Yo soy / Yo estoy
T eres / T ests
l es / l est
Ella es / Ella est
l/Ella es / l/ella est (neutro)
Nosotros somos / Nosotros estamos
Vosotros sois / Vosotros estis
Ellos/as son / Ellos/as estn

Forma negativa
(Forma contrada)
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not

[ay am n t] I'm not

[ju: a: r n t] You're not
[hy: yz
n t] He's not
[ i: yz
n t] She's not
[ytyz n t] It's not

[aym n t]
[ju: r n t]
[hy:z n t]
[ i:z n t]
[ytz n t]

Yo no soy / Yo no estoy
T no eres / T no ests
l no es / l no est
Ella no es / Ella no est
l/Ella no es / l/ella no
est (neutro)
We are not [wi: a: r n t] We're not [wi:r n t] Nosotros no somos / Nosotros no estamos
You are not [ju: a: r n t] You're not [ju:r n t] Vosotros no sois / Vosotros
no estis
They are not [ey a: r n t]They're not [ey r n t] Ellos/as no son / Ellos/as no
estn

2-7

Forma interrogativa
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

[am ay]
[a: r ju:]
[yz hy:]
[ yz
i:]
[yzyt]
[a: r wi:]
[a: r ju:]
[a: r ey]

Soy yo?/Estoy yo?

Eres t?/Ests t?
Es l?/Est l?
Es ella?/Est ella?
Es l/ella?/Est l/ella? (neutro)
Somos nosotros?/Estamos nosotros?
Sois vosotros?/Estis vosotros?
Son ellos/as?/Estn ellos/as?
Forma interrogativa
(Forma negativa)

Am I not?
Aren't you?
Isn't he?
Isn't she?
Isn't it?
Aren't we?
Aren't you?
Aren't they?

[am ay n t]
[a:nt ju:]
[yznt hy:]
[ yznt

i:]
[yznt yt]

[a:nt wi:]
[a:nt ju:]
[a:nt ey]

No soy?/No estoy?
No eres?/No ests?
No es (l)?/No est (l)?
No es (ella)?/No est (ella)?
No es (l/ella)?/No est (l/ella)?
No somos?/No estamos?
No sois?/No estis?
No son?/No estn?

1.2. Pasado
Forma afirmativa
I was
You were
He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were

[ay w z]
[ju: w 3 : r]
[hy: w z]
[ i: w z]
[yt w z]
[wi: w 3 : r]
[ju: w 3 : r]
[ey w 3 : r]

Yo era / Yo estaba
T eras / T estabas
l era / l estaba
Ella era / Ella estaba
l/Ella era / l/ella estaba (neutro)
Nosotros ramos / Nosotros estbamos
Vosotros erais / Vosotros estabais
Ellos/as eran / Ellos/as estaban

2-8

Forma negativa
(Forma contrada)
I wasn't
[ay w z nt]

I was not

[ay w z n t]

You were not

[ju: w 3 : r n t] You weren't

[ju: w 3 : r nt]

He was not
She was not

[hy: w z n t]
[ i: w z n t]

He wasn't
She wasn't

[hy: w z nt]
[ i: w z nt]

It was not

[yt w z n t]

It wasn't

[yt w z nt]

We were not

[wi: w 3: r n t] We weren't

[wi: w 3 : r nt]

You were not

[ju: w 3: r n t] You weren't

[ju: w 3 : r nt]

They were not [ey w 3 : r n t] They weren't [ey w 3 : r nt]

Yo no era / Yo no estaba
T no eras / T no estabas
l no era / l no estaba
Ella no era / Ella no
estaba
El/Ella no era / El/ella
no estaba (neutro)
Nosotros no ramos /
Nosotros no estbamos
Vosotros no erais /
Vosotros no estabais
Ellos/as no eran /
Ellos/as no estaban

Forma interrogativa
Was I?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?

[w s ay]
[w 3 : r ju:]
[w s hy:]
[w s i:]
[w s yt]

[w 3 : r wi:]
[w 3 : r ju:]
[w 3 : r ey]

Era yo? / Estaba yo?

Eras t? / Estabas t?
Era l? / Estaba l?
Era ella? / Estaba ella?
Era l/ella? / Estaba l/ella? (neutro)
ramos nosotros? / Estbamos nosotros?
Erais vosotros? / Estabais vosotros?
Eran ellos/as? / Estaban ellos/as?
Forma interrogativa
(Forma negativa)

Wasn't I?
Weren't you?
Wasn't he?
Wasn't she?
Wasn't it?

[w znt ay]
[w3 : rnt ju:]
[w znt hy:]
[w znt i:]
[w znt yt]

Weren't we? [w 3 : rnt wi:]

Weren't you? [w 3 : rnt ju:]
Weren't they? [w 3 : rnt ey]

No era (yo)? / No estaba (yo)?

No eras? / No estabas?
No era (l)? / No estaba (l)?
No era (ella)? / No estaba (ella)?
No era (l/ella)? / No estaba (l/ella)?
(neutro)
No ramos? / No estbamos?
No erais? / No estabais?
No eran? / No estaban?

2-9

2. VERBO HABER/TENER (TO HAVE)

En ingls el verbo to have significa haber o tener.
2.1. Presente
Forma afirmativa
(Forma contrada)
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
You have
They have

[ay hv]
[ju: hv]
[hy: hz]
[ i: hz]
[yt hz]
[wi: hv]
[ju: hv]
[ey hv]

I've
[ayv]
You've [ju: v]
He's
[hi:z]
She's [ i:z]
It's
[ytz]
We've [wi:v]
You've [ju:v]
They've [eyv]

Yo he / Yo tengo
T has / T tienes
l ha / l tiene
Ella ha / Ella tiene
l/Ella ha / l/ella tiene (neutro)
Nosotros hemos / Nosotros tenemos
Vosotros habis / Vosotros tenis
Ellos/as han / Ellos/as tienen

Forma negativa
I don't have
You don't have
He doesn't have
She doesn't have
It doesn't have
We don't have

[ay d nt hv]
[ju: d nt hv]
[h i: d znt hv]
[ i: d znt hv]
[yt d znt hv]
[wi: d nt hv]

Yo no he / Yo no tengo
T no has / T no tienes
l no ha / l no tiene
Ella no ha / Ella no tiene
l/Ella no ha / l/ella no tiene (neutro)
Nosotros no hemos / Nosotros no tenemos
You don't have [ju: d nt hv] Vosotros no habis / Vosotros no tenis
They don't have [ey d nt hv] Ellos/as no han / Ellos/as no tienen
Forma interrogativa

Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?

[du ay hv]
[du ju: hv]
[d z h i: hv]
[d z i: hv]
[d z yt
hv]
[du wi: hv]

Do you have?
Do they have?

[du ju: hv]

[du ey hv]

Yo he? / Tengo yo?

Has t? / Tienes t?
Ha l? / Tiene l?
Ha ella? / Tiene ella?
Ha l/ella? / Tiene l/ella? (neutro)
Hemos nosotros? / Tenamos nosotros?
Habis vosotros? / Tenais vosotros?
Han ellos/as? / Tenan ellos/as?

2-10

Forma interrogativa
(Forma negativa)
Don't I have?
Don't you have?
Doesn't he have?
Doesn't she have?
Doesn't it have?

[d nt ay hv]
[d nt ju: hv]
[d z nt hi: hv]
[d z nt i: hv]
[d z nt yt
hv]

No he (yo)? / No tengo (yo)?

No has? / No tienes?
No ha (l)? / No tiene (l)?
No ha (ella)? / No tiene (ella)?
No ha (l/ella)? / No tiene (l/ella)?
(neutro)
nt wi: hv] No hemos? / No tenemos?
nt ju: hv] No habis? / No tenais?
nt ey hv] No han? / No tenan?

Don't we have?
Don't you have?
Don't they have?

[d
[d
[d

2.2. Pasado
Forma afirmativa
I had
You had
He had
She had
It had
We had
You had
They had

[ay hd]
[ju: hd]
[hy: hd]
[ i: hd]
[yt hd]
[wi: hd]
[ju: hd]
[ey hd]

Yo haba / Yo tena
T habas / T tenas
l haba / l tena
Ella haba / Ella tena
l/Ella haba / l/ella tena (neutro)
Nosotros habamos / Nosotros tenamos
Vosotros habais / Vosotros tenais
Ellos/as haban / Ellos/as tenan

Forma negativa
I didn't have
You didn't have
He didn't have
She didn't have
It didn't have

[ay dyd nt hv]

[ju: dyd nt hv]
[hi: dyd nt hv]
[ i: dyd nt hv]
[yt dyd nt hv]

Yo no haba / Yo no tena
T no habas / T no tenas
l no haba / l no tena
Ella no haba / Ella no tena
l/Ella no haba / l/ella no tena (neutro)
We didn't have [wi: dyd nt hv] Nosotros no habamos / Nosotros no
tenamos
You didn't have [ju: dyd nt hv] Vosotros no habais / Vosotros no tenais
They didn't have [ey dyd nt hv] Ellos/as no haban / Ellos/as no tenan

2-11

Forma interrogativa
Did I have?
Did you have?
Did he have?
Did she have?
Did it have?
Did we have?
Did you have?
Did they have?

[dyd ay hv]
[dyd ju: hv]
[dyd hi: hv]
[dyd i: hv]
[dyd yt
hv]
[dyd wi: hv]
[dyd ju: hv]
[dyd ey hv]

Haba yo ? / Tena yo?

Habas t? / Tenas t?
Haba l? / Tena l?
Haba ella? / Tena ella?
Haba l/ella? / Tena l/ella? (neutro)
Habamos nosotros? / Tenamos nosotros?
Habais vosotros? / Tenais vosotros?
Haban ellos/as? / Tenan ellos/as?

Forma interrogativa
(Forma negativa)
Didn't I have?
Didn't you have?
Didn't he have?
Didn't she have?
Didn't it have?

[dyd
[dyd
[dyd
[dyd
[dyd

nt ay hv]
nt ju: hv]
nt hi: hv]
nt i: hv]
nt yt
hv]

No haba (yo)? / No tena (yo)?

No habas? / No tenas?
No haba (l)? / No tena (l)?
No haba (ella)? / No tena (ella)?
No haba (l/ella)? / No tena
(l/ella)? (neutro)
Didn't we have? [dyd nt wi: hv] No habamos? / No tenamos?
Didn't you have? [dyd nt ju: hv] No habais? / No tenais?
Didn't they have? [dyd nt ey hv] No haban? / No tenan?

Para la forma negativa e interrogativa se emplea el auxiliar do

(does, para la tercera persona del singular y en negativo don't/doesn't)
y su pasado did.
Tambin existen las fo rmas contradas h aven't (have + not)
[hv_ nt], hasn't (has + not) [hz_ nt] y hadn't (had + not) [hd_ nt],
que se emplean principalmente cuando el verbo implica posesin,
aunque no se tratarn en este curso.
3. FORMA IMPERSONAL THERE IS / ARE / THERE ARE
(HAY)
Es una forma impersonal equivalente a hay (espaol), aunque tiene
dos formas: una singular y otra plural, en funcin del tipo de nombre
al que acompaa (contable, incontable, singular o plural).
2-12

There is [e r y z] / There are [e r a: r]:

There is a book on the table. Hay un libro sobre la mesa.
There is some milk in the fridge. Hay leche en el frigorfico.
There are several men in the room.
Hay varios hombres en la habitacin.
La forma negativa es: there isn't / there aren't. En la forma interrogativa se antepone el verbo: Is there? / Are there?:
There isn't a book in my bag. No hay un libro en mi bolsa.
There aren't two students in this class.
No hay dos estudiantes en esta clase.
Is there a window in the room?
Hay una ventana en esta habitacin?
Are there enough chairs for everyone?
Hay sillas suficientes para todo el mundo?

2-13

4. VOCABULARIO
4.1. En casa
Casa. House
Habitacin. Room
Entrada. Hall
Cocina. Kitchen
Sala de estar. Living-room
Comedor. Dining-room
Habitacin. Bedroom
Cuarto de bao. Bathroom/Toilet
Garaje. Garage
Jardn. Garden
Silln. Armchair

Cama. Bed
Silla. Chair
Mesa. Table
Lmpara. Lamp
Escaleras. Stairs
Alfombra. Carpet
Armario. Cupboard
Cocina (electrodomstico).
Cooker
Sof. Sofa
Shower. Ducha

4.2. Los empleos militares

Militar (persona). Soldier
Suboficiales y clase de tropa.
NCO (Non commissioned
Officers)
Oficiales. Officers
Soldado. Private
Cabo. Corporal
Sargento. Sergeant
Brigada. Master Sergeant

Alfrez. Second Lieutenant

Teniente. Lieutenant
Capitn. Captain
Comandante. Major
Teniente Coronel. Lieutenant
Colonel
Coronel. Colonel
General. General

4.3. Las especialidades fundamentales

Infantera. Infantry
Caballera. Cavalry (Armor)
Arma acorazada. Armor

Artillera. Artillery
Ingenieros. Engineer
Transmisiones. Signal

4.4. Las unidades

Equipo o escuadra: Team
Pelotn: Squad
Seccin: Platoon
Compaa: Company
Batalln: Batallion

Brigada: Brigade
Divisin: Division
Cuerpo de Ejrcito: Army Corps
Agrupamiento tctico: Task force
2-14

5. EJERCICIOS
1. Completar las frases con is, are, have, has, segn sea necesario.
...... your parents English?
My sister ...... a very nice boyfriend.
I ...... a big house.
He ...... a soldier.
Peter and Ann ...... two children.
It ...... a difficult question.
Susan ...... a lovely house in the garden.
My sister ...... very clever.
2. Completar con do/does/did/don't/doesn't/didn't.
...... She have a car?
...... They have any children?
...... They have lunch here yesterday?
I ...... have many friends.
She ...... have a dictionary.
We ...... have a cup of coffee last night.
3. Escribir la forma no contrada.
EJEMPLO
I'm a student. I am a student.
What's your name? ...
I'm from Italy. ...
He's a doctor. ...
You're students. ...
It's a rainy day. ...
They're happy. ...
We're Spanish. ...
2-15

4. Ponga las siguientes frases en forma negativa e interrogativa:

EJEMPLO:
You are English. You aren't English.
Are you English?
It is Sunday today. ...
I am single. ...
They are from London. ...
You are old. ...
We are very rich. ...
My house is in the country. ...
He is a doctor. ...
She has two daughters. ...
They have a good dictionary. ...
I have a lot of magazines. ...
The house has three rooms. ...
We have breakfast at 10 o'clock. ...
You have a colour TV set. ...
He has three meetings today. ...

2-16

6. RESPUESTAS EJERCICIOS
1. Completar las frases con is, are, have, has, segn sea necesario.
Are your parents English?
My sister has a very nice boyfriend.
I have a big house.
He is a soldier.
Peter and Ann have two children.
It is a difficult question.
Susan has a lovely house in the garden.
My sister is very clever.
2. Completar con do/does/did/don't/doesn't/didn't.
Does she have a car?
Do they have any children?
Did they have lunch here yesterday?
I don't have many friends.
She doesn't have a dictionary.
We didn't have a cup of coffee last night.
3. Escribir la forma no contrada.
EJEMPLO
I'm a student. I am a student.
What's your name? What is your name?
I'm from Italy. I am from Italy.
He's a doctor. He is a doctor.
You're students. You are students.
It's a rainy day. It is a rainy day.
They're happy. They are happy.
We're Spanish. We are Spanish.
4. Ponga las siguientes frases en forma negativa e interrogativa:
EJEMPLO
You are English. You aren't English.
Are you English?
2-17

 It is Sunday today.

It isn't Sunday today.

Is it Sunday today?
I am single.
I'm not single.
Am I single?
They are from London.
They aren`t from London.
Are they from London?
You are old.
You aren't old.
Are you old?
We are very rich.
We aren't very rich.
Are we very rich?
My house is in the country. My house isn't in the country.
Is my house in the country?
He is a doctor.
He isn't a doctor.
Is he a doctor.
She has two daughters.
She doesn't have two daughters.
Does she have two daughters?
They have a good dictionary.They don't have a good dictionary.
Do they have a good dictionary?
I have a lot of magazines. I don`t have a lot of magazines.
Do I have a lot of magazines?
The house has three rooms. The house doesn't have three rooms.
Does the house have three rooms?
We have breakfast at 10 o'clock.
We don't have breakfast at 10 o'clock.
Do we have breakfast at 10 o'clock?
You have a colour TV set. You don't have a colour TV set.
Do you have a colour TV set?
He has three meetings today. He doesn't have three meetings today.
Does he have three meetings today.

2-18

RESUMEN DEL TEMA

1. VERBO TO BE (SER/ESTAR).
1.1. Presente:
Forma afirmativa.
Forma negativa.
Forma interrogativa.
Forma interrogativa negativa.
1.2. Pasado:
Forma afirmativa.
Forma negativa.
Forma interrogativa.
Forma interrogativa negativa.
2. VERBO TO HAVE (HABER/TENER).
2.1. Presente:
Forma afirmativa.
Forma negativa.
Forma interrogativa.
Forma interrogativa negativa.
2.2. Pasado:
Forma afirmativa.
Forma negativa.
Forma interrogativa.
Forma interrogativa negativa.
3. FORMA IMPERSONAL THERE IS/THERE ARE (HAY).
4. VOCABULARIO.
4.1. En casa.
4.2. Los empleos militares.
4.3. Las especialidades fundamentales.
4.4. Las unidades.
5. EJERCICIOS
6. RESPUESTAS EJERCICIOS
2-19

GLOSARIO DE TRMINOS
Auxiliar: Dcese de verbos que, al perder su significacin particular, sirven para formar los tiempos compuestos de otros verbos o
para expresar diversos matices del pensamiento.
Impersonal: Dcese del verbo que slo se conjuga en la tercera
persona del singular.

BIBLIOGRAFA
Libro de trabajo de Ingls. AGBS.
A practical English grammar. Thomsom and Martinet.

LECTURA COMPLEMENTARIA
Gramtica Inglesa. Regien Publications.
Diccionario Ingls-Espaol, Espaol-Ingls. Se recomienda: Vox,
Collins, Oxford. De tamao medio.

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EJERCICIOS DE AUTOCOMPROBACIN
1. My house ...... two rooms.
a)
b)
c)
d)

has
have
is
had

2. I ...... in Paris last week.

a)
b)
c)
d)

am
have
was
were

3. There ...... a book in my bag.

a)
b)
c)
d)

are
isn't
has
were

4. The library ...... closed.

a)
b)
c)
d)

am not
are not
is not
were not

5. There ...... no milk in the bottle.

a)
b)
c)
d)

are
was
isn't
is

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