Fundamental Rights Vis-À-Vis Fundamental Duties PDF

3/9/2015
FundamentalRightsvisvisFundamentalDuties
TableofContents:
1Introduction...........................................................................................................1
1.1FundamentalRight.........................................................................................1
1.1.1DevelopmentAndOriginOfFundamentalRightsIn
India..........................................2
1.2FundamentalDuties.......................................................................................5
1.3RelationshipbetweentheFundamentalRightsandFundamentalDuties6
2FundamentalRightsandFundamentalDutiesinIndia..................................
8
2.1FundamentalrightsundertheIndianConstitution...................................8
2.1.1Rightto
equality........................................................................................................................................9
2.1.2Rightto
Freedom...................................................................................................................................12
2.1.3Righttofreedomof
Religion:........................................................................................................15
2.1.4Freedomtomanagereligiousaffairs.Article
26..........................................................17
2.2FundamentalDuties.....................................................................................18
3EnforceabilityofFundamentalRightsandFundamentalDuties.................
20
3.1EnforceabilityofFundamentalRightsArticle32...................................20
3.1.1RemediesforenforcementofrightsconferredbythisPart3oftheIndian
Constitution20
3.2EnforceabilityofFundamentalDuties.......................................................24
4CriticalAnalysis.................................................................................................26
4.1ScopeOfFundamentalRights:...................................................................26
4.2ScopeOfFundamentalDuties:...................................................................27
5Conclusion...........................................................................................................28
5.1Fundamentalrights......................................................................................28
5.2Fundamentalduties......................................................................................30
5.3Howtodifferentiatebetweenfundamentaldutiesandfundamental
rights31
7References..............................................................................................................33
7.1Bibliography....................................................................................................33
7.2InternetResources..........................................................................................34
http://lawprojects.blogspot.in/2013/04/fundamentalrightsvisvisfundamental.html
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[http://www.blogger.com/null]1 Introduction
[http://www.blogger.com/null]
[http://www.blogger.com/null]1.1F
[http://www.blogger.com/null]undamentalRight
'PartIIIFundamentalRights'isacharterofrightscontainedintheConstitution
of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in
peaceandharmonyascitizensofIndia.Theseincludeindividualrightscommon
tomostliberaldemocracies,suchasequalitybeforelaw,freedomofspeechand
expression,andpeacefulassembly,freedomtopracticereligion,andtherightto
constitutionalremediesfortheprotectionofcivilrightsbymeansofwritssuchas
habeascorpus.Violationoftheserightsresultinpunishmentsasprescribedinthe
IndianPenalCode,subjecttodiscretionofthejudiciary.TheFundamentalRights
aredefinedasbasichumanfreedoms,whicheveryIndiancitizenhastherightto
enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights
universallyapplytoallcitizens,irrespectiveofrace,placeofbirth,religion,caste,
creed,colororgender.Aliens(personswhoarenotcitizens)arealsoconsidered
inmatterslikeequalitybeforelaw.Theyareenforceablebythecourts,subjectto
certain restrictions. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including
England'sBillofRights,theUnitedStatesBillofRightsandFrance'sDeclaration
oftheRightsofMan.
The six fundamental rights recognised by the constitution are:
[1]
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn1]
Right to equality, including equality before law, prohibition of

discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth,
and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of

untouchabilityandabolitionoftitles.
Right to freedom which includes speech and expression, assembly,
association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to
practiceanyprofessionoroccupation(someoftheserightsaresubjectto
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security of the State, friendly relations with foreign countries, public

order, decency or morality), right to life and liberty, right to education,
protectioninrespecttoconvictioninoffencesandprotectionagainstarrest
anddetentionincertaincases.
Right against exploitation, prohibiting all forms of forced labour, child
labourandtrafficinhumanbeings
Right to freedom of religion, including freedom of conscience and free
profession, practice, and propagation of religion, freedom to manage
religious affairs, freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious
instructionsincertaineducationalinstitutes.
CulturalandEducationalrightspreservingRightofanysectionofcitizens
to conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to
establishandadministereducationalinstitutionsoftheirchoice.
RighttoconstitutionalremediesforenforcementofFundamentalRights.
Righttopropertywasoriginallyafundamentalright,butisnowalegalright.
Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the
inequalities of preindependence social practices. Specifically, they have also
been used to abolish untouchability and hence prohibit discrimination on the
groundsofreligion,race,caste,sex,orplaceofbirth.Theyalsoforbidtrafficking
of human beings and forced labour. They also protect cultural and educational
rights of ethnic and religious minorities by allowing them to preserve their
languagesandalsoestablishandadministertheirowneducationinstitutions.
www.blogger.com/null]1.1.1DevelopmentAndOriginOfFundamentalRightsIn
India[http://www.blogger.com/null]
The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in
IndiawasinspiredbyhistoricalexamplessuchasEngland'sBillofRights(1689),
the United States Bill of Rights (approved on 17 September 1787, final
ratificationon15December1791)andFrance'sDeclarationoftheRightsofMan
[2]
(created during the revolution of 1789, and ratified on 26 August 1789).
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn2] Under
the educational system of British Raj, students were exposed to ideas of
democracy, human rights and European political history. The Indian student
community in England was further inspired by the workings of parliamentary
[3]
democracy and Britishers political parties. [http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn3]
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In 1919, the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and
police, and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals, warrantless
searchesandseizures,restrictionsonpublicgatherings,andintensivecensorship
ofmediaandpublications.Thepublicoppositiontothisacteventuallyledtomass
campaigns of nonviolent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding
guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on government power. Indians, who
were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly
influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish
constitution.Also,thedirectiveprinciplesofstatepolicyinIrishconstitutionwere
lookeduponbythepeopleofIndiaasaninspirationfortheindependentIndia's
government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges
acrossavast,diversenationandpopulation.
In1928,theNehruCommissioncomposingofrepresentativesofIndianpolitical
parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for
dominionstatusforIndiaandelectionsunderuniversalsuffrage,wouldguarantee
rightsdeemedfundamental,representationforreligiousandethnicminorities,and
limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the
largestIndianpoliticalpartyofthetime)adoptedresolutionscommittingitselfto
thedefenceoffundamentalcivilrights,aswellassocioeconomicrightssuchas
[4]
the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.
Committingthemselvestosocialismin1936,theCongressleaderstookexamples
from the constitution of the erstwhile USSR, which inspired the fundamental
duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national
interestsandchallenges.
Task of developing a constitution for the Constituent Assembly of India,
composingof,undertookthenationelectedrepresentatives.ConstituentAssembly
firstmetonDecember9,1946underthepresidencyofDr.SachidanandlaterDr.
RajendraPrasadwasmadeitsPresident.WhilemembersofCongresscomposed
of a large majority, Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political
backgroundstoresponsibilitiesofdevelopingtheconstitutionandnationallaws.
[5]
Notably, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting

committee, while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became
chairpersonsofcommitteesandsubcommitteesresponsiblefordifferentsubjects.
AnotabledevelopmentduringthatperiodhavingsignificanteffectontheIndian
constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General
AssemblyadoptedtheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsandcalleduponall
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memberstatestoadopttheserightsintheirrespectiveconstitutions.
The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution (February
1948), the Second Draft Constitution (17 October 1948) and final Third Draft
Constitution(26November1949)preparedbytheDraftingCommittee.
Thefundamentalrightshavebeenrevisedformanyreasons.Politicalgroupshave
demanded that the right to work, the right to economic assistance in case of
unemployment, old age, and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional
[6]
guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity,
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn6] though
[7]
theseprovisionshavebeenenshrinedintheDirectivePrinciplesofstatepolicy.
The
righttofreedomandpersonallibertyhasanumberoflimitingclauses,andthus
havebeencriticisedforfailingtocheckthesanctioningofpowersoftendeemed
[8]
"excessive".
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn8] There is also the provision of preventive
detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency. The
provisionsofactsliketheMaintenanceofInternalSecurityAct(MISA)andthe
National Security Act (NSA) are a means of countering the fundamental rights,
because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and
crossborderterrorismandpoliticalviolence,withoutsafeguardsforcivilrights.
[9]
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn9] The
phrases"securityofState","publicorder"and"morality"areofwideimplication.
PeopleofalternatesexualityarecriminalizedinIndiawithprisontermupto10
years. The meaning of phrases like "reasonable restrictions" and "the interest of
public order" have not been explicitly stated in the constitution, and this
[10]
ambiguityleadstounnecessarylitigation.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn10] The freedom to assemble peaceably and
withoutarmsisexercised,butinsomecases,thepolicethroughtheuseofnon
fatalmethodsbreakupthesemeetings.
"Freedom of press" has not been included in the right to freedom, which is
necessaryforformulatingpublicopinionandtomakefreedomofexpressionmore
[11]
legitimate.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn11]Employmentofchildlabourinhazardous
jobenvironmentshasbeenreduced,buttheiremploymenteveninnonhazardous
jobs,includingtheirprevalentemploymentasdomestichelpviolatesthespiritand
ideals of the constitution. More than 16.5 million children are employed and
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working
in
[12]
India.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn12] India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005,
according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public

[13]
officials and politicians worldwide.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn13] Therighttoequalityinmattersregarding
publicemploymentshallnotbeconferredtooverseascitizensofIndia,according
[14]
to
the
Citizenship
(Amendment)
Bill,
2003.
[http://www.blogger.com/null]1.2FundamentalDuties
TheFundamentalDutiesofcitizenswereaddedtotheConstitutionbythe42nd
Amendmentin1976,upontherecommendationsoftheSwaranSinghCommittee
[15]
that was constituted by the government earlier that year.
[16]
Originallyteninnumber,theFundamentalDutieswereincreasedtoelevenbythe
86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to
ensurethattheirchildorwardwasprovidedopportunitiesforeducationbetween
[17]
the ages of six and fourteen years.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn17]TheotherFundamentalDutiesobligateall
citizens to respect the national symbols of India, including the Constitution, to
cherishitsheritage,preserveitscompositecultureandassistinitsdefense.They
alsoobligateallIndianstopromotethespiritofcommonbrotherhood,protectthe
environmentandpublicproperty,developscientifictemper,abjureviolence,and
strive
towards
excellence
in
all
spheres
of
[18]
life.
Citizens are morally obligated by the Constitution to perform these duties.

However,liketheDirectivePrinciples,thesearenonjustifiable,withoutanylegal
[19]
sanction in case of their violation or noncompliance.
[20]
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn20] There
is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political
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Rights,andArticle51AbringstheIndianConstitutionintoconformitywiththese
[21]
treaties.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn21]
[http://www.blogger.com/null]1.3Relationshipbetweenthe
FundamentalRightsandFundamentalDuties
TheDirectivePrincipleshavebeenusedtoupholdtheConstitutionalvalidityof
legislationsincaseofaconflictwiththeFundamentalRights.Article31C,added
bythe25thAmendmentin1971,providedthatanylawmadetogiveeffecttothe
DirectivePrinciplesinArticle39(b)(c)wouldnotbeinvalidonthegroundsthat
theyderogatedfromtheFundamentalRightsconferredbyArticles14,19and31.
The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive
Principlesbythe42ndAmendmentin1976,buttheSupremeCourtstruckdown
the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the
[22]
Constitution.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn22] The Fundamental Rights and Directive
Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for
[23]
social
welfare.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn23]TheSupremeCourt,afterthejudgmentin
the Kesavananda Bharati case, has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights
andDirectivePrinciplesbeingcomplementarytoeachother,eachsupplementing
theother'sroleinaimingatthesamegoalofestablishingawelfarestatebymeans
[24]
of
social
revolution.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn24]Similarly,theSupremeCourthasusedthe
FundamentalDutiestoupholdtheConstitutionalvalidityofstatuteswhichseeks
[25]
to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties.
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn25] These
Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens, subject to the State
[26]
enforcing
the
same
by
means
of
a
valid
law.
[http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn26] The
SupremeCourthasalsoissueddirectionstotheStateinthisregard,withaview
towards making the provisions effective and enabling a citizens to properly
[27]
perform
their
duties.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn27]
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[http://www.blogger.com/null]2
FundamentalRights
andFundamentalDutiesinIndia
[http://www.blogger.com/null]2.1FundamentalrightsundertheIndian
Constitution[http://www.blogger.com/null]
TheconstitutionofIndiaseekstosecurethelibertyofthought,expression,belief
and faith of the people of the country and also give equality of status and of
opportunity, and dignity of individual. With this object fundamental rights are
[28]
introduced.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn28]
The Constitution guarantees elaborate Fundamental Rights to Indian citizens

these are contained in Part III of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights
embodiedintheIndianconstitutionactsasaguaranteethatallIndiancitizenscan
andwillleadtheirlifesinpeaceaslongastheyliveinIndiandemocracy.These
civil liberties take precedence over any other law of the land. They include
individualrightscommontomostliberaldemocracies,suchasequalitybeforethe
law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of association and peaceful
assembly, freedom of religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the
protectionofcivilrightssuchashabeascorpus.
In addition, the Fundamental Rights for Indians are aimed at overturning the
inequities of past social practices. They have also been used to in successfully
abolishing the "untouchability" prohibit discrimination on the grounds of
religion,race,caste,sex,orplaceofbirthandforbidtraffickinginhumanbeings
and also the forced labor. They go beyond conventional civil liberties in
protectingculturalandeducationalrightsofminoritiesbyensuringthatminorities
may preserve their distinctive languages and establish and administer their own
educationinstitutions.
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Originally,theconstitutionprovidedforsevenFundamentalRights:
1.Righttoequality(Art.1418)
2.RighttoFreedom(Art.1922)
3.Rightagainstexploitation(Art.2324)
4.Righttofreedomofreligion(Art.2528)
5.Culturalandeducationalrights(Art.2930)
6.Righttoproperty(Article31)
7.Righttoconstitutionalremedies(Article32).
But, Right to property was deleted from the list of Fundamental Rights by the
44thAmendmentact,1978.ItismadealegalrightunderArticle300AinpartXII
oftheConstitution.SonowthereisonlysixRightsinpartIIIoftheConstitution.
[29]
http://www.blogger.com/null]
2.1.1
Right
to
equality
Article14to18oftheConstitutiondealwithequalityanditsvariousfacets.The
generalprinciplefindsexpressioninarticle14.Article14saysthatthestateshall
not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws
within the territory of India. The expression equality before the law is a
declarationofequalityofallpersonswithintheterritoryofIndi,implyingthereby
the absence of any special privilege in favor of any individual. Every person
whatever is his rank is subject to the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts. The
second expression equal protection of the laws based on the last clause of the
first section of fourteenth Amendment of American Constitution that equal
[30]
protection shall be secured by all the person of the country.
Both the phrases aim to establish what is called the "equality to status and of
opportunity" as embodied in the Preamble of the Constitution. While equality
before the law is a somewhat negative concept implying the absence of any
specialprivilegeinfavourofanyindividualandtheequalsubjectionofallclasses
totheordinarylaw,equalprotectionoflawsisamorepositiveconceptemploying
[31]
equality
of
treatment
under
equal
circumstances.
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The right to equality is provided in articles 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18. It includes
equalitybeforelawwithoutanydiscrimination(Art.14),establishmentofsocial
equality(Art.15),equalityofopportunityinmattersofpublicemployment(Art.
16),abolitionofuntouchability(Art17)andabolitionoftitles(Art.18)toreduce
[32]
disparity between the people.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn32]
InterpretingthescopeoftheArticle,theSupremeCourtofIndiaheldinCharanjit
LalChoudhuryvs.TheUnionofIndiathat:
a.
Equal protection means equal protection under equal

circumstances
b. The state can make reasonable classification for purposes of
legislation
c.Presumptionofreasonablenessisinfavouroflegislation

[33]
d.Theburdenofproofisonthosewhochallengethelegislation.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn33]
TheSupremeCourtinNationalcouncilforTeacherEducationversusShriShyam
ShikshaParshikhshanSansthanhasreiteratedtheConceptof'RighttoEquality'
as enshrined in our Constitution. The Supreme Court has reiterated that the
Constitution doesn't allow class legislation but permits reasonable classification,
based upon an 'intelligible differentia'. The relevant extracts from the aforesaid
judgmentarereproducedhereinbelow
Article14forbidsclasslegislationbutpermitsreasonableclassificationprovided
that it is founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes persons or
thingsthataregroupedtogetherfromthosethatareleftoutofthegroupandthe
differentia has a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved by the
[34]
legislation
in
question.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn34]
Initsstruggleforsocialandpoliticalfreedommankindhasalwaystriedtomove
towardstheidealofequalityforall.Theurgeforequalityandlibertyhasbeenthe
motiveforceofmanyrevolutions.ThecharteroftheUnitedNationsrecordsthe
determinationofthemembernationstoreaffirmtheirfaithintheequalrightsof
menandwomen.
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Indeed, real and effective democracy cannot be achieved unless equality in all
spheresisrealizedinafullmeasure.However,completeequalityamongmenand
womeninallspheresoflifeisadistantidealtoberealizedonlybythemarchof
humanity along the long and difficult path of economic, social and political
progress.
The Constitution and laws of a country can at best assure to its citizens only a
limited measure of equality. The framers of the Indian Constitution were fully
conscious of this. This is why while they gave political and legal equality the
statusofafundamentalright,economicandsocialequalitywaslargelyleftwithin
thescopeofDirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicy.
The Right to Equality affords protection not only against discriminatory laws
passed by legislatures but also prevents arbitrary discretion being vested in the
executive. In the modern State, the executive is armed with vast powers, in the
matterofenforcingbylaws,rulesandregulationsaswellasintheperformanceof
anumberofotherfunctions.
The equality clause prevents such power being exercised in a discriminatory
manner.Forexample,theissueoflicensesregulatingvarioustradesandbusiness
activities cannot be left to the unqualified discretion of the licensing authority.
Thelawregulatingsuchactivitiesshouldlaydowntheprinciplesunderwhichthe
licensingauthorityhastoactinthegrantoftheselicenses.
Article 14 prevents discriminatory practices only by the State and not by
[35]
individuals.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn35]
http://www.blogger.com/null]2.1.2RighttoFreedom
Article 19 to 22 of the Constitution deal with the right to Freedom. This right
includesthefollowingsixfreedomofcitizenofthecountry:
a)Freedomofspeechandexpression:Itneedsnottobementionedastohow
important the freedom of speech and expression in democracy is. A
democratic government attaches a great importance to this freedom,
becausewithoutfreedomofspeechandexpressionthebasisofdemocracy
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cannotbemade.
b)Assemblepeaceablyandwithoutarms:Thisisthenextrightofcitizento
assemble peacefully and without arms. Calling an assembly and putting
ones views before it is also intermixed with the right to speech and
expressiondiscussedabove.
c)Formassociationorunions:Thefreedomofassociationincludesfreedom
to hold meeting and takeout processions without arms. Right to form
associationforunionsisalsoguaranteedsothatpeoplearefreetohavethe
members entertaining similar views. This right is also subject to some
restriction:SovereigntyandintegrityofIndia,publicorderandmorality.
d) Move freely, throughout the territory of India: This right is given under
article19(1)(d).Thereisalsosomerestrictionfallonthisright:interestof
thegeneralpublicandinterestofanyScheduledTribe.
e)ResideandsettleinanypartoftheterritoryofIndia:Thisrightsaysthat
thecitizenofIndiahastherighttoresideinanypartwithintheterritoryof
India.
f) Practiceanyprofessionortocarryonanyoccupation,tradeorbusiness.
[36]
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn36]
Articles 20, 21 and 22 provide personal liberty to Indian citizens as well as

foreigners residing in the country. Article 20 lays down that no person can be
convictedunlesshehadviolatedalaw,cannotbesubjectedtoapenaltygreater
than that which was prescribed under law and a convict can be punished for a
crimeonlyonceandcannotbecompelledtobeawitnessagainsthimself.
Article21laysdownprotectionoflife,and,personalliberty.Itincludespersonal
liberty implying protection against physical torture, confinement and
imprisonment.Article22talksaboutprotectionagainstarrestanddetention.The
person arrested should be informed of the grounds of arrest. He shall have the
righttoconsultandtobedefendedbyalegalpractitioner,tobeproducedbefore
thenearestmagistratewithintwentyfourhoursandnopersonshouldbedetained
in custody beyond 24 hours without the permission of Magistrate.
[37]
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InfamouscaseA.KGopalanvs.StateofMadrasin1950,the Supreme Court

heldthatprotectionunderArticle21isavailableonlyagainstarbitraryexecutive
[38]
action
and
not
from
arbitrary
legislative
action.
PrabhuDattvsUnionofIndiaSCAIR1982:SCheldthatrighttoknownews
andinformationaboutthefunctioningofthegovt.isincludedinthefreedomof
press.
UnionofIndiavsAssociationforDemocraticReformsSCAIR2002:SCheld
thatpeoplehaverighttoknowaboutthecandidatebeforevoting.Thus,thelaw
preventingtheElectionCommissionfromaskingforacandidateswealth,assets,
liabilities,educationandothersuchinformation,isinvalid.
Secretary, Ministry of I & B vs. Cricket Association of Bengal SC AIR
1995:Inthishistoricjudgment,SChasheldthatonehastherighttopublicizehis
expressionaswell.Agameofcricketisanexpressionandtheorganizershavea
righttopropagateiteverywhereintheworld.SoDoordarshanmustprovideitsup
linking facilities to CAB for transmitting the signals out of country. Art 19 (2)
doesnotallowrestrictionson19(1)(a)onthegroundsofcreatingmonopolyof
thegovt.
Everyhumandesirestodomanythings.However,inacivilsocietysuchdesires
must be curbed to certain extent in respect of similar desires of other human
beings.Thus,norightisanabsoluteright.Art19(2)saysthatnothinginArt19
(1)(a)shallaffecttheoperationofanylaworpreventthestatefrommakingany
law,insofarassuchlawimposesreasonablerestrictionsonexerciseoftheright
conferredbythesaidclauseintheinterestof
Sovereigntyandintegrityofthecountry.
Securityofthestate
Friendlyrelationswithforeignstates.
Publicorder
Decencyandmorality
Defamation
Contemptofcourt
Incitementofanoffence.
Intheoriginalversionofthisarticleseveralgroundssuchaspublicorder,friendly
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relationswithforeignstates,incitementofanoffenceswerenotthere.Afterthe
historic judgment in the case of Romesh Thaper vs State of Madras SC AIR
1950,thesegroundswereadded.Inthatcase,MadrasGovt.preventedtheentry
ancirculationofthenewpaper'CrossRoads'publishedbyRomeshThaper,inthe
state of Madras. It argued that the circulation of the paper affects public safety.
However,SCheldthatthepublicsafetyfallsoutsidethescopeof19(2)andthus
thegovtactionwasinvalid.
Testofreasonablerestriction
1. It is the courts and not the legislature that will decide whether a law is
reasonableornot.
2. Reasonable means that the law is not arbitrary and the restriction is not
beyond what is required in public interest. The time and duration of the
restrictioncannotbeunlimited.
3. Thereisnofixedstandardforreasonableness.Eachcasemustbedecidedon
itsownmerits.
4. The restriction must be reasonable from substantiate as well as procedural
standpoint.
5. Restrictions imposed due to implementation of Directive Principles may
deemedtobereasonable.
6. Thetestofreasonabilitymustbeobjectiveinthesensethatitdoesnotmatter
whataJudgeorCourtthinkswhatisreasonablebutwhatanormalreasonable
[39]
person
would
think.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn39]
2.1.3RightagainstExploitation:
Article23:ThedetailsofProhibitionoftrafficinhumanbeingsandforcedlabor
arepresentedinthisArticle
Article 24: The Article contains Prohibition of employment of children in
factories,etc.
InthelandmarkcaseofM.C.Mehtavs.StateofTamilNadu,1997theSChas
givencertaindirectionsregardingthemannerinwhichthechildrenworkinginthe
hazardous occupation are to be withdrawn from work and rehabilitated, and the
manner in which the working conditions of children working in non hazardous
occupations are to be regulated and improved. It envisaged a policy of gradual
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rescue
and withdrawal
of
children
to
eradicate
child
[40]
labor.
RighttofreedomofReligion:[http://www.blogger.com/null]
With Article 25 begins a group of provisions ensuring equality of all religions

thereby promoting secularism. Article 25 gives the entire person the following
right:
a)Freedomofconscience,and
b)Therightfreelytoprofesspracticeandpropagatereligion.
The Supreme Court in State of Karnataka Vs Dr. Praveen Bhai Thogadia,
(2004) held that secularism means that State should have no religion of its own
andeachpersonmustgetanassurancefromthestatethathehastheprotectionof
law to freely profess, practice and propagate his religion and freedom of
conscience. This right not only limited to the citizen but to all person including
aliens and individuals exercising their rights individually or through Institution.
[41]
InJehovahsWitnessscase, in 1986, a two judge bench of SC ruled in Bijoe

Emmanuel v State Of Kerala, that Jehovahs witnesses constitute a religious
denomination.CompellingastudentbelongingtotheJehovahsWitnessestojoin
in the singing of National Anthem despite his genuine, conscientious religious
objection, would contravene the rights guaranteed by Articles 19(1) (a) and
25(1).ThecourtnotedthatJehovahsWitnesseswherevertheyaredonotsingthe
NationalAnthem,thoughtheyshowrespecttoitwheneveritissung.
Article25(2)(b)providesfortwoideas
1. Measures of social reform are permissible and would not be void on the
groundofinterferingwiththefreedomofreligion.ThustheHinduMarriage
Act, which introduces the principle of monogamy, does not amount to
interfering with the religion and is a law providing for social reform and
socialwelfare.
InKrishnaSinghvs.MathuraAhir,theSChassaidthatFundamentalRightsdo
nottouchuponthepersonallawsoftheparties.Art.25thusinvolvesaseparation
betweenreligiousactivities,ononehand,secularandsocialactivities,onother.
Under Art. 25((2), religious freedom is subject to laws for social reform and
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socialorder.
2. ThestatecanthrowopentheHindureligiousinstitutionsofpubliccharacter
toallsectionsofsociety.
Art.25(b)enablesthestatetotakestepstoremovethescourgeofuntouchability
from the Hindus. The word public here includes any section of the public. It
[42]
protects the right to enter into a temple for purposes of worship.
http://www.blogger.com/null]2.1.4 Freedomtomanagereligiousaffairs.Article
26[http://www.blogger.com/null]
Subjecttopublicorder,moralityandhealth,everyreligiousdenominationorany
sectionthereofshallhavetheright
a. to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable
purposes
b.tomanageitsownaffairsinmattersofreligion
c.toownandacquiremovableandimmovablepropertyand
[43]
d. to administer such property in accordance with law.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn43]
The accepted definition of a "denomination" is" A collection of individuals

classedtogetherunderthesamename:areligioussectorbodyhavingacommon
faithandorganizationanddesignatedbyacommonname".Thusadenomination
[44]
is a cohesive body cemented by the essentials of its common creed.
UnderArticle26(b)areligiousdenominationororganisationisfreetomanageits
own affairs in MATTERS OF RELIGION. The State cannot interfere in the
exerciseofthisunlesstheyruncountertopublichealthandmorality.Therightis,
itistobenoted,confinedtomattersofreligion.Thetermmattersofreligion
includes religious practices, rites and ceremonies considered essential for the
practiceofreligion.
InBiraKishoreDevvs.StateofOrissa,theShriJagannathtempleActtookthe
managementofsecularactivitiesfromtheRajaofPuriandvesteditincommittee
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constitutedundertheact.TheCourtheldtheacttobevalidasitdidntinfringe
religiousaspect.
InrespectofArticle26(C)and26(d),areligiousdenominationhastherightto
acquireandownpropertyandadministersuchpropertyinaccordancewithlaw.In
RatiLalvs.StaeofBombay,alawwhichtookawaytherightofadministration
altogetherfromareligiousdenominationwasconsideredtobeviolativeofright
[45]
guaranteed by art. 26 (D).
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn45]
Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular

[46]
religion is stated in the Article.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn46]
Article28:ThisArticleincludesfreedomastoattendanceatreligiousinstruction
orreligiousworshipincertaineducationinstitutions.
Article30:Rightofminoritiestoestablishandadministereducationalinstitutions
isscripted
Article32::Remediesforenforcementofrightsconferredbythisparthavebeen
includedintheArticleaggrievedpartycandirectlygotoSupremeCourtfortheir
violationoftheFundamentalRights.
[http://www.blogger.com/null]2.2FundamentalDuties
Fundamental Duties of citizens serve a useful purpose. In particular, no
democraticpolitycaneversucceedwherethecitizensarenotwillingtobeactive
participants in the process of governance by assuming responsibilities and
discharging citizenship duties and coming forward to give their best to the
country.
Thefundamentaldutiesaredefinedasthemoralobligationsofallcitizenstohelp
promoteaspiritofpatriotismandtoupholdtheunityofIndia.Thesedutiessetin
part IVA of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation. They are not
legallyenforceable.TheyareheldbytheSupremeCourttobeobligatoryforall
citizens.
TheFundamentalDutiesofcitizenswereaddedtotheConstitutionbythe42nd
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Amendmentin1976,upontherecommendationsoftheSwaranSinghCommittee
that was constituted by the Government of India earlier that year to study the
question of amending the Constitution. The recommendations were passed in
1976 and came into effect on 3rd January, 1977. Originally ten in number, the
FundamentalDutieswereincreasedtoelevenbythe86thAmendmentin2002.
TheexactdutiesofeverycitizenofIndiaaccordingtotheConstitutionare:
1. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
NationalFlagandtheNationalAnthem
2. tocherishandfollowthenobleidealswhichinspiredournationalstrugglefor
freedom
3. toupholdandprotectthesovereignty,unityandintegrityofIndia
4. todefendthecountryandrendernationalservicewhencalledupontodoso
5. to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the
people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
diversitiestorenouncepracticesderogatorytothedignityofwomen
tovalueandpreservetherichheritageofourcompositeculture
toprotectandimprovethenaturalenvironmentincludingforests,lakes,rivers
andwildlife,andtohavecompassionforlivingcreatures
to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform
tosafeguardpublicpropertyandtoabjureviolence
tostrivetowardsexcellenceinallspheresofindividualandcollectiveactivity
so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and
achievement
whoisaparentorguardiantoprovideopportunitiesforeducationtohischild
[47]
or,asthe case may be, ward between the age of six andfourteenyears
Enforceabilityof
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FundamentalRightsandFundamentalDuties
EnforceabilityofFundamentalRightsArticle32
Article 32 of the Constitution of India guarantees the enforceability of
fundamental rights for all the citizens of India. Article 32 of the Indian
Constitutionstates:
http://www.blogger.com/null]3.1.1Remediesforenforcementofrightsconferred
bythisPart3oftheIndianConstitution[http://www.blogger.com/null]
(1) TherighttomovetheSupremeCourtbyappropriateproceedingsforthe
enforcementoftherightsconferredbythisPartisguaranteed.
(2)TheSupremeCourtshallhavepowertoissuedirectionsorordersorwrits,
including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition,
quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the
enforcementofanyoftheFundamentalRights.
(3) Without prejudice to the powers conferred on the Supreme Court by
clauses (1) and (2), Parliament may by law empower any other court to
exercisewithinthelocallimitsofitsjurisdictionalloranyofthepowers
exercisablebytheSupremeCourtunderclause(2).
(4) The right guaranteed by this article shall not be suspended except as
[48]
otherwise
provided
for
by
this
Constitution.
TheWritJurisdictionofSupremeCourtcanbeinvokedunderArticle32ofthe
ConstitutionfortheviolationoffundamentalrightsguaranteedunderPartIIIof
theConstitution.AnyprovisioninanyConstitutionforFundamentalRightsis
meaninglessunlessthereareadequatesafeguardstoensureenforcementofsuch
provisions.Sincetherealityofsuchrightsistestedonlythroughthejudiciary,the
safeguardsassumeevenmoreimportance.Inaddition,enforcementalsodepends
uponthedegreeofindependenceoftheJudiciaryandtheavailabilityofrelevant
instrumentswiththeexecutiveauthority.IndianConstitution,likemostof
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WesternConstitutions,laysdowncertainprovisionstoensuretheenforcementof
FundamentalRights.Theseareasunder:
(a)TheFundamentalRightsprovidedintheIndianConstitutionareguaranteed
againstanyexecutiveandlegislativeactions.Anyexecutiveorlegislativeaction,
whichinfringesupontheFundamentalRightsofanypersonoranygroupof
persons,canbedeclaredasvoidbytheCourtsunderArticle13ofthe
Constitution.
(b)Inaddition,theJudiciaryhasthepowertoissuetheprerogativewrits.These
aretheextraordinaryremediesprovidedtothecitizenstogettheirrightsenforced
againstanyauthorityintheState.ThesewritsareHabeascorpus,Mandamus,
Prohibition,CertiorariandQuowarranto.Both,HighCourtsaswellasthe
SupremeCourtmayissuethewrits.
(c)TheFundamentalRightsprovidedtothecitizensbytheConstitutioncannotbe
suspendedbytheState,exceptduringtheperiodofemergency,aslaiddownin
Article359oftheConstitution.AFundamentalRightmayalsobeenforcedby
wayofnormallegalproceduresincludingadeclaratorysuitorbywayofdefence
tolegalproceedings.
However,Article32isreferredtoasthe"ConstitutionalRemedy"for
enforcementofFundamentalRights.Thisprovisionitselfhasbeenincludedinthe
FundamentalRightsandhenceitcannotbedeniedtoanyperson.Dr.
B.R.AmbedkardescribedArticle32asthemostimportantone,withoutwhichthe
Constitutionwouldbereducedtonullity.Itisalsoreferredtoastheheartandsoul
oftheConstitution.ByincludingArticle32intheFundamentalRights,the
SupremeCourthasbeenmadetheprotectorandguarantoroftheseRights.An
applicationmadeunderArticle32oftheConstitutionbeforetheSupremeCourt,
[49]
cannotberefusedontechnicalgrounds.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn49]Inadditiontotheprescribedfivetypesof
writs,theSupremeCourtmaypassanyotherappropriateorder.Moreover,only
thequestionspertainingtotheFundamentalRightscanbedeterminedin
proceedingsagainstArticle32.UnderArticle32,theSupremeCourtmayissuea
WritagainstanypersonorgovernmentwithintheterritoryofIndia.Wherethe
infringementofaFundamentalRighthasbeenestablished,theSupremeCourt
cannotrefusereliefonthegroundthattheaggrievedpersonmayhaveremedy
beforesomeothercourtorundertheordinarylaw.
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Thereliefcanalsonotbedeniedonthegroundthatthedisputedfactshavetobe
investigatedorsomeevidencehastobecollected.Evenifanaggrievedperson
hasnotaskedforaparticularWrit,theSupremeCourt,afterconsideringthefacts
andcircumstances,maygranttheappropriateWritandmayevenmodifyittosuit
theexigenciesofthecase.Normally,onlytheaggrievedpersonisallowedto
[50]
movetheCourt.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn50]ButithasbeenheldbytheSupreme
Courtthatinsocialorpublicinterestmatters,anyonemaymovetheCourt.A
PublicInterestLitigationcanbefiledbeforetheSupremeCourtunderArticle32
oftheConstitutionorbeforetheHighCourtofaStateunderArticle226ofthe
ConstitutionundertheirrespectiveWritJurisdictions.Therearemainlyfivetypes
ofWrits
(i)WritofHabeausCorpus,
(ii)WritofMandamus,
(iii)WritofQuoWarranto,
(iv)WritofProhibition,and
(v)WritofCertiorari.
1.WritofHabeasCorpus:
Itisthemostvaluablewritforpersonalliberty.HabeasCorpusmeans,
"Letushavethebody."Aperson,whenarrested,canmovetheCourtfor
theissueofHabeasCorpus.ItisanorderbyaCourttothedetaining
authoritytoproducethearrestedpersonbeforeitsothatitmayexamine
whetherthepersonhasbeendetainedlawfullyorotherwise.IftheCourtis
convincedthatthepersonisillegallydetained,itcanissueordersforhis
release
2.TheWritofMandamus:
MandamusisaLatinword,whichmeans"WeCommand".Mandamusis
anorderfromasuperiorcourttoalowercourtortribunalorpublic
authoritytoperformanact,whichfallswithinitsduty.Itisissuedto
securetheperformanceofpublicdutiesandtoenforceprivaterights
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withheldbythepublicauthorities.Simply,itisawritissuedtoapublic
officialtodoathingwhichisapartofhisofficialduty,but,which,hehas
failedtodo,sofar.Thiswritcannotbeclaimedasamatterofright.Itis
thediscretionarypowerofacourttoissuesuchwrits.
3.TheWritofQuoWarranto:
ThewordQuoWarrantoliterallymeans"bywhatwarrants?"Itisawrit
issuedwithaviewtorestrainingapersonfromactinginapublicofficeto
whichheisnotentitled.TheWritofquowarrantoisusedtoprevent
illegalassumptionofanypublicofficeorusurpationofanypublicoffice
byanybody.Forexample,apersonof62yearshasbeenappointedtofilla
publicofficewhereastheretirementageis60years.Now,theappropriate
HighCourthasarighttoissueaWritofquowarrantoagainsttheperson
anddeclaretheofficevacant.
4.TheWritofProhibition:
Writofprohibitionmeanstoforbidortostopanditispopularlyknownas
'StayOrder'.ThisWritisissuedwhenalowercourtorabodytriesto
transgressthelimitsorpowersvestedinit.ItisaWritissuedbyasuperior
courttolowercourtoratribunalforbiddingittoperformanactoutsideits
jurisdiction.AftertheissueofthisWritproceedingsinthelowercourtetc.
cometoastop.TheWritofprohibitionisissuedbyanyHighCourtorthe
SupremeCourttoanyinferiorcourt,prohibitingthelattertocontinue
proceedingsinaparticularcase,whereithasnolegaljurisdictionoftrial.
WhiletheWritofmandamuscommandsdoingofparticularthing,the
Writofprohibitionisessentiallyaddressedtoasubordinatecourt
commandinginactivity.Writofprohibitionis,thus,notavailableagainsta
publicofficernotvestedwithjudicialorquasijudicialpowers.The
SupremeCourtcanissuethisWritonlywhereafundamentalrightis
affected.
5.TheWritofCertiorari:
Literally,Certiorarimeanstobecertified.TheWritofCertiorariisissued
bytheSupremeCourttosomeinferiorcourtortribunaltotransferthe
mattertoitortosomeothersuperiorauthorityforproperconsideration.
TheWritofCertioraricanbeissuedbytheSupremeCourtoranyHigh
Courtforquashingtheorderalreadypassedbyaninferiorcourt.Inother
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words,whiletheprohibitionisavailableattheearlierstage,Certiorariis
availableonsimilargroundsatalaterstage.Itcanalsobesaidthatthe
Writofprohibitionisavailableduringthetendencyofproceedingsbefore
asubordinatecourt,Certioraricanberesortedtoonlyaftertheorderor
decisionhasbeenannounced.Thereareseveralconditionsnecessaryfor
theissueofWritofCertiorari,whichareasunder:
(a)Thereshouldbecourt,tribunaloranofficerhavinglegalauthorityto
determinethequestionofdecidingfundamentalrightswithadutytoact
judicially.
(b)Suchacourt,tribunalorofficermusthavepassedorderactingwithout
jurisdictionorinexcessofthejudicialauthorityvestedbylawinsuch
court,tribunalorlaw.Theordercouldalsobeagainsttheprincipleof
naturaljusticeoritcouldcontainanerrorofjudgmentinappreciatingthe
[51]
factsofthecase.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn51]
[http://www.blogger.com/null]3.2EnforceabilityofFundamentalDuties
The Fundamental Duties are not enforceable in any court of law unlike the
FundamentalRightswhichareprotectedbythejudiciaryinviewofinfringement
byexecutiveorgovernmentalaction.TheFundamentalDutiesimposeobligation
onthecitizentoobserveacertaincodeofconductwhichhelpsintheprogressand
development of the society and the nation. The Fundamental Duties were
introducedintotheConstitutionbythe42ndAmendmentAct,1976bytheIndira
Gandhi government. Their main function was to put national interests over
individual interests. Over the years, several questions have been raised over the
enforceability of the Fundamental Duties. However, it has been held that
FundamentalDutiesarenotenforceableinIndia.
These are the Fundamental Duties according to the Constitution of India. In the
recentyears,theSupremeCourthassuggestedtheGovernmenttodraftalawto
enforceFundamentalDuties.TheGovernmentisyettotakeupthissuggestionbut
suchamovewillsurelygoalongwayinhelpingIndiatobecomeabetternation.
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[52]
CriticalAnalysis
IndianConstitutionwaswrittenafterathoughanalysisofexistingconstitutionof
theworld.Theframersoftheconstitutionhaveincorporatedthegoodthingsfrom
alltheplaces.Assuchitismorefairandconsistentthanreligiousbooks.Itisfor
theforesightoftheframersoftheconstitutionthatthecountryisintegratedand
hasprogressed.Whiletheframershadthoughtaboutalotofthings,theonething
that they probably missed was the safeguard against the degrading morality of
[53]
politicians.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn53]
[http://www.blogger.com/null]4.1ScopeOfFundamentalRights:
FundamentalRightsarethoserightsandfreedomsofthepeopleofIndia,which
enjoyconstitutionalrecognitionandguarantee.TheSupremeCourtofIndiaand
StateHighCourtshavethepowertoenforceFundamentalRights.Supremecourt
istheguardianprotectoroffundamentalrights.
Technically speaking, the rights specified in Part III (Art 12 to 35) of the
constitution are the fundamental rights available to the citizens of India. In the
case of Menaka Gandhi vs Union of India AIR 1978, J. Bhagvati has said that
theserightsrepresentthevaluesthatarecherishedbythepeopleofthiscountry
sincethevedicagesandarecalculatedtoprotectthedignityofindividualandto
createconditionsinwhicheveryhumanbeingisabletodevelophispersonalityto
thefullest.Theserightsarenecessaryforahumanbeingforattainingfullsocial,
intellectual,
and
spiritual
[54]
status.
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blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn54]
SCinAKGopalanvsStateofMadrasAIR1950hadheldthatthevariousrights
givenunderpartIIItalkaboutdifferentthingsandarenotbeinterlinked.TheSC
in Menaka Gandhi vs. Union of India AIR 1978 case, however, has rightly
rejectedthisview.Inthiscase,JBhagvatisaidthattheroleofSCshouldbeto
interpret these rights in the widest possible manner and it should not attenuate
theserightsbybeingconfinedtotheirnarrowdefinition.Alltheserightsarenot
mutually exclusive and form an integrated theme of the constitution. J Beg said
that their waters must mix to form a grand flow of unimpeded and impartial
justice.Thus, any law that takes away the life or liberty of a person must also
satisfythetestofreasonablenessunderart.14.
Article32oftheConstitutionprovidesaguaranteedremedyfortheenforcement
ofFundamentalRights.Theremedyisintheformofspecificwritsmentionedin
the Article or any other appropriate order by the Supreme Court. A writ is a
writtencourtorderbywhichoneissummonedorrequiredtodosomething.The
[55]
writsmentionedintheConstitutionhavealonghistoryinBritishconstitution
law
andare,therefore,understoodwithprecisemeaningandimportance.
ThewritsmentionedintheConstitutionarethefollowing:
(1)WritofHabeasCorpus,
(2)WritofMandamus,
(3)WritofCertiorari,
(4)WritofProhibition,and
(5)WritofQuoWarranto.
[http://www.blogger.com/null]4.2ScopeOfFundamentalDuties:
FundamentaldutiesinIndiaareguaranteedbytheIndianConstitutioninPart4A
inArticle51A.Thesefundamentaldutiesarerecognizedasthemoralobligations
thatactuallyhelpinupholdingthespiritofnationalismaswellastosupportthe
harmony of the nation, as well as of the citizens. These duties are designed
concerningtheindividualsandthenation.However,thesefundamentaldutiesare
not legally enforceable. Furthermore, the citizens are morally obligated by the
Constition to perform these duties. Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd
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Amendment
Act
in
[56]
1976.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn56]
Conclusion
Fundamentalrights[http://www.blogger.com/null]
Fundamental rights are those rights which are essential for the well being of a
person.PartIIIoftheIndianConstitutioncontainsthelistofFundamentalRights
that guarantees civil liberties to all the citizens of India to live in peace and
harmonywithoutthefearofbeingsuppressedbyothers.TheIndianJudiciaryhas
the discretion to punish those violating these fundamental rights under the
provisions of the Indian Penal Code. No person can be deprived these rights
pertainingtobasiclibertyintheformofhumanfreedoms.Itisthejudiciarythat
safeguards these rights of the citizens. In some exceptional cases, i.e. during
emergencies the State can impose restrictions on the enjoyment of these
fundamentalrights.
TheConstitutionprovidesfortheenjoymentof6Fundamentalrights.Theyare:
RighttoEquality(underArticle14Article18)
RighttoFreedom(underArticle19Article22)
Rightagainstexploitation(underArticle23Article24)
RighttoFreedomofReligion(underArticle25Article28)
CulturalandEducationalrights(underArticle29Article30)
[57]
RighttoConstitutionalremedies(Article32)
.
Article45oftheDPSP,whichcorrespondstoarticle13(1)oftheICESCR,states,
The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the
commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all
childrenuntiltheycompletetheageoffourteenyears.Thus,whiletherightofa
child not to be employed in hazardous industries was, by virtue of article 24,
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recognizedtobeafundamentalright,thechildsrighttoeducationwasputinto
theDPSPinpartIVanddeferredforaperiodoftenyears.
The question whether the right to education was a fundamental right and
enforceable as such was answered by the Supreme Court in the affirmative in
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka (1992) 3 SCC 666.. The correctness of this
decision was examined by a larger bench of five judges in Unnikrishnan J.P. v.
State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) 1 SCC 645.The occasion was the challenge, by
private medical and engineering colleges, to state legislation regulating the
charging of capitation fees from students seeking admission. The college
management was seeking enforcement of their right to business. The court
expressly denied this claim and proceeded to examine the nature of the right to
education.ThecourtrefusedtoacceptthenonenforceablityoftheDPSP.Itasked:
ItisnoteworthythatamongtheseveralarticlesinPartIV,onlyArticle45speaks
ofatimelimitnootherarticledoes.Isitamerepiouswish,evenafter44years
oftheConstitution?CantheStatefloutthesaiddirectionevenafter44yearson
thegroundthatthearticlemerelycallsuponittoendeavourtoprovidethesame
andonthefurthergroundthatthesaidarticleisnotenforceablebyvirtueofthe
declarationinArticle37.Doesnotthepassageof44yearsmorethanfourtimes
theperiodstipulatedinArticle45converttheobligationcreatedbythearticleinto
anenforceableright.Inthiscontext,wefeelconstrainedtosaythatallocationof
availablefundstodifferentsectorsofeducationinIndiadisclosesaninversionof
priorities indicated by the Constitution. The Constitution contemplated a crash
programmebeingundertakenbytheStatetoachievethegoalsetoutinArticle45.
ItisrelevanttonoticethatArticle45doesnotspeakofthelimitsofitseconomic
capacityanddevelopmentasdoesArticle41,whichinteraliaspeaksofrightto
education.Whathasactuallyhappenedismoremoneyisspentandmoreattention
is directed to higher education than toand at the cost ofprimary education.
(Byprimaryeducation,wemeantheeducationwhichanormalchildreceivesby
thetimehecompletes14yearsofage.)Neglectedmoresoaretheruralsectors,
andtheweakersectionsofthesocietyreferredtoinArticle46.Weclarify,weare
not seeking to lay down the priorities for the Governmentwe are only
emphasising the constitutional policy as disclosed by Articles 45, 46 and 41.
Surelythewisdomoftheseconstitutionalprovisionsisbeyondquestion.
Thecourtthenproceededtoexaminehowthisrightwouldbeenforceableandto
whatextent.Itclarifiedtheissuethus:Therighttoeducationfurthermeansthata
citizen has a right to call upon the State to provide educational facilities to him
withinthelimitsofitseconomiccapacityanddevelopment.Bysayingso,weare
nottransferringArticle41fromPartIVtoPartIIIwearemerelyrelyingupon
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Article41toillustratethecontentoftherighttoeducationflowingfromArticle
21.WecannotbelievethatanyStatewouldsaythatitneednotprovideeducation
toitspeopleevenwithinthelimitsofitseconomiccapacityanddevelopment.It
goeswithoutsayingthatthelimitsofeconomiccapacityare,ordinarilyspeaking,
[58]
matters within the subjective satisfaction of the State.
Fundamentalduties[http://www.blogger.com/null]
FundamentalDutiesaretheonesthatarerecognizedasmoralobligationsthe
citizensareexpectedtoperform.Article51AunderPartIVAoftheConstitution
ofIndiaspeaksoftheFundamentalduties.Onecannotenforcethesefundamental
dutieslegally.Itwasthroughthe42ndAmendmentthatthesedutieswere
introducedintheConstitution.
Thereare10Fundamentaldutiesthatthecitizensareexpectedtodischarge.They
are:
1.ThecitizensofIndiaareexpectedtobeabidebytheConstitutionandrespect
allitsideals.Likewise,thecitizensareexpectedtorespecttheNationalFlag
andtheNationalAnthem.
2.Thenobleidealsthatinspiredourfreedomstrugglehavetobecherishedand
followed.
3.Thesovereignty,unityandintegrityofIndianeedstobeupheldandprotected.
4.CitizensshouldbereadytodefendandrendernationalservicetowardsIndia.
5.Thespiritsofcommonbrotherhoodandharmonyhavetobepromotedbyall
thecitizenswhereintheyneedtotranscendallformsofdiversitiespertaining
toreligion,languageandregion.Allthepracticesthatarederogatorytothe
dignityofwomenhavetoberenounced.
6.Indiahasarich,variedandcompositecultureandoneneedstopreserveit.
7.Naturalenvironmentincludingtheforests,lakes,riversandwildlifeare
expectedtobepreservedbythecitizens.
8.PeopleofIndiaareexpectedtodevelopwithinthemselveshumanism,
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scientifictemperament,andspiritsofinquiryandreform.
9.Publicpropertyisexpectedtobesafeguardedandviolenceneedstobe
avoided.
10.Peopleareexpectedtostrivefortheexcellenceofalltheindividualsand
[59]
collectiveactivitiestohelpinthedevelopmentofthecountry.
Howtodifferentiatebetweenfundamentaldutiesandfundamental
rights[http://www.blogger.com/null]
FundamentalrightsandFundamentaldutiesaretwotermsthatappeartobeone
andthesamewhenitcomestotheirmeaningandconcept.Strictlyspeakingthey
arenotso.Theyaretwodifferenttermsthataretobeunderstooddifferently.
Fundamentalrightsarerightsandfreedomsguaranteedbyconstitutionsofsome
countriesoftheworldtotheircitizens.Theserightshavealegalsanctionandare
enforceable in a court of law. On the other hand fundamental duty is the basic
dutyorresponsibilitybestowedonyouasacitizenofthecountry.Thisisthemost
[60]
important difference between fundamental right and fundamental duty.
A fundamental right exists by virtue of the fact that you are a human being
whereas a fundamental duty too exists as a responsibility on you as a human
being.Hencetheprimarydifferencebetweenfundamentalrightandfundamental
duty is that fundamental right is based on privilege granted to you whereas
fundamentaldutyisbasedonaccountability.
Anycitizenforthatmatterisexpectedtocarryoutfundamentaldutiesfullywell
sothatthesocietyasawholewillbebenefited.Ontheotherhandanycitizenfor
thatmattercanmakefulluseofhisfundamentalrightspertainingtorighttolife,
freedomofspeechandwriting,etc.Itisinterestingtonotethatfreedomofspeech
is a fundamental right granted to a citizen by some of the democratic countries
acrosstheglobe.Henceitisuptotheindividualtomakeuseofthefundamental
rightgrantedtohim.
Fundamental duties of every citizen include basic education, nurturing of
children,socialresponsibility,officialresponsibility,paymentoftaxes,adherence
totrafficrulesandregulationsandthelike.Evasionoffundamentaldutiesleadsa
citizentoproblems.Abuseoffundamentalrightalsoleadsacitizentounwanted
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problems.Thesearethedifferencesbetweenfundamentalrightandfundamental
[61]
duty.
blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn61]
7References
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Posted29thApril2013byEmmJay
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Right to equality, including equality before law, prohibition of

and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of

security of the State, friendly relations with foreign countries, public

Notably, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting

blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn12] India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005,

according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public

Citizens are morally obligated by the Constitution to perform these duties.

is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the Universal

blogID=3104334703262504421#_ftn22] The Fundamental Rights and Directive

The Constitution guarantees elaborate Fundamental Rights to Indian citizens

Equal protection means equal protection under equal

Articles 20, 21 and 22 provide personal liberty to Indian citizens as well as

InfamouscaseA.KGopalanvs.StateofMadrasin1950,the Supreme Court

With Article 25 begins a group of provisions ensuring equality of all religions

InJehovahsWitnessscase, in 1986, a two judge bench of SC ruled in Bijoe

The accepted definition of a "denomination" is" A collection of individuals

Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular

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