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ABSTRACT: In this research, the self-healing phenomenon of cracked concrete incorporating geo-materials
as a partial cement replacement was investigated in terms of recrystallization in the cracked portion by geopolymeric gel. Morphology and the shape and size of precipitated particles in the cracks were examined by microscopy and SEM-EDS. In order to apply this concept to the field, a self-healing concrete, designed by the author,
was fabricated by ready-mixed car in a ready-mixed concrete factory, then used for the construction of artificial
water-retaining structures. The results show that cracked cementitious composite concrete incorporating geomaterials exhibit much higher self-healing behavior than cracked normal concrete when cured in water after
cracking. Geo-materials appear to be effective in inducing the aluminosilicate products in the cracks due to the
diffusion and increase of Al and Si ions. From these results, it is considered that the utilization of appropriate
dosages of geo-materials is desirable for autogenous healing of cracked concrete.
INTRODUCTION
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2
2.1
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
a. Cement
Type I Japan Portland cement was used in all cementitious composite and concrete mixtures.
b. Geo-materials & Chemical agents
In order to compare the fluidity and compressive
strength of cementitious composite with various
compositions, mineral admixtures such as expansive
agent, geo-materials and chemical agents were used.
The expansive agent, two geo-materials (A, B) and
chemical agent used were commercial products produced in Japan.
1
Geo-material A was used for this investigation; It
has an SiO
O2 content of 71.3% and an All2O3 content
of 15.4%. IIt shows the XRD pattern of geo-material,
which reveals that it is mainly SiO2 and sodium aluminum silicate hydroxide [Na0.6 Al4.70Si7.32O20(OH)4].
It also contains montmorillonite, feldspar, and quartz,
and
d2its swelling is mainly caused by the swelling of
montmorillonite, which is a swelling clay mineral.
This type of geo-material swells 1518 times its dry
size when wetted by water, as shown in Figure 1,
because the montmorillonite mineral is a 2:1 layer
consisting of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between
two silica sheets as shown in Figure 2.
c. Superplasticizers
Three types of superplasticizer: lignin-based AE plasticizer (SP I), polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer
(SP II: standard type), and polycarboxylate-based
superplasticizer(SP III: slump retention type) were
used in order to clarify the effects of each superplasticizer on the fluidity of paste and concrete which
include cementitious composites with self-healing
capability.
2.2
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
All cementitious composite materials with selfhealing capability [called pre-mixed products] in this
research were manufactured in the laboratory. Table 1
shows the mixing proportions of concretes; a W/B
ratio of 47.3% and an S/A ratio of 46.6% were applied
to all concretes. Slump flow of concrete was measured at the initial point and after 30 and 60 minutes.
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Table 1.
Binder(370)
OPC
93%
344.1
Premixed
products
7%
25.9
Water/ Sand
Binder
W/B
= 47.3%
809
175
Gravel SP
920
Binder
1.15%
~
1.35%
4.26~
4.99
3
3.1
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and
d 3the cracks self-healed perfectly even though there
were small cracks between the rehydration products
after 200 days, as shown in Figure 7 (f).
Figure 8 shows the entire self-healed shape of the
cracked specimen by top, side, bottom and crosssection. 4It was composed of different phases between
the original and self-healing zone. Therefore, microscopy and SEM with EDS-detector were carried out
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Figure 9. Self-healing phenomenon of crack by crystallization of aluminosilicate phases on the cementitious pastes
incorporating CSA and Geo-materials [Surface Analysis of
specimen].
to investigate the morphology, shape, and size of rehydration products and to clarify re-crystallization.
Figure 9 shows the re-hydration products on the
surface of the specimen between the original and
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Figure 14. Self-healing images on crack between aggregate zone and aggregate zone of self-healing concrete.
composite upgrade designs are desirable for the application of self-healing concrete. Premix cementitious
composite materials based on these results were prepared for concrete mixing in order to give self-healing
capability. These results are reported and discussed in
the following section.
3.3
1
This recovery appeared to include self-healing
phenomenon such as the swelling effect, expansion
effect and re-crystallization. However, in general, it
should be considered that 2cracked aggregate didnt
heal by itself. Self-healing at the initial stage occurred
in the cementitious paste area between cracks as
shown in Figure 13, resulting in the healing between
the cementitious paste and surface of aggregate. However, this type of crack did not perfectly self-heal at the
same time as shown in Figure 13. However, some recrystallization structure from the cementitious paste
was deposited on the aggregate surface or in the crack
between aggregates as shown in Figure 14. Therefore,
this indicates that cracks of these types will take more
time for self-healing.
4 CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the self-healing properties of concrete
using geo-materials were investigated.
1. Self-healing capability was significantly affected
by aluminosilicate materials and various modified
calcium composite materials.
2. The essential properties such as swelling and recrystallization of geo-materials with pozzolanic
reaction for self-healing were analyzed and
discussed.
3
In
REFERENCES
Kishi. T., Ahn T.H., Hosoda. A., Takaoka. H. 2007, Selfhealing behavior by cementitious recrystallization of
cracked concrete incorporating expansive agent, Proc. of
the first international conference on self-healing materials, Noordwijk aan zee, the Netherlands 1820 April.
2007.
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