DEDICATION FROM HAYES HANDBOOK OF PESTICIDE

TOXICOLOGY, THIRD EDITION



Wayland Jackson Jack Hayes, Jr. made enduring contributions to pesticide science. Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, third edition, carries his name to recognize his profound commitment to improve the knowledge of toxicology, in general,
the epidemiology of pesticide poisoning, and the medical management of cases. He
wrote and spoke often of the importance of the first principles of toxicology as Chief
Toxicologist at Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, and later as Professor of
Toxicology, School of Medicine,Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
Hayes contributed his first volume to the toxicological literature as the Clinical
Handbook on Economic Poisons (1963), replacing Clinical Memoranda on Economic
Poisons first issued in March 1950 as separate releases on several new insecticides. The
booklet described the diagnosis and treatment of persons who may have had extensive
or intensive exposure to economic poisons. It was prepared primarily for the guidance of physicians and other public health professionals. The 1963 booklet concerned
the use of organophosphorus insecticides and acute toxicities associated with pesticides such as arsenic, thallium, phosphorous, and kerosene because they were leading
causes of deaths associated with pesticides. Hayes acknowledged the great potential
value of the materials used as pesticides and urged the careful collection of clinical data
and related information concerning poisoning, a theme that became much clearer in
the expanded Toxicology of Pesticides (1975). Toxicology of Pesticides and his works that
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followed gave attention to those materials that are manufactured in large amounts,
that are known to have caused poisoning relatively frequently, or that are of special
interest for some other reason. The subjects of clinical studies included: (1) persons
with heavy occupational exposureincluding malaria control spray operators, farmers, orchardists, spray pilots, and pest control operators; (2) volunteers who take part in
strictly controlled experimental investigations; and (3) patients who are sick from accidental over-exposure to pesticides. In the preface to his next major work and the first
edition in the present series, he called attention to the need for basic toxicology education. Pesticides Studied in Man (1982) and The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology represent
his commitment to the collection and dissemination of critical research and clinical
experience in Hayes career as a leader in pesticide science.
Widespread use of the Clinical Handbook on Economic Poisons and active participation in public debate concerning pesticide use encouraged Hayes to write of the general importance of the principles of toxicology. In Toxicology of Pesticides (1975) and his
subsequent books he retained the strong clinical content but offered much expanded
coverage of principles of toxicology, the conditions of exposure, the effects on human
health, problems of diagnosis and treatment, the means to prevent injury, and even
brief outlines on the impact of pesticides on domestic animals and wildlife.
In the public arena, Hayes spoke out on an expanding role of toxicology to address
issues of public and environmental health related to pesticide use that became critical
during the 1960s and 1970s following publication of Rachel Carsons polemic Silent
Spring (1962). Concerning the resulting intense public debate about pesticides, Hayes
wrote in the Preface to Toxicology of Pesticides:
The pesticide problem is not merely one concerning the chemical industry and professional farmers,
foresters, and applicators, or one concerning only those who wish to protect wildlife, or those responsible
for control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases of man and his livestock. Rather, the pesticide
problem concerns every person who wants food at a reasonable price and who wants his home free from
vermin. The problem can be solved only on the basis of sound toxicological principles. Knowledge of these
principles permits agreement and a cooperative approach on the part of persons professionally responsible
for protection of our food, our health, and our wildlife, respectively. Ignorance of these principles limits
some other persons to a partisan approach that may be dangerous to the common good.

In dedicating Toxicology of Pesticides to Paracelsus, Hayes sought to bring attention to

the decisive importance of dosage in determining the effect of exposure. He urged
recognition of tolerated doses as well as information on doses or blood levels that
have produced harm. He clearly viewed modern toxicology as a predictive, interdisciplinary science with great capacity to contribute to chemical safety evaluation.
His Pesticides Studied in Man (1982) assumed the readers mastery of the basic principles of toxicology and offered more in-depth coverage of those pesticides with direct
information concerning their effects in humans. The information came from reports of

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poisoning, from observation of workers or volunteers, or from persons who received

certain compounds as drugs. Sections were organized in three parts. The first gave a
concise summary of the chemistry and use of the pesticide. The second part concerned
the fate and basic animal toxicity data that contributed to determining important
dose-response relationships. The third section reported the human experience with the
pesticide. The present edition of Hayes Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology applies this basic
scheme more loosely in the description of the toxicology of agents.
As Professor of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Hayes
teamed with his colleague Edward R. Laws, Jr., Department of Neurological Surgery,
George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, D. C. to edit the first edition of
the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. It was published by Academic Press in three volumes and updated and revised both Toxicology of Pesticides and Pesticides Studied in
Man. The Preface again champions the potential role of toxicology in the resolution
of controversy regarding pesticide use and reiterates the importance of the study of
dose-response relationships in diagnosis of poisoning. The book follows familiar
organization, including exposition of principles of toxicology and sections featuring
the chemistry and uses of pesticides, biochemistry and experimental toxicology, and
description of the human experience with pesticides.
Hayes admonition to physicians to collect quantitative information on the effects
of different dosages is consistent with his high regard for the fullest possible data concerning the human experience with pesticides. Throughout his career Hayes shaped a
vision of modern toxicology as an important means to achieve rational use of chemicals in the environment, much in the spirit of Paracelsus who wrote, whenever I
went I eagerly and diligently investigated and sought after the tested and reliable arts of
medicine. I went not only to the doctors, but also to barbers, bathkeepers, learned physicians, women, and magicians who pursue the art of healing.
Wayland Hayes was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, on April 29, 1917. He graduated in 1938 from the University of Virginia, received an M. A. degree and a Ph.D.
from the University of Wisconsin where he specialized in zoology and physiological
chemistry. He returned to the University of Virginia where he received his M.D. in
1946. He interned in the Public Health Service Hospital in Staten Island, New York,
and entered the regular corps of the service from 1948 to 1968. He became Chief
Toxicologist of the Pesticides Program of the Centers for Disease Control in Savannah
and Atlanta, Georgia. Hayes joined Vanderbilt University as Professor of Biochemistry,
School of Medicine, in 1968 becoming emeritus in 1982 but remaining active in university affairs until 1991. He died January 4, 1993. His wife, Barnita Donkle Hayes,
of 50 years and a son, Wayland J. Hayes III, and four daughters, Marie Royce Hayes,
Maryetta Hayes Hacskaylo, Lula Turner McCoy and Roche Del Moser; and 10 grandchildren, survived him. In his family and community, he was revered as a parent, gardener, artist, philosopher and humorist.

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Hayes had a full professional life of national and international service. He was a
consultant on the toxicology of pesticides to the World Health Organization, the Pan
American Sanitary Bureau, the American Medical Association, the U. S. Department
of Agriculture/Environmental Protection Agency, the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the National Academy of Sciences-National
Research Council. He served on numerous governmental committees and editorial
boards. He was a charter member of the Society of Toxicology in 1961 and served
as its eleventh president 197172. As president of the Society, he staunchly defended
the integrity of toxicologists in regulatory affairs (Science 174: 545546, 1971) and
launched criticism of the USEPAs dismissal of the recommendation of its own
Scientific Advisory Committee in response to external pressure. As president, Hayes
made a strong plea for the inclusion of toxicology in textbooks of biology, zoology,
hygiene, and general science (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 19, iii, 1971).
Both subjects are topical today. Other society memberships included the American
Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and the American Society
of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. He became a Diplomat of The Academy of
Toxicological Sciences in 1989.
Wayland Hayes was a sought after expert witness, particularly in cases involving pesticides. His commanding and distinguished presence, his southern accent and
gracious manner coupled with his encyclopedic knowledge rarely failed to win the
case. However, there was one case in Wisconsin where he was unable to convince the
jury that DDT was not a potent poison. Finally, he walked over to the evidence table,
picked up the bottle of DDT and ingested a teaspoon of the evidence. When asked
about how that worked out, he replied, Well I may have walked a little funny, but we
won the case.
Hayes clearly recognized the difficulties associated with collecting meaningful dosage-response information. He suggested that failure to collect such valuable data might
result from lack of recognition of its importance in diagnostics. He closed on a theme
that has shaped his career and that remains central to the spirit and content of the
current volumes now dedicated to his life and career saying, Clinicians who attend
patients poisoned by a pesticide or by any other material are urged to be alert to the
possibility of getting new information on dosage.
Robert I. Krieger, Ph.D.
John W. Doull, M.D., Ph.D.