Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
5.0
5.0
6.1 General
6.1 General
1. Filament Lamps
a) Incandescent Lamps
b) R and PAR
c) Tungsten - Halogen
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3. High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps
are members of the electric
discharge family of light sources (as
are fluorescent lamps). Light is
produced when a high-pressure
electric arc is passed through a gas
vapor, rather than by a low-pressure
arc as in fluorescent lamps.
5.0
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b) Lux
is the amount of lumens falling on
an area one square meter one
meter away. One (1) footcandle is
equivalent to 10.76 lux.
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
4. Unit of Brightness
footlambert (FL)
5.0
6.2 Incandescent
Lamps
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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5.0
The various shapes are:
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
Standard Globular
Straight
Tubular
Pear-shape Flame
PAR
-
A
G
S
T
PS
F
Parabolic
Aluminized
Reflector
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5.0
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5.0
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5.0
Fluorescent lamps are classified as:
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
1. According to shape
Standard
Slim-line
does not require a starter, have single-pin
bases, come in diameters 3/4, 1, and 11/2 ; and come in lengths from 42 (4 ft)
to 96 (8 ft).
Circline
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Instant Start
When the lamp is first switched on, a
sufficient voltage is applied between the
electrodes to strike the arc without
preheating them. Instant-start lamps start
as soon as current is turned on and
eliminates the need for external starters.
They have single-pin bases which are
called slim-line lamps.
Rapid Start
are the most recent developments and
the one that is most widely used. Rapidstart lamps use low-resistance electrodes
which can be heated continuously with
low current loses. These are the only
fluorescent lamps that can be electrically
dimmed or flashed. They start as quickly
as the instant-start lamps; require no
external starters; and the ballasts are
smaller and more efficient.
5.0
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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5.0
LIGHTING
5.0
6.8 High-Pressure
Sodium Lamps
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6.9 Ballasts
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
5.0
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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5.0
6.10 Luminaires
(Or Lighting Fixtures)
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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Ceiling-Mounted Downlights
5.0
Spotlights
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
Pendants
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5.0
Wall Lights
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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5.0
Floor Lights
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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Fluorescent Fittings
5.0
Oddities
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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Exterior Lights
5.0
6.11 Classifications of
Luminaires
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
1. Indirect
90% to 100% of the light
output is directed towards
the ceiling and upper
walls of the room.
2. Semi-indirect
60% to 90% of the light is
directed upwards; 40% to
10% downwards.
3. General diffuse or
direct-indirect
provides approximately
equal distribution of light
upwards and downwards.
4. Semi-direct
60% to 90% of light is
directed downwards;
while 40% to 10% is
directed upwards.
5. Direct
90% - 100% of the light
output is directed
downwards
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5.0
1. Cornice Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall and attached to the ceiling to
distribute light downwards over the
wall. This is considered as direct
lighting.
2. Cove Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a ledge to distribute light
upwards over the ceiling and upper
wall. It is a form of indirect lighting.
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
3. Valance Lighting
a system where light sources are
shielded by a panel parallel to the
wall usually across the top of a
window. This provides light both
upwards and downwards over the
wall.
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5.0
1. Local Lighting
method which employs lamps at
definite points where light is
specially needed producing pools of
light mingled with areas of shadows.
It is the very opposite of uniform
illumination. The location of lamps in
this method usually depends upon
the position of furniture or the
position of activity areas.
2. General Lighting
this method strives for diffused light
and uniform intensity over an entire
area. The lamps are evenly spaced
without regard to furniture location
and are provided with reflectors,
baffles or diffusing prisms to prevent
glare, harsh shadows and uneven
illumination.
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5.0
6.1 General
1. Intensity of Illumination
intensity of light required will depend
upon the tasks involved as follows
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2. Quality of Light
Light Distribution depends upon:
Uniformity
freedom from variations of illumination in a
room or space. Absolute uniformity signifies
same intensity throughout and it is not
always practicable to attain. A deviation of
25% from the average intensity cannot be
detected by the eye, and is considered an
acceptable maximum.
Diffusion
refers to the number of directions and angles
from which illuminating rays proceed. Good
diffusion is obtained when light falls upon a
matte or satin surface from a variety of
directions thus eliminating shadows and
streaks of brilliancy. Poor diffusion results
from illumination from one direction only thus
causing visual confusion because of
distorted highlights and shadows
5.0
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
Absence of Glare
Glare is defined as the effect of brightness in
the field of vision which causes annoyance
or discomfort, or in worse cases, interferes
with seeing. When the glare is caused by
light sources in the field of vision, it is known
as direct glare or disability glare. When
glare is caused by the reflection of a light
source in a viewed surface, it is known as
reflected glare or discomfort glare.
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5.0
1. Absorption
Loss of light when light rays strikes
or traverses any medium. The ratio
of light absorbed by a material to the
light falling upon it is called the
absorption factor or absorptance.
2. Diffuse Reflection
a beam of light is reflected diffusely,
that is, its ray is scattered in all
directions, if it strikes a rough or
matte surface.
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
3. Specular Reflection
a beam of light is specularly
reflected when a light ray striking a
shiny or glossy surface at an angle
of incidence is reflected as the same
beam with equal angle of reflection.
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4. Reflectance
also called reflection factor; it is the
ratio of light reflected by a surface to
the light falling upon it.
5. Transmission
is the passage of light through a
medium when light falls upon a
transparent material. It is refracted
(bent) as it passes through the
material but emerges at the same
angle that it entered. When passing
through a translucent material, such
as plastic, and the emerging rays
are spread in all directions, it is
called diffused transmission.
6. Transmittance
also called transmission factor; it is
the ratio of light transmitted to light
striking the surface.
5.0
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
7. Accent Lighting
directional lighting to emphasize a
space or an object.
8. Down Light
a fixture producing concentrated
direct lighting from a single bulb. It
may be recessed in or mounted on
the ceiling
13. Filter
device which changes either amount
or color, or both. of light passing
through it.
9. High Hat
a term often applied to a can-type of
recessed incandescent downlight.
10. Eye Ball
recessed or semi-recessed lighting
unit with a rotating spherical element
that may be turned to project light in
any direction.
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11. Lumiline
a tubular fluorescent lamp with a
disc base at each end.
14. Dimmer
a device to control the amount of
light by reducing the voltage or the
current; also called a rayostat.
15. Capacitor
An electric component which
consists of conducting plates
insulated from each other by a layer
of dielectric material; introduces
capacitance into a circuit.
Capacitance is the quantitative
measure of the electric-energy
storage capability of a capacitor;
usually measured in farads or
microfarads.
5.0
Lighting Symbols
6.1 General
6.2 Incandescent Lamps
6.3 R and PAR Lamps
6.4 Tungsten Halogen Lamps
6.5 Fluorescent Lamps
6.6 Mercury Vapor Lamps
6.7 Metal Halide Lamps
6.8 High-Pressure Sodium
Lamps
6.9 Ballasts
6.10 Luminaires
6.11 Classification of
Luminaires
6.12 Lighting Systems
6.13 Lighting Methods
6.14 Factors which will
Achieve Desirable Seeing
Conditions
6.15 Lighting Terms
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END