WHAT IS A CHEQUE?

Section 6 of Negotiable Instruments Act defines cheque as :

6. Cheque.-A cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a specified banker and not expressed
to be payable otherwise than on demand and it includes the electronic image of a truncated
cheque and a cheque in the electronic form. Explanation I.-For the purposes of this section, the
expressions(a) a cheque in the electronic form means a cheque which contains the exact mirror
image of a paper cheque, and is generated, written and signed in a secure system ensuring the
minimum safety standards with the use of digital signature (with or without biometrics
signature) and asymmetric crypto system;
(b) a truncated cheque means a cheque which is truncated during the course of a clearing
cycle, either by the clearing house or by the bank whether paying or receiving payment,
immediately on generation of an electronic image for transmission, substitu ing the further
physical movement of the cheque in writing.
Explanation II.-For the purposes of this section, the expression clearing house means the
clearing house managed by the Reserve Bank of India or a clearing house recognised as such by
the Reserve Bank of India..

E-CHEQUE
Electronic cheque (e-cheque) is the image of a normal paper cheque generated, written and
signed in a secure system using digital signature and asymmetric crypto system. Simply said an
electronic cheque is nothing more than an ordinary cheque produced on a computer system and
instead of signing it in ink, it is signed using the digital equivalent of ink. After the coming into
force of The Negotiable Instruments (Amendment And Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002,
legal recognition has been accorded to e-cheques and they have been brought at par with the
normal cheques. Now, a cheque includes an e-cheque.

SECTION 138 NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT 1881

Section 138 Negotiable Instruments Act as it is at present after coming into force of The
Negotiable Instruments (Amendment And Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2002:
138. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds in the account:
Where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for
payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the
discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid,
either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to
honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by

an agreement made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an
offence and shall, without prejudice. to any other provision of this Act, be punished with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine which may extend to twice
the amount of the cheque, or with both:
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless(a) the cheque has been, presented to the bank within a period of six months from the
date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier;
(b) the payee or the holder in due course. of the cheque as the case may be, makes a
demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice, in writing, to
the drawer of the cheque, within thirty days of the receipt of information by him from the bank
regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and
(c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to
the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due course of the cheque, within
fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice.
Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, debt or other liability means a legally
enforceable debt or other liability.

INGREDIENTS OF OFFENCE UNDER SECTION 138

1. The cheque should have been issued for the discharge , in whole or part, of any debt or
other liability
2. The cheque should have been presented within a period of six months or within its
validity period whichever is earlier.
3. The payee or holder in due course should have issued a notice in writing to the drawer
within 30 days of the receipt of information by him from the Bank regarding the return of
the cheque as unpaid.
4. After receipt of the said notice from the holder in due course, the drawer should have
failed to pay the cheque within 15 days of receipt of the said notice.

GROUNDS FOR DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE

Funds Insufficient :
Section 138 describes the above ground of insufficient funds in the account of the drawer of the
cheque in the following words:

The amount of money standing to the credit of the account of the drawer on which the cheque is
drawn is insufficient to honour the cheque, or
1. The cheque amount exceeds the amount that can be paid by the bank under an
arrangement entered into between the bank and the drawer of the cheque.
However, besides the above, the Courts have also accepted some other heads which though
expressly do not say insufficient funds but are implied to mean the same and a cheque
dishonoured on any of these grounds can be used for the purpose of prosecution under section
138 Negotiable Instruments Act. Some of theses grounds are:
1. Account Closed: It is an offence under section 138 of the Act Closure of account would
be an eventuality after the entire amount in the account is withdrawn It means that there was
no amount in the credit of that account on the relevant date when the cheque was presented for
honouring the same
This has been held by the Honble Supreme Court of India inNEPS MICON LTD. AND OTHERS VS. MAGMA LEASING LTD.
1999 ISJ (BANKING) 0433; 1999 (1) APEX C.J. 0624; 1999 AIR (SCW) 1637
2.

Stop Payment instructions:

Once the cheque has been drawn and issued to the payee and the payee has presented the
cheque, stop payment instructions will amount to dishonour of cheque.
MAHENDR S. DADIA VS. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
I (1999) BANKING CASES (BC) 133 (17/03/1998)
3.

Refer to drawer:

.. makes out a case under section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 which
expression means that there were not sufficient funds with the bank in the account of the
respondent
LILY HIRE PURCHASE LTD. VS. DARSHAN LAL,
(1997) 89 COMPANY CASES 663 (10/01/1997)
4.

Not a clearing member:

Cheque returned with endorsement not a clearing member. To attract the provisions of section
138 NI Act, the cheque should be presented with the bank on which it I drawn- If the cheque is
not presented to the bank on which it is drawn, then provisions of sec 138 would not be attracted.

If bank on which the cheque is drawn is not a clearing member of the Reserve Bank of India
unpaid return of the cheque would not attract section 138.
CHAIRMAN, JAWAHAR COOPERATIVE URBAN BANK LTD. AND OTHERS VS.
RAMANJANEYA ENTERPRISES, HYD. AND ANOTHER
2005 (5) CRIMINAL REPORTED JUDGEMENTS (CRJ) 0591;
2005 (2) DISHONOUR OF CHEQUE REPORTER (DCR) 0169
5.

Effect of other endorsements:

It has been repeatedly held by courts that manifest dishonest intention of the drawer resulting in
dishonour of the cheque would lead to prosecution under section 138 Negotiable Instruments Act
regardless of the actual ground of dishonour.

OTHER NOTABLE ASPECTS OF OFFENCE UNDER 138 N.I. Act

COMPLAINTS AGAINST A COMPANY:
Section 141 of Negotiable Instruments Act says:
141. Offences by companies:
(1) If the person committing an offence under section 138 is a company, every person who, at
the time the offence was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for
the conduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be
guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any person liable to
punishment if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge, or that he
had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.
Provided further that where a person is nominated as a Director of a company by virtue of
his holding any office or employment in the Central Government or State Government or a
financial corporation owned or controlled by the Central Government or the state Government,
as the case may be, he shall not be liable for prosecution under this Chapter.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where any offence under this Act
has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed
with the consent or connivance of, or is attributable to, any neglect on the part of, any
director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company, such director, manager, secretary
or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be
proceeded against and punished accordingly,
Explanation-For the purposes of this section,-

(a)company means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of
individuals; and
(b) director, in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.
The Honble Supreme Court has held that merely being a director of a company is not sufficient
to make a person liable under section 141 of the Act. A director in a company cannot be deemed
to be in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business. The
requirement of section 141 is that the person sought to be made liable should be in charge of and
responsible for the conduct of the business of the company at the relevant time. This has to be
averred as a fact and there is no deemed liability of a director in such cases. AIR 2005 (SCW)
4740; AIR 2005 SC 3512, AIR 2007 SC 1682
Supreme Court has also held that for the directors of the company to be made liable for an
offence under sec 138, the complaint must contain specific allegations against directors as to how
directors are in charge and responsible for conduct of business of company. Mere allegation in
complaint that accused persons are directors and responsible officers of the company is not
sufficient. AIR 2007 SC 1454
COMPLAINT AGAINST PARTNERS
Averment in a complaint that accused (partners) at relevant time were in charge of and
responsible to the partnership firm for conduct of its business are necessary to initiate process
against them for an offence under sec 138 NI Act. In absence of requisite averments in
complaint, the offence against accused / partners could not be made out.
AIR 2004 SUPREME COURT 4274.
DEBT OR LIABILITY
Explanation to section 138 makes it clear that debt or other liability as mentioned in sec 138
mean a legally enforceable debt or other liability.
Various High courts and the Supreme Court have explained this many a time.
Unless issuance of cheque is pleaded and proved to discharge a legally enforceable liability,
dishonour is no default entailing criminal proceedings. Complaint in respect of such a cheque
issued as a gift, is not maintainable. 1995 Andh LT 468, 1997 Cr LJ 4237 AP; 1998 (3) Bank
LJ 279;
It is only debts alive at the time when the cheque dishonoured are issued. Any subsequent
claims in favour of the complainant cannot be made the subject of dispute under section 138 NI
Act 1997 VI AD DELHI 585
Supreme Court has held:
When it is a legally enforceable debt or a liability only then section 138 applies and relationship
of the parties is not at all a factor germane to the proceedings
2004 (1) APEX C.J. 0273; 2004 (1) CR.C.C. 0693

COMPLAINT UNDER 138 CAN BE FILED BY PLEADER / POWER OF

ATTORNEY HOLDER
Cognizance of offence of cheque dishonour No condition precedent that complaint should have
been signed by the payee as holder of cheque A complaint need not be presented by
complainant himself Pleader or counsel in whose favour vakalatnama has been executed by
complainant is competent to file complaint.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 286 (RAJ.); 2 (2007) BC 206 (RAJ.)
Section 142 of Negotiable Instruments Act does not specifically state that the payee or holder in
due course of the cheque shall lodge the complaint himself; the power of attorney holder who has
every authority to sign and act on behalf of the principal can lodge a complaint under sec 138 NI
Act.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 51 KER.; 2006 (3) BANK J 425 (KER)

DEATH OF ORIGINAL COMPLAINANT

Death of original complainant after filing of complaint Son of the deceased came to be added
as complainant subsequent to taking cognizance of offences Proceedings do not abate and son
of deceased complainant can come on record and continue prosecution.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 271 (A.P.) ; 2006 (3) CIVIL COURT CASES 294
Offence of dishonour of cheque Death of complainant at stage of evidence of defence His
legal heirs entitled to continue prosecution.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 222 (RAJ.) ; 2007 (1) RAJ L W 4

DEATH OF ACCUSED
Dishonour of cheque Proceedings in the complaint alleging offence under section 138 cannot
be initiated against legal heirs of the person who had issued the cheque.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 58 (P&H) ; 2006 (3) BANK J 327 (P&H)

SUCCESSIVE PRESENTATION OF CHEQUES

A cheque can be presented any number of times during the period of its validity by payee. On
each presentation of the cheque and its dishonour a fresh right and not cause of action
accrues in his favour. He may, therefore, without taking pre-emptory action in exercise of his
such right under Cl (b) of sec. 138, go on presenting the cheque so as to enable him to exercise
such right at any point of time during the validity of the cheque.
AIR 1998 SUPREME COURT 3043

SETTLEMENT DURING TRIAL

The payment by the accused of the full cheque amount during the pendency of trial under sec
138 does not absolve the accused of his liability for the offence of dishonour of cheque.
However, the courts take a lenient view in such cases and the accused is set free or punished

lightly.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 264 DELHI is an illustration of such cases.
The Delhi High Court has also held that if during the pendency of a dispute under sec 138 NI
Act the parties enter into a settlement, it should be respected by the courts as proceedings under
sec 138 are quasi criminal in nature.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 264 (DEL.)

EXAMINATION OF COMPLAINANT ON OATH

The non-obstante clause in sec. 142 or 145 of the NI Act does not override the provisions of sec.
200 CrPC and it is mandatory for the magistrate to examine the complainant who has filed the
same under sec 138 of the NI Act though with an affirmation as regards truthfulness of the
contents of the complaint. It, therefore, follows that the magistrate is obliged and duty bound to
examine upon oath the complainant and his witnesses before issuance of process under section
204 of CrPC though there is a solemn affirmation at the foot of the complainant by the
complainant.
AIR 2007 (NOC) 1372 (BOM) ; 2007 (3) AIR BOM R 181 (DB)

POST DATED CHEQUE

Post dated cheque Is not a cheque on the date it is drawn It becomes a cheque only on
the date written on it Till that date post-dated cheque remains a bill of exchange.
The post-dated cheque becomes a cheque within the meaning of section 139 on the date which is
written thereon and not the 6 months period is to b reckoned for the purposes of proviso (a) to
sec 138 from the date. Thus in case of a pot-dated cheque, six months period is to be reckoned
from the date mentioned on the face of the cheque and not any earlier date on which the cheque
was made over by the drawer to the drawee.
AIR 2001 SUPREME COURT 1315

COMPLAINT AGAINST PARTNERS

MATERIAL ALTERATION:
Section 87 of Negotiable Instruments Act provides as under:
87.Effect of material alteration:
Any material alteration of a negotiable instrument renders the same void as against any one
who is a party thereto at the time of making such alteration and does not consent thereto, unless
it was made in order to carry out the common intention of the original parties:
Alteration by indorsee _ And any such alteration, if made by an indorsee, discharges his
indorser from all liability to him in respect
of the consideration thereof.
The provisions of this section are subject to those of sections 20, 49, 86 and 125.

Respondent issued a blank cheque without mentioning the date and amount and sent it with a
letter requesting complainant to present it after a month Act of complainant in filling up
amount portion and date was a material change and it could not be enforced even though it was
issued for a legal liability Alteration without the consent of the party who issued the cheque
rendered cheque invalid.
2004 (1) CRIMES 567 (AP)
Every alteration is not material alteration Only such alteration which would adversely affect
interest of the other side could be called material alteration.
AIR 2007 (NOC) 1082 BOM. ; 2007 (2) AIR BOM R 442
Date altered by adding 1 before 2 in the month to make it appear that cheque was issued on
25.12.1993 so as to bring the cheque within validity period. These are material alterations.
Accused liable to be acquitted in such cases.
2005 (2) ISJ (BANKING) 115; 2005 (2) DCR 37

DEMAND NOTICE
Proviso to Section 138 NI Act provides as follows:
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless(a) the cheque has been, presented to the bank within a period of six months from the date on
which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier;
(b) the payee or the holder in due course. of the cheque as the case may be, makes a demand
for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice, in writing, to the
drawer of the cheque, within thirty days of the receipt of information by him from the bank
regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and
(c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the
payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due course of the cheque, within fifteen
days of the receipt of the said notice.
Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, debt or other liability means a legally
enforceable debt or other liability.
Supreme Court has held time and again that a cause of action for filing a complaint under section
138 accrues to the drawee of a cheque only after a notice is issued to the drawer within the
prescribed period after receipt of information by him regarding the dishonour of cheque and the
subsequent failure of the drawer to make the cheque payment within the prescribed time, i.e. 15
days from the receipt of notice by him.
AIR 1998 SUPREME COURT 3043

Demand notice Sent under certificate of posting returned with endorsement not claimed Is
deemed to be served
AIR 2007 (NOC) 942 (KAR); 2007 (2) AIR KAR R 199
Demand notice Giving of notice in some address is not enough for complying with statutory
requirement of notice Notice should be given in the correct address Further, mere giving of
notice will not be sufficient when notice is returned stating that it was reserved because it is not
the correct address or door is locked in redirected address Return of acknowledgement card
with such endorsement Notice is not served.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 131 (KER) ; 2007 (1) KLJ 10
Demand notice Service of Can be proved only by submitting postal receipt or by calling
record of post office In absence of postal receipt no presumption can be drawn in favour of
applicant for sending said notice through registered post Acknowledgement due receipt without
any letter number or postal receipt number mentioned in it Not having any seal of post office
either at the time of sending to addressee or at the time of returning to the sender, cannot be
accepted as compliance with provisions of sec 138 (b) of the Act.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 253 (M.P.); 2007 (51) AIC 239

BLANK CHEQUE
Respondent issued a blank cheque without mentioning the date and amount and sent it with a
letter requesting complainant to present it after a month Question whether blank cheque will
come within the definition of cheque? If the cheque is not drawn for a specified amount it
would not fall within a definition of bill of exchange Act of complainant in filling up amount
portion and date was a material change and it could not be enforced even though it was issued for
a legal liability Alteration without the consent of the party who issued the cheque rendered
cheque invalid.
2004 (1) CRIMES 567 (AP)
Admission of signature on the cheque is not equivalent with admission of execution Right of
the accused to contend that a blank signed cheque was mis-utilised by the payee cannot be taken
away by such mere admission of signature.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 195 (KER.); 2007 (1) KLT 525 (KER)
Accused entered into security arrangement with complainant for sale of its product Accused
issued blank cheques as security to security agency agreement No debt or liability existed
when cheques were handed over to drawee complainant Complaint based on blank cheque
issued towards security is not maintainable.
AIR 2007 (DOC) 269 (DEL); 2 (2007) B C 69

PRESUMPTION UNDER SECTION 139 NI ACT

Section 139 Negotiable Instruments Act provides:
139. Presumption in favour of holder:

It shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the
cheque of the nature referred to in section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt
or other liability.
The effect of these presumptions is to place the evidential burden on the accused of proving that
the cheque was not received by the complainant towards the discharge of any liability. Because
both sections 138 and 139 require that the court shall presume the liability of the drawer of the
cheques for the amounts for which the cheques are drawnit is obligatory on the courts to raise
this presumption in every case where the factual basis for the raising of this presumption had
been established. It introduced an exception to the general rule as to the burden of proof in
criminal cases and shifts the onus on to the accused.
AIR 2001 SUPREME COURT 3897