Princess Fay S.

Lopez

2F- Pharmacy

Biological Science Lecture

Chapter IV
Tissues

Tissues group of cells with similar structure and function that have similar
extracellular substances located between them.
Histology- microscopic study of tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
- Covers internal and external surfaces (outer layer of skin and lining
of cavities such as digestive tract, respiratory passages and blood
vessels)
- Forms glands
- Compost entirely of cells with very little extracellular material
between them
- Free surface not in contact with other cells
- Basal surface adjacent to a basement membrane
- May consist of single or multiple layers of epithelial cells between
the free surface and the basement membrane
- Basement membrane secreted partly by epithelial cells and partly
by the cells of the underlying tissues
- It consists of a meshwork of protein molecules
- Filter and barrier to the movement of cells
- Blood vessels do not extend from underlying
tissue thus gases and nutrients must diffuse in
the basement membrane
- Waste products diffuse across the basement
membrane to blood vessels
Functions of Epithelial Tissues
o Protecting underlying structures outer layer of skin and
oral cavity; from abrasion
o Acting as a barrier prevents many substances from
moving through it; skin: acts as a barrier to water and
prevents water loss and prevents many toxic molecules
and microorganisms from entering the body
o Permitting the passage of substances allows many
substances to move through; lung: oxygen and carbon
dioxide are exchanged between the air and blood by
diffusion
o Secreting substances sweat glands, mucous glands and
enzyme- secreting portion of the pancreas
o Absorbing substances cell membranes of certain
epithelium tissue contains carrier proteins; intestine:
absorb digested food molecules, vitamins and ions
Classification of Epithelia
o
Simple epithelium single layer
Simple squamous epithelium
- Single layer of thin, flat, often hexagonal cells;
the nuclei appear as bumps when viewed in
cross section because the cells are so flat

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For diffusion, filtration, some secretion, some

protection against friction
- In the lining of blood vessels and the heart,
lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs, portion
of the kidney tubules, lining of serous
membranes of body cavities (pleural,
pericardial, peritoneal
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Single layer of cubed shape cells; some cells
have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal
bronchioles of the lungs)
- Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in
secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney
tubules; secretion by cell of glands and choroid
plexuses; movement of particles embedded in
mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by
ciliated cells
- Kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid
plexuses of the brain, lining of terminal
bronchioles of the lungs, and the surfaces of the
ovaries
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have
cilia (bronchioles of the lungs, auditory tubes,
uterine tubes and uterus) or microvilli
(intestines)
- Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of
the lungs by ciliated cells; partially responsible
for the movement of oocytes through the
uterine tubes by ciliated cells; secretion by cells
of the glands, the stomach and the intestine;
absorption by cells of the intestine
- Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the
lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine tubes,
stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile ducts and
ventricles of the brain
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- Single layer of cells; some are tall and thin and
reach the free surface and others do not; the
nuclei of these cells are at different levels and
appear stratified; the cells are almost always
ciliated and are associated with goblet cells that
secrete mucus onto the free surface
- Synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free
surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains
foreign particles over the surface of the free
surface and from passages
- Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory
tubes, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi of the
lungs

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Stratified Epithelium- more than one layer of

epithelium cells, with some cells sitting on top of each
other
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Non-keratinized moist, surface cells retain a
nucleus and cytoplasm; vagina, esophagus,
mouth, throat, anus, larynx, inferior urethra and
corneas; living cells
- Keratinized the cytoplasm of cells at the
surface is replaced by a protein called keratin
and the cells are dead; skin
- Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the
basal layer and progressively flattened toward
the surface
- Protection against abrasion, forms a barrier
against infection, and reduces loss of water from
the body
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Rare
- More than one layer of cuboidal cells
- Absorption, secretion and protection
- In sweat glands, ovarian follicular cells and
salivary glands
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
- Rare
- Consists of more than one epithelial cells, but
only the surface cells are columnar; the deeper
layers are irregular or cuboidal in shape
- Secretion, protection and some absorption
- In mammary gland ducts, larynx and portion of
male urethra
Transitional Epithelium
- Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the
organ or tube is not stretched and squamous
when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid
- Accommodates fluctuations in the volume of
fluid in an organ or a tube; protects against the
caustic effect of urine
- Lining of urinary bladder, ureters and superior
urethra
Structural and Functional Relationships
(Cell layers and Cell Shapes)
Two important functions
o Controlling passage of materials through the
epithelium
o Protecting the underlying tissues
(Simple epithelium, functions to move materials
due to its single layer)
(Stratified epithelium, protective function; found in
areas where abrasions can occur
o

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2F- Pharmacy

Cell shapes
o Flat and thin diffusion; alveoli of the lungs
- Filtration; kidney tubules
o Cuboidal or columnar secretion or absorption
- Stomach (simple columnar) ; secretory
vesicles filled with mucus (protects the
stomach lining from digestive
enzymes and acids
- Kidney tubules (simple cuboidal);
secrete/absorb molecules contains
mitochondria w/c produces ATP
required for active transport
(Free Surfaces)
Smooth free surface reduces friction as material moves
across it (Lining of blood vessels; simple squamous
reduces friction as blood flows)
Lined with Microvilli cylindrical extensions of the cell
membrane which increase the free surface area ( Small
intestine; absorption and secretion)
Lined with Cilia propel materials along the free surface
of cells (Nasal cavity and trachea; pseudostratified
columnar)
Goblet cells intermixed with ciliated cells are specialized
mucus-producing cells, unicellular because they secrete
mucus onto epithelial surfaces
(Cell Connections)
Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form
permeability barriers; prevents passage; intestines and
simple epithelia
Desmosomes mechanical links that bind cells together
(skin)
o Hemidesmosomes modified desmosomes; anchor
cells to the basement membrane
Gap junctions small channels that allow small molecules
and ions from one epithelial cell to an adjacent one
(Glands)
Gland structure that secretes substances onto a surface,
cavity or blood
Exocrine- with ducts
o Simple with ducts but have no branches
o Compound with ducts and many branches
o Tubular ( straight and coiled) end of duct
o Acinus/ Alveolus ends that are straight into a saclike structure
o Tubuloacinar/ Tubuloalveolar Glands have acini
and tubules that secrete substances
Endocrine without ducts and empty their secretions into
the blood

Princess Fay S. Lopez

Hormones carried by the blood to other parts of

the body
o Includes the thyroid and insulin- secreting portions
of the pancreas
CONNECTIVE TISSUES found throughout the body
o Extracellular matrix
Protein fibers help form most connective tissues
Collagen fibers flexible but resist stretching
Reticular fibers very fine, short collagen fibers that
branch to form a supporting network
Elastic fibers after being stretched, they can recoil to
their original shape
Ground substance (consisting of nonfibrous protein and other
molecules) shapeless background against which cells and
collagen fibers, molecules within it is highly structured
Proteoglycans with proteins forming the branches
and polysaccharides, these enables to trap large
quantities of water between the polysaccharides
Fluid
(Suffix)
-blast produce the matrix
-cyte maintain it
-clast break it down for remodeling
Fibroblasts cells that form fibers and ground substance in the
extracellular matrix of fibrous connective tissue
Fibrocytes cells that maintain it
Osteoblasts form bone
Osteocytes maintain bone
Osteoclasts break down bone
Macrophages large WBC that are capable of moving out and
ingesting foreign substances
Mast cells - nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as
histamine that promotes inflammation
FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
o Enclosing and separating other tissues separate
muscle, arteries, veins and nerves
o Connecting tissues to one another tendons
( attach muscle to the bones) ligaments (hold
bones together)
o Supporting and moving parts of the body provide
rigid support for the body and semirigid cartilage
supports structures such as nose, ears and surfaces
of the joints
o Storing compounds adipose tissue (fat) stores
high energy molecules; bones stores minerals (Ca
and phosphates)
o Cushioning and insulating insulating layer
beneath the skin that helps conserve heat

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2F- Pharmacy

Transporting blood transports gases, nutrients,

enzymes, hormones
o Protecting provide protection against toxins and
tissue injury and microorganisms
CLASSIFICATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES
o Loose or Areolar
- A fine network of fibers (mostly
collagen fibers with a few elastic
fibers) with spaces between the fibers;
fibroblasts, macrophages and
lymphocytes are located in the spaces
- Loose packing, support and
nourishment for the structures with it
is associated
- Widely distributed throughout the
body; substance on w/c epithelial
basement rest; packing between
glands, muscles and nerves; attaches
skin to underlying tissues
o Adipose Tissue
- Little extracellular matrix surrounding
cells; the adipocytes or fat cells are so
full of lipid that the cytoplasm is
pushed to the periphery of the cell
- Packing material, thermal insulator,
energy storage and protection of
organs against injury from being
bumped or jarred
- Predominantly in subcutaneous areas,
mesenteries, renal pelves, around
kidneys, attached to the surface of the
colon, mammary glands and in loose
connective tissue that penetrates into
spaces and crevices
o Dense collagenous
- Matrix composed of collagen fibers
running in somewhat the same
direction in tendons and ligaments;
collagen fibers run in several
directions in the dermis of the skin and
in organ capsules
- Withstand great pulling forces exerted
in the direction of fiber orientation due
to great tensile strength and stretch
resistance
- Tendons, ligaments; dermis of skin,
organ capsules and the outer layer of
many blood vessels
o Dense elastic
o

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Matrix composed of collagen fibers

and elastin fibers running in somewhat
the same direction in elastic
ligaments; elastic fibers run in
connective tissue of blood vessel walls
Capable of stretching and recoiling like
a rubber band with strength in the
direction of fiber orientation
Elastic ligaments between the
vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect
of the neck (nucha) and in vocal cords;
also found in elastic connective tissue
of blood vessel walls

CARTILAGE composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called

lacunae
- Flexibility and strength due to collagen
- Resilient due to proteoglycans
(relatively rigid and enables it to
spring back after being compressed
- Provides support, but if bent or slightly
compressed, it resumes to original
shape
- Blood vessels do not penetrate it
causing a slow healing
o Hyaline cartilage
- collagen fibers are small and evenly
dispersed in the matrix, making the
matrix appear transparent; the
cartilage cells or chondrocytes are
found in spaces called lacunae within
the firm but flexible matrix
- allows growth of long bones; provides
rigidity with some flexibility in the
trachea, bronchi, ribs and nose; forms
rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible
articulating surfaces; forms the
embryonic skeleton
- growing long bones, cartilage rings of
the respiratory system, costal
cartilage of ribs, nasal cartilages,
articulating surface of bones and the
embryonic skeleton
o Fibrocartilage
- Collagen fibers similar to those in
hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more
numerous than in other cartilages and
are arranged in thick bundles
- Somewhat flexible and capable of
withstanding considerable pressure;

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o

connects structures subjected to great

pressure
- Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis,
and articular disks (knees and jaw)
Elastic Cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but
matrix also contains elastin fibers
- Provides rigidity with even more
flexibility than hyaline cartilage
because elastic fibers return to their
original shape after being stretched
- External ears, epiglottis and auditory
tubes

BONE
o

o
o
o

MUSCLE
o
o

hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a

mineralized matrix; bone cells or osteocytes are located within
lacunae
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Hard, bony matrix predominates; many osteocytes are located
within lacunae; the matrix is organized into layers called
lamellae
Provides great strength and support and protects internal
organs, such as the brain; bone also provides attachment sites
for muscles and ligaments; the joints of bones allow movements
All bones of the body
Blood
Blood cells and fluids
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide,
hormones, nutrients, waste products and
other substances; protects the body from
infections and is involved in temperature
regulations
Within the blood vessels; WBC frequently
leave the blood vessels and enter the
interstitial spaces
TISSUES
Ability to contract, or shorten, making movement possible
Often called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny
threads
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle cells or fibers appear
striated (banded); cells are large, long and
cylindrical with many nuclei
Movement of the body; under voluntary
control
Attached to bone or other connective tissue
Cardiac muscle

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Cylindrical and striated and have a single

nucleus; they are branched and connected to
one another by intercalated disks, which
contain gap junctions
Pumps the blood; under involuntary control
In the heart

Smooth muscle
Tapered at each end, are not striated and
have a single nucleus
Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid
through tubes, controls the amount of light
entering the eye, and produces goose flesh
in the skin; under involuntary control
In hollow organs, such as the stomach and
intestine

NERVOUS TISSUE
o Brain, spinal cord, nerves
o A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon;
neuroglia or support cells, surround the neurons
o Neurons transmit information in the form of action potentials,
store information and integrate and evaluate data; neuroglia
support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons
o In the brain, spinal cord and ganglia
o Action potentials electrical signals
o Neuron or nerve cell; conducting action potentials
Cell body contains the nucleus and is the site of general
cell functions
Dendrites nerve cell processes; receive stimuli leading
to electrical changes
Axon where action potential originates
Neuroglia support cells of the nervous system, they
nourish, protect and insulate the neurons
MEMBRANES
o thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a
cavity
Mucous membrane line cavities that open to the outside
of the body; have mucous gland which secrete mucus
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the
organs within these cavities
Pleural membrane- lung
Pericardial membrane heart
Peritoneal membrane abdominopelvic cavity
Synovial membrane made up of only connective tissue;
line the joint cavities
- Produces synovial fluid that makes the
joint very slippery