Académique Documents
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Foundations
Civil/Structural Engineering Guideline
EG-1904
Document No.
Rev.
Date
19 Jan 00
17 Apr 09
Description
Initial Issue
General Revision
By
D. Mueller
AS, DS, KF
Approved
D. Mueller
D. Mueller
This document is the sole and exclusive property of Mustang, including all patented and patentable features and/or
confidential information contained herein. Its use is conditioned upon the user's agreement not to: (i) reproduce the
document, in whole or in part, nor the material described thereon; (ii) use the document for any purpose other than as
specifically permitted in writing by Mustang; or (iii) disclose or otherwise disseminate or allow any such disclosure or
dissemination of this document or its contents to others except as specifically permitted in writing by Mustang. "Mustang" as
used herein refers to Mustang Engineering Holdings, Inc. and its affiliates.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0
SCOPE / OVERVIEW................................................................................................................. 4
2.0
DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................. 4
2.1
2.2
3.0
Clarification of Terms
Abbreviations and Acronyms
4.0
5.0
DESIGN DATA........................................................................................................................... 4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
6.0
7.0
SLIDE PLATES........................................................................................................................ 12
7.1
7.2
Materials
Sizing
8.0
ANCHOR BOLTS..................................................................................................................... 14
9.0
10.0
11.0
Sizing
Reinforcing
Sizing
Reinforcing
Sizing
Stability Ratio
Soil Bearing or Pile Reactions
Reinforcing and Stresses
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APPENDICES...................................................................................................................................... 19
Appendix 1: Sample Design Sketch ....................................................................................... 19
Appendix 2: Exchanger Estimating Charts ............................................................................. 20
Appendix 3: Biaxial Soil Bearing Pressure Chart ....................................................................... 25
Appendix 4: Stacked Exchangers Foundation Design Example ............................................. 26
Appendix 5: Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Example .................................................. 45
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1.0
EG-1904
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Rev.
SCOPE / OVERVIEW
This guide is for use in the design and analysis of foundations for horizontal vessels and
exchangers. The design engineer may use proprietary software such as Foundation3D or
Mat3D for foundation design, once the loads on the vessel are calculated in accordance with
this guideline.
This guideline should be used in conjunction with engineering guidelines EG-1010, C/S Process
Plant Design Philosophy and EG-1900, Civil Structural Engineering.
2.0
DEFINITIONS
2.1
Clarification of Terms
As noted in the body of this guidline.
2.2
3.0
3.2
5.0
ACI
ASCE
IBC
4.0
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6.0
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CHANNEL
END
SINGLE
EXCHANGER
STACKED
EXCHANGERS
FIGURE 1 EXCHANGERS
TUBE
BUNDLE
FIGURE 2 TUBE BUNDLE
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6.2
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6.2.2
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6.3
6.4
6.5
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When the thermal load required to deflect the piers by one half the amount of total
temperature expansion between the piers is smaller than the friction load, it shall govern.
Engineering judgment should be applied when using this equation for pedestals which
extend significantly below grade as the soil will form a passive wedge and paving around
the pedestal may significantly shorten the assumed length.
= CeD(T - 70F)
Fd =
3EI 1
L3
2
Where:
= Total expansion between piers, (in)
Ce = Coefficient of thermal expansion, (7.8 x 10-5 in/ft/F for mild steel
and 1.18 x 10-4 in/ft/F for stainless steel)
D
= 57000
I=
bt 3
, Moment of Inertia, (in4)
12
b = wall pier width (in), t = wall pier thickness (in)
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It may be necessary to include loads on the foundation from required piping supports or
platforms. These loads will cause eccentricities which must be evaluated.
6.7
Load Combinations
6.7.1 Strength Design Load Combinations
The following strength design load combinations and associated load
factors shall apply for concrete design, unless Project Design Criteria dictate
otherwise.
Load Combination
Operating
Operating + Live
Empty + Wind
Empty + Seismic
Test
1.4(Dt+ Ds)
Where,
Ds = Dead Load of Structure (weight of the foundation and soil above the
foundation resisting uplift)
SDS = Design Earthquake Spectral Response Acceleration for short periods.
Per ASCE 7, it may be taken as zero if SDS is less than 0.125.
f1
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6.7.2
EG-1904
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Operating
Operating + Live
Operating + Wind
(Do+ Ds) + W
Operating + Seismic
Empty + Wind
0.9(De+ Ds) + W
Empty + Seismic
(De+ Ds) + BP
Notes:
Factor of Safety (overturning and sliding) > 1.0, for Load Combinations with
0.9D + W (or 0.7E)
Loads due to lateral earth pressure or pressure due to ground water or bulk
materials (H), shall be treated as live loads with appropriate load factors, without
reduction. Load factor for H shall be set to zero for stability checks, where they
counteract Wind or Seismic Loads.
When required by Project Design Criteria, a combination of erection weight
and/or test weight plus a percentage of wind shall be used.
7.0
SLIDE PLATES
A slide plate (Figure 3) shall normally be provided on the sliding end of all horizontal
vessels/exchangers regardless of temperature or amount of expansion. Some lightly loaded
vessels/exchangers may not require slide plates.
Mustang normally sets the channel end (or flanged end, Figure 3) saddle as the slide end
unless specified otherwise by the client. Consult with Piping Engineering to determine the
actual sliding end for the vessel/exchanger in question.
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7.1
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Materials
Slide plates shall normally be steel. For large movements and heavy
vessels/exchangers, it may be necessary to use low friction Teflon bearing plates.
Low-friction slide plates shall be designed in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations.
Typical coefficients of friction are as follows:
MATERIAL
No slide plate (steel saddle supported on concrete)
Steel slide plate
Teflon slide plate*
Bearing pressure over 100 psi
Bearing pressure 100 psi and below
*Verify with manufacturers values
COEFFICIENT OF
FRICTION
0.5
0.4
0.06
0.1
SLIDE PLATE
Sizing
Slide plates are normally 1/2 thick. Slide plate dimensions are calculated as:
Slide Plate Width
= Saddle Width + 2 x (D, thermal expansion) + 1 inch
Slide Plate Length
= Saddle Length + 1 inch
Holes in slide plates for anchor bolts are normally 1/8 larger than anchor bolt diameter.
Normally, a 1 1/2 thickness of grout is provided at the fixed end wall pier. (This allows
1 of grout to be placed under the slide plate.)
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8.0
ANCHOR BOLTS
Normally type H bolts (Reference Mustang Standard Drawing Dwg-CD-1001-01, Anchor
Bolt Schedule) shall be used on all vessel/exchanger piers. Sleeves are normally not
provided. Anchor bolts shall be checked for allowable shear on concrete and pullout
tension.
For 1-1/8 and larger diameter anchor bolts under seismic loading use double the allowable
shear capacity given in the Mustang anchor bolt schedule.
Anchor bolt holes in saddles are normally 1/4 larger in diameter than the anchor bolts.
Corrosion allowance shall not be considered unless required by project specifications.
It is desirable to select appropriate anchor bolt type to keep bolts out of the mat.
Anchor bolts shall project 2.5 times the bolt diameter above the top of the saddle base.
Friction force at the bottom of the saddle must be overcome before lateral load is assumed
to produce shear in anchor bolts. Under seismic condition, frictional resistance at the
bottom of the saddle shall be neglected.
9.0
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9.2
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Reinforcing
Wall piers are generally designed as cantilever beams with symmetrical reinforcement.
When the reinforcement required approaches max , or with extremely heavy loads or
long piers, it may be necessary to investigate the pier as a column. When horizontal
length to thickness ratio is less than 2.5, the wall pier should be designed as a column
(IBC Section 1908.1.8).
Both wall piers should be identical to avoid detailing confusion and facilitate ease of
construction.
Vertical wall pier reinforcing shall extend into footings when the height of piers above the
top of footing is 8-0 or less. In intermediate and high seismic design categories,
splicing is discouraged. Therefore, taller bars are recommended before splicing is
considered. Above this height, dowels shall be used with a Class B splice. The splice
length shall be determined per ACI 318, Section 12.2 and 12.15. The reduction in
development length per ACI 318, Section 12.2.5 for excess reinforcement is not
applicable to splice lengths in accordance with ACI 318, Section 12.15.1.
Vertical bar hook development length in the footing shall be in accordance with ACI 318,
Section 12.5.
The following minimum wall pier reinforcement is recommended:
Pier
Thickness
10
12
14
Vertical
Reinforcement
#4 @ 8 c/c
#5 @ 10 c/c
#6 @ 10 c/c
Horizontal
Ties
#3 @ 12 max
#4 @ 12 max
#4 @ 12 max
The total minimum vertical reinforcing provided shall be at least 0.005 of the gross
concrete area, Ag. To satisfy crack control requirements per ACI 318, Section 10.6.4,
maximum reinforcement spacing shall be 10 inches.
Ties for rectangular wall piers over 5 feet wide shall normally be twin hairpins (U shaped rebar) for ease of construction. Splice lengths for ties shall be class B. The
reduction factors from ACI 318, Section 12.2.2 shall not be applied. The minimum splice
length shall be 12 inches. A double set of #4 ties spaced at 3 from top of grout in
accordance with ACI 318, Section 7.10.5.6 shall be placed at the top of piers to protect
pedestals from anchor bolt lateral force.
Cross ties for wall piers may be spaced further apart than every other vertical bar.
However, all shear reinforcement must be distributed uniformly. Cross ties in high
seismic areas shall not be spaced farther apart than 14.
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10.0
COLUMN DESIGN
10.1 Sizing
Columns shall be square or rectangular and sized in even 2-inch increments. It is
desirable to standardize column dimensions for any one job as much as possible in
order to simplify forming.
10.2 Reinforcing
Columns shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318 or applicable Project Design
Criteria.
Typically, the reinforcement in columns shall be identical to avoid detailing confusion and
facilitate ease of construction.
Dowels shall be used to transfer column loads to the footings. The minimum dowel
projection shall be as required for Class B lap splice (See Section 9.2.3 for applicable
ACI 318 Code Sections.)
Vertical bar hook development length in the footing shall be in accordance with ACI 318,
Section 12.5.
T Columns, when used, shall be designed in accordance with requirements of ACI 318.
Special attention must be given to the reinforcement detail in the beam-column
connection.
11.0
FOOTING DESIGN
11.1 Sizing
Footings shall normally be rectangular or square with dimensions in even 2-inch
increments to facilitate the use of metal forms.
Minimum footing thickness shall be 15 with 3-inch incremental increases. The
thickness selected shall be checked for shear and tension in the concrete.
Typically, both footings shall be identical to avoid detailing confusion and facilitate ease
of construction.
Whenever the dimension in the longitudinal direction of an individual footing approaches
the distance between piers, consideration shall be given to combining both piers on a
common mat.
11.2 Stability Ratio
Stability provisions outlined herein apply to shallow foundations. Footings supported on
piles shall utilize the tension capacity of piles. The minimum stability ratio for service
loads other than earthquake shall be 1.5 or in accordance with job specifications. For
earthquake service loads, the minimum stability ratio shall be 1.0 or in accordance with
Project Design Criteria.
For a foundation with a symmetrical and concentric pedestal and footing, the overturning
stability ratio, SRo, may be calculated as:
SRo = b/2e
Where:
b = dimension of the footing in the direction of overturning moment, ft
e = overturning moment at the base of the footing divided by the total vertical
load, ft
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The stability ratio for sliding is defined as the passive soil resistance plus the soil
frictional resistance divided by the maximum horizontal load applied to the foundation for
any given loading condition.
11.3
e
6
S.B. =
P 6e
1
A
L
e >
6
S.B. =
2P
L
3B e
2
Where:
e = Eccentricity of vertical load due to horizontal load (M/P)
B = Side of footing perpendicular to direction of horizontal load
L = Side of footing parallel to direction of horizontal load
P = Total vertical load
M = Applied Moment at the bottom of the footing
A = Area of footing
When eccentricity exists in two directions, soil bearing shall be checked using the Biaxial
Soil Bearing Pressure Chart (reference Appendix 3).
Often, pipe supports in the vicinity are supported by exchanger pier pedestals or
footings. Loads due to such pipe supports and effects of their location should be
evaluated in the wall pier and/or foundation design.
When applicable, all load combinations must also be evaluated for a buoyant condition
when a high groundwater table is encountered. The minimum factor of safety for
buoyancy shall be 1.2 under unfactored service loads.
Any increase in allowable soil bearing pressure for wind, seismic, or thermal load
combinations shall be based on Project Design Criteria or recommendation by the
geotechnical consultant.
Pile loads shall be calculated using the following formula:
Q=
P Mx y My x
n y2
x2
Where:
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: SAMPLE DESIGN SKETCH
10-0
NORTH
6-0 SQ
NOTE: PIER/FOOTING
DIMENSIONS ARE TYPICAL
1-2
(4) 1 DIA
ANCHOR BOLTS
C. L.
FDNS
3-4
SLIDE PLATE
(SEE DETAIL)
A
C. L. FDN &
SLIDING END
C. L. FDN
PLAN
C. L. PLATE
10
B
2
CLR
#4 TIE SETS
(2 TIES PER SET)
(5) #6 DWLS
EA LONG FACE
(10 TOTAL)
7 SPA @ 10 (+)
6-10
8-1
1/2 THK PL
ASTM A-36
C. L.
PLATE
3-2
4 PROJ
TOG OR
TO SLIDE PLATE
EL
1 GROUT OR
GROUT & SLIDE PL
SLIDE PLATE
3
CLR
1-3
#4 TIES
#6 @ 10 EW
3
#6 DOWELS
SECTION A
SECTION B
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These curves give the approximate weight of heat exchangers, all in tons. The curves are for a
192-inch Type-ET exchanger with two passes in the tubes. The tubes are -inch on a 90degree layout. The tube-material is 14-gage steel. For the weights of heat exchangers with
other tube lengths, multiply by the following factors.
LENGTH IN INCHES
HEAT EXCHANGER FACTOR
240
1.10
192
1.00
168
0.95
144
0.90
120
0.85
96
0.80
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These curves give the approximate weight of standard tube bundles in tons. The tubes are
inch, 14 gage, and 192 inches longs. Two pass on square pitch. The baffle spacing ranges
from 8 inches on the 15 inch exchanger to 16 inches on the 48 inch exchanger. For the weights
of the bundle with other lengths multiply by the following factors.
LENGTH IN INCHES
HEAT EXCHANGER FACTOR
240
1.20
192
1.00
168
0.90
144
0.80
120
0.70
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Estimating Dimensions
Using tube length and shell diameter, dimensions can be approximated by formulas below. The
abbreviation T.L. stands for tube length; S.D. for shell diameter.
Possible Error
A = T.L. +
S.D.
2
+ 26"
B = T.L.
S.D.
C=
+ 24"
2
S.D.
D=
+ 19"
2
S.D.
E = T.L. 20"
2
S.D.
F=
+ 9"
2
A
G = 1"
4
A
H=
(Rounded off to next smaller foot
2 dimension)
+12 -6
4
4
8
2
3
J = T.L. - 26"
A
K=
(Rounded off to next smaller foot
2 dimension)
L = T.L.
M = T.L.(Not Valid if a nozzle is
N=
A.
2
() Span between supports and projection of supports can vary considerably depending on
standards established by the manufacturer.
Note: For U-tube units, manufacturers customarily show the straight length of the tubes (to the
tangent point of the U-bends) as a part of the size of designation. For U-tube units the tube
length (T.L.) is this straight length plus one-half the shell diameter.
These formulas are based on exchangers with 8 nozzles. Corrections may be applied for nozzles
of different size as follows: (note that CNS stands for the larger channel nozzle size; FSNS stands
for the front shell nozzle size; RSNS stands for the rear shell nozzle size).
Dimension A Add: CNS 8
Dimension C Add: (CNS - 8) + (FSNS 8)
Dimension D Add: (CNS - 8) + (FSNS 8)
Dimension E, J, M Subtract: (FSNS 8) + (RSNS 8)
Unless there is a large difference in size, these corrections are not required.
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Appendix 4: STACKED EXCHANGERS FOUNDATION DESIGN EXAMPLE
Concrete parameters:
f c := 4000 psi
fy := 60000psi
conc := 150pcf (Density of Normal Weight Concrete)
(Stability Ratio)
SR := 1.50
VESBOTTOMempty := 32kip
BUNDLEBOTTOM := 19kip
VESTOPoper := 44kip
VESBOTTOMoper := 44kip
VESTOPtest := 44kip
VES BOTTOMtest
LT := 23.5ft
:= 44kip
Lb := 23.5ft
t TOP := .125in
c b := 2.75ft
c t := 5.5ft
H m := 1.50ft
s := 11ft
Temp := 550
f := .40
H f := 8ft
C e := 0.000078
H g := 4ft
N AB := 2
Cc1 := 2.67ft
AB := .875 in
C c2 := 0ft
BottomSaddleWidth
:= 9in
BottomSaddleLength
:= 3.0ft
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VERTICAL LOADS
Assuming bottom exchanger is heavier than top exchanger, the bottom exchanger operating and test loads are increased
by If to account for piping and miscellaneous on bottom exchanger. (Recommend 10 - 20% increase; Use larger If
value for vessels with diameter less than 36" and use smaller If values for vessels with diameter greater than or equal
to 36") I f := 1.20
Vertical Load Distribution at fixed and sliding end:
Fraction of Load at Fixed End:
F e := 0.4
Se := 1 Fe = 0.6
Operating
Test
Total Load
De_top := VESTOPempty
De_top_fix := Fe VESTOPempty
De_top_slid := Se VESTOPempty
De_top = 32 kip
Do_top := VESTOPoper
Do_top_fix := Fe VESTOPoper
Do_top_slid := Se VESTOPoper
Do_top = 44 kip
Dt_top := VESTOPtest
Dt_top_fix := Fe VESTOPtest
Dt_top_slid := Se VESTOPtest
Dt_top = 44 kip
Total Load
De_bot := VESTOPempty
De_bot_fix := Fe VESTOPempty
De_bot_slid := Se VESTOPempty
De_bot = 32 kip
Do_bot := If VESTOPoper
Do_bot_fix := If Fe VESTOPoper
Do_bot_slid := If Se VESTOPoper
Dt_bot := If VESTOPtest
Dt_bot_fix := If Fe VESTOPtest
Dt_bot_slid := If Se VESTOPtest
Operating
Test
Operating
Test
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( Temp 70)
12
= 0.4118in
Note: When the wall pier length provided in this calculation is not large enough, use L3 to
override the automatically calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
L3 := 10in
Lpier := max( Lpier , L3) = 3.5ft
W pier1 := Cc2 + 2 d e = 8 in
W pier2 := SlidePlateWidth + 4in = 15 in
W pier := max( W pier1, W pier2) = 15 in
W pier := Ceil( W pier , 2in) = 16 in
Note: When the wall pier width provided in this calculation is not large enough, use W3 to
override the automatically calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
W 3 := 10in
W pier := max( W pier , W 3) = 16 in
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G f := .85
C f_flat := 1.80
(2 ODTOP ) if ODTOP 3 ft
(1.8 ODTOP ) if 3 ft ODTOP 4.5ft
(1.7 ODTOP ) if 4.5 ft ODTOP 6.5 ft
(1.6 ODTOP ) if 6.5 ft ODTOP 8.5 ft
(( 1.5 ODTOP ) ) otherwise
ODTOPeff = 5.89ft
ODBOTTOMeff :=
(2 ODBOTTOM ) if ODBOTTOM 3 ft
(1.8 ODBOTTOM ) if 3 ft ODBOTTOM 4.5 ft
(1.7 ODBOTTOM ) if 4.5 ft ODBOTTOM 6.5 ft
(1.6 ODBOTTOM ) if 6.5 ft ODBOTTOM 8.5 ft
(( 1.5 ODBOTTOM ) ) otherwise
ODBOTTOMeff = 5.89ft
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( ODTOPeff + ODBOTTOMeff )
2
( cb + ct + .5 ODTOPeff) = 65.9ft
2
( cb + ct )
s
= 1.66 kip
SEISMIC LOADS
Select these factors based on IBC 2006 or project design criteria. Detailed seismic load calculations are beyond
the scope of this design example.
Seismic Distribution Coefficient,C s := .067
Importance Factor,
I eq := 1.25
S S := 0.20
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter,
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Adjusted For Site Class Effects:
SMS := Fa SS = 0.24
2
3
SMS = 0.16
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E := 57000 fc
Ig :=
kip
in
Lpier ( W pier)
12
= 114000ksi
3
4
= 14336 in
Hwp := Hf Hm = 78 in
Fd :=
(3 E Ig)
3
= 2127.5kip
2 Hwp
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lbf
in
lbf
in
Bp_top := if ( Bp_top > 0 , if ( Bp_top 2000lbf , 2000lbf , Bp_top) , 0kip) = 9.63 kip
Bp_bot := if ( Bp_bot > 0 , if ( Bp_bot 2000lbf , 2000lbf , Bp_bot) , 0kip) = 9.63 kip
Bp := max( Bp_top , Bp_bot) = 9.63 kip (Verify Bundle Pull requirements per project design criteria)
Bundle Pulling forces shall be resisted by friction on both piers. When the friction is overcome on the
sliding support, the entire load shall be resisted by the fixed pier.
Bp_slid :=
Bp
2
= 4.81 kip
Bp_FC_bot := Bp
( cb + c t )
s
( cb)
s
= 7.22 kip
= 2.41 kip
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1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VU1_thermal := 1.4 Tf = 32.52 kip
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
5. Empty+Wind
6. Empty+Seismic
8. Test
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1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VA1_thermal := Tf = 23.23 kip
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
5. Empty+Wind
6. Empty+Seismic
8. Test
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dt := .5 in
Area tie :=
dt = 0.2 in2
2
db
2
= 0.44 in
Effective depth,
shear = 0.75
Check := if ( V c Vu_max , "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing" , "Shear Reinforcement Required" )
Check = "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing"
Flexural Design:
ft
Maximum moment in the wall pier, M u_max := Vu_max ( Hf Hm) = 211.41kip
fc
2 fy
pier_min :=
1.7
200psi
fy
2.89
= 0.00639
2
Lpier d eff_pier fc
7.56 M u_max
= 0.00333
4
4
:= if pier pier_min , pier , if pier pier_min , pier_min , pier
3
3
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Npier_required :=
A s_pier
Area
= 8.28
pier_bar
Document No.
1
Rev.
bars on each face
A s_pier
=9
Area pier_bar
Npier_provided := ceil
Approximate spacing,
s pier_bar :=
(Lpier 2 Cc_pier db )
(Npier_provided 1)
= 4.66 in
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
Crackpier_bar := min
600
f
s
ksi
in 2.5Cc_pier , 12 40
= 10 in
fs
ksi
in
Maximum spacing,s pier_max := if ( s pier_bar Crackpier_bar, s pier_bar, Crackpier_bar) = 4.66 in Center-to-center Spacing
fy
psi
Ldh := .02
fc
psi
db = 14.23 in
:= 1
Check_Footing_Thickness = "Okay"
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FOOTING DESIGN
Size Footing For Bearing Pressure:
SBallow := SBnet + soil Hg = 5900 psf
TryW footing := Ceil( W pier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 54 in
Note: When the footing width provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Wfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
W footing_input := 96in
W footing := max( TryW footing, W footing_input) = 96 in
TryLfooting := Ceil( Lpier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 78 in
Note: When the footing length provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Lfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
Lfooting_input := 120in
Lfooting := max( TryLfooting, Lfooting_input) = 120 in
Area footing := Lfooting W footing = 80ft
NOTE: By engineering observation, the load combinations that will provide minimum and maximum soil pressure
in this particular case, the Operating (Allowable Stress Load Combination #1) and Empty + Bundle Pull (Allowable
Stress Load Combination #7) govern design in the longitudinal direction. The calculations below are for checking
the soil pressures and stability ratio. The magnitudes of the loads acting in both directions will produce minimal biaxial effects and can be ignored for this design.
Operating: (Load Combination used for maximum pressure)
P1 := PA1_slid = 58.08 kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
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M'' := H2 ( Hf ) = 185.86ft
kip
Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
= 1.869ft
Ptot
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
e2 := "STOP, VERIFY LOADS"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
1 6
W footing
3 L
e
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
, 0ksf
W footing
Check := if ( qmax SBallow , "Footing size is adequate" , "Increase Footing Size or Consider Combined Footing."
Stability Ratio:
SRo := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 2.14
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
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Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
Ptot
= 0.443ft
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
e2 := "STOP, VERIFY LOADS"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
W footing
3 L
1 6
, 0ksf
W footing
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
Ptot
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
Check := if ( qmax SBallow , "Footing size is adequate" , "Increase Footing Size or Consider Combined Footing."
Stability Ratio:
SRe := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 9.04
Note: Strength design loads shall be used for footing steel reinforcement design.
Operating: (Load Combination used for maximum pressure)
P1U := PU1_slid = 81.31 kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
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Eccentricity:
e1U :=
M1tot.U
= 1.869ft
P1tot.U
kern, k1U :=
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
,
W footing
3 L
trans :=
1 6
d1 :=
= 1.33ft
= 2.61 ksf
, 0ksf = 0 ksf
W footing
e1U
if ( q1maxU)
W footing
long :=
Lfooting
W footing
2
footing
sb1 :=
Wt footing + Wt soil
2 P1tot.U
e1U
W footing
kip
= 0.41
ft ft
Wt footing + Wt soil
W footing
(W footing W pier)
2
moment1( W ) := long
3 sb1
num :=
W footing
0.01ft
i := 0 .. num
dist :=
i
i ft
100
+ q1minU
W
2
Lfooting
( i)
V1 := shear1 dist
i
( i)
M1 := moment1 dist
i
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) = 171.86kip
) = 728.42ft kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
(Applied Moment)
(Applied Moment)
Eccentricity:
e2U :=
M2tot.U
P2tot.U
= 0.592ft
kern, k2U :=
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
sb2 :=
W footing
2
= 1.33ft
= 1.88 ksf
W footing
e2U
2 P2tot.U
e2U
footing
1 6
,
W footing
3 L
W footing
if ( q2maxU)
W footing
e2U 3 , 0ft = 0 ft
= 0.14
kip
2
ft ft
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moment2( W ) := long
3 sb2
num :=
W footing
0.01ft
i := 0 .. num
dist :=
i
+ q2minU
i ft
W
2
Lfooting
( i)
V2 := shear2 dist
i
100
( i)
M2 := moment2 dist
i
) = 75.39 kip
) = 264.18ft kip
Area footing_bar :=
db footing
2
= 0.79 in
2
b := Lfooting
Vul := max( maxshear1 , maxshear2) = 171.86 kip
Check = "OK"
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fc
2 fy
footing_min :=
= 0.00781
b deff_pier fc
7.56 Mu
1.7 2.89
200psi
fy
= 0.00333
4
4
:= if footing footing_min , footing , if footing footing_min , footing_min , footing = 0.00781
3
A s1 := b d eff_footing = 14.52 in
A s_TEMP := 0.0018b
Hm
2
= 1.94 in
2
Nfooting_required :=
A s_footing
= 18.49
Area footing_bar
bottom bars
bottom bars
Approximate spacing,
s footing_bar :=
= 6.39 in
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2
3
fy = 40 ksi
15 40 in
fs
ksi
2.5CC,
12 40in
= 10 in
fs
ksi
db footing = 1 in
s footing_max = 6.39 in
Punching Shear:
Pumax1 := max( PU1_fix, PU1_slid , PU3_fix PU3_FC , PU3_slid + PU3_FC , PU4_fix, PU4_slid , PU5_fix PU5_FC , PU5_slid + PU5_FC )
Pumax2 := max( PU6_fix, PU6_slid , PU7_fix PU7_FC , PU7_slid + PU7_FC , PU8_fix, PU8_slid , PU9_fix PU9_FC , PU9_slid + PU9_FC )
Pumax := max( Pumax1, Pumax2) = 81.31 kip
Shear stress at a distance of 1/2 * deff_footing from the face of wall pier:
v1 :=
Pumax
= 29.47 psi
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Concrete parameters:
f c := 4000 psi
fy := 60000 psi
conc := 150pcf (Density of Normal Weight
Concrete)
Geotechnical parameters:
soil := 100pcf
(Density of Soil)
SB net := 5ksf
SR := 1.50
(Stability Ratio)
Temp := 500
f := .40
L v := 37ft
(Length of Vessel)
ID := 12 ft
t := .125 in
Ins := 0in
c b := 6.5ft
N AB := 2
AB := 1.25 in
SaddleWidth
:= 10in
SaddleLength
:= 140in
is 0.50 in)
H f := 8ft
H g := 4ft
C c1 := 11ft
Cc2 := 0ft
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VERTICAL LOADS
Vessel operating and test loads are increased by If to account for piping and miscellaneous on vessel. (Normally,
10 - 20% increase; Use larger If value for vessels with diameter less than 36" and use smaller If values for vessels
with diameter greater than or equal to 36")
I f := 1.10
F e := .50
Se := 1 Fe = 0.5
Vessel Loads
Total Load
De := VESempty
De_fix := Fe VESempty
De_slid := Se VESempty
De = 98 kip
De_fix = 49 kip
De_slid = 49 kip
Do := If VESoper
Do_fix := If Fe VESoper
Do_slid := If Se VESoper
Do = 368.5 kip
Do_fix = 184.25kip
Do_slid = 184.25kip
Dt := If VEStest
Dt_fix := If Fe VEStest
Dt_slid := If Se VEStest
Dt = 433.4 kip
Empty
Operating
Test
( Temp 70)
12
= 0.7379in
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Note: If the wall pier length provided in this calculation
is not large enough, use L3 to override the automatically
calculated values for deflection control in wall pier design.
L 3 := 10 in
Lpier := max( Lpier , L3) = 12.17ft
W pier1 := Cc2 + 2 d e = 10 in
:= 10 in
G f := .85
ODeff := if ( OD 3ft , 2 OD , if ( OD 4.5ft , 1.8 OD , if ( OD 6.5ft , 1.7 OD, if ( OD 8.5ft , 1.6 OD , 1.5 OD) ) ) )
ODeff = 18.03ft
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A l := ( ODeff) cb +
ODeff
2
= 279.77ft
( cb)
Ls
= 2.77 kip
SEISMIC LOADS
Select these factors based on IBC 2006 or project design criteria. Detailed seismic load calculations are beyond
the scope of this design example.
Seismic Distribution Coefficient,C s := .067
Importance Factor,
I eq := 1.25
S S := 0.20
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter,
Short Period Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter Adjusted For Site Class Effects:
SMS := Fa SS = 0.24
2
3
SMS = 0.16
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THERMAL LOADS
Note: Thermal load is based on the force to overcome friction.
Ff := f Do_slid = 73.7 kip
.5
E := 57000 fc
Ig :=
kip
in
Lpier ( W pier)
12
= 114000ksi
3
4
= 70956 in
Hwp := Hf Hm = 72 in
Fd :=
(3 E Ig)
3
= 23986.86kip
2 Hwp
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1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
5. Empty+Wind
6. Empty+Seismic
7. Test
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1. Operating
Horizontal Loads
VA1_thermal := Tf = 73.7 kip
2. Oper+Live
3. Oper+Wind+Live
5. Empty+Wind
6. Empty+Seismic
7. Test
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dt := .5in
Area tie :=
dt = 0.2 in2
2
db = 0.44 in2
2
Check := if ( V c Vu_max , "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing" , "Shear Reinforcement Required" )
Check = "Provide Minimum Tie Reinforcement at 12" Spacing"
Flexural Design:
ft
Maximum moment in the wall pier, M u_max := Vu_max ( Hf Hm) = 619.08kip
fc
2 fy
pier_min :=
1.7 2.89
200psi
fy
= 0.004
2
Lpier d eff_pier fc
7.56 M u_max
= 0.00333
4
4
:= if pier pier_min , pier , if pier pier_min , pier_min , pier = 0.004
3
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Npier_required :=
A s_pier
Area
= 20.67
pier_bar
Document No.
1
Rev.
bars on each face
As_pier
= 21
Area pier_bar
Npier_provided := ceil
Approximate spacing,
s pier_bar :=
(Lpier 2 Cc_pier db )
(Npier_provided 1)
= 7.06 in
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
Crackpier_bar := min
600
ksi
fs
in 2.5Cc_pier , 12 40
= 10 in
ksi
in
fs
Maximum spacing,s pier_max := if ( s pier_bar Crackpier_bar, s pier_bar, Crackpier_bar) = 7.06 in Center-to-center Spacing
fy
psi
db = 14.23 in
Ldh := .02
fc
psi
:= 1
Check_Footing_Thickness = "Okay"
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FOOTING DESIGN
Size Footing For Bearing Pressure:
SBallow := SBnet + soil Hg = 5400 psf
TryW footing := Ceil( W pier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 66 in
Note: When the footing width provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Wfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
W footing_input := 96in
W footing := max( TryW footing , W footing_input ) = 96 in
TryLfooting := Ceil( Lpier + 2 Hm , 2in) = 194 in
Note: When the footing length provided in this calculation is not large enough due to inadequate
footing size, use Lfooting_input to override the automatically calculated values.
Lfooting_input := 266in
Lfooting := max( TryLfooting, Lfooting_input) = 266 in
Area footing := Lfooting W footing = 177.33ft
NOTE: By engineering observation, the load combinations that will produce minimize and maximize soil pressure
in this particular case, the Operating (Allowable Stress Load Combination #1) and Empty + Seismic (Allowable
Stress Load Combination #6) govern design in the longitudinal direction. The calculations below are for checking
the soil pressures and stability ratio. The magnitudes of the loads acting in both directions will produce minimal
bi-axial effects and can be ignored for this design.
Operating: (Select Load Combination for maximum pressure)
P1 := PA1_slid = 184.25kip
P2 := PA1_fix = 184.25kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied moment)
(Applied moment)
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Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
= 2.064ft
Ptot
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
e2 := "STOP, VERIFY LOADS"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
1 6
W footing
3 L
e
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
, 0ksf
W footing
Check := if ( qmax SBallow , "Footing size is adequate" , "Increase Footing Size or Consider Combined Footing."
Stability Ratio:
SRo := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 1.94
P2 := PA6_slid = 43 kip
M1 := 0ft lb
M2 := 0ft lb
(Applied moment)
(Applied moment)
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Eccentricity:
e :=
Mtot
Ptot
= 0.879ft
kern, k :=
W footing
6
= 1.33ft
e1 := "ARE OK"
e2 := "STOP, VERIFY LOADS"
Loads := if ( e < 0ft , e2 , e1)
qmax := if e k ,
W footing
3 L
1 6
, 0ksf
W footing
W footing Lfooting
Ptot
W footing Lfooting
qmin := if e k ,
1 + 6
Ptot
2 Ptot
W footing
footing
2
Check := if ( qmax SBallow , "Footing size is adequate" , "Increase Footing Size or Consider Combined Footing."
Stability Ratio:
SRe := if e
0 , SR ,
W footing
2 e
= 4.55
Note: Strength design loads shall be used for footing steel reinforcement design.
Operating: (Select Load Combination for maximum pressure)
P1U := PU1_slid = 257.95kip
M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
(Applied moment)
(Applied moment)
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Eccentricity:
e1U :=
M1tot.U
= 2.064ft
P1tot.U
kern, k1U :=
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P1tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
,
W footing
3 L
trans :=
sb1 :=
Wt footing + Wt soil
= 1.33ft
= 3.85 ksf
, 0ksf = 0 ksf
W footing
if ( q1maxU)
W footing
long :=
Lfooting
W footing
e1U
2 P1tot.U
e1U
footing
1 6
W footing
Wt footing + Wt soil
ft ft
d1 :=
W footing
kip
= 0.66
(W footing W pier)
2
moment1( W ) := long
3 sb1
num :=
W footing
0.01ft
i := 0 .. num
dist :=
i
i ft
100
+ q1minU
W
2
Lfooting
( i)
V1 := shear1 dist
i
( i)
M1 := moment1 dist
i
) = 542.2 kip
) = 2310.21ft kip
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M1U := 0ft lb
M2U := 0ft lb
Eccentricity:
e2U :=
M2tot.U
P2tot.U
= 0.982ft
kern, k2U :=
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
P2tot.U
W footing Lfooting
1 + 6
sb2 :=
W footing
2
= 1.33ft
= 1.81 ksf
e2U
2 P2tot.U
footing
1 6
,
W footing
3 L
e2U
W footing
if ( q2maxU)
W footing
e2U 3 , 0ft = 0 ft
= 0.19
kip
2
ft ft
moment2( W ) := long
W
3 sb2
Lfooting
+ if ( W > de2 , W de2 , 0 in)
+ q2minU
6
2
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num :=
W footing
i := 0 .. num
0.01ft
dist :=
i
i ft
100
Document No.
1
Rev.
( i)
( i)
M2 := moment2 dist
V2 := shear2 dist
) = 77.42 kip
) = 847.87ft kip
db footing
2
Area of footing bar (assuming #8 bar), Area footing_bar :=
= 0.79 in
2
Effective depth,
b := Lfooting
Vul := max( maxshear1 , maxshear2) = 542.2 kip
2 fy
fc
footing_min :=
1.7 2.89
200psi
fy
= 0.00434
2
b deff_footing fc
= 0.00333
7.56 Mu
4
4
:= if footing footing_min , footing , if footing footing_min , footing_min , footing = 0.00434
3
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EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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EG-1904
MUSTANG
Horizontal Vessel & Heat Exchanger Foundations
Document No.
1
Rev.
A s1 := b d eff_footing = 24.84 in
A s_TEMP := 0.0018b
Hm
2
= 5.75 in
2
Nfooting_required :=
A s_footing
Area
= 31.63
footing_bar
s footing_bar :=
Approximate spacing,
bottom bars
bottom bars
= 8.42 in
2
3
fy = 40 ksi
15 40 in
ksi
fs
2.5CC,
12 40in
= 10 in
fs
ksi
db footing = 1 in
s footing_max = 8.42 in
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EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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MUSTANG
Horizontal Vessel & Heat Exchanger Foundations
EG-1904
Document No.
1
Rev.
Punching Shear:
Pumax1 := max( PU1_fix, PU1_slid , PU3_fix PU3_FC , PU3_slid + PU3_FC , PU4_fix, PU4_slid , PU5_fix PU5_FC ) = 257.95kip
Pumax2 := max( PU5_slid + PU5_FC , PU6_fix, PU6_slid , PU7_fix, PU7_slid , PU8_fix PU8_FC , PU8_slid + PU8_FC ) = 303.38kip
Shear stress at a distance of 1/2 * deff_footing from the face of wall pier:
v1 :=
Pumax
= 34.08 psi
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EG-1904 Rev1.doc
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