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Smart Structure Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
b
Furukawa Techno Material Co., Ltd, 5-1-8 Higashi-Yawata, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-0016, Japan
c
National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
Received 19 November 2001; received in revised form 25 December 2001; accepted 10 January 2002
Abstract
In order to suppress the microscopic mechanical damages in composite system, and thus to increase the reliability of carbon ber
reinforced plastics (CFRP), a smart composite SMA/CFRP is attracting much attention. In this application, the shape memory
alloy (SMA) is expected to exert compressive stress to CFRP by reverse transformation upon heating after fabrication. However,
one big problem in the fabrication process is that the curing temperature of the composite (130 C) far exceeds the reverse transformation temperatures of TiNi alloys ( 70 C). This paper presents a new method to overcome this diculty. The method
consists of using heavily cold-worked wires to increase the reverse transformation temperatures, and of using ash electrical heating
of the wires after fabrication in order to avoid damaging of the matrix around wires. By choosing the reduction of cold drawing and
composition of TiNi alloys properly, it will be shown that the method is actually applicable without using special xture jigs, which
are necessary otherwise, to the fabrication of such smart composite as SMA/CFRP. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: A. Composites; B. Martensitic transformation; B. Shape-memory eects; C. Thermomechanical treatment
1. Introduction
SMA smart hybrid composites, in which SMA wires
or plates (hereafter we use only the term wires for
brevity unless the term plates is specically needed in
the context) are embedded in composites, are attracting
much attention recently to strengthen polymer matrix
composites (PMCs), such as CFRP and GFRP (glass
ber reinforced plastics) and to control vibrations in an
active control mode [18]. Among these SMA/CFRP is
especially important, since CFRP is widely used for
airplanes and aerospace technologies. The application
of SMA to SMA/CFRP smart composite was rst
introduced by Rogers [1], and then investigated by
several researchers [68]. The principle of the application is the same as the prestressed concrete principle.
In the application, TiNi wires as SMA are expected to
provide compressive stress to the surrounding CFRP,
and thus to avoid the microscopic damages as an
initiation to the nal failure, which leads to the increase
of reliability and to the reduction of maintenance cost
of airplanes etc. However, there is a big problem in the
fabrication process of such smart composite SMA/
CFRP as explained below. In order for the prestressed
concrete principle to work, TiNi wires must be fabricated in the martensitic state [i.e. below As (reverse
transformation start temperature)], and then the TiNi
wires are heated to a temperature above Af (reverse
transformation nish temperature) after the fabrication,
so that TiNi wires shrink (in virtue of the shape memory
eect [9]) and to provide compressive stress to the surrounding CFRP. The fabrication temperature, which is
called the curing temperature, is usually either 130 or
0966-9795/02/$ - see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S0966-9795(02)00011-0
362
2. Experimental procedure
TiNi alloys used were prepared by melting in a highfrequency vacuum induction furnace. The compositions
of the alloys used were Ti49.5 at.% Ni, Ti50 at.% Ni
and Ti50.5 at.% Ni. The ingots were swaged and then
drawn to wire specimens with a diameter of 0.4 mm at
room temperature. The nal reduction of cold working
after an intermediate annealing were 20 and 35%
reduction in cross-sectional area (these will be abbreviated hereafter as CW20% and CW35%, respectively).
Then the surface oxide of the wires was removed by a
solution of 3%HF+15%HNO3+82%H2O (in vol.%).
The transformation temperatures of the specimens with
dierent reduction of cold drawing were measured by
dierential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (MAC 3100S).
All DSC measurements started by heating from a temperature below 0 C, and the heating and cooling rate
was 10 C/min. The highest temperature was set to
300 C for the rst heating, and no holding time was set
at this temperature. The shape memory eect and
mechanical properties were measured using an Instrontype tensile machine (Shimadzu Autograph AG-10TC
type). The wires were heated by electrical current
directly or by immersing them in a silicon oil bath. The
temperature was measured by a thermocouple attached
on the surface of TiNi wires. The recovery stress was
measured during heating and cooling in a constrained
state (i.e. without moving the crosshead of the tensile
machine). A data acquisition system by computer was
used to record the stress, strain and temperature values.
The CFRP prepreg used in the present study is
T700S/2500 (TORAY, prepreg thickness: 0.125 mm).
The TiNi wires were laid with the same direction with
those of carbon bers in the prepreg, and unidirectional
TiNi/CFRP hybrid composites were fabricated by hot
pressing at 130 C for 2 h with a pressure of 0.3 MPa.
The microstructure of TiNi/CFRP composite was
examined by SEM. The shrinking eect of embedded
TiNi wires was examined by measuring surface displacement of the hybrid composite by a strain gauge
during heating the embedded TiNi wires by electrical
current.
363
364
Table 1
Reverse transformation temperatures of TiNi alloys with cold drawing
rates of 20 and 35%
CW20%
As
Af
CW35%
As
Af ( C) As
Af
As* Af*
As* and Af* represent the reverse transformation temperatures measured in the second heating cycle for the same specimen.
365
Fig. 7. The change in recovery stress as a function of surface temperature during constrained heating cycles for a Ti50 at.% Ni wire
with CW35%.
366
Fig. 11. DSC curves of Ti50 at.% Ni wire with CW35% after
annealing at 130 C for 2 h.
Fig. 12. Changes in surface temperature (a) and in recovery stress (b)
during heating by various currents for a Ti50 at.% Ni wire with
CW35% after annealing at 130 C for 2 h.
367
368
4. Conclusions
wires into host CFRP prepregs, followed by cure processing by hot-pressing at 130 C. Fig. 13(a) shows the
cross section of a TiNi/CFRP hybrid composite
observed by SEM. Fig. 13(b) shows the cross section at
a higher magnication. Neither obvious pore nor void
were observed. Fig. 14 shows the microstructures of the
interfaces among TiNi wires, carbon bers and epoxy
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere appreciation to
Professor N. Takeda of the University of Tokyo for
allowing them to use hot-pressing equipment in his
laboratory, and to Dr. J. Park for his kind assistance in
the use of the equipment. The authors also appreciate
Dr. N. Toyama and Dr. T. Okabe of AIST for critical
reading of the manuscript and helpful discussions on
CFRP composite. One of the authors (K.O.) appreciates
the support of R&D Institute of Metals and Composites
for Future Industries (RIMCOF). This work was supported by New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.
369
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