Civil Engineering Design Criteria

THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
CIVIL/ARCHITECTURAL
ENGINEERING CRITERIA
K2Z-0001-01
1-MAR-2004
Page 1 of 32
CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
GENERAL
SCOPE
ASSUMPTIONS FOR WRITING CRITERIA
2.
DEFINITIONS
3.
CODES, RELATED DOW MANUALS, AND RELATED DESIGN

ENGINEERING STANDARDS
3.1
3.2
4.
CODES AND REGULATIONS

RELATED DOW MANUALS AND GUIDELINES
DESIGN LOADS
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
GENERAL
DESIGN LOAD CONDITIONS
DEAD LOADS
LIVE LOADS
WIND LOADS
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
BLAST LOADS
LOADS FROM VIBRATIONS
LOADS DUE TO PULLING TUBE BUNDLES OR EXTRUDER
SCREWS
UPSET LOAD
FALL RESTRAINT FORCES
5.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE EXPANSIONS
6.
CLEARANCES AND HEADROOM
7.
FOUNDATIONS
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
GENERAL
FOUNDATIONS ON SPREAD FOOTINGS OR MATS
FOUNDATIONS ON PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS
TANK FOUNDATIONS
FOUNDATIONS FOR HORIZONTAL VESSELS
FOUNDATIONS FOR TRANSFORMERS
DOW RESTRICTED - For internal use only

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8. CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
GENERAL
REINFORCING STEEL COVER
ANCHOR BOLTS
CONCRETE PAVING
DIKE WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
9. STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
BEAM LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS
STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS
DEFLECTIONS
FLOOR GRATING AND FLOOR PLATE
TORSION FOR STEEL BEAMS
ELEVATED CONCRETE FLOORS
CABLE TRAY SUPPORT
FABRICATION AND ERECTION DOCUMENTS
10. BUILDINGS
10.1 GENERAL
10.2 EGRESS
10.3 DOORS
10.4 CEILING HEIGHT
10.5 SEWER AND DRAIN SYSTEMS
10.6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
10.8 HVAC
10.9 WAREHOUSE BUILDINGS
10.10 RAMPS
10.11 LABORATORIES
10.12 MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS, MEDIUM
VOLTAGE STARTERS AND ELECTRICAL
ROOMS
11. ROADS
11.1
11.2
LAYOUT
ROAD BASE AND SURFACE

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12. DRAINAGE AND SPILL CONTAINMENT

12.1
12.2
12.3
GENERAL
DESIGN FLOWS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
DESIGN VOLUMES - CLOSED OR CONTROLLED DISCHARGE SYSTEM
13. FIRE PROTECTION CRITERIA

13.1
13.2
GENERAL
PIPERACKS AND PROCESS STRUCTURES

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1.
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INTRODUCTION
1.1
GENERAL
1.1.1 This book contains the minimum design criteria to be

applied for civil engineering.
1.1.2 The objective of these criteria is to provide a basis
for commonality in civil engineering design within Dow.
1.1.3 These criteria are minimum requirements and should be
adhered to except in cases where laws (regulations, building
codes, etc.) are more stringent. They should lead to safe
but not over design.
1.1.4 The contents of this book answer the questions WHAT
design engineering criteria are to be applied and for WHICH
application.
1.1.5 The Civil Engineering Design Criteria makes reference
to documents such as Standard Details, Guidelines and Design
Aids.
1.2
SCOPE
1.2.1 Dow covers a wide spectrum of diverse locations and

types of manufacturing facilities.
1.2.2 To cover this diversity of requirements, the design
criteria will vary relative to:
-
1.3
Type of site and plant

Geographic location
Local legal and code requirements
ASSUMPTIONS FOR WRITING CRITERIA
1.3.1 Engineering and design is carried out by professional

and experienced people.
1.3.2 There is an adequate quality control system in
workshops and on construction sites.

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Construction work is carried out by skilled people.
1.3.4 Structures will get appropriate maintenance during

their lifetime.
1.3.5
for.
Structures will only be used for loads as designed
1.3.6 Where units are quoted in both Imperial and SI units,

the conversion is "soft", in order to maintain rational,
easy-to-use numbers.
2.
3.
DEFINITIONS
O.S.B.L.
(OutSide Battery Limits) are the

facilities related to the Site which
fall outside the ownership of the
production plants i.e. Utilities,
site roads, main sewers, electrical
distribution systems, site cooling
systems, other.
I.S.B.L.
(InSide Battery Limits) are the

facilities related to a specific
plant and falling under the
ownership of the plant.
SITE VARIATIONS
The site variation or deviation

from the basic Design
Engineering Criteria related to
a specific requirement for a
particular site or plant. These
normally relate to the
geographical location of the
plant, or to the national or
local codes and regulations, or
to special requirements defined
by site Management.
CODES, RELATED DOW MANUALS AND RELATED DESIGN ENGINEERING

STANDARDS
3.1
CODES AND REGULATIONS.
3.1.1 The Civil Design Engineering Criteria are to be used

in conjunction with the local Codes and Regulations. The
applicable Codes can be found in the Civil Job Instructions.

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3.2
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RELATED DOW MANUALS AND GUIDELINES.
3.2.1 These Criteria take into account complete Loss

Prevention Principals, and Dow's Safety, Environmental and
Maintenance policies.
4.
DESIGN LOADS
4.1
GENERAL
4.1.1 The loads given here are the minimum. Codes and
regulations may require more stringent loading.
4.2
DESIGN LOAD CONDITIONS
4.2.1 The exact composition of dead and live loads will

vary under different loading conditions in order to arrive
at the most credible severe effect on the structure. The
magnitude of dead load (D), live load (L), wind load (W),
and earthquake load (Q) will vary depending upon the
condition. Apply Load Factors, Allowable Stress Increases,
and Probability Factors to Load Combinations as defined in
Local Codes.
4.2.2 Design buildings, process structures, vessels and
their foundations to resist the following loading
conditions:
4.2.3
Erection/Construction
Dead load (D) - erection weight of
equipment and modules
Live load (L) - Apply construction loads
for roofs and floors such as stacks of
construction materials, ponding of
concrete, etc.

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Wind load (W) - See site variations for

wind loads during the erection time period
and while lifting heavy equipment. Do not
apply stress increase factors for this
condition.
4.2.4
Test Conditions
Dead load (D) - dressed weight of equipment
Test Load (T) - use 100% of weight of water,
but increase the allowable stresses by 33% since
this is a temporary condition like wind or
earthquake. For ultimate strength design use a
load factor of 1.3.
4.2.5
Operating
Dead load (D)
-
weight of structure or building,

including uniform dead load (UDL)
allowances (see 4.2)
equipment weight, including contents,
as follows:
Vertical Vessels - Weight of vessel, including re-boilers,
internals, attachments, insulation,
and catalyst
- Normal operating weight of vessel and
re-boiler contents
Horizontal Vessels - Weight of vessel, including internals,
insulation, and attachments
- Weight of the greatest possible charge
of operating medium
Storage Vessels - Weight of vessel, including internals,
insulation, and attachments
- Weight of full contents

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Live load (L)

-
Uniform Live Load (ULL) allowances

snow & rain
Wind (W) or earthquake (Q) - See Site

Variations
4.2.6
Shutdown
Dead load (D)
-
weight of structure or building,

including allowances
dressed weight of equipment and vessel
weight of full contents for storage
vessels
Live load (L)

-
ULL allowances
snow & rain
Wind (W) or earthquake (Q) - See Site

Variations
4.3
DEAD LOADS
4.3.1 Unless otherwise defined or calculated, use the

following Uniformly Distributed Dead Loads (UDL) in addition
to the self-weight of the structure:
Loading
kN/M2 (psf)
----------------- On process structure
/warehouse floors &
roof where applicable to cover weight
of small piping,
and other
miscellaneous
permanent loads
0.5
(10)

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Loading
kN/M2 (psf)
-----------------
- On compressor
building operating
floors to cover
piping and misc.
loads
- On floors in office
buildings to cover
movable or future
partitions
- On roof members of
offices,laboratories
control rooms,
storage warehouses
to cover lighting
fixtures, suspended
ceiling, air conditioning ducting and
small piping loads
- On roof members or
elevated floors of
control and switchgear bldgs in designated areas to
account for cable
trays and cable dead
loads.
4.4
1.5
(30)
1.0
(20)
0.25
(5)
1.0
(20)
LIVE LOADS
4.4.1 Unless otherwise defined or calculated, use the

following Uniform Distributed Live Loads (ULL) on floors in:
- Offices
- Control rooms,change
rooms, and
laboratories
Loading
kN/m2 (psf)
----------------2.4
(50)
3.6
(75)

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Loading
kN/m2 (psf)
-----------------
- DCS rooms, not

including cables
7.2
(150)
- Compressor buildings
4.5
(90)
- Mechanical equipment
areas
6.25
(130)
- Electrical equipment
battery rooms
6.25
(130)
- Operating floors in
process structures
(Note 1)
- Accessible roofs
- Pitched roofs
4.5
(90)
2.0
0.8
(40)
(15)
1.5
(30)
4.8
(100)
2.0
(40)
- Walkways, platforms
(4' wide or less).
Does not apply to
major escape routes.
(Note 2)
Stairs
(Note 3)
- For pipeways
supporting cable
tray or pipes use
the actual
distribution of
trays loaded to
their rated capacity
and pipes filled
with water or
process fluid. If
unknown use this
load per layer of
cable tray or pipe.
See Notes 4, 5.

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NOTES:
1. For operating floors in multi-story process
structures, a 50% reduction may be applied to
uniform live loads for the design of columns and
foundations. No deduction
is allowed for the roof, except for storage warehouses
where applicable code prescribed live load reduction
shall be used.
2.
Or 1.5 kN (300 lb.) concentrated load
3.
Or 4.5 kN (1000 lb.) concentrated load
4.
The load allowance for piperacks is defined as a Live

Load in order to get consistency. It is not intended
that this allowance be broken down into Dead Load and
Live Load components for normal loading conditions.
The allowance is based on 8" diameter steel pipes full
of water, and spaced at 400 mm (16") centre-to-centre.
Apply a concentrated load for pipes which are larger
than 12" diameter or larger. Check the design against
actual loads when known, and revise as required.
5.
In the case of uplift only, where exact calculation

of the structure weight is not practical, a
reasonable approximation of the Dead Load is 50% of
the distributed load allowance. This number may be
used without further reduction when combined with
wind load for D + W.
4.4.2
Standard Concentrated Load on Beams
4.4.2.1 This is intended to cover the load resulting from

occasional lifting or maintenance activity.
4.4.2.2 Apply this load to above-grade beams in process
structures, acting at midspan. Deflection from this
concentrated load should not be used for sizing the beam.
Do not apply this load to beams in piperacks. This load is
not cumulative with other loads.
Loading
kN
(KIPS)
-------------------Standard concentrated
15
(3.0)
load

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Roads and Bridges
4.4.3.1 Design OSBL and ISBL roads for a minimum axle

load of 150kN (32k). See Site Variations for other load
requirements.
4.4.4
Snow, Ice and Rain Loads

- See Site Variations.
- Do not apply snow load or ice load on open
gratings.
4.5
WIND LOADS
4.5.1
General
4.5.1.1 Design pressure shall be applied as defined by

local codes or site variations.
4.5.1.2
Account for height, gust, shape, and terrain.
4.5.1.3 A special analysis should be made for flexible

structures. These are structures with height to width
ratios greater than 5 or a fundamental natural frequency
less than 1 Hz. This would include tall towers. Use a
recognized rational method.
4.5.2
Pressure Versus Shape - Shape Coefficients, "Cf".

Certain structures, due to their shape, can
be designed for more or less than the
effective wind pressure. Use the following
shape factors as multipliers:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Type of Structure
"Cf" Factor
-----------------------------------
Open Frame Structures:

use a factor based on the
Solidity Ratio Chart
See FIGURE 1
This Document

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Type of Structure
"Cf" Factor
-----------------------------------
Cylindrical and Spherical

Storage Tanks having a
height/diameter ratio of
less than 1 and smooth
surfaces:
-
4.5.3
0.5
Cylindrical columns having a

height/diameter ratio of 7:
0.6
Cylindrical Columns having a

height/diameter ratio of more
than 25:
0.7
Values for height/diameter

ratios for cylindrical columns
between 1 and 25 may be interpolated.
Roofs for storage tanks
Structural shapes
2.0
Pipe
0.7
Platforms on columns:
1.6
Pipeways:
(Factors based on individual
pipes and structural members
can be used instead.)
1.0
Treat cable trays the same as pipeways
Buildings:
-1.0
Use applicable codes.
Application of Wind Loads

Assume that the wind is coming
from any direction, applied in one
principal direction at a time.

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Open Frame Structures

Apply the wind load as a horizontal
concentrated load at each floor level. The
concentrated load equals the effective wind
pressure times the gross projected area of
the structure times the shape factor.
Towers and Tanks

Apply the wind load as a uniformly
distributed load. The uniform distributed
load in each height zone is equal to the
effective wind pressure times the effective
diameter of the vessel times the shape
factor. The effective diameter is equal to
the diameter of the vessel; plus
insulation; plus a minimum of 300 mm (12")
to cover ladders and small vertical piping;
Add the projected area for pipes greater
than 300 mm (12") diameter if applicable.
Note that the Cf factor for tank roofs is

negative, implying uplift.
Platforms on Process Columns

Apply the wind load as a concentrated load
at each platform level. The concentrated
load is equal to the effective wind pressure
times the area of exposed members and elements
projected on a plan normal to wind direction
times the shape factor. See FIGURE 2 this
document.
Pipeways
Apply the effective wind pressure to the full
length of the pipeway and to each tier of
pipe. Use a height of 1 m (3') for each tier
over 3.6 m (12') wide and a height of 600 mm
(2') for each tier less than 3.6 m (12')
wide.
Treat longitudinal beams over 300 mm (12")
deep separately. Apply a shape factor of 2.0.

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Treat piperacks wider than 6 m (20') as an
open structure above the lowest tier. Use
appropriate factors for Solidity Ratio from
FIGURE 1 this document.
4.6
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
4.6.1 Apply Seismic Design Criteria as per applicable

codes. See site variations for seismic design requirements.
4.7
BLAST LOADS
4.7.1 Refer to Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in

Petrochemical Facilities published by American Society of
Civil Engineers.
4.8
LOADS FROM VIBRATIONS
4.8.1 These are the loads resulting from rotating

equipment, vibration and resonance. Apply these loads when
designing structures, compressor foundations, etc. See
Guidelines For Structures Supporting Vibrating Machines
G2D-1090-10.
4.9
LOADS DUE TO PULLING TUBE BUNDLES OR EXTRUDER SCREWS
4.9.1 Use a pulling force equal to the weight of the tube

bundle applied at centerline of bundle. For pulling of
extruder screws, use the manufacturer's recommendations, or
30% of the weight of the extruder as a minimum. However, the
force required to remove an extruder screw can vary
depending on the chemical process being used (i.e.
polyethylene polymers adhere to the barrel and screw).
Therefore, it is IMPORTANT to contact the maintenance
personnel associated with the chemical process being used to
determine if special conditions apply.
4.10
UPSET LOAD
4.10.1 Upset load is the

operating load that could
be considered the same as
stresses or decrease load
4.11
load in addition to the normal

occur due to operations and should
wind load to increase allowable
factors.
FALL RESTRAINT FORCES
4.11.1 See Fall Restraint Anchorage Design Guidelines

G2D-5535-00.

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CABLE TRAY SUPPORTS
4.12.1 Provide cable tray supports at locations described in

G7C-0324-06.
5.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE EXPANSIONS

5.1 Apply and document the following allowances for expansion
which would be expensive to implement at a later date, but can
be added to the job at a small cost in the initial design and
construction of the plant:
-
For pipeways, allow for 1 extra tier.

For warehouses and similar buildings, design the
end frame as an intermediate frame to facilitate
expansions.
Planned expansions.
Where appropriate, design for the future addition of
equipment for multi-product and pilot plants.
5.2 For projects with aggressive schedules or with black box

areas, use appropriate conservative estimated loads to
eliminate costly redesign and field modifications.
6.
CLEARANCES HEADROOM AND ELEVATIONS

6.1 For clearances and headroom under pipes and pipe bridges
and for roadways and railroads see G2D-2001-01.
7.
FOUNDATIONS
7.1
GENERAL
7.1.1 Design using either proven available soil data or a

job specific soil investigation.
7.2
FOUNDATIONS ON SPREAD FOOTINGS OR MATS
7.2.1
General Design

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7.2.1.1 Extend foundations past the frost level, with the

exception of minor foundations, e.g. stair pads, minor
pipe supports, and sleepers. For frost depth see Site
Variations. Avoid ladder and stair pads unless located in
unpaved area.
7.2.2
Stability
7.2.2.1
The following influences shall be checked:

Uplift.
-
The minimum safety factor against uplift

from buoyancy is 1.1.
Assume the highest credible groundwater
level.
Overturning.
-
The minimum safety factor against

overturning is 1.5.
Sliding.
-
7.2.3
The minimum safety factor against

sliding is 1.5.
Safety Factors
7.2.3.1 The selection of adequate safety factors for soil

is dependent on the extent of the soils investigation,
knowledge of local soils, and history of foundation
performance in the area.
7.2.3.2 Use a minimum safety factor of 3 on ultimate
capacity for sustained loads (D) to prevent significant
(greater than 15 mm or 1/2") settlement. A factor of 2.5
may be suitable if based on local experience.
7.2.3.3 Use a minimum safety factor of 2 on total load to
prevent a shear failure.
7.2.3.4 Use a minimum safety factor of 2 for wind (W) or
other short term loads (less than 24 hours) when acting
alone or combined with other loads.
7.3
FOUNDATIONS ON PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS

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General Design
7.3.1.1 Design piles by any recognized published method

to calculate skin friction and end bearing.
7.3.2
Uplift
7.3.2.1
7.3.3
Safety Factors
7.3.3.1
7.4
Resist uplift by skin friction and weight.
Use the same safety factors as spread footings.
TANK FOUNDATIONS
7.4.1 Tank Foundation design is very much dependent on

local soil conditions and acceptable settlement for a
particular application and use. Proven past designs and
settlement data for different sites, where available, are of
great value as a design reference.
7.5
FOUNDATIONS FOR HORIZONTAL VESSELS
7.5.1 The normal assumption from Process Containment

Equipment is that a special slide plate is not required. The
vessel and foundation should be designed for the friction
forces resulting from steel/concrete under service loads
without additional consideration for bond between the grout
and baseplate. Normal friction factor is 0.3.
7.5.2 Special slide plate assemblies will only be specified
by Process Containment Equipment when vessel conditions
match their defined criteria. Increase the foundation
stiffness or consider asking Process Containment Equipment
to provide slide plates if the foundation has excessive
deflection under friction loads:
7.5.3 Cementitious grout should be used, and installation
should be according to G2G-3050-11. Nuts for anchor bolts on
"sliding end" are to be installed according to Process
Containment Equipment installation specifications.

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7.5.4 Design anchor bolts for shear equal to 0.3 X (vessel
weight).
7.6
FOUNDATIONS FOR TRANSFORMERS

7.5.1 TRANSFORMER FOUNDATIONS AND ACCOMPANYING OIL SEPARATOR
SUMP SHALL BE DESIGNED ACCORDING TO CORPORATE LPP 3.7,
G7C-09119-00, G7C-0911-01, AND G7C-0911-02.
8.
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
8.1
GENERAL
8.1.1 Concrete for all structural, environmental and

miscellaneous applications shall be Type S Concrete.
uses for Type S include, but are not limited to:
8.2
Typical
above-ground structures
foundation mats
pavements in process areas
pedestals on foundation mats and process area pavements
general plant roadways & pavements in non-process areas
spread footings
pedestals on spread footings
slabs in buildings
trenches
sumps
REINFORCING STEEL COVER
8.2.1 The following minimum concrete cover to all reinforcement

shall be used, unless otherwise shown on design drawings:
Formed concrete in contact
with the ground
Concrete exposed to weather
Liquid retaining structures
Marine exposure
Inside Buildings:
a) Slabs, walls
30 mm
b) Beams, columns
40 mm
8.3
75
50
75
75
mm
mm
mm
mm
ANCHOR BOLTS
8.3.1 Use hot dip galvanized machine bolts or hot dip

galvanized threaded rods with a nut at the bottom for

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anchor bolts.
8.3.2 The minimum diameter of anchor bolts is 20 mm (3/4")
for structural steel.
8.3.3
See Design Aid - Anchor Bolts, G2D-3070-01.

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CONCRETE PAVING
8.4.1 Paving in non process areas shall be designed

according to the expected vehicular traffic loads. For
detail guidelines relating to concrete paving in process
areas, refer to Spill Containment Guidelines G2D-K100-00.
8.5
DIKE WALLS
8.5.1 Walls up to 4 feet (1.2 m) height to be a minimum of 6

inches (150 mm)thick with a single layer reinforcement: Taller
walls shall be designed for full hydrostatic pressure and shall
have two layers of reinforcement, with a minimum thickness of 10
inches (250 mm).
8.6
RETAINING WALLS
8.6.1 Use the neutral (at rest) earth pressure to calculate

the horizontal force on earth-retaining walls where movement
required to develop active pressure is not allowed.
9.
STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE STRUCTURES

9.1
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
9.1.1 Use four (4) bolt base plate connections except where
it is not desirable or possible to transfer moments to the
foundations.
9.1.2 The decision to use either moment connected or braced
frames should be on a case by case basis. Where there are
major piping corridors, or where access is required for
equipment installation or maintenance, moment connections
would be preferred. Where the structure supports vibrating
equipment, such as fin-fan exchangers, compressors, etc,
bracing is preferred. For additional information, see
Guideline for Structures Supporting Vibrating Machines,
G2D-1090-10 and Guideline for Bracing in Structures,
G2D-5001-25.
9.1.3 Modular construction techniques are preferred for
erection of structures.
9.1.4 Provide drain holes for draining rain water in all beams
and columns at locations were rainwater could be collected in
the structural elements.
E.G. shapes with flanges positioned vertical.

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BEAM LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS
9.2.1 Adequate lateral support of beams, according to most

texts, is somewhat a matter of judgement.
9.2.2 Steel floor plate and grating that is welded to all
of the supporting beams, and positively attached metal
decking and concrete slabs, may provide lateral support for
support beams where attached to do so.
9.2.3 Grating or decking may provide lateral support for
its supporting beams when it provides a uniform lateral
resistance of 5% of the force in the compression (top)
flange. Grating may provide this resistance by friction
when a floor bay is loaded uniformly. However, the beam
must be checked for the standard concentrated load of 15 kN
(3000 pounds) without considering lateral support by the
grating.
9.2.4 Bracing members assumed to provide lateral
the compression flange of beams and girders or to
compression chord of trusses shall be designed to
force equal to 1% of the force in the compression
chord at the point of support.
9.3
support to
the
resist a
flange or
STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS
9.3.1 Moment connections, special, or unusual connections

should be designed and detailed by the EPC rather than left to
the fabricator.
9.3.2 For diagonal beams (i.e. skewed connections), use end
plate connections or some other type of connection that will
prevent torsion in the beams.
9.3.3 Design beam connections for the reactions from the
larger of the design load or the maximum allowable uniform
beam load.
9.3.4 Design the connections at the ends of tension or
compression members for the maximum of the design load or
50% of the tensile or full compression capacity of the
section.
9.3.5 Minimum bolt diameter for structural connections is
20 mm (3/4") unless specifically noted otherwise. Use a
minimum of two bolts per connection.

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DEFLECTIONS
9.4.1 For determining deflections, use the actual total

loads, forces or moments without load factors or reductions.
Exclude the 15kN (3000) pound concentrated load. Calculate
deflections for the most critical load combinations.
9.4.2
The following are maximum recommended values:
Steel roof beams and purlins ---------------------- L/200

Steel beams in piperacks and process structures --- L/300
Steel bridge crane runways ------------------------ L/600
Steel monorail beams ------------------------------ L/450
Steel cantilever crane beams --------------------- L/225
[Note: Includes deflection of supporting system]
Sidesway due to sustained loads ------------------
H/200
Sidesway due to wind for steel structures
H/150
-------
Sidesway due to wind for concrete structures - See Local

Codes
Concrete beams
- See Local Codes
Elements supporting masonry ------------------------L/600

9.4.3 Design beams supporting weigh cells so that all load
cell support points deflect the same (within load cell
tolerance).
9.5
FLOOR GRATING AND FLOOR PLATE
9.5.1 For pedestrian comfort, deflection should not exceed

6 mm (1/4") under a uniform load of 4.5 kN/sq.m (90 psf).
9.6
TORSION FOR STEEL BEAMS
9.6.1 Avoid torsion in beams where possible by using a

framing arrangement that will prevent it.

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ELEVATED CONCRETE FLOORS
9.7.1 Anchor precast and cast in place concrete floors to

supporting steel beams.
9.8
CABLE TRAY SUPPORT
9.8.1 See G7C-0321-01 section 4., G7C-0324-05, and

G7C-0324-06 for cable tray support requirements.
9.9
FABRICATION AND ERECTION DOCUMENTS
9.9.1 Fabrication and erection documents from structural

steel fabricators shall be reviewed and approved by the
EPC engineer of record.
10. BUILDINGS
10.1
GENERAL
10.1.1 Design buildings to meet the minimum requirements of

Section 12 of the Corporate Loss Prevention Principles and the
Local Building Codes. See also G2D-D120-10, G2D-D120-11, G2D-D120-12
and G2D-D120-13, for additional building criteria.
10.1.2 See Site Variations for requirements related to

local Codes.
10.1.3 Walls separating conference rooms, locker, change
and toilet rooms, and certain offices from the rest of the
building should extend to and seal against the deck above,
and be insulated with a sound attenuating insulation.
10.2
EGRESS
10.2.1 The requirements for egress are generally covered in

the local codes and regulations.
10.3
DOORS
10.3.1 The nominal minimum size for personnel access doors

is 910 mm x 2130 mm (3' x 7').

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CEILING HEIGHT
10.4.1 The nominal minimum ceiling height is 2440 mm (8')

in office areas and 3050 mm (10') in Control Rooms. Set
actual ceiling height to account for standard length of wall
studs.
10.5
SEWER AND DRAIN SYSTEMS
10.5.1 Design sewer and drain systems according to Loss

Prevention Principals Section 2.4, and G2D-2700-00 Drainage
Design Aid.
10.6
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
10.6.1 Use Dow construction products where available and

applicable.
10.6.2 Use laminated safety glass for all windows in
buildings. See local Codes for requirements related to
windows where fire resistance ratings are required.
10.6.3 Use fire resistive or non-combustible construction
for process buildings.
10.6.4 Notwithstanding the requirements of local Codes,
construct interior walls with the following minimum fire
resistance ratings:
-
Separating flammable process from

occupied building or warehouse areas
- 2 hours
Separating MCC or DCS rooms from rest

of building
- 2 hours
Separating Control Room from rest of

building
- 1 hour

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HVAC
10.8.1 In general, HVAC design should provide for separate

temperature control zones between conference rooms and
offices.
10.8.2 Provide for separate air flow and temperature zones
between change, locker and toilet rooms, and the remainder
of the building.
10.8.3 Zones around the perimeter of the building should
not be mixed with interior zones, or at least be separate
temperature control zones.
10.8.4 For office buildings use the space above the ceiling as
a return air plenum. Specific code requirements exist with
respect to certain wiring and cables in this air space.
10.8.5 Do not locate air handlers or other HVAC equipment
requiring periodic service, in the space above the ceiling.
10.8.6 In order to minimize roof leaks and improve access
for maintenance, do not locate HVAC or other equipment on
the building roof.
10.9
WAREHOUSE BUILDINGS
10.9.1
12.4.
See Corporate Loss Prevention Principals Section
10.9.2 For dockboard height at road and railroad entrances

see design aid G2D-2001-10.
10.9.3 Minimum truck door openings at dockboards is 2600 mm
x 2600 mm (8' x 8').
10.10 RAMPS
10.10.1 Set slope of pallet truck ramps based on the
specific trucks that will be used. In the absence of
detailed information, see G2D-2001-10

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10.11 LABORATORIES
10.11.1
12.5.
10.11.2
Lab HVAC Systems
10.11.2.1 The HVAC system for a lab should be separated

from the rest of the building. Generally, do not return
air from a lab to the common building system.
10.11.2.2 The lab room should be at slightly negative
pressure as compared to the rest of the building.
10.11.2.3 Labs with hoods require special care when
designing HVAC systems.
10.12
MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS, MEDIUM VOLTAGE STARTERS,

AND ELECTRICAL ROOMS
10.12.1
3.5.
10.12.2 Use only metal doors for starter rooms. Install

panic hardware on all doors, without locks. Use double
doors sized to allow equipment installation and removal.
The recommended minimum size of double door is 1800 mm x
2130 mm high (6' x 7') with a 610 mm (2') high removable
transom on top.
10.12.3 Install a surface sealer on unfinished concrete
floors to prevent dusting.
10.12.4 Floors in MCC rooms require special consideration
with respect to levelness.
10.12.5 Attention should be given to roof deck loads in
rooms with cable trays. Special attention should be given
to overlapping trays, i.e., two or three levels of tray that
are supported from the same point.

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11. ROADS
11.1
LAYOUT
11.1.1 The minimum inside radius for pavement at

intersections of OSBL roads is 9 m (30').
11.1.2 The minimum inside radius for pavement at
intersections of ISBL roads is 6 m (20'). Slope crown
2% for paved roads.
11.2
ROAD BASE AND SURFACE
11.2.1
See the specification for Asphalt Pavement for design of

road base and type of surface.
12. DRAINAGE AND SPILL CONTAINMENT

12.1
GENERAL
12.1.1 Rainfall run-off and design flows may be calculated

using the Rational Method or any other recognized design
method. See ETS G2D-2700-00 Drainage Design Aid for a detailed
description of drainage system design.
12.2
DESIGN FLOWS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
12.2.1 For drainage areas less than 160 ha (400 acres),

peak runoff shall be calculated using the Rational Method.
Use a storm duration equal to the time of concentration for
the catchment area in question. Determine the rainfall
intensity from local Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves.
12.2.2 Design flow for all drainage systems shall be the
greater of:
- normal process flow plus 10-year return storm; or
- discharge from fire protection systems.
12.2.3 Construct critical facilities above the water
elevation that would result from a 100-year return
storm.
12.2.4 Unless otherwise specified in the project criteria,
use the following for discharge from fire protection
systems:

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- fire hose discharge = 45 liters/sec (750 usgpm)

per hydrant or 80 liters/sec (1250 usgpm) per
fire truck. See LPP Chapter 4.
- fixed water spray = 90 liters/sec (1500 usgpm)
per 220 sq. m (2400 sq. ft.) for each system.
12.3
DESIGN VOLUME - CLOSED OR CONTROLLED DISCHARGE SYSTEM
12.3.1 Runoff from process areas shall be collected in a remote

impoundment. Storage volume, without overflow or flooding, shall
be the greater of:
- 25-year return storm, 24 hour duration; or
- 45 minutes of fire water discharge.
12.3.2 Total storage, including impoundments, conveyances,
paved areas and roadways should be such that critical
facilities are still operable in the design scenario. All
such facilities shall be constructed above the level of water
which would result from a 100-year return storm with a
duration equal to the greater of 24 hours or the length of
time required to pump out the facility.
12.3.3 Design diked areas for the volume defined in
LPP 7.5.

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13. FIRE PROTECTION CRITERIA

13.1
GENERAL
13.1.1 Specific fire protection criteria required for the

individual projects should be defined in the project
instructions.
13.2
PIPERACKS AND PROCESS STRUCTURES
13.2.1 Different methods can be applied depending on local

economics.
These include
- precast concrete;
- steel with troweled or spray applied fireproofing; or
- steel with concrete cover
Thickness and type of protective material will depend
upon the required fire resistance rating.

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Civil Engineering Design Criteria

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