Anti derivatives

DEF 1: Let f(x) be a given function. If there is a differentiable function F(x) such that
d
F x = f x then F(x) is called an Anti derivative or Primitive of f(x).
dx
DEF 2: If F(x) is an anti derivative of f(x), then the expression F(x) + C is called indefinite
integral of f(x) and is denoted by

f x dx = F x + C ,
Where f(x) is called Integrand and F(x) is called an integral. x is the variable of
integration and C is an arbitrary constant of integration but usually omitted in practice.
NOTE:

The process of finding anti derivative is called an Integration.

Theorem:

If F(x) and G(x) are two anti derivatives of f(x), then F(x) G(x) = A constant.

Proof:

By definition of anti derivative, we have

F x = f x
and
G x = f x
Consider F(x) G(x) = H(x), then

d
F x G x H x
dx
F x G x H x
f x f x

H x

H x 0
Showing that H(x) is constant.
Hence, F(x) G(x) = A constant
RULE OF INTEGRATION:
i.

f x f x dx

f x

n+1

n+1

, n 1

f x

ii.

f x dx

= ln f x

SOME STANDARD INTEGRALS:

x
x
sin 1 or cos1
a
a
a2 x2
dx
1
1 x
1 x
a 2 + x 2 a tan a or cot a

i.
ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

viii.

dx

dx

1
1
x
x
sec 1 or csc 1
a
a
a
a
x a
2

x + a2 x2
x
sinh 1 or ln

a
a
a2 + x2

x + x2 a2
x
cos h or ln

a
a
x2 a2

a 2 x 2 dx

x a2 x2
a2
x

sin 1
2
2
a

x 2 a 2 dx

x x2 a2
a2 x + x2 a2

ln

2
2
a

x 2 a 2 dx

x x2 a2
a 2 x + x2 a 2

ln

2
2
a

dx

dx

FOUR STANDARD INTEGRALS:

i.
ii.

cotx dx = ln sinx
tanx dx = ln cosx or ln sec x

iii.

secx dx = ln secx + tanx or ln tan 2 4

iv.

cosecx dx = ln cosecx cot x or ln tan 2

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION:
The evaluation of certain integrals becomes easy if we change the variable of integration
by some suitable substitution. Suppose, we have to evaluate

f x dx ;
2

We make the substitution x = g(z) to change the variable x into z, then dx = g z dz .

Hence,

f x dx = f g z g z dz
The substitution x = g(z) is to be such that the transformed integral on the RHS of the

above equation is easier to evaluate than the given integral.

Q.NO.1

Evaluate the following integrals:

1 x
dx
1 x

[Hint: Put x = cos or Rationalizing with Nume.]

ii.

sin 1 x
dx
1 x2

[Hint: Put sin 1 x = z ]

iii.

x logx.log logx

iv.

x logx.log logx .log log log x

i.

dx

[Hint: Put log (logx) = z]

dx

v.
vi.
vii.

secx cosecx
dx
log tanx
e x 1 + x

cos x e dx
2

et
e2 t +3et + 2 dt
5
2

viii.

x
a 2 x 7 dx

ix.

a sinx + b cosx

x.

a + b tanx dx

xi.

xii.

dx

secx

dx
sinx + cosx
sinx
sin x a dx

[Hint: Put log [log{logx} = z]

[Hint: Put log (tanx) = z]

[Hint: Put x e x = z]
[Hint: Put et z ]
7
2

[Hint: Put x = z ]
[Hint: Put a = r cos, b = r sin ]
[Hint: Put a = r cos, b = r sin ]
[Hint: Use the preceding one]

xiii.

dx

sin x a sin x b

SOL (xii): Put sin x = sin x a a

sin x = sin x a cos a cos x a sin a

sin x
cos a +sin a cot x a
sin x a
Thus,

sinx

sin x a dx = cos a + sin a cot x a dx

x cos a sin a ln sin x a

SOL (xiii): We have

dx

sin x a sin x b

sin a b
1
dx
sin a b sin x a sin x b

sin x b x a
1
dx

sin a b sin x a sin x b

sin x b cos x a cos x b sin x a

1
dx

sin a b
sin x a sin x b

1
cot x a cot x b dx
sin a b

1
ln sin x a ln sin x b
sin a b

sin x a
1
ln

sin a b sin x b

INTEGRATION BY PARTS:
If u and v be two functions of x, then
du

u v dx = u v dx dx v dx dx
Evaluate:
1

a+x

dx

i.

sin

ii.

x sinx dx
x log x dx
sin x dx

iii.
iv.
v.

sin 1 x cos 1 x
sin 1 x cos1 x dx

SOL (i): Put x = a tan 2 z , then x = 2 a tanz sec 2 z dz

Therefore, we have

tan z
2
sin 1
2a tanz sec z dz
sec z
2a z tanz sec 2 z dz
tan 2 z
tan 2 z
2a z

dz
2
2

a z tan 2 z a tan 2 z dz
a z tan 2 z a sec 2 z 1 dz
a z tan 2 z a tan z + a z
x
=x tan 1
a
a

x
x + a tan 1
a

x
x
a tan 1

a
a

ax

SOL (v):

We have

sin 1 x cos 1 x
sin 1 x cos1 x dx

sin 1 x cos 1 x 2cos 1 x

dx
sin 1 x cos 1 x

2 cos 1 x
2

dx ;

2
4
x cos 1 x dx

1
1
sin
x

cos
x

2
(A)

Put cos 1 x z x cos z x cos 2 z dx sin 2 z dz

Therefore,
4
4
cos 1 x dx z sin 2 z dx ; integrate by parts

4
1
cos 1 x dx 2 2x 1 cos 1 x + 2 x x 2

Hence, (A) becomes

=x+

1
2 2x 1 cos 1 x + 2 x x 2

A USEFUL SUBSTITUTION (OR MAGIC SUBSTITUTION):

An integral of a rational function of sin x or cos x can be transformed into an integral of a
rational function of z by the substitution
x
1
2 dz
z tan , then dz = sec 2 x dx dx =
2
2
1 z2

The value of sin x and cos x, in terms of z, are

x
1 tan 2
2
z
2
sin x =
and cos x =
2
1

z
2 x
1 tan
1 tan 2
2
2 tan

x
2
2 1 z
x 1 z2
2

Evaluate the integrals:

1

i.

1 sin x dx

ii.

1 cos x dx

iii.

2 cos x dx

iv.

2 cos x dx

v.

tan x sin x dx

SOL (i):

1 sin x

2 cos x
cos x
1

Put z tan

x
1
2 dz
, then dz = sec2 x dx dx =
2
2
1 z2

x
2 2z
And sin x =
x 1 z2
1 tan 2
2
2 tan

So, we have

1
2

dz
2z 1 z2
1
2
1 z

1
2

1 z 2z

dz 2

dz

z 1

z 1

2
x
1 tan
2

SOME SPECIAL INTEGRALS:

TYPE I:

When the integrand involves rational function with irreducible quadratic poly.

Evaluate the following integrals:

i.
ii.
iii.

x2 + 1
x 4 + x 2 + 1 dx
1
x 4 + 1 dx
x4
x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 dx

iv.

x2 + 1
x 4 x 2 + 1 dx
Dividing both the numerator and denominator by x 2 , we get

SOL (i):

1+
I=

1
x2

1
x + 1+ 2
x

dx

(1)

1
1
1

z , then 1 2 dx = dz and x 2 2 z 2 2
x
x
x

Put x

Substituting into (1), we get

2
dz
1
1
1 z
1 x 1

tan

tan

z2 + 3 3
3
3
3

TYPE II:

dx
linear

linear

FORM:
Evaluate:
dx

i.

x + 2

ii.

2x + 3

iii.

1 2x

iv.

SOL (i):

x+3

dx
x+5

dx
4x + 1

x4
x 1 x + 2 dx
Put

x + 3 z or x + 3 = z 2 x + 2 z 2 1and dx = 2z dz

Therefore,
I=

2 z dz
dz
z 1
2 2
2 ln
2ln
2
z 1
1 z
z 1

x 3 1
x 3 1

TYPE III:
f x

FORM:

Quadratic

linear

dx

Evaluate:
i.

x
dx
2x + 2 x 1

ii.

x
dx
4x + 5 x + 2

SOL (i):

Put

x 1 z or x 1= z 2

dx = 2 z dz
2

x = z 2 1 x 2 2x + 2 = x 1 1 z 4 1

From (1);
Therefore,

1 +

1 + z 2z dz
1+z

z
I=
2
dz 2
dz
1

z z 1
z 1
z
2

(2)

z2

1
1
1

Put z t then 1 2 dz = dt and z 2 + 2 t 2 2 in (2) , we get

z
z
z

I = 2

dt
2
t

tan 1

t +2
2
2
2

z2 1
2 tan 1

2z
x 1 1
2 tan 1

2 x 1
x2
2 tan 1

2x 2

TYPE IV:

linear

FORM:

dx
Quadratic

Evaluate:
dx

i.

ii.

x 1

iii.

x + 1

iv.

SOL (i):

x2 + a2
dx
x2 + 1
dx
x 2 1

x 2 2x +3

x + 2

x2 1

Put x

dx

1
1
then dx = 2
z
z

Therefore,

1
dz
2
z
I
1 1
+ a2
z z2

1
a

dz
1+ a 2 z 2
dz
1
+ z2
a2

z
1

sinh 1
a
1
a
1
a
sinh 1
a
x

10

TYPE V:

dx
Pure quadratic

Pure quadratic

FORM:
Evaluate:

dx

i.

ii.

iii.

1 x

iv.

1 2x

v.

2x

SOL (i):

1 x 2 + 1
dx

x2 + 1
dx
2

1 x2

dx
2

1 x2
dx

3x +1 3x 2 2x +1

Put x

1
1
then dx = 2
z
z

Therefore,

1
dz
z2
I
1
1
2 1 2 + 1
z
z

z dz

1 z
2

1 z2

(1)

1 z 2 t in (1)

Now put

Then
1 + z 2 t 2 1 z2 2 t 2
2 z dz 2t dt

Therefore, (1) becomes

11

t dt
t 2 t2

dt
2 t2

1
2 2
1
2 2

ln

ln

2t
2 t
2 1 z2
2 1 z2
1
x2
1
2 1 2
x

2 1

1
2 2
1
2 2

ln

ln

2 x x 2 1
2 x x 2 1

TYPE VI: When the integrand involve surds of x.

Evaluate:

dx
x3x

i.

ii.

iii.

SOL (i):

dx
x
dx
x 23 x
3

1
6

Put z x or z 6 x then dx = 6z 5 dz
So, we have
I=

6 z 5 dz

z5
z3
6 3 2 dz 6
dz
z z
z 1
z6 3 z6
1

z 2 z 1
dz
z 1

12

 2 z 3 3 z 2 6 z 6 ln z 1
1

2x 2 3x 3 6x 6 6 ln x 3 1
INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS:
To evaluate the integrals sin n x dx and cos n x dx where n is a positive integer.
CASE I:

When n is odd;
Put cos x = z in sin n x dx and sin x = z in cos n x dx

Example:

Evaluate: I = cos5 x dx

SOL: Put sin x = z so that cos x dx = dz and

2

I = cos 4 x cosx dx = 1 sin 2 x cos x dx 1 z 2 dz

1 2 z 2 z 4 dz
2 3 z5
= z z
3
5
2
1
3
5
sin x sin x sin x
3
5
CASE II:
i.

Let I =

When n is even, then we find the integrals of sin n x dx and cos n x dx ;

sin

x dx sin x sin n 1x dx , then integrating by parts, we have

sin n 1 x cosx n 1 sin n 2 x cosx cosx dx

cosx sin n 1 x n 1 sin n 2 x cos 2 x dx
cosx sin n 1 x n 1 sin n 2 x 1 sin 2 x dx
I cosx sin n 1 x n 1 sin n 2 x sin n x dx

cosx sin n 1 x n 1 sin n 2 x dx n 1 I

n 1 1 I = cosx sin n 1 x n 1 sin n 2 x dx

cosx sin n 1 x n 1
I=

sin n 2 x dx
n

13

The above integral is named as reduction formula for sine function.

ii.

Let I =

n 1

cos x dx cos x cos x dx , then integrating by parts, we have

cos x sinx n 1 cos x sinx sinxdx
sinx cos x n 1 cos x sin x dx
I sin x cos x n 1 cos x 1 cos x dx
sin x cos x n 1 cos x cos x dx
sin x cos x n 1 cos x dx n 1 I
n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1 1 I = sin x cosn 1 x n 1 cos n 2 x dx

sin x cos n 1 x n 1
n
cos x dx =

cos n 2 x dx

The above integral is named as reduction formula for cosine function. Similarly, we can find
out the reduction formulae for the remaining.
Example:

Evaluate: sin 6 x dx

SOL:

Using reduction formula, we have

6
sin x dx =

4
sin x dx

sin

x dx

cosx sin 5 x 5
sin 4 x dx
6
6

(1)

cosx sin 3 x 3
sin 2 x dx
4
4
cosx sin x 1
sin 0 x dx
2
2
cosx sin x x

2
2

Therefore,

cosx sin 3 x 3 cosx sin x x

sin x dx
4
4
2
2
4

cosx sin 3 x 3
3

cosx sin x x
4
8
8

14

Hence, (1) becomes

cosx sin 5 x 5 cosx sin 3 x 3
3

cosx sin x x
6
6
4
8
8
cosx sin 5 x
5
5
5
=
cosx sin 3 x cosx sin x x
6
24
16
16

6
sin x dx =

15

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definite Integral as limit of a Sum :
DEF: Let f be a continuous real valued function defined on a finite closed interval
[a, b]. A partition (or subdivision/ subinterval) P of [a, b] is a finite set of points;
P x 0 , x1 , x 2 ,..., x n 1 , x n

Such that
a x 0 x 1 x 2 . . . x n 1 x n b

It subdivides [a, b] into n closed subintervals:

x 0 , x1 , x1 , x 2 , x 2 , x3 , ..., x n

, x n

x
x0 / a

x1 x 2

xr

x r 1 x n / b

th

The r subinterval [xr 1, xr] and its length x r x r 1 will both be denoted by xr. The norm
(or mesh) of P, written P, is defined as

P =

max

1 r n

xr

Let cr be any point of [xr 1, xr], r = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n. The expression

n

x1 x 0 f c1 x 2 x1 f c2 ... x n x n1 f cn x r x r 1 f cr xr f cr
r =1

r =1

is called the Riemann Sum of f corresponding to the partition P of [a, b]. We denote this sum by
S(P, f). The limit of S(P, f), if it exists, as the number of subintervals associated with the

16

partition P tends to infinity and P 0, is called the definite integral of f over [a, b] and is
symbolically written as
b

f x dx or

a f

In this case f is said to be Integrable over [a, b]. The numbers a and bare called lower and
upper limits of integration.
3

Example 1: Evaluate

0 2x 1 dx

by definition.

SOL: We consider a partition P of [0, 3] into n subintervals of equal length i.e.,

x r

3 0 3
; r = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n
n
n

3 6 9
3 n 1 3n

P 0, , , , . . . ,
,
3
n
n
n n n

Then,

The subintervals are

3 3 6
0, n , n , n ,

3 n 1 3n
6 9
n , n , . . . , n , n

th

The number cr is any element of the r subinterval [ xr 1, xr]. We take the right end
point xr = cr, r = 1, 2, 3, . . ., n. Then
S(P, f) = S(P, 2x 1)
n

xr f cr
r =1

17

3 3 3 6 3 9
3 3n
f f f . . . f
n n n n n n
n n

3 3 3 6 3 9
3 3n
= 2 1 2 1 2 1 . . . 2 1
n n n n n n
n n
3 3

2 1 2 3 . . . n n
n n

3 3 n n +1
2
n
n n
2

9 n +1
n

Proceeding to limits as n , we get

3

S P, f
0 2x 1 dx nlim

lim S P, 2x 1
n

9 n 1
lim
3 9 3 6
n
n

e
Example 2: Compute a

dx

by definition.

SOL: We divide [a, b] into n subintervals each of length

ba
n

Then
S(P, f) = S(P, e x)

= x ea + ea x ea 2x . . . ea n x
= x ea 1+ ex e 2x . . . e n x
x ea

1 e n x
1 ex

18

1x
ex

;
1x
e x

ea 1 e n x
ea 1 e b a

n x b a

Taking limit as n and x 0, we have

b

a e

dx lim e a 1 eb a
x 0

1x
ex
x

ea 1 eb a lim

e a eb

x 0 1 ex

1 eb ea

Example 3: show that

n
cos x dx =

sin x cos n 1 x n 1

cosn 2 x dx

n
n

Hence evaluate,

In

cos

x dx

, where n is a positive integer.

SOL:
Let I =

n 1

cos x dx cos x cos x dx , then integrating by parts, we have

cos x sinx n 1 cos x sinx sinxdx
sinx cos x n 1 cos x sin x dx
I sin x cos x n 1 cos x 1 cos x dx
sin x cos x n 1 cos x cos x dx
sin x cos x n 1 cos x dx n 1 I
n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1

n2

n 1 1 I = sin x cosn 1 x n 1 cos n 2 x dx

sin x cos n 1 x n 1
cos n x dx =

cos n 2 x dx

19

Now

In cos x dx = sin x cos

n
0
n

n 1

n 1

n 1

cos

n 2

x dx

cos

n2

x dx

Therefore, we have

n 1
I n 2
n
n 3
In 2
I n4
n2
In

2
I1 , if n is odd
3
1
I2 I0 , if n is even
2
n 1 n 3 n 5
n . n 2 . n 4 . .
Hence,
In
n 1. n 3 . n 5 . .
n n 2 n 4
I3

Now

I1

2
I1
3
1
. I0
2

when n is odd
when n is even

cos x dx = sin x 0 2 1
0

and

I0

cos
0

x dx = x 0 2

Thus,
2
n 1 n 3 n 5
.
.
...

n n 2 n 4
3
n
0 cos x dx = n 1 n 3 n 5 1

.
.
... .
n n 2 n 4
2 2

when n is odd
when n is even

This is known as Wallis Cosine Formula.

20

Similarly, we have
cos x sin n 1 x n 1

sin n 2 x dx

n
n

n
sin x dx =

and
2
n 1 n 3 n 5
.
.
...

n n2 n4
3
n
0 sin x dx = n 1 n 3 n 5 1

.
.
... .
n n 2 n 4
2 2

when n is odd

when n is even

This is known as Wallis Sine Formula.

Practice Problem:

Prove that:
n

x m + 1 lnx
n
n 1
x
lnx
dx

x m lnx dx

m 1
m 1
m

Hence calculate;
1
3

m
x lnx dx

ii

x lnx
m

dx

NUMERICAL INTEGRATON
In this section, we will discuss two methods:
(i)

Trapezoidal Rule

(ii)

Simpsons Rule

Trapezoidal Rule:

Let a function f be continuous on [a, b] and let [a, b] be partitioned

ba
into n equal subintervals [xo, x1], [x1, x2], . . . , [xn 1, xn] each of length n , then
b

a f x dx

b a 1
1

f x 0 f x1 f x 2 . . . f x n

n 2
2

Question 1:
SOL:

Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 4 to approximate

I x 2 1 dx
0

The interval [0, 4] is partitioned into subintervals by the points

x 0 0, x1 1, x 2 2, x 3 3, x 4 4

21

40
1
Length of each subinterval = 4

Now the function values corresponding to each point are given below:

xn

f (xn)
0 1 1.00000

1 1 1.41421

4 1 2.23607

9 1 3.16228

4
4
16 1 4.12311
Substituting into the trapezoidal rule, we get
1
1

I 1 1.41421 2.23607 3.16228 4.12311 9.37411

2
2

Question 2: Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 6 to estimate;

2

dx
1 x

ln 2
SOL:

The interval [1, 2] is partitioned into subintervals by the points

x 0 1, x1

7
8
9
10
11
, x 2 , x3 , x 4 , x5 , x 6 2
6
6
6
6
6

2 1 1

Length of each subinterval = 6

6

Now the function values corresponding to each point are given below:

xn

1
7
6
8
6
9
6
10
6
11
6
2

1
2
3
4
5
6

f (xn)
1
0.85714
0.75000
0.66666
0.60000
0.54545
0.50000

22

Substituting into the trapezoidal rule, we get

ln 2

1
0.50000 0.85714 0.75000 0.66666 0.60000 0.54545 0.25000 0.69487
6

Question 3: Use trapezoidal rule to approximate;

1

dx

1+ x
0

Simpsons Rule:

Let a function f be continuous on [a, b] and let [a, b] be partitioned into n

even number of equal by the points a = xo, x1, x2, . . . , xn 1, xn = b then

b

a f x dx

ba
f x 0 4 f x1 2 f x 2 4 f x1 2 f x 2 . . . f x n
3n

Question 1: Use Simpsons rule with n = 4 approximate

1

dx

1+ x

SOL: Points of subdivision of [0, 1] into subintervals are

x 0 1, x1

1
1
3
, x2 , x3 , x 4 1
4
2
4

Function values are as follows:

n
xn

1
1
0
4
16
1
f (xn)
17
Substituting into the Simpsons rule, we get
1

dx

1 x
0

2
1
2
4
5

3
3
4
16
25

4
1
1

1
64 8 64 1
1
1

9.4247059 0.78539 0.7854

12
17 5 25 2 12
1

Question 2: Use Simpsons rule to approximate

dx

1+ x
0

23

EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRAL:

Double integral over a region R may be evaluated by two successive integrations as given
below:
i.

If R can be described by inequalities of the form

f1 x y f 2 x and a x b
b f2 x

f x, y dx dy = f x, y dy dx
f1 x
a

(A)

f2 x

The inner integral

f x, y dy is to be integrated first with respect to y between the

f1 x

limits which are functions of x.

Thus we obtain, as a result of this integration a function say F(x). Then we evaluate the
integral;
b

a F x dx
Over the constant limits a to b and get the value of the double integral given in (A).
ii.

If R can be described by inequalities of the form

1 y x 2 y and c y d
d 2 y

f x, y dx dy = f x, y dx dy
1 y
c

(B)

2 y

The inner integral

f x, y dx

1 y

is to be integrated first with respect to x between the

limits which are functions of y.

Thus we obtain, as a result of this integration a function say (y). Then we evaluate the
integral;
d

c y dy

24

Which is the value of the double integral in (C).

NOTE:

If however, the limits for both the variables are constant, the integration

can be performed by taking any one of the variables as the first variable and substituting
its limits in the result obtained from the integrations.
2 1

Example 1: Evaluate the double integral

y 2 dy dx

0 0

2
1
2 2

y3
2
2
x y dy dx x y 3 dx
SOL: 0 0
0
0

8
2
8
2 8 10

= 2x 2 dx = x 3 x
3
3
3 0 3 3 3
0
Example 2: Evaluate:
1 x

i.

4xy dy dx

0 0

4 2

ii.

y cos x
0

dx dy

1
2 1

y2

iii.

dy dx

iv.

Let the region D be bounded by the parabola x2 + 9y = 36 and the straight line 2x

0 2x

+ 3y = 12. Evaluate

a x 2 y dy dx
D

SOL (iv) (a):

b x 2 y dx dy
D

We have,
6

36 x 2
9

36 x 2

1
2 2
D x y dy dx 0 122x x y dy dx 2 0 x y 12932x dx
2

25

1
1
16 4
x 3 x + x 3 dx
20 3 3
81

SOL (iv) (b):

32 81
2
74
35
35

We have,
4 3 4y

x
D

y dy dx
0

x 2 y dx dy

3
8 2y

3 4y
1
x 3 y 3
dy
30
8 2 y
4

9 4 4 y 4 y
0

3
2

9
dy 64y 48y 2 12y 3 y 4 dy
80
5

36 4 y 2 dy 9 4 y 2 dy
0

0
4

9
64y 48y 2 12y3 y 4 dy
8 0
4

5
7
72
y5
18
9
= 4 y 2 4 y 2 32y 2 16y3 3y 4
5
5 0
0 5
0 8

74

2
35

TRIPLE INTEGRAL:
A triple integral may be defined in the same way as a double integral, that is, as the limit
of the sum over a region in space.
Example:

Evaluate:
3 2 1

i.

x y z dz dy dx
0 0 0

4 4 x 4 x y

dz dy dx

ii.

iii.

3 x y + y z dv , where S is bounded by the planes x = 1, x = 3, y =

1 , y = 1,

z = 2, z = 4.

26

SOL (iii):

We have
3 1 4

3 1

2
y2z 2
3
x
y
+
y
z
dv

3
x
y
+
y
z
dz
dy
dx

3
x
y
z
+

dy dx
S
1 1
2 2
1 1 2
2

3 1

3 2x 2 y + 6y 2 dy dx
1 1
3

3 x 2 y 2 + 2y3 dx 12 dx
1
1

12x 1 24

VOLUME OF SOLID OF REVOLTION:

DEF: If a plane area is revolved about a straight line in the plane the resulting solid a
Solid of revolution and the solid is said to be generated by the plane area. The line about which
the plane area is revolved is called axis of revolution.
Here we discuss some methods of finding volumes of such solids:
i.

Disc Method

ii.

Washer Method

iii.

Shell Method

i.

Disc Method:
(a) About x axis: The volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x axis
the region between the x axis and the graph of the continuous function y = R(x),

a x b is
b

V R x dx
a

27

(b) About y axis:

V R y dy
c

Example 1: The region bounded by the curve y =

x , 0 x 4 and the x axis is revolved

about the x axis to generate a solid. Find its volume.

Example 2: The region bounded by the curve y =

x and the lines y 1, y 4 is revolved

about the line y = 1 to generate a solid. Find its volume.

Example 3: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region between the
parabola y 2 + 1 = x and the line x 3 about the line x 3 .
SOL: The volume is
2

R y dy

2
2

2 y 2 dy

2
2

4 y 4 4y 2 dy

y5 4
4y y3
5 3

ii.

64 2
15

Washer Method: If we revolve to generate the solid does not border on or cross the
axis of revolution, the solid has a hole in it. The cross sections perpendiculars to the
axis of revolution are washers instead of disc. The dimensions of typical washer are
Outer radius:

R(x)

and

Inner radius: r(x)

28

The washers area is A x R x r x R x r x

b

The washer formula for finding volume is V R x r x

a

dx .

Example 1: The region bounded by the curve x 2 + 1 = y and the line y = x + 3 is revolved
about the x axis to generate the solid. Find the volume of the solid.
Example 2: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the area bounded by the
parabola y 2 = 8x and its latus rectum x = 2 about the y - axis.
SOL: Here we divide the area by horizontal strips. When an approximating rectangle is
revolved about the y axis, it generates a washer whose volume is
Volume of ECDF Volume of EPBF
2

2 y x 2 y 4 x 2 y

Thus, the required volume

4

= 4 x 2 dy
4

= 2 4 x 2 dy
0

y4
128
= 2 4
dy =
64
5
0

29

iii.

Shell Method:
(a) About the y axis:

The volume of the solid generated by revolving the region

between the x axis and the graph of a continuous function y = f (x), a x b ,

about y axis is
a

V = 2 shell radius shell height dx 2 x f x dx

b

(b) About the x axis:

d

V = 2 shell radius shell height dy 2 y f y dy

c

Example 1: The region bounded by the curve y = x , the x axis and the line x = 4 is
revolved about the y axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.
4

SOL:

3
2

2 5 128
Required volume = 2x x dx = 2 x dx = 2 x 2
5
5 0
0
0

Example 2: The region bounded by the curve y = x , the x axis and the line x = 4 is
revolved about the x axis to generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.
2

SOL:

y4
Required volume = 2y 4 y dy = 2 4y y dy = 2 2y 2 8
4 0

0
0
2

30