BSS Introduction Presentation-06E04

Base Station Subsystem
GSM 900/1800/1900
Introduction Presentation
Training Document
B6.x
Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000
Contents (1)
B6.x
Historical Excursion to Mobile Radio Systems

The GSM Standard
Components of the GSM System
Interfaces
GSM Services
Mobility Management
Numbers and Identifiers
Scenarios in the System
GSM Security and Encryption
Contents (2)
Air Interface (GSM 04.05)
Radio resources
TDMA principle
Logical Channels
Multiframe structure
Physical Channels
GSM Signal Processing Chain
Features
BSS cell environment
B6.x
Cell structures
Multiband solution
The Alcatel Evolium BSS
Historical Excursion
First implementation of mobile telephone systems

1946 in St. Louis (Missouri, USA)
In the early 50th of the 20th century in Europe
These Systems were:
B6.x
Manually operated
Service area restricted
Single cell systems with small capacity
priority to military systems
Since 1980 the mobile telephone systems became:
automatically routed
better capacity
large scale integration of electronic devices in the 70s
introduction of cellular systems
continuous integration and improvement of analog technologies
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was the 1st cellular

system in the US in 1979
in Europe the Scandinavian countries were the first introducing
the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in 1981
B6.x
Analog Cellular Telephone Systems
B6.x
Main parameter of existing analog cellular mobile
telephone networks
B6.x
Some Restrictions of Analog Technologies
B6.x
limited frequency ranges

no professional digital data transmission within an analog
channel
no additional services e.g. call forwarding, short message
service, broadcast message ...
no ISDN interface
no multimedia interfaces
no international roaming
Between 1983 and 1987 the
was designed. After the hardware development the first

cellular telephone networks were implemented in 1991.
B6.x
Advantages of GSM
International Standard
compatibility between GSM systems in different countries

enable subscriber to use their mobile wherever they are
International Roaming
Calls can be routed in many countries
Confidentiality, security
High Quality
ISDN compatible
High capacity
B6.x
10
History of Mobile Telephone Networks in Germany
B6.x
1st analog mobile telephone system: A-network (1950), only

used for tests and military, manually operated, in the 50MHz
range.
2nd analog mobile telephone system: B-network(1958), only

used for military and business, in the 150 MHz range.
3rd analog mobile telephone system: C-network (1986), 1st

public mobile telephone network, in the 450MHz range,
maximum reached subscribers ca. 800000. End of operation in
year 2001
11
GSM Networks in Germany
D 1: GSM 900 network, public system operator:
T-Mobil (since 1991)
12,1 Million subscriber
D 2: GSM 900 network, private system operator:
Mannesmann (since 1991)
E+: GSM 1800 (DCS) network, private system operator,
Thyssen, Veba (since1994)
E 2: GSM 1800 (DCS) network, private system operator:
Viag Interkom (since 1998, Oct.)
B6.x
12
The GSM Standard

Development of the GSM Standard
B6.x
1979 WARC - World Administrative Radio Conference

Definition of frequency band between 860 and 960 MHz
for future mobile radio services: 2 x 25 MHz reserved for
duplex service
1982 Formation of Group Special Mobile within CEPT (GSM)
1983 GSM takes up operations
Objective: Specification of a paneuropean digital cellular
radio system
1985 Development and test of different trial systems
1987 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed by 17
PTT Administrations from 16 European countries
13
The GSM Standard

Development of the GSM Standard
1989 Selection of Air Interface. Start of HW-development
GSM becomes a committee within ETSI
1990 The most important GSM Recommendations are available
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
B6.x
1991
1992
1993
1994
1998
Active operation of GSM900

Start of GSM operation
WARC 2 * 75 MHz in the 1800 MHz band for GSM1800
Active operation of GSM1800
more than 200 members in the MOU of more than 120
countries
14
The GSM Standard

GSM Recommendations
part of ETSI specification
B6.x
15
The GSM Standard

Almost Worldwide
Mainly CDMA / TDMA

Mainly GSM
World-wide Subscriber Base (Million)
The success story of

GSM
has just begun ...
800
600
400
200
Analog
PDC
TDMA
CDMA
GSM
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
B6.x
82 M
58 M
70 M
98 M
385 M
Source Alcatel
16
Challenges
Mobile Switching Solutions
HLR
SPP
SMP
SCE
SCP
ALMA
Management
Center
Toll
STP
SSP
MSC
MSC
ATOM
BTS
BSC
BTS
SGSN
B6.x
A935
MFS
GPRS
Backbone
GGSN
17
Challenges
Mobile Switching Solutions
Abbreviations
Mobile Switching
Intelligent Networks
SPP
SCE
SMP
SCP
SSP
B6.x
: Provision Point
: Creation Environment
: Management Point
: Control Point
: Switching Point
STP
: Service Transfer Point
MSC : Mobile Switching Center
HLR
: Home Location Register
ALMA : Alcatel Management platform for TMN
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
MFS : Multi BSS Fast Packet Server
SGSN : Service GPRS Support Node
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
BTS
: Base Transceiver Station
BSC : Base Station Controller
18
All-in-OneSM
Alcatel Services for Network Operators
Management &
Business Consulting
Network & Service Design
Network & Service

Integration
Network Implementation
Network Operation
& Maintenance
Customer
Administration
B6.x
Skills & Resource

Development
Network & Service

Enhancement
19
GSM Basic System Components
B6.x
20
GSM System Components

The Network Subsystem NSS
Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
Home Location Register (HLR):
Central database for mobile subscriber specific data

e.g. IMSI, International Roaming, Agreed services...
Visitor Location Register (VLR):
B6.x
Central switch between BSS and PSTN

Connection to billing center
temporary database for all Mobile Stations
21

The Network Subsystem NSS
Authentication Center (AuC):
Equipment Identity Register (EIR):
B6.x
management of security data used for subscriber authentication

(usually part of the HLR)
contains the list of Mobile Station equipment identities.

"gray list" for all unauthorized IMEI categories (only temporary
valid)
"black list" for individual IMEI which are not authorized, e.g.
because they have been stolen
white list for all IMEIs which are not in the gray or black list
22

The Base Station Subsystem BSS
Transcoder Submultiplexer (TCSM)
B6.x
Interface between the BSS (Atermux interface) and the MSC

(A-interface).
Speech coding/decoding and rate adaptation between the 64 kbit/s
PCM TCHs in the MSC and the 16 kbit/s TCHs in the BSS.
The G2 TC includes the Submultiplexer equipment (SM).
Reduces the number of terrestrial channels needed between the BSC
and the TC.
management of speech related features e.g.: DTX, DRX, comfort
noise insertion ...
23

Base Station Controller (BSC)
B6.x
Central switch in the BSS

Handling of BSS software
Radio resource management between MS and MSC
Mobility Management for the MS
Fault Management
Performance Measurement handling
Configuration Management
Interface to the Operation and Maintenance Center Radio (OMC-R).
24

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
B6.x
Provision of the radio link to Mobile Station (MS)

Signal processing from digital signal to RF-signal (uplink/downlink)
Provision and support of signaling and traffic channels on the Air
interface and on the Abis interface
Reception and demodulation
Performance of radio measurements for the mobility management
25
Interfaces
B6.x
A-interface:
MSC - BSC (TC)
Atermux interface:
TC - BSC
Abis interface:
BSC - BTS
Air Interface:
BTS - MS
26
Interfaces
The A-Interface
The A-Interface is used for communication between the MSC and

the BSC. The connection between MSC and BSC is realized via
PCM30/32 (2 Mbit lines) and can be done via Terrestrical lines,
satellite connections or micro wave links.
T S
CM
A-ter mux
S
M
MSC
A-ter (Alcatel)
BSC
A-Interface (GSM)
B6.x
27
Interfaces
The Abis Interface
The Abis Interface is used for communication between the BSC

and the BTS. The BTSs can be connected in different
configurations to the BSC by using PCM 30/32 (2 Mbit lines).
B
I
E
Abis Interface
B
I
E
B
T
S
BSC
B6.x
28
Interfaces
The Air Interface
The Air Interface is the radio interface between the BTS and the MS
The Air Interface is divided by frequency and time
B
T
S
B6.x
29
GSM Services
Three types of mobile network services
B6.x
Teleservices
Bearer Services
Supplementary Services
30
GSM Services
Definition of Services
Teleservices
Bearer Services
Bearer Services provide the capability of signals (i.e. data)

transmission between access points. These access points are in ISDN
terminology called user-network interfaces.
B6.x
provide the complete capability including terminal equipment

functions for communication between users, according to protocols
established by agreement between network operators.
Supplementary Services are control data for Teleservices.
31
GSM Services
Teleservices
Service
Description
Telephony
GSM supports telephony with the ability to send or

receive calls anywhere in the world.
GSM allows calls to be routed to an emergency
service.
Emergency calls have priority. If there are
insufficient radio resources, the call request is queued
at the highest priority.
GSM supports the transmission of data and offers a
range of transmission types.
High speed telefax messages can be sent to or
received from a standard fax machine anywhere in the
world.
The short message service allows the transmission of
messages containing up to 160 alphanumeric
characters to be sent to a subscriber. The SMS center
interfaces with other network services such as paging,
message handling and voice messaging.
Cell broadcast is a short message service which allows
short messages to be sent to all phones in a
geographical area.
Emergency call
Data Calls
Fax
Short Message Service
Cell Broadcast
B6.x
32
GSM Services
Bearer Services
B6.x
Bearer services provide basic transmission functions
Bearer services are basic data transport services which allow the
data transport in data rates from 300 bit/s up to 14.4 kbit/s per TS.
It can be used for example for fax or data transmission.
General Packet Radio Services GPRS combines TCHs for high data
transmission up to 160 Kbit/s per carrier (8 TS).
33
GSM Services
B6.x
The supplementary services provide additional to the teleservices

the following options:
Call forwarding (mobile subscriber busy, mobile not reachable)
Call barring (outgoing , incoming , incoming when roaming abroad)
Call waiting, call hold and three party services
Conference Call
Call Line Identification Presentation CLIP
34
Mobility Management
Definition of Areas
B6.x
Service area
PLMN area (Public Land Mobile Network)
MSC area / VLR area
Location area
Cell
35
Mobility Management
Definition of Areas
Service area
PLMN area (Public Land Mobile Network)
B6.x
is the territory in which a mobile radio station can be used.

A service area can cover several PLMNs.
the geographic territory in which a telecommunication company

provides mobile telephone services
consists of a number of MSC areas with a common numbering
system (e.g. identical national dialing prefixes) plus a common
switching system
36
Mobility Management
Definition of Areas
MSC area / VLR area
Location area
area where a MS can move from cell to cell (in idle mode)
without updating the visitor location area identity (LAI)
Cell
B6.x
network territory covered from one MSC

one VLR can supply one or more MSC areas
smallest logical area, usually covered by one sector of a base

transceiver station (BTS)
identified by the cell global identifier (GSM 03.03)
37
Mobility Management
Mobile Specific Procedures
B6.x
Roaming
Location Update
IMSI attach/detach
Idle mode
Paging
Handover
38
Mobility Management
Roaming
availability of the MS in the network. International roaming is the
possibility to use and reach a MS worldwide.
(roaming contract between network operators required)
The MS in idle mode is continuously monitoring the strongest
available carrier frequencies. The 6 strongest carriers of the
serving network are stored. The MS uses the strongest carrier for
the next call. Receiving a new LAI (Location Area Identity) on the
strongest carrier the MS initiates a Location update.
B6.x
39
Mobility Management
Location Update
update of the LAI (Location Area Identity) in the VLR
B6.x
Moving MS
The MS is moving into a new location area receiving a new LAI.
Regular location update
A MS not leaving its location area is reporting its location (LAI) in
regular intervals to the VLR. The interval can be adjusted at the
OMC-R
A location update is always and only initiated by the MS
A location update is never done during a call
For more details refer to GSM 03.12.
40
Mobility Management
IMSI attach/detach
B6.x
If the MS is switched off the subscriber data in the VLR is not

immediately deleted. The subscriber is only detached.
This fastens the next switch on of the MS in the same location area,
the subscriber data will only be attached.
Idle mode
The MS is switched on and the location update was successful.
The VLR knows the subscriber data and LAI of the MS, the HLR
knows the VLR which handles the MS. The MS is reachable.
Paging
Searching call for a MS into a location area
41
Mobility Management
B6.x
Handover HO
Forwarding a call from one radio channel to an other
HO within one cell (intra cell-HO)

between the carriers of the same base station
quality improvement (interferer level)
only if frequency hopping is not used
HO between cells (intra BSC-HO; inter cell-HO)

between base stations, connected to the one BSC.
The handover is reported to the MSC.
42
Mobility Management
B6.x
Handover HO
HO between BSCs (Intra MSC HO; inter BSC-HO)

between two BSCs connected to the same MSC
HO between MSC (inter MSC-HO)
Handover between PLMNs

(special roaming contract required).
43
Mobility Management
Handover initiation
B6.x
A handover is always initiated by the BSS

Handover decision and performance is handled in the BSC using the
measurements on the Air interface:
44
Mobility Management
Handover causes (1)
emergency handover causes e.g.:
B6.x
In Alcatel release B6 25 different handover causes are defined.

These handover causes can be sorted into two categories:
low level on uplink

low level on downlink
low quality on uplink
low quality on downlink
long MS BTS distance
45
Mobility Management
Handover causes (2)
better condition handover causes e.g.:
B6.x
power budget (better cell handover)

high level in neighbor lower layer for slow MS
high level in neighbor cell in the preferred band
46
B6.x
MS-ISDN
IMSI
TMSI
LMSI
MSRN
Handover number
IMEI
LAI
CGI
BSIC
47

MS-ISDN
MS-telephone number
B6.x
Used for dialing

Searching index for HLR
CC:
Country Code for the country in which the MS is registered
NDC:
SN:
National Destination Code (PLMN specific)

Subscriber Number
48

IMSI
International Mobile Station Identity
MCC
262
260
425
MCC:
MNC:
MSIN:
NMSI:
B6.x
MS-telephone number in GSM network

unique for each SIM
country
Germany
Poland
Israel
Mobile Country Code

Mobile Network Code (Identification of home PLMN)
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number
(Identification of the subscriber within the PLMN)
National Mobile Subscriber Identity
49

TMSI
Temporary Mobile Station Identity
B6.x
is used for security reasons -> Confidentiality of the mobile radio

subscriber IDs, TMSI instead of IMSI on the air interface
identifies each unique MS
is assigned in the current VLR
is only important in the VLR area
4 byte length (structure is not defined in GSM)
required for call setup, location update, etc.
is assigned after the successful authentication
50

LMSI
Local Mobile Station Identity
B6.x
is assigned in the VLR at location updating

4 byte length
to speed up the search for subscriber data in the VLR
exact identity of the mobile station in the VLR
Note: The TMSI and the LMSI are both provider specific, i.e. they
are not defined in the GSM rec.
51

MSRN
Mobile Station Roaming Number
B6.x
This number is assigned to a MS from the VLR either temporarily for

each individual call (query mode) or by updating the MS location
data (the Alcatel BSS uses the first procedure explained)
Structure similar to MS-ISDN (CC + NDC + SN), max. 15 digits
SCCP global address header to identify the responsible MSC
(required for PSTN/ISDN circuit-switching)
Max. lifetime 90 sec. (when assigned separately for each call)
Unique for each MS moving about a specific range of numbers,
valid only for a VLR area
Used by the HLR to re-direct calls (MT calls) towards the destination
MSC (VMSC) => establishment of ISUP
52

HO Number
Handover number
B6.x
temporary number
used for the link establishment between MSCs to forward a call
HO number similar to MSRN
assigned in the (new) MSC
53

IMEI
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity
hardware identifier for the MS equipment
TAC:
FAC:
SNR:
SP:
B6.x
Type Approval Code

Final Assembly Code, location identifier of production/final assembly;
Serial Number, equipment identifier
Spare Position, one digit used for future purposes.
54

CGI & LAI
Cell Global Identity
cell identifier on the air interface
3 digits
2digits
max. 2octets
max. 2octets
MCC
MNC
LAC
CI
Location Area Identity LAI

MCC:
MNC:
LAC:
CI:
B6.x
Mobile Country Code

Mobile Network Code (Identification of home PLMN)
Location Area Code (flexible length up to max. 2 octets)
Cell Identity
55

BSIC
Base Station Identity Code
NCC:
BCC:
B6.x
cell identifier on the air interface for fast network and cell selection
3 bit
3 bit
NCC
BCC
Network Colour Code, to distinguish different networks

Base Station Colour Code, to distinguish cells with the same BCCH frequency
56
B6.x
Mobile originated Call MOC
Mobile terminated Call MTC
Handover
Location update
57

Mobile Terminated Call (1)
B6.x
58

Mobile Terminated Call (2)
B6.x
59

Mobile Originated Call (1)
B6.x
60

Mobile Originated Call (2)
B6.x
61

Handover (1)
B6.x
62

Handover (2)
B6.x
63

Location Update (1)
B6.x
64

Location Update (2)
B6.x
65
B6.x
Authentication parameter
Authentication
Encryption
Activation of Encryption
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
66

Authentication Parameter (1)
RAND (random number)
Kc (ciphering key)
calculated in the AuC and in the MS

used for the encryption of the subscriber data
length 8 byte
SRES (signed response)
B6.x
generated in the AuC

length 16 byte
calculated in the AuC and in the MS

used to control authentication
length 4 byte
67

Authentication Parameter (2)
Ki (key identifier)
CKSN (ciphering key sequence number)
B6.x
unique for each subscriber

stored in the AuC and on the SIM
never transmitted on the air interface
length 16 byte
used to select a Kc during call setup

length 3 bit
68

Authentication
B6.x
69

Authentication
B6.x
Authentication parameter
Ki and RAND are the input parameters for the algorithms A3 and
A8.
The VLR compares the signed responses SRES calculated in the

AuC and in the MS with algorithm A3.
The authentication is successful if both SRES are identical.
The ciphering key Kc is calculated with algorithm A3.
Encryption
After successful authentication the encryption with algorithm A5 is
enabled.The subscriber data and the ciphering key Kc are the
input parameters for the encryption.
70

Speech Encryption with Algorithm A5
B6.x
A 5.0no encryption
A 5.1standard encryption
A 5.2enhanced encryption
A 5.3 to 5.7 defined

for future use
71

Activation of Encryption
B6.x
72
Air Interface
B6.x
Radio Resources
TDMA Structure
Logical Channels
Multiframe Structure
Physical Channels (Timeslots)
Synchronization Criteria
Channel Encoding
Interleaving
Signal Processing Chain
73
Air Interface
The Radio Resources
Radio Spectrum Allocation
Frequency
(FDMA)
Time
(TDMA)
Carrier Frequencies (ARFCN)

Cell
Allocation
(CA)
B6.x
Mobile Allocation
(MA)
Timeslot
0<TN<7
FDMA
TDMA
ARFCN
TN
FN
TDMA Frames
0<FN<FN_MAX
Frequency division multiple access
Time division multiple access
Absolute radio frequency channel number
Timeslot number
Frame number
74
Air Interface
GSM Channel Specification (1)
B6.x
GSM 900 frequency band consists of 124 radio carriers between

the Mobile Station and the BTS (Uplink) and 124 radio carriers
between the BTS and the Mobile Station (Downlink).
GSM 1800 frequency band consist of 374 radio carriers for each
direction (Uplink, Downlink).
GSM 1900 frequency band consist of 299 radio carriers for each
direction.
The radio carriers spacing is 200 kHz.
Each radio carrier is divided into 8 Timeslot (TS), a frame. This is
a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) frame.
The TS are configured with different logical channel types:
Traffic and Control Channels.
75
Air Interface
Parameter
Values
GSM 900 Frequency band
Uplink: 890 MHz
915 MHz
Downlink: 935 MHz

Uplink: 1710 MHz
960 MHz
1785 MHz
Downlink: 1805 MHz

Channel 512...885
1880 MHz
Uplink: 1850 MHz - 1919 MHz

Downlink: 1930 MHz - 1990 MHz
Duplex distance
Channel 1..124
Channel 512...810
GSM 900: 45 MHz

GSM 1800: 95 MHz
GSM 1900: 80 MHz
B6.x
Carrier separation
200 kHz
Modulation
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)
Transmission rate
270 kbit/s
Access method
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
76
Air Interface
B6.x
GSM 900
Ful(n)=890,2 MHz + 0,2 x (n-1) MHz
Fdl(n)=Ful(n) + 45 MHz
GSM 1800
Ful(n)=1710,2MHz + 0,2 x(n-512) MHz
GSM 1900
Ful(n)=1850,2 MHz + 0,2x(n-512) MHz
77
Air Interface
TDMA Principle
B6.x
78
Air Interface
TDMA Principle
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

With 8 timeslots per carrier a maximum of 8 MS can be handled
per carrier frequency.
A frame concatenates 8 TS.
The duration of a frame is 4.615ms (=> 0.577ms/TS)
Some TS are dedicated to signaling TS, they can not handle user
data.
Types of timeslots
BCC Broadcast TS
B6.x
SDC TS (SDCCH-TS)
TCH-TS
79
Air Interface
Traffic Channels
Traffic channels are used as speech traffic channels or as data traffic
channels. Speech traffic channels are defined as:
TCH:
PDCH
B6.x
Fullrate traffic channels which use a full TS, (net 13 kbit/s)

Halfrate traffic channels which use half a TS, (net 6.5 kbit/s)
Data traffic channels also use a full TS or half a TS at rates of
300 bit/s up to 14.4 kbit/s.
Traffic channel for General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
80
Air Interface
Control Channels (CCH)
A Control CHannel (CCH) carries signaling information and

channel control information. Control channels have individual
functions, and operate at different rates:
B6.x
Fast associated control channels which handle irregular control

requirements, for example handovers
Dedicated control channels, are used for location updating,
authentication, call setup, and short message services
Broadcast control channels, are transmitting basic information
dedicated to all users, for example a LAC of a cell
Slow associated control channels control and supervise the
associated TCHs
81
Air Interface
Broadcast Channels (BCH)
FCCH Frequency Correction Channel: used on the downlink (on

the BCCH timeslot) for frequency correction of the MS with
the BTS.
SCH
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel: used to broadcast system

information to the MS on the downlink
Synchronization Channel : used on the downlink (on the

BCCH timeslot) for frame synchronization of the MS with
the BTS.
B6.x
Number of CCCH
Paging organization
CGI, LAI
BCCH frequencies of neighbor cells
Maximum transmit power, which is allowed in the cell
82
Air Interface
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
B6.x
CCCH
Common Control Channel: to transmit control

information before a dedicated channel is assigned.
It comprises the RACH, AGCH and PCH.
RACH
Random Access Channel: used on the uplink

(on the CCCH TS) by the MS for initial access to the
network.
AGCH Access Grant Channel: used on the downlink

(on the CCCH TS) gives to the MS access information
before a dedicated channel is assigned.
PCH
Paging Channel: used on the downlink

(on the CCCH TS) for paging messages to the MS.
83
Air Interface
Dedicated control channels (DCCH)
B6.x
SDCCH
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel.

Main signaling link for call setup
CBCH
Cell Broadcast Channel:

used instead of one SDCCH subchannel for
Short Message Service -Cell Broadcast messages
84
Air Interface
Associated Control Channels (ACCH)
B6.x
SACCH
Slow Associated Control Channel: used to

exchange measurements and control information
during a call (e.g. for power control, comfort noise,
timing advance)
FACCH
Fast Associated Control Channel: used for

handover process signaling, IMSI-attach/detach or
call setup. This ACCH takes additional frames for
signaling from a TCH, using then stealing flag.
85
Air Interface
Summary of Logical Channels
B6.x
86
Air Interface
Different logical channels using the same TS can only be
transmitted serial after each other in different TDMA frames.
The transmission of the different channels is repeated
periodically.
One transmission period on a TS (BCC, SDC or TCH) is called:
=> Multiframe
B6.x
51 Multiframe for:
BCC Broadcast TS
26 Multiframe for:
TCH-TS
SDC TS (SDCCH-TS)
87
Air Interface
FCCH SDCCH
TCH
SCH
BCCH
CCCH
25
50
B6.x
88
Air Interface
B6.x
89
Air Interface
Multiframe
Structure
Only the downlink is shown!

B6.x
90
Air Interface
Physical Channels
B6.x
91
Air Interface
Burst Types
Normal Burst
FCCH
SCH
Dummy Burst
RACCH
B6.x
92
Air Interface
Synchronization Criteria
B6.x
93
Air Interface
Channel Encoding
B6.x
94
Air Interface
Interleaving
B6.x
95
Signal Processing Chain
B6.x
96
Alcatel BSS Features

Features
B6.x
Power Control
Frequency Hopping
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Discontinuous Reception DRX
Fullrate Halfrate Enhanced Fullrate
SMS-Cell Broadcast
Antenna Diversity
Night Time Concentration
GPRS
97

Power Control
Radio Power Control
B6.x
reduction of interference level

increase of frequency reuse rate
BTS Radio Power Control

Range from maximum down in 15 steps (or less) of 2 dB down
to minimum power of 20 mW
Step size n * 2 dB
MS Radio Power Control

increase of stand by time
Range from maximum down to minimum 20 mW
Step size n * 2 dB
98

Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
every TS can use an other frequency

reduce interference level
Gain 3 dB
better frequency reuse rate
=> better quality

TRE/Carrier
Frequency
Generator1
TS0
TS1
TS2
TS3
TS4
TS5
TS6
TS7
Frequency
generator2
B6.x
99

DTX / VAD
Discontinuous Transmission / Voice Activity Detection
B6.x
Is used to decrease the average interference level and to save the

battery in the MS
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX): During quiet periods, comfort

noise information is sent based on synthesis of background noise.
Voice Activity Detection (VAD): VAD is used to detect when there is

speech or silence. In case of silence the MS transmitter is switched
off, it only transmits SID Frames (Silence Indication Frames). The TC
uses this SID Frames to generate the comfort noise and forwards it
to the A-channel.
100

DRX
Discontinuous Reception
B6.x
Is used to save battery by switching of the receiver and data

processing in the idle mode. The mobile station only listens to
that part of of the paging channel corresponding to its paging
group.
101

Enhanced Fullrate / Halfrate
B6.x
Enhanced Fullrate (EFR) allows the use of codecs with an

improved speech coding algorithm, which provide enhanced
speech quality on fullrate channels.
Half-Rate (HR) allows to increase the system capacity. The data

reduction is much higher as in fullrate mode. Now it is possible to
share 1 TS by 2 calls.
102

Short Message Service - Cell Broadcast
SMS-CB simplified
B6.x
Operation request from OMC-R (no Cell Broadcast Center)

One message per cell
One page per message
No Performance Management counters
103

SMS-CB Enhanced
OMC-R
Not
specified
CBE terminal
BSS
BSS
X25
CBC
B6.x
OMC-R
BSS
GSM 03.41
GSM 03.49
104

CBC/BSS connection
CBC is in charge to (GSM 03.41)
B6.x
One CBC can be connected to several BSSs

One BSS can only be connected to one CBC
Updating the current messages

Collecting the cell failures from the BSS
Submitting messages to the BSS
Message Identifier
One page contents (up to 93 character per page)
List of cells
Number of broadcast to be performed
Requested rate of the broadcast
105

Antenna Diversity / Single Antenna solution
Antenna Diversity
B6.x
use of two receivers and two receiving antennas usually mounted in

a distance of about 10* (wave length)
to compensate the multipath propagation loss
improvement of the uplink quality 3 dB
106

Night Time Concentration / GPRS
Night Time Concentration
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)
B6.x
Concentration of many BSS to one Operation and Maintenance

Center for central network supervision
improved packed switched data transmission using several TS of one

transmitter (max. 8 TS) as data channel
only for data transfer (IP, X25)
billing by volume not by connection time
connection to the Internet / Intranet
only permanent virtual connections provided
additional Packet Control Unit (PCU) needed
no change of BSS hardware (Alcatel solution)
107
Alcatel BSS Cell Environment

BSS Cell Structures
Different Cell types to meet the requirements of the geography

and the strategies of the Network Operator.
B6.x
Omni Cell
Sectorized Cell
Concentric Cell
Umbrella Cell
Mini Cell
Microcell
Multiband Cell
108

BSS Cell Structures
B6.x
Omni Cell
Sectorized Cells
109

BSS Cell Structures
Concentric Cell
f1,f2
f3,f4
B6.x
110

Hierarchical Microcell Environment
B6.x
111

Hierarchical Mini Cell Environment
B6.x
112

Multiband Solution
Classical band
900MHz MS
900MHz cells
ALCATEL
MULTIBAND BSC
Emergency
Handover
Preferred
band HO
1800MHz cells
Preferred band
B6.x
Multiband MS
(900+1800MHz)
1800MHz MS
113

Multiband MS Measurement Reporting
Allocated on a per cell basis
Measurement reporting for dual band mobiles
The MS is measuring the neighbor cells and has to report the

strongest cells according to the following multiband reporting:
6 strongest cells irrespective of the band
1 strongest cell (other band) + 5 strongest cells (SC band)
2 strongest cells (other band) + 4 strongest cells (SC band)
3 strongest cells (other band) + 3 strongest cells (SC band).
SC = Serving Cell
B6.x
Multiband cell possible since software release B6!
114

Multiband Cell
Multiband Cell
outer zone includes:

BCCH, SDCCH, and TCH
in the access band
(e.g. 900 MHz)
f1,f2 (900)
inner zone includes TCH in

the second band
(e.g. 1800 MHz)
f3,f4 (1800)
Inner zone
Outer zone
B6.x
115
Base Station Subsystem
Alcatel BSS Hardware

Alcatel BSS in the PSTN
Air Interface
B
T
S
OMC-N
B
T
S
VLR
BSC
OMC-R
MSC
BSS
HLR
B
T
S
AC
EIR
OMC-N
B
T
S
OMC-N
BSC
OMC-R
BSS
OMC-R
Network Subsystem
BSS
BSS
OMC-N
A-Interface
B
T
S
B
T
S
BSC
OMC-N
VLR
MSC
OMC-R
OMC-N
P
S
T
N
-I
S
D
N
Abis Interface
B6.x
116

Elements of the GSM System
Base Station Subsystem BSS
Base Transceiver Station

Base Station Controller
Transcoder
Operation & Maintenance
Center-Radio
BTS
BSC
TC
OMC-R
Network Subsystem NSS
Mobile Switching Center

Visitor Location Register
Home Location Register
Authentication Center
Equipment Ident. Register
MSC
VLR
HLR
AuC
EIR
Terminal Equipment
B6.x
Mobile Station
MS
117

Tasks of the Base Station Subsystem
B6.x
Channel allocation and link supervision

Channel encoding and decoding
Encryption and decryption of signaling information and user data
Generation of frequency hopping sequences
Power control procedures
internal handover between cells
Transcoding of digital speech
Rate adaptation for data
Operation & maintenance functions
118

Base Transceiver Station BTS (1)
The area covered by a BSS is divided into cells and the cells are
managed by BTSs. Each BTS consists of radio transmission and
reception devices including antennas and signal processing
equipment for the Air interface.
Different Types / Generations of BTS
G2
B6.x
micro
mini, standard (also as outdoor)
G3 EVOLIUM
micro (A910)
mini, medi (A9100) (also as outdoor)
B
T
S
119

Tasks of a BTS
Provide 2 Interfaces:
Air Interface into the direction MS
Abis Interface into the direction BSC
Handle the MS
Provide the carrier signal
Measure the Time of Arrival of the signal for active channels
Measure the uplink quality and receive level
Collect the measurements from BTS and MS into
measurement reports which are sent to the BSC
Control the output power to decrease interference
B6.x
B
T
S
120

Each BTS consists of:
B6.x
digital signal processing part

radio transmitter and receiver
antenna network
Operation and Maintenance unit
Master clock generator
Submultiplexer for Abis Interface
Hardware
Frame Unit
Carrier Unit
Antenna Network
OMU
BIU
TRE
AN
SUM
121

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
AN
BIE
CLOCK
EAC
OMU
SUM
TRE
B6.x
Antenna Network
Base Station Ifc Equipment
Clock Generator
External Alarm Connection
Operation & Maintenance Unit
Station Unit Module
Transmitter Receiver Equipment
122

Evolium BTS Features (1)
Standard Features according to GSM
DR (Dual Rate), EFR (Enhanced Full Rate coder); options to the

operator
Dual Band Network
supporting of 900 and 1800 bands in one network with
appropriate handover algorithms and frequency band allocation
All known A5 algorithms are supported; HW provisions done
B6.x
123

Evolium BTS Features (2)
Standard Features due to new Architecture and new SW Releases:
SUS (Station Unit Sharing)

Only one central control unit (SUM) in the BTS cabinet
Multiband BTS (GSM 900/1800) in one cabinet
Static RSL (Release 4) and statistical OML/RSL (Release 6)

submultiplexing on Abis
Better use of Abis Interface capacity
B6.x
More BTS/TRX to be supported in a multidrop loop
Introduction of GPRS and High Speed Circuit Switching Data HSCSD

without HW changes
124

Evolium BTS Architecture (3)
Antennas
Antenna
coupling
level
Transceiver level
BCF level
ANx
Duplexer Stage
ANy
Twin Combiner Stage
ANx
TRX
TRX
SUM
Abis interface
ANx, ANy:
TRX:
SUM:
BCF:
B6.x
Antenna Networks
Transmit/Receive Module
Station Unit Module
Base Station Control Function
125

Evolium BTS
CONNECTION AREA
TRE
TRE
FAN
TRE
FAN
ANY
ANX
TRE
ANY
FAN
ANY
ANX
ANX
TRE
TRE
TRE
TRE
ANX
TRE
TRE
TRE
TRE
ANY
FAN
FAN
FAN
ANY
SUM
TRE
TRE
TRE
TRE
ANX
ANX
ANY
TRE
EVOLIUM medi indoor

3 sectors with 4 TRE each
B6.x
TRE
TRE
TRE
TRE
FAN
FAN
TRE
TRE
TRE
FAN
126

Base Station Controller BSC
The BSC provides resource and equipment management facilities

for the BSS. It allocates resources to manage the flow of
information between the BTS and the NSS, acting as a switching
unit by establishing a path between them.
BSC
B6.x
127

BSC G2 Configuration
B6.x
Base Station Controller : Maximum Capacity (up to 352 TRX)
Configuration
Traffic
capacity in
Erlang
Transceivers
(Typic/Max)
Cells
A
interface
trunks
SS7 links
(256
SCCP)
Abis interface
trunks
(chain/loop)
160
30/32
21
16
6/3
1/2
576
110/128
95
24
24/12
4/3
960
160/192
140
40
10
36/18
6/5
1152
250/288
212
48
12
54/27
9/6
1500
300/352
255
64
16
66/33
11/8
1500
352/352
255
72
16
84/42
14/9
Cabinets Abis/A-ter
TSU
128

Base Station Controller BSC G2 (1)
Capacity
Flexibility
B6.x
Maximum physical capacity: 352 FR TRX or 176 DR TRX in 255 BTS

Traffic and signaling capacity: up to 1500 Erlang
6 Abis interfaces per BIE module with integrated cross connect

function
Integrated in BSC subracks (no cabling), 100% Alcatel
No BSC internal recabling for network extensions/modifications
(add/delete BTS)
4:1 A-ter multiplexing between BSC G2 and TC G2
129

Compactness
Technology
B6.x
Maximum BSC configuration in three standard Alcatel 1000 S12

cabinets (90 cm width, 52 cm depth)
Two stage Alcatel 1000 S12 switching technology

Distributed processing in trunk control units and processing
resources
130

ASMB Alcatel Submultiplexer Ater Mux

BIUA Base Station interface Unit
CPRA Common Processor
B6.x
DTC Digital Trunk Controller

TCU Terminal Control Unit
TSC Transcoder Submultiplexer Controller
131

Group Switch
8 Planes
2 Stages
self-routing, non-blocking
Abis TSU
TCUC
6x
G.703
Abis
I/F
Ater TSU
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
DTCC
TCUC
BIUA
TSL
TCUC
ASMB
DTCC
AS
AS
DTCC
ASMB
2x
G.703
Ater
muxed
I/F
Q1 bus
AS
TSCA
CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC CPRC
Broadcast bus
B6.x
Common Functions TSU
132

G2 BSC Configuration 2
For G2 BSC different

configurations are possible (1 ...6).
Maximum configuration (6)

includes 3 racks.
B6.x
133

Transmission Subsystem TSS
B6.x
The TSS connects the BTS, BSC and the MSC by using standard
PCM 30/32, 2 Mbit lines.
The TSS components within the BSS are:

Base Station Interface Equipment (BIE)
Submultiplexer (SM)
Transcoder (TC)
Transmission Submultiplexer Controller (TSC)
134

Location of the TSS
B6.x
135

Transcoder TC
B6.x
The Transcoder provides the interface between the BSS and the
MSC. This is the A Interface. The TC also provides the interface to
the Base Station Controller (BSC). This is the Atermux Interface.
Additionally, the TC can provide an interface between the BSS
and the Operations and Maintenance Center-Radio (OMC-R).
The G2 TC includes the submultiplexing equipment.
136

Transcoder Basic Functions
Provides conversation between the 16 kbit/s signal exchanged

with the BSC, and the 64 kbit/s received from and sent to the
MSC. To do this it performs speech coding/decoding and rate
adaptation. The TRCU performs this function.
Reduces the number of channels needed between the BSC and

the TC by:
B6.x
Multiplexing the 16 kbit/s sub-channels into 64 kbit/s timeslots

Demultiplexing the 64 kbit/s timeslot into 16 kbit/s sub-channels
137

Transcoder G2
B6.x
138
Alcatel BSS Configurations

Configurations on Abis (1)
B6.x
Abis Interface connects the BSC and BTS
Different connections between BSC and BTS possible

Chain configuration
Ring configuration
139

Chain Configuration
BSC
Abis
B
T
S
Abis
B6.x
B
T
S
Abis
B
T
S
140

Ring Configuration
Abis
Abis
BSC
B
T
S
B
T
S
Abis
Abis
B
T
S
B6.x
Abis
B
T
S
141
Alcatel BSS TS Allocation

Abis Chain Mapping
B6.x
142

Ater TS Allocation
PCM 30 with 32 Channels (0..31)
4 x 16 kbit/s channels in one 64 kbit/s channel
A-ter Interface mapping
TS0 Transparency
2 configurations possible
4:1 multiplexing only with G2 BSC and G2 TC
3:1 multiplexing with G2 BSC and G2 TC
G1 -> TC+BSC
G2 -> TC+BSC
B6.x
3:1
possible
possible
4:1
not possible
possible
143

Ater Mapping (4:1)
B6.x
144

GPRS Architecture (1)
r dw ar e
a
h
f
o
ng e
no cha the BSS
in
T
C
MSC
HLR
Public
Switched
Network
A935 MFS
B
T
S
SGSN
BSC
GSL
Gb
Deve
l o pe
d
CISC with
O
B
T
S
GPRS
BackboneDe
v
GGSN
velop
e
CISC d by
O
B6.x
Packet
Data
Network
145

MFS (PCU Packet Unit Control implemented in the A935 MFS)
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node), the interface to the BSS
B6.x
Packet segmentation/re-assembly and scheduling

Radio resource management and control
Transmission error detection and retransmission (ARQ)
Power control
GPRS switch
Channel Coding
VLR functionality for GPRS
Billing
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node),

the interface to the Packet Data Network
146

New elements
MFS :
SGSN :
GGSN :
BG :
GPRS :
New type of service
B6.x
Multi BSS Fast packet Server

Serving GPRS Support Node
Gateway GPRS Support Node
Border Gate
Existing elements
OMC :
MSC :
MS :
BTS :
BSC :
TC :
Big Impact
Low Impact
New Type
Software impact
Software impact
Software Impact
147

Full network coverage for minimal investment

One A935 MFS per MSC site
A few SGSN and GGSN for the entire network
B
T
S
BSC
M
F
S
T
C
MSC 1
B
T
S
SGSN
BSC
GGSN
B
T
S
B
T
S
B6.x
BSC
M
F
S
T
C
MSC 2
148

O&M
Operations & Maintenance
B6.x
O&M provides the operator interface for the management

and control of the BSS, and its interconnection to the NSS.
O&M is divided into three principal areas:
Configuration Management
Fault Management
Performance Management
149

OMC-R (1)
Central O&M base for one or more BSSs.
It manages BSS software versions, and acts as the central
repository for configuration, fault and performance measurement
reports. This data is available to the operator from the OMCR
central database.
The OMCR only performs O&M activities. It does not perform
user traffic processing or call establishment and control activities.
B6.x
150

OMC-R (2)
B6.x
The OMC-R provides all the management and control functions

required by the BSS. Network management and functions are
proprietary to the system supplier in keeping with ITU and ETSI
standard.
Configuration management includes the autonomous system

configuration of the BSS and configuration by an operator at the
OMC-R. An operator can display and change the parameters of
hardware and software modules, and download the BSS
software.
151

OMC-R (3)
B6.x
Configuration management includes the following functions:

Hardware configuration management
Logical parameter configuration management
Cell configuration management
Software and database management
Night Time concentration is possible
152

OMC-R (4)
OMC-R
BSC Terminal
X.25*
via TC
X.25* direct
connection
Router
X.25 or
RS232
BTS
Transmission
Equipment
X.25*
via
CiscoRoute
r
BSC
Transmission
Equipment
MSC
RS232
BTS Terminal
TSC
* only one connection type is in use
B6.x
153

OMC-R Dimensioning
Host Configuration
3600
TRX
900
BTS 35
BSC
Large
1200
TRX
300
BTS 20
BSC
Standard
Small
TRX: 0
B6.x
E 4000/4500
480
TRX
120
BTS 6
BSC
1000
E 4000/4500
E 450
2000
3000
4000
154
Mobile Station
Mobile Station MS
B6.x
Mobile Stations provide generic radio and processing functions

allowing subscribers to access the mobile network via a radio
interface, the "Air Interface".
A Mobile Station can be a

build in car phone
handheld phone
car/portable combination
155
Mobile Station
Mobile Station MS (1)
The MS consists of mainly two components
Mobile Equipment
GSM power classes:
1
2
3
20W
8W
5W
1W
0.25W
B6.x
4
2W
5
0.8W
for 900 MHz

for 1800 MHz
Improvement of Mobile Equipment

GSM phase 1: speech calls only
GSM phase 2: data transfer (9.6 kbit/s), SMS, SMS-CB,
FAX, HR
GSM phase 2+: multiband, EFR, A5.2
GSM phase 2+ GPRS: GPRS Mobile required
156
Mobile Station
B6.x
SIM Subscriber Identity Module

The SIM card stores all data from the subscriber for the
access control and for encryption. Therefore the subscriber
can use different phones with one SIM card. This is called SIM
roaming.
Main parameters permanently stored on the SIM:
Subscriber profile (roaming, call, FAX, data services... .)
A3 and A8
IMSI and Ki
Telephone book, PIN, PUK
Main parameters temporary stored on the SIM:
TMSI
LAI, Kc
BCCH information, Timer
157
Mobile Station
SIM Subscriber Identity Module

CPU 5MHz, 8 or 16 bit
2 - 8 Kbytes of EEPROM, for phase 2 16 Kbytes
3 - 10 Kbytes of ROM
128 - 256 bytes of RAM
operating voltage 3 V DC, <10 mA
After Production the SIM card does not include subscriber information, but it is locked
with a secret access code the Pre-personalization Key.
With the personalization data, IMSI and Ki, the SIM is prepared to be used in the
mobile network. It is delivered to the subscriber after the storage of the subscriber
profile.
B6.x
158
Mobile Station
B6.x
Tasks of a mobile station

Control the output power according to the requirements to
save the battery and to decrease interference
Measurement of up to 32 neighbour cells and forwarding the
6 strongest measurements to the BTS
Measure the downlink quality and receive level and report the
data to the BTS
Location updates
The GSM Mobile Station is adapted to the ISDN Standard
159
Related Reading
BSS Documents
BSS Documents
3BK 20092 AAAA TQZZA

BSC Documents
B6.x
NMC and OMC-R Interworking

System Description
System Introduction
BSC Software description

G1 BSC Functional description
G2 BSC Functional description
G1 BSC Hardware description
G2 BSC Hardware description

160
Related Reading
BTS Documents
B6.x
BTS Functional Description

BTS Software Description
Micro-BTS Software Description
BTS Functional Units Configurations
G2 BTS Hardware Description
Micro-BTS Hardware Description
BTS A9100 Functional Description
BTS A9100 Software Description
BTS A9100 Hardware Description

161
Related Reading
TSS Documents
B6.x
G1 TSC Functional Description

G1 TSC Hardware Description
G2 Transcoder Functional Description 3BK 20110 AAAA TQZZA
G2 Transcoder Hardware Description 3BK 20111 AAAA TQZZA
G2 BSC Functional Description
G2 BSC Hardware Description
162
Related Reading
O&M Documents
B6.x
BSC Terminal User Guide

BTS Terminal User Guide
BTS A9100 Terminal User Guide
CMA User Guide
GND User Guide
Network Modification Handbook
OMC-R Confg. Manag. Services
Operations & Maintenance Principles
Operator Handbook
TSC Terminal User Guide

163

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Base Station Subsystem

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Historical Excursion to Mobile Radio Systems

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Air Interface (GSM 04.05)

The Alcatel Evolium BSS

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

First implementation of mobile telephone systems

These Systems were:

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Since 1980 the mobile telephone systems became:

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was the 1st cellular

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

limited frequency ranges

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

was designed. After the hardware development the first

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

compatibility between GSM systems in different countries

Calls can be routed in many countries

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

1st analog mobile telephone system: A-network (1950), only

2nd analog mobile telephone system: B-network(1958), only

3rd analog mobile telephone system: C-network (1986), 1st

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

The GSM Standard

1979 WARC - World Administrative Radio Conference

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

The GSM Standard

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

Active operation of GSM900

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

The GSM Standard

part of ETSI specification

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

The GSM Standard

Mainly CDMA / TDMA

World-wide Subscriber Base (Million)

The success story of

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

Network & Service Design

Network & Service

Skills & Resource

Network & Service

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

GSM Basic System Components

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

GSM System Components

Mobile Switching Center (MSC):

Home Location Register (HLR):

Central database for mobile subscriber specific data

Visitor Location Register (VLR):

Central switch between BSS and PSTN

temporary database for all Mobile Stations

Edition 04 (BSS Introduction_06E04.PPT) December 2000

GSM System Components

Authentication Center (AuC):

Equipment Identity Register (EIR):

management of security data used for subscriber authentication