LATIN 1 HONORS FINALS STUDY GUIDE (CH.

12-21)
Masculine and Feminine Nouns: Third Declension (identified by is ending in genitive singular)
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom.
frater
fratres
soror
sorores
Gen.
fratris
fratrum
sororis
sororum
Dat.
fratri
fratribus
sorori
sororibus
Acc.
fratrem
fratres
sororem
sorores
Abl.
fratre
fratribus
sorore
sororibus
Singular Endings: -is, -i, -em, -e
*Vocative is the same as the nominative

Plural Endings: -es, -um, -ibus, -es, -ibus

*No standard nominative singular ending

Nouns: amor, amoris (m.); frater, fratris (m.); mater, matris (f.); nepos, nepotis (m. or f.); pater, patris
(m.); soror, sororis (f.); auctor, auctoris (m.); cupido, cupidinis (f.); laus, laudis (f.); timor, timoris (m.);
virtus, virtutis (f.); multitudo, multitudinis (f.); dolor, doloris (m.); dux, ducis (m.); homo, hominis (m. or
f.); rex, regis (m.); lex, legis (f.); uxor, uxoris (f.); altitudo, altitudinis (f.); latitudo, latitudinis (f.);
longitudo, longitudinis (f.); nemo, neminis (m. no plural)
Neuter Nouns: Third Declension (identified by -is ending in genitive singular)
Nouns usually end in:
o -men (base -min-); numen, numinis (n.)
o -us (base -or-); decus, decoris (n.)
o -us (base -er-); munus, muneris (n.)
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

Singular
numen
numinis
numini
numen
numine

Plural
numina
numinum
numinibus
numina
numinibus

Singular
decus
decoris
decori
decus
decore

Plural
decora
decorum
decoribus
decora
decoribus

*Note: The declension is the same as the masculine and feminine nouns except, as always with
neuters, nominatives and accusatives are identical and in the plural they end in a.
Nouns (for neuter 3rd declension): decus, decoris; munus, muneris; numen, numinis; pectus, pectoris;
iter, itineris; nomen, nominis; carmen, carminis
Third Declension I-Stem Nouns (-ium instead of -um for genitive plural ending)
Nouns end in:
o -is, -es, or, -er in nominative w/ same number of syllables in genitive;
navis, navis (f.); caedes, caedis (f.); imber, imbris (m.)
o -ns or rs in nominative singular; parens, parentis (m. or f.); mors, mortis (f.)
Or nouns w/ one syllable in nominative singular w/ base that ends in 2+ consonants; arx, arcis
(f.); urbs, urbis (f.)

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

Singular
navis
navis
navi
navem
nave

Plural
naves
navium
navibus
navis
navibus

Singular
mors
mortis
morti
mortem
morte

Plural
mortes
mortium
mortibus
mortis
mortibus

*Note: The declension is the same as the masculine and feminine nouns except in the plural
genitive, the ending is -ium, and in the accusative plural, the ending is -is. However, these rules
dont apply to irregular nouns; the only irregular i-stem noun we need to know is vis, vis (f.). This,
along with a neuter i-stem noun, is declined below:
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

Singular
vis
vis
vi
vim
vi

Plural
vires
virium
viribus
viris
viribus

Singular
mare
maris
mari
mare
mari

Plural
maria
marium
maribus
maria
maribus

*Note: Neuter i-stem nouns can be identified by having -e, -al, or -ar endings in the nominative
singular. They end in -i in the ablative singular and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural. As
always, in both numbers, the nominative and accusative are identical.
Nouns (i-stem): amnis, amnis (m.); arx, arcis (f.); caedes, caedis (f.); hostis, hostis (m.); ignis, ignis
(m.); imber, imbris (m.); mare, maris (n.); mors, mortis (f.); navis, navis (f.); parens, parentis (m. or f.);
pars, partis (f.); urbs, urbis (f.); vis, vis (f.); anguis, anguis (m. or f.); gens, gentis (f.); mons, montis (m.)
Adjectives & Adverbs: Third Declension (identified by -is ending in genitive singular)
Adjectives of One Termination (adj. that dont end in -er or -is in masc. nom. singular)
Same form for nominative singular for all three genders
Most have stem ending -i in abl. singular, gen. and acc. plural (all genders), and in the neuter
nom. plural (-ia):
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

Singular (m. & f.)

par
paris
pari
parem
pari

Singular (n.)
par
paris
pari
par
pari

Plural (m. & f.)

pares
parium
paribus
paris
paribus

Plural (n.)
paria
parium
paribus
paria
paribus

Adjectives: ingens, ingentis; memor, memoris; par, paris; vetus, veteris

Adjectives of Two Terminations (adj. that end in -is in masc. nom. singular)
Same i-stem declension as one termination adj. but has a different form for the neuter

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

Singular (m. & f.)

omnis
omnis
omni
omnem
omni

Singular (n.)
omne
omnis
omni
omne
omni

Plural (m. & f.)

omnes
omnium
omnibus
omnis
omnibus

Plural (n.)
omnia
omnium
omnibus
omnia
omnibus

Adjectives: omnis, omne; similis, simile; tristis, triste; fortis, forte

Adjectives of Three Terminations (separate forms for all three genders)
All the masculine nominative singular adjectives have the er ending but some retain the e
ending in other forms (celer) while others drop it (acer):

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

Masc.
celer
celeris
celeri
celerem
celeri

Singular
Fem.
celeris
celeris
celeri
celerem
celeri

Neut.
celere
celeris
celeri
celere
celeri

Masc.
celeres
celerium
celeribus
celeris
celeribus

Plural
Fem.
celeres
celerium
celeribus
celeris
celeribus

Neut.
celeria
celerium
celeribus
celeria
celeribus

Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

acer
acris
acri
acrem
acri

acris
acris
acri
acrem
acri

acre
acris
acri
acre
acri

acres
acrium
acribus
acris
acribus

acres
acrium
acribus
acris
acribus

acria
acrium
acribus
acria
acribus

Adverbs
Adverbs in third declension formed by adding iter to the base of an adjective:
o celeriter in a swift way, swiftly
in a fierce way, fiercely
First Conjugation (present stem ends in a; voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum)
Present Active
Translations: am/are/do call/calling
Singular
Plural
st
1
voco
vocamus
2nd vocas
vocatis
rd
3
vocat
vocant
Future Active
Translations: shall/will call
Singular
Plural
1st vocabo
vocabimus
nd
2
vocabis
vocabitis
3rd vocabit
vocabunt

Imperfect Active
Translations: was/were/kept on calling; used to call
Singular
Plural
st
1
vocabam
vocabamus
2nd
vocabas
vocabatis
rd
3
vocabat
vocabant
Perfect Active
Translations: (have/has) called; did call
Singular
Plural
1st
vocavi
vocavimus
nd
2
vocavisti
vocavistis
3rd
vocavit
vocaverunt (-ere)

Pluperfect Active
Translations: had called
Singular
Plural
st
1
vocaveram vocaveramus
2nd
vocaveras
vocaveratis
rd
3
vocaverat
vocaverant

Future Perfect Active

Translations: shall/will have called
Singular
Plural
st
1
vocavero
vocaverimus
2nd
vocaveris
vocaveritis
rd
3
vocaverit
vocaverint

Present Passive
Translations: am/are/is (being) called

Imperfect Passive
Translations: was/were/kept on being called
used to be called
Singular
Plural
1st
vocabar
vocabamur
nd
2
vocabaris (-re) vocabamini
3rd
vocabatur
vocabantur

Singular
vocor
vocaris (-re)
vocatur

1st
2nd
3rd

Plural
vocamur
vocamini
vocantur

Future Passive
Translations: will/shall be called
Singular
Plural
1st
vocabor
vocabimur
2nd
vocaberis (-re) vocabimini
3rd
vocabitur
vocabuntur

Perfect Passive
Translations: have been, was/were called
vocatus, -a, -um sum vocati, -ae, -a sumus
vocatus, -a, -um es vocati, -ae, -a estis
vocatus, -a, -um est vocati, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect Passive
Translations: had been called
vocatus, -a, -um eram vocati, -ae, -a eramus
vocatus, -a, -um eras vocati, -ae, -a eratis
vocatus, -a, -um erat vocati, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive

Translation: shall/will have been called
vocatus, -a, -um ero vocati, -ae, -a erimus
vocatus, -a, -um eris vocati, -ae, -a eritis
vocatus, -a, -um erit vocati, -ae, -a erunt

Present Imperatives
Singular Active: voca
Singular Passive: vocare

*Note: Verbs are not listed but their

present stems end in a
(-are, -avi, -atum)

Plural Active: vocate

Plural Passive: vocamini

Second Conjugation (present stem ends in e; habeo, habere, habui, habitum; translations are the same
as the first conjugation)

present stem found by dropping re from second principle part, as with first conjugation verbs

Present Active
habeo habemus
habes habetis
habet habent

Imperfect Active
habebam
habebamus
habebas
habebatis
habebat
habebant

Perfect Active
Pluperfect Active
habui
habuimus
habueram
habuisti habuistis
habueras
habuit habuerunt (-ere)
habuerat

habueramus
habueratis
habuerant

Future Active
habebo
habebimus
habebis
habebitis
habebit
habebunt
Future Perfect Active
habuero
habuerimus
habueris
habueritis
habuerit
habuerint

Present Passive
habeor
habemur
haberis (-re) habemini
habetur
habentur

Imperfect Passive
habebar
habebamur
habebaris (-re) habebamini
habebatur
habebantur

Future Passive
habebor
habebimur
habeberis (-re) habebimini
habebitur
habebuntur

Perfect Passive
habitus, -a, -um sum habiti, -ae, -a sumus
habitus, -a, -um es
habiti, -ae, -a estis
habitus, -a, -um est habiti, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect Passive
habitus, -a, -um eram habiti, -ae, -a eramus
habitus, -a, -um eras habiti, -ae, -a eratis
habitus, -a, -um erat habiti, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive

habitus, -a, -um ero habiti, -ae, -a erimus
habitus, -a, -um eris habiti, -ae, -a eritis
habitus, -a, -um erit habiti, -ae, -a erunt

Present Imperatives
Singular Active: habe
Plural Active: habete
Singular Passive: habere Plural Passive: habemini

Verbs: careo, carere, carui, ; habeo, habere, habui, habitum; iaceo, iacere, iacui, iacitum; maneo,
manere, mansi, mansum; teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum; timeo, timere, timui, ; video, videre, vidi,
visum; misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum; moveo, movere, movi, motum
Third Conjugation (present stem ends in a consonant or u; pono, ponere, posui, positum)

present stem found by dropping o from first principal part

vowel (i, e, or u) added to stem before personal endings
tense sign for imperfect is eba
tense sign for future is a or e
second principal part ends in ere not re (but macrons not shown in study guide)

Present Active
pono ponimus
ponis ponitis
ponit ponunt

Imperfect Active
ponebam
ponebamus
ponebas
ponebatis
ponebat
ponebant

Future Active
ponam
ponemus
pones
ponetis
ponet
ponent

Perfect Active
Pluperfect Active
posui
posuimus
posueram
posueramus
posuisti
posuistis
posueras
posueratis
posuit
posuerunt (-ere)
posuerat
posuerant
Present Passive
Imperfect Passive
ponor
ponimur
ponebar
ponebamur
poneris (-re) ponimini
ponebaris (-re) ponebamini
ponitur
ponuntur
ponebatur
ponebantur
Perfect Passive
positus, -a, -um sum positi, -ae, -a sumus
positus, -a, -um es
positi, -ae, -a estis
positus, -a, -um est positi, -ae, -a sunt

Future Perfect Active

posuero
posuerimus
posueris
posueritis
posuerit
posuerint
Future Passive
ponar
ponemur
poneris (-re) ponemini
ponetur
ponentur

Pluperfect Passive
positus, -a, -um eram positi, -ae, -a eramus
positus, -a, -um eras positi, -ae, -a eratis
positus, -a, -um erat positi, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive

positus, -a, -um ero positi, -ae, -a erimus
positus, -a, -um eris positi, -ae, -a eritis
positus, -a, -um eris positi, -ae, -a erunt

Present Imperatives
Singular Active: pone
Plural Active: ponite
Singular Passive: ponere Plural Passive: ponimini

Verbs: cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum; duco ducere, duxi, ductum; mitto, mittere, misi, missum; peto,
petere, petivi, petitum; pono, ponere, posui, positum; rego, regere, rexi, rectum
Third Conjugation: -io Verbs (present stem ends in i; capio, capere, cepi, captum)

second principle part tells you its third conjugation because it has a short e (again, macrons are
omitted in the study guide)
first principle part shows you its an i-stem when you remove the o
-i in the stem changes to e in second principle part, present passive second person singular, and
present active and passive imperative singular
present active and passive third person plural has a u in between stem and ending
tense sign for imperfect is eba and future is a or e

Present Active
capio capimus
capis capitis
capit capiunt

Imperfect Active
capiebam
capiebamus
capiebas
capiebatis
capiebat
capiebant

Future Active
capiam
capiemus
capies
capietis
capiet
capient

Perfect Active
Pluperfect Active
Future Perfect Active
cepi cepimus
ceperam
ceperamus
cepero
ceperimus
cepisti cepistis
ceperas
ceperatis
ceperis
ceperitis
cepit ceperunt (-ere)
ceperat
ceperant
ceperit
ceperint
Present Passive
capior
capimur
caperis (-re) capimini
capitur
capiuntur
Perfect Passive
captus, -a, -um sum
captus, -a, -um es
captus, -a, -um est

Imperfect Passive
capiebar
capiebaris (-re)
capiebatur

capti, -ae, -a sumus

capti, -ae, -a estis
capti, -ae, -a sunt

Future Perfect Passive

captus, -a, -um ero
capti, -ae, -a erimus
captus, -a, -um eris capti, -ae, -a eritis
captus, -a, -um erit capti, -ae, -a erunt

capiebamur
capiebamini
capiebantur

Future Passive
capiar
capiemur
capieris (-re) capiemini
capietur
capientur

Pluperfect Passive
captus, -a, -um eram capti, -ae, -a eramus
captus, -a, -um eras capti, -ae, -a eratis
captus, -a, -um erat capti, -ae, -a erant
Present Imperatives
Singular Active: cape
Plural Active: capite
Singular Passive: capere Plural Passive: capimini

Verbs: aspicio, aspicere, aspexi, aspectum; respicio, respicere, respexi, respectum; capio, capere, cepi,
captum; facio, facere, feci, factum

Fourth Conjugation (present stem ends in i; audio, audire, audivi, auditum)

present stem found by dropping re from second principle part

exactly like third conjugation io verbs except they differ in the second principle parts and some
forms of the present tense

Present Active
audio audimus
audis auditis
audit audiunt

Imperfect Active
audiebam
audiebamus
audiebas
audiebatis
audiebat
audiebant

Perfect Active
Pluperfect Active
audivi
audivimus
audiveram
audivisti
audivistis
audiveras
audivit
audiverunt (-ere)
audiverat
Present Passive
audior
audimur
audiris (-re) audimini
auditur
audiuntur

Future Active
audiam
audiemus
audies
audietis
audiet
audient

Future Perfect Active

audiveramus
audivero
audiverimus
audiveratis
audiveris
audiveritis
audiverant
audiverit
audiverint

Imperfect Passive
audiebar
audiebaris (-re)
audiebatur

audiebamur
audiebamini
audiebantur

Future Passive
audiar
audiemur
audieris (-re) audiemini
audietur
audientur

Perfect Passive
auditus, -a, -um sum auditi, -ae, -a sumus
auditus, -a, -um es
auditi, -ae, -a estis
auditus, -a, -um est auditi, -ae, -a sunt

Pluperfect Passive
auditus, -a, -um eram auditi, -ae, -a eramus
auditus, -a, -um eras auditi, -ae, -a eratis
auditus, -a, -um erat auditi, -ae, -a erant

Future Perfect Passive

auditus, -a, -um ero auditi, -ae, -a erimus
auditus, -a, -um eris auditi, -ae, -a eritis
auditus, -a, -um erit auditi, -ae, -a erunt

Present Imperatives
Singular Active: audi
Plural Active: audite
Singular Passive: audire Plural Passive: audimini

Verbs: aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum; audio, audire, audivi, auditum; reperio, reperire, repperi,
repertum; venio, venire, veni, ventum
Syntax Review
Ablative of Place Where: He is on the road. (Road in the abl. case)
Ablative of Means: He fled on a horse. (Howcant be by/with a person? Horse in the abl. case)
Ablative of Accompaniment: The master walked with his friends. (Whom? Friends in the abl. case)
Ablative of Personal Agent: They were saved by their friend. (One who performed passive verb; friend
in abl. case)
Dative with Adjectives:
Poeni Africanis finitimi sunt. The Carthaginians are adjacent to the Africans.
Africanis is in the dative case.

Objective Genitive:
meus amor puellae my love for the girl
puellae is in the genitive case; other prepositions (instead of for) to use include: of, from, over
Ablative of Specification:
used without a preposition
With respect to what?
in is used in English translation, of in the case of worthiness
Nostros virtute superant.
They surpass our men in courage. (virtute is in the abl. case)
Aeneas laude dignus est.
Aeneas is worthy of praise.
(laude is in the abl. case)
The Genitive of the Whole/Partitive Genitive:
part or portion of the whole
Pars urbis occupata est.
Part of the city has been seized.
(urbis is in the gen. case)
Partitive Ablative of Place Which:
partitive idea with pauci or multi expressed by ablative de or ex
Pauci de nautis ad insulam navigant.
Few of the sailors are sailing to the island. (nautis is abl.)
Multae e navibus ad insulam navigant.
Many of the ships are sailing to the island. (navibus is abl.)
Ablative of Separation:
separation where no motion is implied
from is used in English translation
Servum timore liberavimus. We freed the slave from fear.
(timore is in abl. case)
Ablative of Place from Which:
motion from rather than separation (uses preposition)
Servum a domino liberavimus.
We freed the slave from his master. (domino is in abl. case)
Dative of Reference:
used to indicate advantage or disadvantage
Bona viro occupaverunt.
They seized the goods from the man.
(viro is in dative case)
Ablative of Manner:
manner in which an action is formed
without adjective, preposition cum is needed; with adjective, cum can be omitted
Verba cum cura paravit.
He prepared his words with care.
Verba magna cura paravit.
He prepared his words with great care.
Dative of Possession:
Puero equus est.
A horse is to the boy. = The boy has a horse.
Puero equus deest.
A horse is lacking to the boy. = The boy lacks a horse.

(Puero in dative case)

(Puero in dative case)

Partitive Expressions with Numerals:

Partitive Ablative of Place from Which with cardinals
Genitive of the Whole/Partitive Genitive with ordinals
Duo ex filiis iam viri sunt. Two of my sons are already men.
Filiorum primus et secundus iam viri sunt. The first and second of my sons are already men.

(filiis is in the ablative case; filiorum is in the genitive case)

Genitive and Ablative of Description
determines quality
the genitive and ablative of description are interchangeable
Vir magnae virtutis A man of great courage
(magnae virtutis is in the genitive case)
Vir magna virtute
A man of great courage
(magna virtute is in the ablative case)
Passage Translations (WARNING: These are rough translations, there may be some errors but the main
idea is conveyed. Study at your own risk.)
Ch. 12: Friends and Monsters
Aeneas was pleasing Elisa by means of a story: we have sailed from the island of the harpies to
the Adriatic sea, from where we were called to Epirus by means of a miraculous report, the Trojan
captives Andromacha and Helenus had been named as masters of Epirus! We were delighted because the
pleasing rumor was true; soon Andromacha called our men to the palace kindly where she gave many
great gifts to Anchises and Ascanius. Helenus, the husband of Andromacha, was a famous prophet,
therefore he was encouraging our spirits with true words, and also he gave welcome advice about the
danger of the way: you are to sail to Hesperia, around the Island of Sicily, for between Italy and Sicily
there are horrible monsters. On one side the monster seizes sailors out of the ships, on the other side the
ships are given downwards to the water as they are devoured by a second monster. Therefore you are to
avoid the channel and you are to sail around Sicily. Also the Sicilian monster Polyphemus is to be
avoided; for he has already devoured many Greek men.
Thus we were sailing just as the plan had been given by Helenus. But as we were sailing near Sicily we
were called to the shore by a miserable sailor: Trojans save a miserable Greek! I sailed to Sicily with
the lord of Ithaca, but in our flight when Polyphemus had devoured many allies and was blinded by our
men, I wandered away from my friends and so I did not sail from the island with the lord. As the
miserable one was shouting Polyphemus, the large blind, foul, dire monster, walked to the shore.
Immediately, we sailed from the island; we saved the Greek and we were carrying him on our ships.
Alas! afterwards Anchises exhaled his soul; his grave is in Sicily. Queen, at that time we were
carried to your kingdom in Africa by a great storm.
Chapter 13: Juno and Venus Conspire
The Trojans were carried by the storm to the town of Carthage. The Goddess Juno, the queen of
the sky, stirred up the storm; for Juno was the eternal enemy of Aeneas and the Trojans, she was always
a friend to Dido and the Carthaginians. And she swooped down to the goddess Venus, mother of Aeneas.
She pretended that she was not an enemy and she acted like a friend: "Dido, will love Aeneas, and will
save the kingdom of the Carthaginians. This man always will live in Troy; I will give my town of
Carthage to your Trojans." Moreover, she pondered in her prophetic soul, "If Aeneas and the Trojans
will have built a town in Italy, one day they will prepare for a Punic War against Carthage. But if they
will have not sailed to Italy but they will remain here, they will give great help to Dido against the
Africans, enemies to the Carthaginians. Indeed, I am forbidden by the fates, but I will try." Thus, she
thought this because Dido and the Carthaginians were dear to Juno.
Junos plan was pleasing to Venus, this in fact Aeneas, her dear son, meanwhile will be safe. And
thus Cytherea gives help to Juno. Venus comes to Ascanius and with his grandson she flies into the sky;
meanwhile on the earth in the place of Ascanius she places her son Love, brother of Aeneas.

Dido loved small Ascanius and thus tricked she placed Amor, the false Ascanius, in her lap. As
love flew from her lap into her soul, when he stirred up flames, the queen will love Aeneas miserably.
And thus the Trojan hero loved Dido, because she was good and beautiful.
The Carthaginians were pleasing to the Trojans and the Trojans to the Carthaginians: The Trojans
stayed in the town of the Carthaginians and what is more, they were preparing for war against the fierce
Africans.
Chapter 14: A Jealous Rival Stirs Up Trouble
Joyfully, Aeneas was living in Didos kingdom with the Trojans; he was happily building a new
town with the Carthaginians. A great love for the queen had seized his heart: now neither dutifulness
towards the gods nor courage, nor command of the Fates nor divine will of the gods were in his mind.
Iarbas, the king of the Africans, was agitated by his unhappy love for Dido, but the queen did not
love the king. And so his love was changed into rage and what is more because of his rage, he was
preparing a war against the Carthaginians. The rumor about Didos love was reported to Iarbas: now the
queen was loving Aeneas. The king Jupiters son, and so the king rushed towards to the gods altar and
demanded help: Where at this time, my father and the founder of my kingdom, is your love for Iarbas?
I gave Dido a suitable place for a town in my lands, but the queen did not show gratitude for the many
good things. And what is more, just now a Trojan stranger, a true son of Venus, sailed to Elissas
kingdom, he is not a manI cannot call a man without courage a true man. Then Cupid helped his
brotherand now Aeneas is living in the town Carthage, the new lord of the kingdom! Unless you will
help your son, we Africans are carrying sacred gifts to your altar in vain.
At once, the angry Jupiter calls Mercury: Son, rapidly fly into Africa and carry to the son of
Venus the command of the Fates and my own: immediately he will sail to Hesperia, where the Fates call
the Trojans. He loiters in Africa, the captive of a woman, for the ancient desire of a good reputation and
of honor and praise and glory flew from the hero along with his memory of Anchises and his care for
Ascanius. At once, he is to sail at once!
Chapter 15: The End of the Affair
When Mercury had carried the commands of Jupiter and the fates, Aeneas was seized by fear of
divinities. He called together the Trojans: Men, make haste to the shore, prepare all things suitable for
flight, for we will sail soon. However, prepare all things secretly, for the command of the gods will not
be pleasing to Dido. And although we overcome the Phoenicians in courage, the Phoenicians overcome
the multitudes of our men.
Meanwhile, Aeneas mind suffers with sharp anxieties. He loves Elissa miserably, but love for
the queen fights with fear of the gods, with dutifulness towards parents, and with the desire for honor in
his heart. And what is more, how will he announce Jupiters command to Elissa?
However, now the bad rumor had flown to Dido: the Trojans were making haste to the shore and
what is more they were preparing flight. Rage was fighting with love in the queens heart. She was angry
towards the Trojan hero that will fly and called to Aeneas with sharp words: Where now, Aeneas, is
your love for Dido? I protected and helped your Trojans when you got away from the deep waters that
almost destroyed you. You are called a lord in my kingdom. Now you wont ungratefully sail from my
town will you? Of course the man is worthy of the Fates care! Neither will she stand nor will she wait
for Aeneas words, but she angrily walked back to her kingdom.

Now the Trojans had prepared for flight, now they were sailing over the deep on swift ships.
Immediately they had sailed, and so not all of Aeneas weapons and clothes were on the ship.
Then Dido called to her sister Anna: The memory of the accursed Trojans and the detestable
love will be destroyed. I will build a large funeral pyre where I will carry Aeneas weapons and clothes.
Here, all of his clothes and weapons with the memory of his unwelcome love will be given to the fire
and will be devoured by the flames!
Chapter 16: Italy at Last!
Elissa had called the huge pyre the magical funeral of her love or a sacred gift to the gods below;
but there was death in the sad heart of the queen. And so Dido stood before the altar of Juno and was
shouting, "At the end of my life, Juno, in the midst of death I am calling on your divine will: hereafter
let there be no friendship between the Carthaginians and Trojans, a godless people: always let our people
be enemies, let our children and grandchildren fight forever." Then the queen, on the top of the pyre with
Aeneas's clothes, took a sword and made a wound in her breast and breathed out her life.
Meanwhile, in the middle of the sea, Aeneas was sailing swiftly to Sicily with the Trojans. He
was looking at the shore of Africa where the flames were flying to the sky, as the fierce fire seized the
pyre of the citadel. Fear and grief seized the heart of the Trojan.
Then the Trojans sailed to Sicily, into the kingdom of their friend Acestes, where Anchises had
breathed out his life. Acestes was the son of the Trojan woman Segesta (Segesta had sailed to Sicily
before, in a flight from the danger of the Trojan War) and Crimsus, a Sicilian river god. There, as the
Trojans were giving a funeral for the death of father Anchises, part of the women thought, "We have
looked at a sufficient amount of the lands and seas; let our city be built here!" Then they carried fire to
the ships, from which the ships were seized by flames. But when he had been called by Aeneas, Jupiter
gave a great rainstorm down from the sky and a part of the ships was saved.
The Trojans were sailing on the sea again; a few of the women had sailed with the men, but
many women stood in Acetes kingdom. Finally Aeneas sailed to the town Cumae in Italy.
Chapter 17: The Temple at Cumae
In the town of Cumae, a Sybil named Deiphoba was living in the holy temple where there was a
great shrine of Apollo. Apollo, because he used to love Deiphoba when she was a girl, had given the
Sybil the gift of immortality in exchange for her love. However, the god, forgetful because he was
burning with love, was not holding in memory the example of Aurora, and he did not give a second gift
to Deiphoba: the Sybil did not always remain young forever. And so, at this time she was very little and
very old, for through many years, life and spirit continued for the miserable old woman.
Apollo's temple was built by the well-known Daedalus. He had been held back by Minos, the
king of Crete, in the Labyrinthe with his son Icarus, from where, nevertheless, he prepared for flight:
escape was being open only through the sky, and so he mixed feathers with wax and thus prepared wings
suitable for flight. When they had been prepared, father and son flew; so they were freed from the
Labyrinthe and the savage and hostile lord. But as Icarus, forgetful of his fathers advice flew high near
the sun, the wax melted and death soon seized the unlucky boy in the middle of the sea. The father saw
the son no longer as he stayed in the place for a long time as the son approached death and he kept on
shouting, "Icarus! then mournfully he flew down to Sicily, thereafter to the town Cumae, where he built
the amazing new temple in honor of Apollo on top of the citadel, for he was showing gratitude for his
safety to the savior god. He carved the story about the detestable Minotaur on the temples gate, a huge
man with the head of a bull. The Minotaur was dwelling in the Labyrinthe, where he was devouring free
Athenians, both boys and girls, under Minos command. But Theseus, an Athenian hero, is helped by

Adriadna, Minos beautiful daughter, and what is more, he killed the Minotaur and guarded the young
men and women.
Also, Daedalus carved the rest of the story about the escape through the sky, but as he was
carving the figure of Icarus, the father was seized by anxiety and grief and so he ceased.
Now Aeneas was swiftly walking with his faithful friend Achates to the Sybil in the temple.
Chapter 18: The Golden Bough
For a long time, as Aeneas was standing and looking at the amazing shape of the temples gate,
the Sybil shouted, Aeneas, time does not demand a spectacle, but if you are seeking the oracle, a
grateful, sacred gift to the god Apollo! Afterwards, approach the temple. Then, when the Trojans had
put the holy things on the altar, Deiphoba led Aeneas into the temple, where she gave the gods oracle to
the leader of the Trojans: Now you suffered the dangers of the sea, but the danger of the land remains
great and dire. Wars, I see horrible wars! The cause of the war will be the second Helen; and there will
be a second Achilles.
Aeneas responded to the words of Apollos Sybil, Now I am ready for wars, but before, I will
approach the kingdom of Dis, where my dear parent Anchises is waiting for his son. Wont I be led
down to that place, as Orpheus or Pollux, as Theseus or Hercules? We all are equal, all are the offspring
of gods, worthy of your help. Deiphobas reply was, You will not be led down to that place, son of
Venus, not unless you will have sought the golden bough in the forest and bring it here, a gift for the
beautiful Proserpina.
As Aeneas was departing into the forest, he saw twin doves, the sacred bird of the god Venus.
The mother had sent the pigeons as guides to her son. And so they were leading Aeneas, and soon he
saw and seized the golden bough from a tree with great joy and what is more he carried it to the Sybil.
Thereafter, he gave Hecate and Proserpina the sacred gift before the altars with Deiphoba and also gave
Dis many black animals. Immediately, all the woods and meadows were moved with a great crashing
sound and a way through the land to Dis kingdom was seen, to which Deiphoba was escorting Aeneas.
They were going on in the dark under the night through shadow and through the empty house of Dis and
his empty kingdoms just as the road into the woods is through an evil light under an uncertain moon
when Jupiter concealed the sky with cloud.
Chapter 19: The Lower World
The poet Virgil, when he was beginning his story about the escape of Aeneas, sought help from
the Muse but, when he was beginning his story about the kingdom of Dis, he sought the help of the gods
below. With the help of the gods he viewed everything underground and told it in his story.
As Aeneas, with the Sibyl as his guide, approached the threshold of Orcus, he saw the evil
divinities of Cares and Diseases, of Famine and Poverty, the shapes of terrible things. Here there was
also Death and Hardship, and Death's brother Sleep, then the souls of evil joys and finally the savage
spirits of War and Murder. Also being seen were monsters, Centaurs and double form Scyllas and the
hundredfold Briareus and also the large monsters of of Lernas and Chimeras, Gorgons and Harpies and
the shape Geryon, the three-bodied ghost. Aeneas was beginning a fight, but the Sibyl instructed the
hero: "The monsters are not real, but are all ghosts of the monsters."
Then they approached the place where the river Acheron flows into the Cocytus close to the
Stygian swamp. Here a multitude of the souls of men and women, of boys and girls, were standing on
the bank. They were vainly awaiting the burial ceremonies, for humans do not go forward across the
river if they are lacking burial. When the ferryman Charon, a god like filthy old man, had looked at the
golden bough, he took Aeneas and the Sibyl across the river, not swiftly, where the three-headed dog

Cerberus was guarding the gate. The huge Cerberus had snakes for a mane. But Deiphoba offered the
fierce dog a drugged morsel and when Cerberus had eaten the morsel sleep seized him.
Across the river they came to the place where the judge, King Minos of Crete, judges the dead.
The Fields of Mourning were a neighboring place, to where humans go when they have been killed by
the grief of love. Here they wander and walk through the deep forests and broad plains, sad even after
death. Now among the miserable ghosts of women, Aeneas saw a familiar shape.
Chapter 20: Encounters with the Dead
Among the ghosts of the unhappy women in the Fields of Mourning, Dido was wandering in the
great forest. The shape of the queen was not clear, but she was seen as the new moon appears through
the clouds. Loyal Aeneas let tears fall and was addressing Elissa with sweetness and love: Unhappy
Dido, is the message that had come true then? Alas was I the cause of your death? Queen, I swear
through constellations, through divinities above and down under the land, I moved from your coast
unwillingly. He was beginning more words, but Dido was not hearing the words, nor was she being
moved. Finally she departed and what is more, took refuge from her enemy in a shady grove, where she
responds to her former husband Sychaeus, with a care equal to his love.
At last, the Sybil led Aeneas to a place where they will go after the death of a famous war. Here
he came upon friends and enemies, but they were all wretchedly changed by death. As the souls of the
Greek saw the Trojan hero, they fled with great fear, but the souls of the Trojans came together to
Aeneas and they were asking about the war and the flight from danger. As they were listening to Aeneas
words, Deiphoba shouted, Why are you standing? Here is the place where the road splits: a part of Dis
fortification stretches under our route to the Fields of Elysium; and the godless are sent to Tartarus, a
part of evils that practice punishments.
And so, when they departed to the sacred place at the bottom of Erebus where he had seen the
evil being restrained eternally, with the Sybil as a guide, Aeneas came all the way to the Fields of
Elysium, where he finally found the ghost of his dear father Anchises among the souls of the good men.
The son showed many souls, not remembering life on the land before death, for they were changed by
the water of Lethe and they were holding nothing of their memory. When Aeneas asked the names of the
souls, his father replied, Now they are ghosts without names, but once there will be offspring, you will
lead your name. And the son uncovered the fate of the Roman People.
Chapter 21: Eating Tables
The old king of Laurentum was called Latinus. Latinus was a son of Faunus, a prophetic god, the
grandson of Saturn. The king was lacking a son; however Latinus and his wife Amata had one daughter
named Lavinia, a beautiful maiden of seventeen years. Amata had promised the chief of the Rutulians
her daughter Lavinia in marriage. Turnus (for the chief was called in such a manner), a man of great
virtue, was with praise and was worthy, pleasing, and dear to Amata. But Latinus was not considering
Turnus of much worth because he had heard the prophetic words of his father, Faunus, oracle, when he
was receiving a fate in advance: Make a Latin marriage of no worth, my son, for a foreign hero will
come for your Lavinia. Through this stranger, our name will fly into heaven and what is more, our
grandchildren will rule all the nations under their broad empire. Therefore, the Rutulian chief was not a
man of great worth to Latinus.
Meanwhile, Aeneas had left the five rivers of Erebus and was carried across the sixth, a stream of
great width, to the lands above. Then, with allies, he sailed with eight ships to Latium. As he was dining
on the shore, a place where tables were lacking, they put food on loaves of bread in exchange for tables.
After dinner, as they were devouring the pieces of bread, little Ascanius then shouted: Hey, we are also

consuming the tables? Immediately, the words of the foul Harpy came into Aeneass mind with the few
prophetic words of his father Anchises and he happily shouted, We have arrived, finally we have
arrived in the land Hesperia, where we will build our new town!
Then Aeneas sent one hundred brave legates, men of good counsel also, to the Latin town of
Laurentum as, in the meantime, the rest of the Trojans were fortifying camps on the shore. The Latin
king, a man of a good mind, received the Trojan legates in a friendly manner and called them together in
the palace, where he was standing in the middle of kinsmen, allies, and friends, for he was always
mindful of the oracle and he was holding the words about his daughters marriage in his memory.
I did not include definitions or derivatives in this study guide but I do have them in a flashcard set
online. Here are the links:
Latin Vocabulary Ch.12-21: http://www.flashcardmachine.com/flashcards/?
search=true&topic_id=3015290&desc=1&refine_author=PurplePen
Derivatives Ch.12-21:
http://www.flashcardmachine.com/flashcards/?
search=true&topic_id=3015294&desc=1&refine_author=PurplePen