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  • Octane Numbers

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    sidaks6869
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    The octane number of a fuel indicates its resistance to autoignition under compression. Fuels with higher octane numbers, like isooctane, are less likely to ignite prematurely than fuels with lower octane numbers, like heptane. The octane rating can be increased through the addition of additives, blending in higher-octane fuels, or refinery processes like isomerization, reforming, and cracking that alter the molecular structure of the fuels. These processes produce fuels with shorter or more branched alkane chains, which increases their octane rating.

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    octane rating

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    The octane number of a fuel indicates its resistance to autoignition under compression. Fuels with higher octane numbers, like isooctane, are less likely to ignite prematurely than fuels with lower octane numbers, like heptane. The octane rating can be increased through the addition of additives, blending in higher-octane fuels, or refinery processes like isomerization, reforming, and cracking that alter the molecular structure of the fuels. These processes produce fuels with shorter or more branched alkane chains, which increases their octane rating.

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    154 vues4 pages

    Octane Numbers

    Transféré par

    sidaks6869
    The octane number of a fuel indicates its resistance to autoignition under compression. Fuels with higher octane numbers, like isooctane, are less likely to ignite prematurely than fuels with lower octane numbers, like heptane. The octane rating can be increased through the addition of additives, blending in higher-octane fuels, or refinery processes like isomerization, reforming, and cracking that alter the molecular structure of the fuels. These processes produce fuels with shorter or more branched alkane chains, which increases their octane rating.

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    sur 4

    3/17/2015

    Octane numbers

    Octanenumbers
    Theoctanenumberofafuelisbasedonhowfuelsautoignite,undercompression.
    Itisbasedonthescalewhereisooctaneis100(minimalignitionunderpressure)andheptaneis0(easilyignitesunder
    pressure).
    Forexample,apetrolwithanoctanenumberof92hasthesameknockasamixtureof92%isooctaneand8%heptane.
    Octaneratingdecreaseswithanincreaseinthecarbonchainlength.
    Octaneratingsincreasewithcarbonchainbranching.
    Octaneratingsincreaseinaromaticswithsamenumberofcarbons.
    Itisimportanttoknowoctanenumbersforpetrolbecausetheautoignitionoffuelscausesaknockingeffectinpetrolengines.
    Thisiswhereitignitestwiceonceduetothehighpressureandagainwhenthesparkignitesthepetrol.Thiscausesthecar
    enginetobelessefficientanditcanalsodamagetheengine.
    However,dieselenginesrelyonthisknockingeffect,astheyhavenosparkplugsandrelyontheeffectofcompressiontomake
    theirfuel/airmixturesignite.
    Howoctaneratingofafuelcanbeincreased
    Therearetwowaystoincreasetheoctanenumberofafuel.Oneistoputspecialadditivesintothefuelwhichdiscourageauto
    ignition,andtheotheristoblendhighoctanefuelsinwiththeordinarypetrol.
    Antiknockingadditives
    Antiknockingadditivesaresubstanceswhichreducethetendencyofafueltoautoignite,andsoincreasetheoctanenumber.
    Sincethe1920s,smallamountsofleadcompoundshavebeenusedaseconomicalandeffectiveantiknockadditives.
    Concernovertheenvironmentaleffectsofleadedpetrolhasleadtoagradualphasingoutofleadedpetrol.
    Petrolcompanieshavefocusedtheirattentiononrefiningandblendingtogethighoctaneratings.
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    Octane numbers

    Therightkindofalkane
    Thebestkindofalkaneforfuelsisnotthemostplentifulincrudeoil.
    Therefinerydoctorsthefuelforourneeds.
    Theshorterthealkanechain,thehighertheoctanenumber.However,thevolatilityofthehydrocarbonincreaseswitha
    decreaseinthechainlength.
    Theshortalkanechainshavetobemixedinpetroltolowertheirvolatilityandhighertheoctanenumberofthepetrol.
    Theotherfactorthataffectstheoctanenumberisthedegreeofbranchinginthealkanechain.Themorebranchedthealkane
    is,thehighertheoctanenumber.
    Crudeoilcontainsbothstraightchainandbranchedalkanes,butitdoesnotcontainenoughbranchedalkanestogiveitahigh
    octanenumber.
    Chemistshavesolvedthisproblemincreasingtheoctanenumbersbyisomerism,reformingandcracking.
    Isomerism
    Isomerizationinvolvesheatingupstraightchainedalkanesinthepresenceofsuitablecatalysts,sothatthechainsbreak.
    Whenthechainsjointogetheragain,theyaremorelikelytobebranched.
    OilrefineriesdothisonalargescalewithC6H14andC5H12.
    Theisomerizationreactionisreversibleandhighertemperaturesfavourtheproductionofstraightchained
    isomers.Howeverthetemperaturecannotbetooloworthereactionwouldtaketoolong,soacompromiseismade
    betweenyieldandrateofreaction.Thetemperatureusedis250oC.
    Thecatalystinvolvedintheisomerizationisplatinumtheproductsarethenpassedoveraformofzeolite,whichactsasa
    molecularsieve,separatingthestraightchainsfromthebranchedchains.
    Reforming
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    Octane numbers

    Reformingiswherealkanesareconvertedtocycloalkanesandcycloalkanestoaromatichydrocarbons.
    Substancessuchashexane(whicharecommonincrudeoil)areconvertedtocyclohexane.Hydrogenisalsoproduced,whichis
    valuable.
    Cracking
    Crackingisoneofthemostimportantreactionsinthepetroleumindustry.
    Crackinginvolvesbreakinguplargealkaneswhichhavetoomanycarbonsforpetrolintoshorterchainsthatcanbeusedin
    petrol.
    Theseshorterchainsareoftenbranched,whichgivesthemahigheroctanenumber.
    Crackingalsohelpstosolvethesupplyanddemandproblem.Somefractionsareabundantinthecrudeoil,butarenotneeded.
    However,otherfuelsareingreatdemandbutarenotcommoninthecrudeoil.
    Mostofthecrackingisdonebyheatingupthefuelinthepresenceofacatalyst.Thisprocessisreferredtoascatcracking.The
    fuelthatisheatedcanbekerosene,dieseloil,oranyotherheavierfuelsfromtheresidue.
    Zeolitesareonceagainusedinthisprocess,astheyactasexcellentcatalysts.ZeoliteYisusedtocrackthefuel,asit
    particularlyeffectiveatproducingfuelswithahighoctanerating.
    Aswellastheshorterchainedalkanes,alkenesarealsoformed.Thesearemoreoftenbranchedandareimportantinthe
    petrochemicalsindustry.

    Oneproblemwithcrackingisthatcoke(carbon)tendstoformonthecatalystsurface,andsothecatalysteventuallybecomes
    inactive.Toovercomethis,thecatalystiscirculatedwiththeproductsandregeneratedaftereachcycle.

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    Octane numbers

    Usefulbooksforrevision:

    ReviseASChemistryforSalters(WrittenbyexperiencedexaminersandteachersofSalter'schemistry)
    ReviseASChemistryforSalters(OCR)(SaltersAdvancedChemistry)
    Home

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