1.

(a)

the trend shows temperature with high years and low years with an
overall upward trend;
accelerating in the last quarter of the graph;
temperatures prior to about 1935 were below the average (for 19511980);
but from 1980 they were above the average;
2 max

(b)

the onset of global industrialization;

and the subsequent production of fossil fuel derived pollution;
deforestation, particularly of rainforest;
perhaps volcanic activity;
sunspot activity;

(c)

2 max

control the amount of atmospheric pollution;

reduce atmospheric pollution;
stop forest clearance;
increase forest cover;
develop alternative renewable energy sources;
improve public transport;
set national limits on carbon emissions;
carbon dioxide capture;
Accept other reasonable answers.

1 max

(d)
Impact on the Environment

Impact on Society

Impact
Ice and Snow

deglaciation/
glacier
retreat;

Impact
Water resources

may cause
drough
t;
agriculture
movin
g
north/
south;

Ocean and Coast

sea level
rise/
coastal
floodin
g;

Food and
Agriculture

Hydrology

Increased
floodin
g

Coastal living

flooding/stor
ms;

biome shifts/
species
change
;

Human health

increased
diseas
e;

Ecosystems

Award [4 max] for seven impacts, [3 max] for five or six impacts,
[2 max] for three or four impacts and [1 max] for one or two impacts.
(e)

LEDC because technologically/economically less able to cope;

greater percentage of population already vulnerable;
weak infrastructure/communications/emergency services;
Accept other reasonable suggestions.
Award [0] for LEDC on own.

2 max
[11]
1

2.

(a)

tourism can only be successful if it can have a long-term future;

a long-term future is only possible if the tourism enterprise is sustainable;
to be sustainable the tourism venture must not deplete local resource
bases by direct/indirect impact;
it must not pollute the local environment;
good tourism is sustainable tourism, tourism that values its environment;
ecotourism is often sustainable;
8
In addition to the above points, award [1] for each case study, up to [2 max].

(b)

global warming will ultimately change weather patterns;

summer seasons may be extended (e.g. coastal beach holidays);
coastal resorts selling sun, sea and sand may develop further north;
winter sports holidays may be curtailed by lack of snow and ice;
failing rains may make some resorts obsolete due to lack of water resources; 5
Supporting case studies or examples are relevant.

(c)

sustainable development (a phrase coined in 1987 in Our Common

Future) is defined as development that meets our current needs
without depleting resources in the future;
sustainable development also does not deplete the environmental
quality of an area;
sustainable development varies in definition depending on viewpoint;
economists view sustainable development in pure commercial
terms whereas environmentalists will also include environmental
quality as an element;
some believe that development (particularly development designed
to allow LEDCs to compete with MEDCs) can never be
sustainable (within a free market);
development and sustainability in the mind of many economists
are contradictory positions even though environmentalists hold
the concept of sustainable development as the best way forward
for society and the planet;
5 max
Expression of ideas [2 max]
[20]

3.

(a)

(i)

a country consuming resources and assimilating its wastes by

using a land area 2.4 times larger than the size of the country;

(b)

(ii)

level of reliance on fossil fuels will influence footprint size,

greater reliance greater size;
a countrys level of technology will influence its footprint, more
technology more resources therefore larger footprint;
technology can equally reduce the footprint if it improves
efficiency of agricultural production/energy use/alternative
energy sources/reduces carbon pollution;
more imported resource, more transport larger footprint;
per capita production of carbon waste, greater larger footprint;
per capita consumption of food, greater larger footprint;
meat/vegetable rich diets, meat-rich larger footprint;
size of population, greater larger footprint;
productivity of local biome, greater smaller footprint;
efficiency of agriculture, greater smaller footprint;
use of alternative energy technology, greater smaller footprint;
3 max
Accept the converse form of any of the above e.g. level of reliance
on fossil fuels will influence footprint size, less reliance smaller
size.

(i)

the addition of various atmospheric pollutants from industry

may have changed our atmosphere (and as a consequence
climate);
heat produced by human activity (industry, urban living)
may have changed atmospheric systems (leading to global
climate change);
change in our natural environment/albedo by humans including
deforestation/agricultural activity/urbanization may have
changed climate indirectly;
CO2 from burning fossil fuels is a greenhouse gas;
methane from rice growing/cattle farming is a greenhouse gas; 1 max
Answers must specifically identify the link between man and
climate for mark to be awarded. Atmospheric pollution would
not be acceptable however atmospheric pollution caused by
industry would gain a mark.

(ii)

Sketch graph should show the following:

steady rise over last 100 years;

temperature fluctuations over the last 2000 years, (accuracy in the position

both high points and low points

of points is not essential)

(iii)

(c)

(i)

annotation e.g. industrial revolution/marking of little ice age;

changes in the Earths orbit around the Sun changing the

amount of available incoming radiation thus influencing global
climate;
changes in the Suns radiation output, e.g. sunspot activity;
plate tectonics shift position of land masses;
plate tectonics causing mountain building and affecting air
flows;
volcanic activity leading to changes in atmospheric
composition;
natural dynamic variation in the atmospheric system leading
to climate change;
ocean current changes leading to global energy change;

2 max

e.g. UK climate becoming warmer and wetter/Ethiopia

becoming hotter and drier;

(ii)

e.g. UK:
climate change will cause policy change which will change
behaviour and influence footprint size;
due to increased temperature more energy used for air
conditioning thus larger footprint;
warmer temperatures may require less heating thus smaller
footprint;
dealing with changing climate conditions, e.g. more flooding,
may require more flood defenses and thus more resources,
thus larger footprint;
new climate may require new building styles, which require
resources which may increase footprint size;
warmer temperatures may increase productivity of local
natural vegetation and therefore reduce footprint size;
warmer temperatures may increase productivity of local
agriculture and therefore reduce footprint size;

2 max
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