Lecture'Outline:'

Give'examples'of'how'energy'is'transferred'from'one'system'to'another.'
o Food'chains'are'an'example''plants'use'sunlight'to'make'sugars,'herbivores'eat'the'plants'and'obtain'
energy'from'the'plant,'omnivores'and'carnivores'eat'the'herbivores'and'so'forth.''
What'is'a'biochemical'pathway'and'are'they'100%'efficent?'
o Life'processes'involve'a'complex'sequence'of'chemical'reactions'in'which'chemical'energy'is'transferred'
from'one'system'of''interacting'molecules'to'another.''
o Some'of'the'energy'in'these'reactions'is'transferred'to'the'environment'as'thermal'energy'(heat)'so'
they'are'not'100%'efficient.'
Where'does'energy'required'for'life'come'from?''
o All'living'systems'require'an'input'of'energy'to'drive'the'reactions'in'essential'life'functions'and'to'
compensate'for'the''inefficient'transfer'of'energy.''
o The'chemical'reactions'in'living'systems'involve'the'transfer'of'thermal'energy'(heat)'to'the'
environment.'The'thermal'energy'is'no'longer'available'to'drive'chemical'reactions;'therefore,'a'
continuous'source'of'energy'is'needed.''
o In'many'organisms,'the'energy'that'keeps'the'chemical'reactions'in'organisms'going'comes'from'food'
that'reacts'with'oxygen.''
o The'energy'stored'in'that'food'ultimately'comes'from'the'Sun.'
What'is'photosynthesis?'
o Done'by'autotrophs'
o Carbon'dixoide'and'water'are'taken'in'
o With'the'help'of'light'energy'to'drive'the'reactions,'glucose'and'oxygen'are'produced'
o Oxygen'is'released'by'the'organism'and'glucose'is'used'to'cellular'respiration'
What'is'the'equation'for'photosynthesis?'
o 6CO2'+'6H2O' 'C6H12O6'+'6O2'

What'is'ATP'and'how'is'it'used'in'living'systems?'
o ATP'is'adenosine'triphosphate.'
o ATP'is'a'chemical'compound'that'cells'use'to'store'energy'or'release'energy.'
o When'the'bonds'between'two'of'the'phosphates'are'broken,'energy'is'released'that'can'be'used'by'the'
organism.'ATP'has'become'ADP'and'a'phosphate.'
o The'transfer'of'chemical'energy'within'living'systems'involves'chemical'reactions'among'ATP,'ADP'and'
an'inorganic'phosphate.''The'conversion'of'ATP'to'ADP'and'an'inorganic'phosphate'drives'other'
essential'reactions'in'living'systems.'
What'is'cellular'respiration?'
o Cellular'respiration'proceeds'the'same'way'in'plants'and'animals.''
o During'cellular'respiration,'molecules'from'food''mainly'sugars'and'fats''are'converted'in'the'
presence'of'oxygen'into''carbon'dioxide'and'water,'and'the'chemical'energy'of'that'reaction'is'used'to'
combine'ADP'and'an'inorganic'phosphate'to'make'ATP.'
What'is'the'equation'for'cellular'respiration?'
o C6H12O6'+'6O2' '6CO2'+'6H2O'
What'is'fermentation?'
o Fermentation'is'the'anaerobic'form'of'cellular'respiration.'
o During'fermentation,'molecules'from'food'are'partially'broken'down'in'cells'in'the'absence'of'oxygen'
into'smaller'molecules''(but'not'completely'into'carbon'dioxide'and'water).''
o Compared'to'the'chemical'reactions'that'take'place'during'cellular'respiration,'these'reactions'result'in'
less'ADP'being'combined'with'an'inorganic'phosphate'to'produce'ATP;'therefore,'less'energy'is'made'
available'during'fermentation'than'during'cellular'respiration'for'the'chemical'reactions'that'maintain'
an'organism's'body'functions.''''
What'is'the'chemical'equation'for'lactic'acid'fermentation?'
o C6H12O6'(glucose)''2'CH3CHOHCOOH'(lactic'acid)'
What'is'the'chemical'equation'for'alcohol'fermentation?'
o 'C6H12O6'(glucose)''2'C2H5OH'(ethanol)'+'2'CO2'(carbon'dioxide)'