SCN- (thiocyanate), SO32- (sulfite), SO42- (sulfate), HSO4(hydrogen sulfate), S2O32- (thiosulfate)

- Write equilibrium expression using the law of mass

action
Chemical Reaction
- List the initial concentrations
-Collision model: reactions occur as a result of collisions between - Calculate Q and determine the shift of the equilibrium
molecules. With increasing temperature, the greater the kinetic
- Define the change needed to reach equilibrium, and
energy of the colliding molecules which means the greater the
define the equilibrium i concentrations by applying the
energy of collision. The minimum amount of energy required for a change of initial concentration
reaction to occur is the activation energy. A collision with equal to - Substitute equilibrium concentrations into equilibrium
the activation energy, or greater, can reach the activated complex,
expression, and solve for the unknown
which is the highest energy arrangement in the pathway from
- Check calculated equi conc by correct value of K
products tor reactants. It still may not lead to a reaction because of
Le Chateliers Principle
the orientation factor (the molecules have to collide in the right
-If a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in
position).
temperature, pressure, or the concentrations of the
-Factors that affect the rate of reaction: the physical state of
components, the system will shift its equilibrium position so
the reactants (also surface area), concentration of the
reactants, temperature, presence of a catalyst, pressure (gases) as to counteract the effect of the disturbance.
Effect of Change in Concentration
-Heat of reaction: the difference between potential energy of the
reactants and products
If a component (reactant or product) is added to a reaction
-Endothermic reaction: when a reaction needs heat to be
system at equilibrium (at constant T and P or constant T
absorbed, thus the energy of the reactants are less than the
and V), the equilibrium position will shift in the direction
products.
that lowers the concentration of that component. If a
-Exothermic reaction: when a reaction releases heat, thus the
component is removed, the opposite effect occurs
energy of the reactants are more than the products
*Think of it in terms of the law of mass action equation!!!
IF THE CHANGE IS THE CONCENTRATION OF
G= HT S
-Gibbs Free Energy:
LIQUID OR GAS, THEN NO EFFECT
Effect of Change in Pressure
Negative G value very favorable (spontaneous)
There are 3 ways to change the pressure of a reaction system
H heat, enthalpy, favors exothermic
involving components: 1) add or remove a gaseous reactant
S entropy measure of disorder, favors positive value
or product 2) add an inter gas (one not involved in the
-Exo and positive S always spontaneous b/c G always neg.
reaction) 3) change the volume of the container
-Exo and negative S, spontaneous at low temp for neg. G
-When an inert gas is added, there is no effect on the
-Endo and positive S, spontaneous at high temp for neg. G
-Endo and negative S, never spontaneous, positive G
equilibrium position. The addition of an inert gas increases
Equilibrium
the total pressure but has no effect on the concentrations
-The rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse
or partial pressures of the reactants/products.
-Brackets indicate concentration. CONCENTRATION IS
- When the volume of the container is changed, the
MOLES/LITER (MOLARITY)
Equilibrium equation:

a A+b B c C+ d D

Equilibrium expression:
c

[ C ] [ D ]
=K eq
a
b
[ A ] [ B ]

This is the law of mass action.

-Large K value means higher concentration of the products
than the reactants in equilibrium. Small K value means
higher concentration of the reactants than products.
Important because reaction quotient, Q, is number obtained
by substituting starting reactant and product concentrations
into an equilibrium-constant expression. If Q = K then
equilibrium, Q > K then product too large and reactant too
small so would shift towards reactants, Q < K then product
too small and reactant too large so would shift to product.
-Change concentrations: new equilibrium point, but same
K value (THATS WHY ITS CALLED CONSTANT).
-Change heat: change the equilibrium constant
-Equilibrium constant with solid or liquid, solid or liquid is
ignored (ONLY aq and g ARE FACTORED). So if
everything is just liquids and one gas, then the K would
just be the concentration of that gas.
-K for reverse reaction is just 1/K
- When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied
by a factor of n, the equilibrium expression for the new
reaction is the original expression raised to the nth power.
Thus Knew = (Koriginal)^n
Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
2
NH 3
P
3
P is pressure in atm
N2
H2

concentrations (and thus partial pressures) of both reactants

and products are changed. Could calculate Q and predict shift.
When the volume of the container holding a gaseous
system is reduced, the system responds by reducing its own
volume. This is done by decreasing the total number of
gaseous molecules in the system. The equilibrium position
will shift toward the side of the reaction involving the
smaller number of gaseous molecules (b/c pressure increa)
The Effect of Change in Temperature
-Change in temperature does not change equilibrium
position, but the constant itself
-If energy is added, then shift will be in the direction that
consumes energy (endothermic reaction) and vise versa

The different Ks
Keq or Kc - equilibrium constant
Ka acid disassociation constant
Kb base disassociation constant
Ksp

solubility-product constant

Kw ion-product constant
Finding stuff
-Finding concentrations from initial concentrations
example: If 1 L flask 1 mol of H2 and 2 mol I2 and value of

Kc for reaction is 50.5. Find concentrations of H2, I2, and

(atmospheres)
n

K P =K ( RT )

3 2

Ka=

(3.79810 )
=1.8105 .
(0.8)

Since its a weak acid, it disassociates very little, so it can

just be 0.8, if anything its 0.8 0.003798 M which is
basically 0.8 in sig figs.
Buffers
Solutions which contain a weak conjugate acid-base pair can
resist drastic changes in pH upon the addition of small
amounts of strong acid or strong base.

HX

H+ + X-

H +
H +

X
X

K a=
We can see that the pH is dependent on the Ka which should
be super small because weak acid or base, and so long as the
addition of the acid or base isnt too much, the pH should
resist change.
Acid-Base Titrations

M is molarity, V is liters. Watch out for polyprotic acids so the

M would have to be 2 or something.
Solubility-Product Constant
The solubility product equals the product of the concentration
of the ions involved in the equilibrium, each raised to the
power of its coefficient in the equilibrium equation. The solid
is ignored.

[ product ]
=K
[reactant ]

P
( P )( P

The weak acid CH3COOH 0.8 M, the pH is 2.4208, so find

the Ka of the acid.
So first: 10^-2.4208 = 3.798 x 10^-3 M for the [H+]
So that means:

M 1 V 1=M 2 V 2

Can also be looked at this way:

K =

-Set up for the acids and bases stuff are like the same up
there, but the products are H+ and the negative ion and
the denominator is the original substance.
-Finding [H+]. If the pH is given just do 10^-x. If the
concentration is given and we need to find pH then just do
log(concentration)
The example from Invitationals:

n = sum of the coefficients of

the gaseous products minus the sum of the coefficients of

the gaseous reactants
Generic Steps to Solve Equilibrium Problems
-Write the balanced equation for the reaction

HI in moles per liter:

2 x2
=50.5
(1x )(2x )

(aq)
2+ ( aq )+ 2 F
Ca F 2 ( s ) Ca
2+

Ca

K sp=
To find the concentration of each, it would be:

2+

Ca

K sp=

Get x and then [HI] = 2x = 1.870 M

So x = 2.1 * 10-4 M and that would be the

[I2] = 2 x = 1.065 M [H2] = 1 x = 0.065 M

concentration of the solution in moles/L. To find the

solubility then:

BH + 2
2.1104 mol Ca F2
78.1 g Ca F2

=
=1.610
g Ca F 2 /L solution
1 L solution
1 mol Ca F 2
OH
Strong bases are hydroxide salts, weak

Bronsted-Lowry acid donates proton

Base = acceptor
K b =
Lewis acid accept lone pair of electrons

)(

pH Scale = -log[H+]

Chem Lab Quiz: 1. System half filled with water (1) both evap
and conden
2. Saturated solution of CH3COOAg (4) 4 *10^-6
3. Cd(s) <-> Cd2+ + S2- Ksp = 2.5 * 10^-27 (4) 5 * 10^-14
4. Haber process few drops of HCl added (3) NH3 decrease NH4
increase
5 8. Catalyst added so SO3 (3) remains same, SO2 added so
Base = donates
SO2 (4) increase then decrease, O2 removed so SO3 (2)
Acids
bases react with water to produce OH-, in water a base B is increases, pressure decreased so O2 (1) increases
9. NH3 removed (4) chart with NH3 drop and H2 and N2 drop
always competing with OH- for a proton, so Kb values
then equi
tend to be very small, thus making B a weak base
10. AgCl <-> Ag + Cl (4) Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
(compared to OH-)
11. Equilibrium expression of 2SO2 + O2 <-> 2SO3 + 196 kJ (1)
Autoionization of Water
12. Reaction: 2A + 3 B <-> 4C (5) (4^4)/(2^2 x 3^3)
Water
amphoteric
substance:
behaves
both
acid
and
base.
Strong acid should have large K value.
13. Procedure reversible (4) confining all reactants and products
Reacts with itself in an acid-base reaction which leads to
14. System at equilibrium? (4) ice cubes and water in container
equilibrium expression.
at 0C
15 - 16. CaCO3 + heat <-> CaO + CO2, pressure decreased then
a

CO2 (1) increases, pressure increased the K (3) remains the same
3
17. C + CO2 <-> 2CO + heat, change in chart? (1) CO2 removed
Disassociation should lie far to the right. Strong acids have
18. Ka of dihydrogen phosphate ion? (3) 6.2 * 10^-8
weak conjugate bases. Weak acid opposite of this.
19. Kb of (2) 1.3 * 10^-12
Bases
20. Buffer solution? (1) H2CO3 and NaHCO3

[H+] = 10^-7 and same for [OH-]. Acidic:

H +

K =

+
H O

OH

K w =

[H+] > [OH-] and vise versa