SCADA

SCADA systems for power distribution
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
School Of Engineering
Page1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of our project is to design a system to monitor and control the power for
motors and lighting systems using SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
system. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries
such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and
transportation.
The input voltage, input current, frequency, power factor to a particular load are all
directly fed to PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) microcontroller measured by suitable
step down voltage and current transformers. The PIC is programmed to calculate the above
mentioned parameters. It will be interfaced with a relay to control the load and a GSM
modem . In case of an abnormal trend in any of the parameters the system will atonce notice
the engineer and turns of the load.
The power condition and controlling through the SCADA system is carried out with
the help of LAB VIEW software. LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrument
Engineering Workbench) is a system-design platform and development environment for
a visual programming language from National Instruments. The labview user interface will
have means of monitoring the parameters , setting the threshold values and control the load.
The interface will also be equipped to show a histogram of the various parameters with time.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

Current, Voltage, Frequency, Power factor were measured by means of various analog
devices and manual database system. Its difficult to analyse the trend in these parameters as
it has to be done manually. Remote controlling and coordination of the machines is a tedious
task.
A particular person should be near to the machine in order to monitor the Current,
Voltage, Frequency , Power factor by using different processing elements and analog
elements. The data have to be manually entered in a log book.
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1.3 DRAWBACKS
Gives inaccurate production information.
Increase company downtime.
Minimum safety.
Increase the working time of human.
Careless operation may cause fault
Error margin is high.
Trend analysis is difficult
Remote control and coordination is difficult.
Maintaining database is difficult
1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

This project is very useful to monitor the voltage, current, frequency and power factor of the
machines . The parameters are monitored by means of a SCADA system . The parameters are
measured by a embedded system which is designed to measure and indicate the parameters.
The load potential and current are fed to the system by means of suitable current transformers
and potential transformers .
The system will also be equipped with a GSM system to alert the engineer in an event
of malfunction . The system will be interfaced with a computer by means of a RS232
protocol . In this project we create the SCADA interface with the help of Lab VIEW. It will
also have the provision to display the histograms of various parameters thus enabling to
easily analyse the trend in variation of the parameters
1.5 ADVANTAGES
Improved accuracy in parameter measurement
Time saving
Safety increased considerably as the worker need not be close to machine
Error margin is min.
Trend analysis is an easy task
Remote control and coordination is possible.
Digital database management is simpler
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Page4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Company Overview
2.1 ABOUT BHEL:
BHEL is an integrated power plant equipment manufacturer and one of the largest
engineering and manufacturing companies in India in terms of turnover. It was established in
1964, ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment industry in India - a dream that
has been more than realized with a well-recognized track record of performance. The
company has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and paying dividends since
1976-77.
BHEL is engaged in the design, engineering, manufacture, construction, testing,
commissioning and servicing of a wide range of products and services for the core sectors of
the economy, viz. Power, Transmission, Industry, Transportation (Railway), Renewable
Energy, Oil & Gas and Defence. BHEL have 16 manufacturing divisions, two repair units,
four regional offices, eight service centres and 15 regional centres and currently operate at
more than 150 project sites across India and abroad. BHEL research and development (R&D)
efforts are aimed not only at improving the performance and efficiency of BHEL existing
products, but also at using state-of-the-art technologies and processes to develop new
products.
The high level of quality & reliability of BHEL products is due to adherence to
international standards by acquiring and adapting some of the best technologies from leading
companies in the world including General Electric Company, Alstom SA, Siemens AG and
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., together with technologies developed in BHEL own R&D
centres.
Most of BHEL manufacturing units and other entities have been accredited to Quality
Management Systems (ISO 9001:2008), Environmental Management Systems (ISO
14001:2004) and Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems (OHSAS
18001:2007).
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BHEL have a share of 57% in Indias total installed generating capacity contributing
69% (approx.) to the total power generated from utility sets (excluding non-conventional
capacity) as of March 31, 2013.
BHEL have been exporting power and industry segment products and services for
over 40 years. BHELs global references are spread across over 75 countries. The cumulative
overseas installed capacity of BHEL manufactured power plants exceeds 9,000 MW across
21 countries including Malaysia, Oman, Iraq, the UAE, Bhutan, Egypt and New Zealand.
BHEL physical exports range from turnkey projects to after sales services.
2.2 BHEL TRICHY:

BHELs Tiruchirapalli complex is Indias largest manufacturer of boilers and
auxiliaries providing total boiler land solution for Utility, Industrial, Captive power and Heat
Recovery applications.
The plant achieved its full annual capacity to design manufacture and supply high
pressure boiler equipment up to 4000MW in 1984 with boiler unit ratings up to 500MW.
BHEL, trichy has over the years seen formidable growth in capacity, capability,
turnover and profitability. Product diversification has resulted in the development of new
products enabling BHEL to absorb morden technologies. Such innovations result in
continuous updating of manufacturing facilities to serve the customers in a more
comprehensive way and for improving quality and productivity.
THE BHEL TIRUCHIRAPALLI COMPLEX COMPRISES FIVE UNITS:

High Pressure Boiler plant (HPBP) Trichy
Seamless steel Plant (SSTP) Trichy
Boiler Auxiliaries Plant (BAP) Ranipet
Piping Center (PC) Chennai
Industrial Valves Plant (IVP) Govindwal.
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POWER CAPABILITY:
BHEL has supplied boilers and auxiliaries accounting for nearly 70% of the
installed thermal power generation capacity in India. BHEL has successfully executed boiler
projects in Malaysia and the Middle East and continues to secure repeat orders from overseas
customers for servicing and renovation of boilers.
For power generation application, BHEL Designs, Engineers, Manufactures,
Suppliers, Erects and Commissions boilers of any rating upward of 30 MW.
For higher capacities, BHEL also offers customers the option of once through type
steam generators in addition to conventional natural and controlled circulation types.BHEL
utility boilers account for over 65% of the total installed thermal power generation capacity in
India.
BHEL supplies steam generators rating up to 450 ton/hr, for industrial application to
suit the requirements of industries viz. Fertilizers, Petro chemical, refinery, steel, paper and
other process industries.
Boilers of various types are supplied including vertical package (Oil/Gas Fixed),
Vertical units (Oil/Gas/Coal fixed), fluidized bed combustion (Coal and other solid fuels),
Chemicals recovery, Waste of heat recovery , Stoker fixed chemical recovery boilers of
capacity ranging from 100 to 1350 ton/day of dry solids are manufactured for the paper and
pulp industry.
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2.3ABOUT BUILDING 50:
TUBULAR PRODUCTION SHOP:

Building 50 is to produce the tubular products. Ti consists of machines like
Bending machine.
Tig and mig welding machine.
Induction pressure machine.
Resistance and flash bed welding machine.
Panel processing machine.
Stud welding machine.
Continuous discharge furnace.
BAY 1- Heat recovery stream generator module & water wall panel.
BAY 2- Water wall panel.
BAY 3- Re-heater coils & super heater coils.
BAY 4- Low temperature super heater coils.
BAY 5- Flat thin welding panels.
BAY 6- Heat temperature shop.
BAY 7- Low temperature super heater coils.
BAY 8- Economizer coils.
BAY 9- Radiant roof panel.
BAY A- tube preparation.
BAY B- Shipping.
TUBULAR PRODUCTION:
In tubular production building tubes are brought as raw materials then, they are made
to prepare. The tubes are first subjected to end cutting process. Here the tube ends are cut to
correct size & then send to end preparation process.
In end preparation the cut end of the tubes are chambered deals with tapering the tube end
form. This chambered ends are bored slightly to make it easy to be welded with another tube.
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Other than these three basic process like cleaning for removing rust & painting tubes for
further protection are done to make the tubes ready to build boiler protection.
MAJOR ACTIVITIES:
Erection & commissioning of all new machines in short period.
In house designing fabrication & erection of tubes & coil handling system.
System improvement to enhance productivity.
LPG convertion of producer gas furnace.
Indigenous development of machine.
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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DETAILS
Page10
3.PROJECT DETAILS
3.1 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
3.1.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Power supply:
230-12v transformer
bridge rectifier
capacitor
7805 IC
Micro controller(PIC16F877A)
Voltage measurement:
Voltage transformer
Bridge rectifier
Capacitor
Resistor
Current measurement:
Current transformer
Bridge rectifier
capacitor
Resistor
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Powerfactor measurement:
Voltage transformer
Current transformer
Resistor
LM358
Switch
Relay
Diode
Transistor
16X2 Lcd display
LED
3.1.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
LABVIEW [ National Instruments]
MPLab
Proteus [ISIS]
PIC programmer
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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 1 : Block Diagram
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
Potential Transformer
Potential transformers are used in usually in industrial and power plant settings to
reduce the AC voltage of a power line to a lower value (typically 120 or 70 volts full scale)
for instrumentation purposes. They are low power, have accurate voltage ratios and good
galvanic isolation to isolate the instrumentation (and the operators) from dangerous voltages
and power. In this system the input of the PIC microcontroller can withstand only upto 5 V.
The load voltage is stepped down by means of a PT and is fed to a precision rectifier and to
the ZCD circuits for the measurement of Voltage and Power Factor and Frequency.
Page13
Current Transformer
Current transformers are used to scale a large AC current which can be 10s of thousands of
amps or more to be measured to a lower value, typically 1 or 5 Amperes that does not require
heavy wires to carry the full current flow to be measured into the instrumentation. They are
low power, do not disturb the current to be measured, have accurate current ratios, and like
potential transformers, good galvanic isolation to isolate the instrumentation (and the
operators) from dangerous voltages and power. The current transformer steps down the
current to suitable values to be fed to the PIC. The output of the CT is fed across the Shunt
resistor and is also fed to the ZCD for measuring the load Current and Power factor.
Precision Rectifier
The precision rectifier, also known as a super diode, is a configuration obtained with
an operational amplifier in order to have a circuit behave like an ideal diode and rectifier. It is
useful for high-precision signal processing. Rectifier circuits are used in the design of power
supply circuits. In such applications, the voltage being rectified are usually much greater
than the diode voltage drop, rendering the exact value of the diode drop unimportant to the
proper operation of the rectifier. The stepped down load output from the Potential
Transformer is fed to the Precision rectifier where its rectified to +6V . This is further fed
across a variable voltage divider circuit from which it is fed to the PIC. Voltage is calculated
taking the ratios of the divider and PT into consideration . The voltage divider circuit is
employed as the maximum input that can be given to a PIC input is +5V .
Shunt Resistor
A shunt resistor is a precision device used to measure current in an electrical circuit. Also
known as a current shunt or an ammeter shunt, it works by measuring the voltage drop across
a known resistance. Ohms law states that V = I x R, or solving for I, I = V / R, where I is
current, V is voltage, and R is resistance. If the resistance is known and the voltage drop is
measured, then the current can be determined.
Shunt resistors are used to measure currents that would potentially damage a device.
This could be a result of the magnitude of the current passing through the circuit or the
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possibility of current spikes. They usually have a small, well-defined resistance so as not to
affect the current they are measuring. A shunt resistor typically looks different from a normal
resistor, having two large terminals with one or more strips of metal connecting them. The
resistance of a metal is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, so the more strips a
shunt resistor has, the lower its resistance.
ZCD
A comparator is a circuit that accepts two voltages, V1 and V2 and outputs zero volts
if V1>V2 or outputs a positive voltage level if V2>V1. Comparators can be built from
operational amplifiers. They are basic operational amplifier circuits that compare two
voltages simultaneously and switch the output according to the comparison. Zero crossing
detection circuit is a comparator example. A zero crossing detector literally detects the
transition of a signal waveform from positive and negative, ideally providing a narrow pulse
that coincides exactly with the zero voltage condition.
Here two ZCD are used one for current and voltage . In order to measure the power
factor the time gap between two positive edges of the comparator o/ps are measured and the
power factor is calculated from it . The frequency is also measured from any one of the
comparator circuit
Logic Circuit
Logic circuit is an electric circuit whose output depends upon the input in a way that can be
expressed as a function in symbolic logic; it has one or more binary inputs (capable of
assuming either of two states, e.g., "on" or "off") and a single binary output. Logic circuits
that perform particular functions are called gates. Basic logic circuits include the AND gate,
the OR gate, and the NOT gate, which perform the logical functions AND, OR, and NOT.
Logic
circuits
can
be
built
from
any
binary
electric
or
electronic
devices,
including switches, relays, electron tubes, solid-state diodes, and transistors; the choice
depends upon the application and design requirements. Modern technology has produced
integrated logic circuits, modules that perform complex logical functions. A major use of
logic
circuits
is
in
electronic
digital
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computers.
LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. In this project we use a 16*2 LCD display. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom
characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A
command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing
its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data
to be displayed on the LCD.
Here the LCD is used to display the various parameters that is Voltage , Current ,
Power Factor and Frequency.
PIC MICROCONTROLLER
PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip
Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's
Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Peripheral Interface
Controller The first parts of the family were available in 1976; by 2013 the company had
shipped more than twelve billion individual parts, used in a wide variety of embedded
systems.
Early models of PIC had read-only memory (ROM) or field-programmable EPROM
for program storage, some with provision for erasing memory. All current models use Flash
memory for program storage, and newer models allow the PIC to reprogram itself. Program
memory and data memory are separated. Data memory is 8-bit, 16-bit and in latest models,
32-bit wide. Program instructions vary in bit-count by family of PIC, and may be 12, 14, 16,
or 24 bits long. The instruction set also varies by model, with more powerful chips adding
instructions for digital signal processing functions.
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The various inputs for the parameter measurement are fed to the PIC. PIC calculates
the parameters and drives the relay and alarm circuit . The PIC is interfaced to a computer
using RS232 protocol
DRIVER CIRCUIT
In electronics,a driver is an electrical circuit or other electronic component used to control
another circuit or component, such as a high-power transistor, liquid crystal display (LCD),
and numerous others.
They are usually used to regulate current flowing through a circuit or is used to
control the other factors such as other components, some devices in the circuit. The term is
often used, for example, for a specialized integrated circuit that controls highpower switches in switched-mode power converters. An amplifier can also be considered a
driver for loudspeakers, or a constant voltage circuit that keeps an attached component
operating within a broad range of input voltages.
Transistor triggered driver circuits are used in order to activate the Relay and Alarm .
A high output from the PIC will enable the circuits to activate or drive the Relay/Alarm
system
RS 232
The RS-232 interface is the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard for the
interchange of serial binary data between two devices. It was initially developed by the EIA
to standardize the connection of computers with telephone line modems. The standard allows
as many as 20 signals to be defined, but gives complete freedom to the user. Three wires are
sufficient: send data, receive data, and signal ground. The remaining lines can be hardwired
on or off permanently. The signal transmission is bipolar, requiring two voltages, from 5 to
25 volts, of opposite polarity.
An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for
connections to modems, printers, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other
peripheral devices. However, RS-232 is hampered by low transmission speed, large voltage
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swing, and large standard connectors. In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS232 from most of its peripheral interface roles.
RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with
no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect
electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".
In this system the relay isolates the load from the supply in an event of abnormal
parameter readings or if the maintenance switch is switched.
ALARM
Alarm circuit is used to notify the user of large variations in circuit parameters. Transistor
triggered buzzer circuit is employed. On event of a variation in parameter an ouput from a pin
of pic will trigger the transistor causing the buzzer to a
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3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION
3.3.1 Complete Circuit
Fig 2 : Complete Circuit Diagram
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3.3.2 Voltage Measurement Circuit
Fig 3 : Voltage Measurement Circuit

The circuit is designed to monitor the supply voltage. Supply voltage that has to be given is
stepped down by the potential transformer which is rectified by the precision rectifier. The
precision rectifier is a configuration obtained with an operational amplifier in order to have a
circuit behaving like an ideal diode or rectifier.
The full wave rectifier is the combination of half wave rectifier and a summing
amplifier. When the input voltage is negative, the diode is reverse biased , thus it works like
an open circuit. There will be no current flow through the load and hence the output voltage
will be zero. When the input is positive , it is amplified ny the operational amplifier which
makes the diode forward biased. Current will flow in the load and because of the feedback
circuit the output voltage is equal to the input.
When the input voltage is greater than zero, the diode D2 is ON and D1 is OFF, hence
the output is zero. When the input voltage is less than zero, D2 is OFF and D1 is ON, and the
output will be similar to the input but with an amplification of R2/R1. The full wave
rectifier working depends on the fact that both the half wave rectifier and the summing
amplifier are precision circuits. It operates by producing an inverted half wave rectified signal
and then adding the signal
at double amplitude to the original signal in the summing
amplifier. The result is a reversal of the selected polarity of the input signal.
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Then the output of the rectifier is adjusted to 0-5v with the help of a variable resistor VR1.
The input is given to the ADC module where it is converted on the basis of the
calculated ratios of transformer and rectifier circuit.
3.3.3 Current Measurement Circuit
Fig 4 : Current Measurement Circuit

This circuit is designed to monitor the supply current. The supply current that has to
be monitored is stepped down by the current transformer. The step down current is converted
to the required value by the help of a shunt resistor. Then the converted voltage is rectified by
the precision rectifier. The precision rectifier is a configuration obtained with a operational
amplifier in order to have a circuit behaving like an ideal diode or rectifier.
The full wave rectifier combination of half wave precision rectifier and summing
amplifier. When the input voltage is negative, there is a negative voltage on the diode 2,
hence it works as an open circuit. There will be no current through the load and therefore the
output voltage is zero. When the input is positive it is amplified the operational amplifier and
it turns the diode ON. There is current in the load and because of the feedback circuit , the
output voltage will be equal to input voltage.
In this case , when the input is greater than zero D2 is ON and D1 is OFF, hence the
output will be zero. When the input is less than zero , D2 iss OFF and D1 is ON and output is
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like the input but with an amplification of R2/R1. The full wave rectifier working depends
on the fact that both the half wave rectifier and the summing amplifier are precision circuits.
It operates by producing an inverted half wave rectified signal and adding that signal at
double amplitude to the original signal in the summing amplifier. The result is reversal of the
selected polarity of the input signal.
The potential across the Shunt resistor is fed to the PIC which is measured and
current is calculated from the potential.
3.3.4 Power factor and Frequency Measurement Circuit
Fig 5 : Power factor and Frequency Measurement Circuit
This circuit is designed to find the power factor in the power line. The power line voltage and
current is monitored through the potential and current transformers respectively.
The potential transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage to the low voltage
level. The voltage level is stepped down from 230 voltage ac to 6v ac. A zero crossing
detector is used as analog circuit to achieve the converting process of the current and voltage
signals. the outputs of the current and voltage transformers are connected to numbered pins 2
and 6 of
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LM358, respectively. When AC signal is applied to LM358, the output of LM358 is 1 as

logically (5 Volt) while signal is crossing from the zero point. If the AC signal is different
from zero, the output is 0 (0 Volt). The input and output signals of LM358 are given in Fig.
Fig 6 : LM358 Input/Output waveform
There are two inputs and outputs of LM358. One of them is used for the current signal. The
other one is used for the voltage signal. The current and voltage signals are taken the same
phase for measuring the power factor.The
current and voltage signals taken from the load are adapted into LM358 using current and
voltage transformers The logical voltage and current signals are inserted pins RA2and RA3
of PIC16F877. TIMER0 of PIC16F877 is worked when the voltage signal is passing from
zero point.TIMER0 is stopped when current signal is passing from zero point. TIMER0 is a
special storage at the 01h address of RAM. It is possible to start counting from 00h address or
any wanted number and to make zero of its content. The logic and algorithm of the
measurement is depicted in the below figure.
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Fig 7 : Powerfactor program flow chart
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3.3.5 Frequency Measurement

TIMER0 is stopped when current signal is passing from zero point. TIMER0 is a special
storage at the 01h address of RAM. It is possible to start counting from 00h address or any
wanted number and to make zero of its content. The counter is verified at the end of 60
seconds and the frequency is identified on the basis of counter value. An output from one of
the LM358 ZCD is fed to RC0 from which the frequency is measured.
3.3.6 GSM interface Circuit
Fig 8 : GSM interface circuit
SIM300 GSM Modem is able to take any GSM network operator SIM card and behave
just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. The RS232 interface lets
modem to communicate with RS232 port of PC or compatible embedded system
circuitry. Implementation of SMS controlled devices, Auto reply; remote control is
possible via SIM300. The modem can be directly interfaced with microcontroller. It can
be used to send, receive and process SMS/ call. The MAX232 is an IC, first created in
1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to
signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual
driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals. The
MAX232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels), and two
drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the
RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. Typically, a pair of a driver/receiver of
the MAX232 is used for TX and RX signals, and the second one for CTS and RTS
signals.
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When any one of the parameter exhibits any abnormal variation the relay will isolate
the load and sends a message One of the parameter has exceeded the limit to the
corresponding engineer thereby helping the engineer know the situation.
3.3.7 PC interface Circuit
Fig 9 : PC interface circuit
The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that converts
signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital
logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX,
CTS and RTS signals. The MAX232(A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL
voltage levels), and two drivers (converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This
means only two of the RS-232 signals can be converted in each direction. Typically, a
pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for TX and RX signals, and the second
one for CTS and RTS signals.
Data is transferred across PC and embedded system via RS232 protocol . The system
is controlled and communicated by the System control user interface program designed in
LABVIEW. Utilising the user interface we can use the computer to turn on and off the
system , monitor the parameters as well present the engineer with the histograms or
variation pattern of various parameters.
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3.3.8 Interfacing GSM and PC to the same PIC
Fig 10 : GSM PIC simultaneous interfacing
Since only one USART pins are available in the PIC16f877a its essential that we
employ some mechanism to connect both GSM modem and PC to the same PIC. A relay
mechanism has been employed in this project. The system remains connected to the computer
normally. On event of any abnormal parameter variation the GSM relay actuates and GSM
comes into connection with the USART pin isolating the system for the moment and
notifying the engineer. Thus we can connect both computer and GSM modem without
employing multiple Microcontrollers
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3.3.9 Alarm Circuit
Fig 11 : Alarm circuit
This circuit is used to control the buzzer/speaker circuit. When any one of the parameters
exceeds normal values alarm is triggered. When a high pulse is given to the base of the
transistor, it starts conducting and completes the speaker circuit thereby causing the alarm to
sound .
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3.3.10 Relay Circuit
Fig 12 : Relay circuit
A relay is an electromagnetic switch which is used to switch High Voltage/Current using

Low power circuits. Relay isolates low power circuits from high power circuits. It is activated
by energizing a coil wounded on a soft iron core. A relay should not be directly connected to
a microcontroller, it needs a driving circuit. A relay can be easily interfaced with
microcontroller using a transistor as shown below. Transistor is wired as a switch which
carries the current required for operation of the relay. When the pin of the PIC
microcontroller goes high, the transistor turns On and current flows through the relay. The
diode D1 is used to protect transistor and the microcontroller from Back EMF generated in
the relays coil. Normally 1N4148 is preferred as it is a fast switching diode having a peak
forward current of 450mA. This diode is also known as freewheeling diode.
The Relay Circuit is used to isolate the load from the supply that is turn of the load in
an event of parameter variation . When a parameter exceeds the limit the relay is actuated
thereby removing the load or turning it off.
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3.3.11 Complete Working

This system is used to control the AC load using a PC and monitor its parameters .
The voltage , current , power factor and frequency parameters are continuously monitored .
The parameters are monitored in the LCD display as well as in the computer . From the
computer we are able to control the load and also view the histogram. The relay circuit is
activated when any one of the parameters is exceeded and also the alarm is also triggered . If
the maintenance switch is turned on the relay keeps the load isolated for maintenance
purpose.
3.4 USER INTERFACE
Fig 13 : User Interface
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The User Interface application facilitates the communication between the user and embedded
system through Computer. The application is developed by means of LAB VIEW software by
National Instruments .
LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a systemdesign
platform
and
development
environment
for
a visual
programming
language from National Instruments.

The graphical language is named "G" (not to be confused with G-code). Originally
released for the Apple Macintosh in 1986, LabVIEW is commonly used for data
cquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of platforms
including Microsoft Windows, various versions of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X.
LabVIEW ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the
development cycle. LabVIEW programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments (VIs). A
key feature of LabVIEW is the extensive support for interfacing to devices such as
instruments, cameras, and other devices. Users typically interface to hardware by either
writing direct bus commands (USB, GPIB, Serial...) or using high-level, device-specific,
drivers that provide native LabVIEW function nodes for controlling the device. National
Instruments makes thousands of device drivers available for download on the Instrument
Driver Network (IDNet).
The UI developed here has the means of cotrolling (ON/OFF) the load using the
computer. The threshold values of the various parameters for a particular load can be set from
the Parameter Control section . The Indicator module displays the real time values of the
four parameters. In case of any abnormal variation in parameters the blinkers at the right end
corner will indicate which parameter has exceeded the limits. The real time parameters are
stored in a database and can be viewed in a graphical manner on clicking the HISTOGRAM
button .The UI depicted here is the one designed for the model that is to control one AC load.
It can be modified to include all the equipments in the Bay.
3.4.1 HISTOGRAM
Histogram provides the graphical representation of the various parameters against
time. The real time parameters will be stored in computer database. On clicking the
Histogram Button in the UI a graph plotting all the parameters against time will be shown.
Page31
Histogram is very useful to analyse the trend in variation of the parameters. Histograms are
helpful in comparing the performance of load with standard values. A typical Histogram used
in the system is shown below
Fig 14 : Histogram
The real time values of the various parameters can be stored in a database and produced later
for analysis purpose . A window showing the real time values of the different parameters of
all the equipments in the bay is shown. The real time parameters of all the equipments in Bay
50 has been depicted in the below figure .
Fig 15 : Real time data
Page32
Advantages of using Histograms :
Real time comparison of parameter variation is possible
Can easily identify the trend in parameter variation
Time based load parameter variation can be viewed
Page33
CHAPTER 4
PROJECT OUTCOME
Page34
4. PROJECT OUTCOME
An embedded system capable of monitoring the parameters of the equipments in a factory
and protecting the equipment has been developed . The system is capable of being controlled
remotely from a computer by means of UI application developed in LAB VIEW . The
connection between the measurement system and computer has been employed by means of
RS232 protocol .GSM system employed will help the engineer notify any error at the instant .
An effective system capable of monitoring controlling the equipments in factories and
notifying the engineer has been developed
The proposed system has the following advantages
Accurate parameter measurement is possible
As all the measurements are done in real time , its time and cost effective.
The load parameters can be measured remotely , that is the worker need not be close
to the system for measurement , hence safety factor is considerably increased
As human error probability is completely removed the margin of error in parameter

measurement is reduced
Since histograms are available time based parameter variation analysis of AC load
is possible
As Relay mechanism has been employed it protects the equipment in an event of

abnormal parameter variation.
Since digital database has been employed its management is much simpler and can
be used conveniently for analysis.
Use of GSM technology helps in notifying the engineer any abnormality in the
factory.
Following are the limitations of the project
Wired communication has been employed between remote computer and system , any
mechanical damage to the wire will shut down the system.
In order to facilitate wireless communication all the parameters for all the equipment
have to be transferred after encryption making it difficult and costly to implement
Reliability of system is moderate due to the failure chances of the microcontroller
Page35
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Page36
5.1 CONCLUSION
The proposed system will help in improving the overall efficiency of the factory.
Though the initial cost in setting up such a system is high the payback period is quite low and
helps in improving the output of factory. Timely maintenance and protection of system can
be ensured by employing this system. We have proposed a brief or abstract system here.
Each and every project is never complete as new things are lear
n e d f u r t h e r modifications can be done. The system can be further developed to
accommodate more parameters and add new facilities.
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The development of this project surely prompts many new areas of investigation. This
project has wide scope to implement it in any factory bays with multiple equipments
operating simultaneously. This project covers all functionalities related load parameter
analysis and control. Hence it can be implemented any-where else after minute organization
level customization
Moreover some parts of the project have remained uncompleted due to some reasons.
First of all limitations of our project, which has been discussed in previous topic make place
for future enhancements.
The project can be developed to measure more parameters such as harmonics and so .
In the proposed system the data communication between system and computer is facilitated
by RS232 protocol. It can be replaced by wireless communication such as IR or any other
encrypted protocol. In future the system may be equipped with optoelectronic isolators
thereby increasing the factor of safety and accuracy more.
Page37
CHAPTER 6
BIBILOGRAPHY
Page38
6. BIBILOGRAPHY
Industrial automation : Dvid W. Pessen
Supervisory control and data acquisition Gaushell, D.J. ; Westin Engineering, Inc.,
San Jose, CA, USA ; Darlington, H.T. Published in: Proceedings of the IEEE
(Volume:75 , Issue: 12 )
Embedded-labs.com
8051projects.neT
Circulatory.com
Pictutorials.com
Page39
CHAPTER 7
APPENDIX
Page40
7.1 APPLICATIONS USED

7.1.1 MPLAB
MPLAB IDE is an integrated development environment that provides development
engineers with the flexibility to develop and debug firmware for various Microchip devices.
MPLAB IDE is a windows-based integrated development for the microchip
technology incorporated PIC microcontroller (MCU) and dsPIC digital signal controller
(DSC) families. In the MPLAB IDE, you can:
Create source code using the built-in editor.
Assemble, compile and link source code using various language tools. An assembler,
linker and librarian come with MPLAB IDE. C compilers are available from
microchip and other third party vendors.
Debug the executable logic by watching program flow with a simulator, such as
MPLAB SIM, or in real time with an emulator, such as MPLAB ICE. Third party
emulators that work with MPLAB IDE are also available.
Make timing measurements.
View variables in watch windows.
Find quick answers to questions from the MPLAB IDE on-line help.
7.1.2 PROTEUS
Proteus 7.0 is a Virtual System Modelling (VSM) that combines circuit simulation, animated
components and microprocessor models to co-simulate the complete microcontroller based
designs. This is the perfect tool for engineers to test their microcontroller designs before
constructing a physical prototype in real time. This program allows users to interact with the
design using on-screen indicators and/or LED and LCD displays and, if attached to the PC,
switches and buttons. One of the main components of Proteus 7.0 is the Circuit Simulation -a product that uses a SPICE3f5 analogue simulator kernel combined with an event-driven
digital simulator that allow users to utilize any SPICE model by any manufacturer.
Page41
Proteus VSM comes with extensive debugging features, including breakpoints, single
stepping and variable display for a neat design prior to hardware prototyping.
In summary, Proteus 7.0 is the program to use when you want to simulate the interaction
between software running on a microcontroller and any analog or digital electronic device
connected to it.
7.1.3 LABVIEW
LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) is a systemdesign
platform
and
development
environment
for
a visual
programming
language from National Instruments.

The graphical language is named "G" (not to be confused with G-code). Originally released
for
the Apple
Macintosh in
1986,
LabVIEW
is
commonly
used
for data
acquisition, instrument control, and industrial automation on a variety of platforms

including Microsoft Windows, various versions of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X. The latest
version of LabVIEW is LabVIEW 2014, released in August 2014.
The programming language used in LabVIEW, also referred to as G, is a dataflow
programming language. Execution is determined by the structure of a graphical block
diagram (the LabVIEW-source code) on which the programmer connects different functionnodes by drawing wires. These wires propagate variables and any node can execute as soon
as all its input data become available. Since this might be the case for multiple nodes
simultaneously, G is inherently capable of parallel execution. Multi-processing and multithreading hardware
is
automatically
exploited
by
the
built-in
scheduler,
which multiplexes multiple OS threads over the nodes ready for execution.
LabVIEW ties the creation of user interfaces (called front panels) into the
development cycle. LabVIEW programs/subroutines are called virtual instruments (VIs).
Each VI has three components: a block diagram, a front panel and a connector panel. The last
is used to represent the VI in the block diagrams of other, calling VIs. The front panel is built
using controls and indicators. Controls are inputs they allow a user to supply information to
the VI. Indicators are outputs they indicate, or display, the results based on the inputs given
to the VI. The back panel, which is a block diagram, contains the graphical source code. All
of the objects placed on the front panel will appear on the back panel as terminals. The back
Page42
panel also contains structures and functions which perform operations on controls and supply
data to indicators. The structures and functions are found on the Functions palette and can be
placed on the back panel. Collectively controls, indicators, structures and functions will be
referred to as nodes. Nodes are connected to one another using wires e.g. two controls and
an indicator can be wired to the addition function so that the indicator displays the sum of the
two controls. Thus a virtual instrument can either be run as a program, with the front panel
serving as a user interface, or, when dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the front
panel defines the inputs and outputs for the given node through the connector pane. This
implies each VI can be easily tested before being embedded as a subroutine into a larger
program.
The graphical approach also allows non-programmers to build programs by dragging and
dropping virtual representations of lab equipment with which they are already familiar. The
LabVIEW programming environment, with the included examples and documentation, makes
it simple to create small applications. This is a benefit on one side, but there is also a certain
danger of underestimating the expertise needed for high-quality G programming. For
complex algorithms or large-scale code, it is important that the programmer possess an
extensive knowledge of the special LabVIEW syntax and the topology of its memory
management. The most advanced LabVIEW development systems offer the possibility of
building stand-alone applications. Furthermore, it is possible to create distributed
applications, which communicate by a client/server scheme, and are therefore easier to
implement due to the inherently parallel nature of G.
Benifits
A key feature of LabVIEW is the extensive support for interfacing to devices such as
instruments, cameras, and other devices. Users typically interface to hardware by either
writing direct bus commands (USB, GPIB, Serial...) or using high-level, device-specific,
drivers that provide native LabVIEW function nodes for controlling the device. National
Instruments makes thousands of device drivers available for download on the Instrument
Driver Network (IDNet).
Code compilation
In terms of performance, LabVIEW includes a compiler that produces native code for the
CPU platform. The graphical code is translated into executable machine code by interpreting
the syntax and by compilation. The LabVIEW syntax is strictly enforced during the editing
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process and compiled into the executable machine code when requested to run or upon
saving. In the latter case, the executable and the source code are merged into a single file. The
executable runs with the help of the LabVIEW run-time engine, which contains some
precompiled code to perform common tasks that are defined by the G language. The run-time
engine reduces compile time and also provides a consistent interface to various operating
systems, graphic systems, hardware components, etc. The run-time environment makes the
code portable across platforms. Generally, LabVIEW code can be slower than equivalent
compiled C code, although the differences often lie more with program optimization than
inherent execution speed.
Large libraries
Many libraries with a large number of functions for data acquisition, signal generation,
mathematics, statistics, signal conditioning, analysis, etc., along with numerous graphical
interface elements are provided in several LabVIEW package options. The number of
advanced mathematic blocks for functions such as integration, filters, and other specialized
capabilities usually associated with data capture from hardware sensors is immense. In
addition, LabVIEW includes a text-based programming component called MathScript with
additional functionality for signal processing, analysis and mathematics. MathScript can be
integrated with graphical programming using "script nodes" and uses a syntax that is
generally compatible with MATLAB
Code re-use
The fully modular character of LabVIEW code allows code reuse without modifications: as
long as the data types of input and output are consistent, two subVIs are interchangeable.
The LabVIEW Professional Development System allows creating stand-alone executables
and the resultant executable can be distributed an unlimited number of times. The run-time
engine and its libraries can be provided freely along with the executable.
A benefit of the LabVIEW environment is the platform independent nature of the G code,
which is (with the exception of a few platform-specific functions) portable between the
different LabVIEW systems for different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS X and
Linux). National Instruments is increasingly focusing on the capability of deploying
LabVIEW code onto an increasing number of targets including devices like Phar
Lap or VxWorks OS
based
LabVIEW
Real-Time
controllers, FPGAs,
PDAs, Wireless sensor network nodes, and even Lego Mindstorms NXT.
Page44
PocketPCs,
Parallel programming
LabVIEW is an inherently concurrent language, so it is very easy to program multiple tasks
that are performed in parallel by means of multithreading. This is, for instance, easily done by
drawing two or more parallel while loops. This is a great benefit for test system automation,
where it is common practice to run processes like test sequencing, data recording, and
hardware interfacing in parallel.
Ecosystem
Due to the longevity and popularity of the LabVIEW language, and the ability for users to
extend the functionality, a large ecosystem of 3rd party add-ons has developed through
contributions from the community. This ecosystem is available on the LabVIEW Tools
Network, which is a marketplace for both free and paid LabVIEW add-ons.
User community
There is a low-cost LabVIEW Student Edition aimed at educational institutions for learning
purposes. There is also an active community of LabVIEW users who communicate through
several e-mail groups and Internet forums.
Licensing
Building a stand-alone application with LabVIEW requires the Application Builder
component which is included with the Professional Development System but requires a
separate purchase if using the Base Package or Full Development System. [1] There is no
LabVIEW 2011 student license for Linux.
Run-time environment
Compiled executables produced by version 6.0 and later of the Application Builder are not
truly standalone in that they also require the LabVIEW run-time engine be installed on any
target computer which runs the application.[2] The use of standard controls requires a run-time
library for any language. All major operating systems supply the required libraries for
common languages such as C. However, the run-time required for LabVIEW is not supplied
with any operating system and has to be specifically installed by the administrator or user.
This can cause problems if an application is distributed to a user who may be prepared to run
the application but does not have the inclination or permission to install additional files on the
host system prior to running the executable.
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Race conditions and pseudo parallel execution

The G gives the impression of being a parallel language (cf VHDL) that has modules that run
in parallel, however, it is essentially implemented on a non parallel platform without explicit
race condition control. While this simplifies programming it gives a false impression of
security.
Performance
LabVIEW makes it difficult to get machine or hardware limited performance and tends to
produce applications that are significantly slower than hand coded native languages such as
C. This is especially obvious in complex applications involving several pieces of hardware.
Light weight applications
Very small applications still have to start the runtime environment which is a large and slow
task. This makes writing and running small applications or applications that might run in
parallel on the same platform problematic and tends to restrict LabVIEW to monolithic
applications. Examples of this might be tiny programs to grab a single value from some
hardware that can be used in a scripting language - the overheads of the runtime environment
render this approach impractical with LabVIEW.
Page46
7.2 DATA SHEETS
7.2.1 PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

The microcontroller that has been used for this project is from PIC series. PIC
microcontroller is the first RISC based microcontroller fabricated in CMOS (complementary
metal oxide semiconductor) that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing
simultaneous access of program and data memory. The main advantage of CMOS and RISC
combination is low power consumption resulting in a very small chip size with a small pin
count. The main advantage of cmos is that it has immunity to noise than other fabrication
techniques.
Various microcontrollers offer different kinds of memories. EEPROM, EPROM, FLASH etc.
are some of the memories of which FLASH is the most recently developed. Technology that
is used in PIC16F877A is flash technology, so that data is retained even when the power is
switched off. CORE FEATURES:
High-performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instruction to learn
All single instruction except for program branches which are two cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input
DC 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of flash program memory,
Up to 368 x 8 bytes of data memory (RAM)
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory
Pin out compatible to the PIC 16c 73/74/76/77
Interrupt capability (up to 14 internal/external)
Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes
Watchdog timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code-protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options
Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology
Only single 5V source needed for programming capability
Page47
In-circuit debugging via two pins

Processor read/write access to program memory
Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V
High sink/source current: 25mA
Low-power consumption:
< 2mA typical @ 5V, 4 MHz & 20mA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
PERIPHERAL FEATURES:
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep
via external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and post scalar
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
-
Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C
(Master/Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
with 9-bit address detection
Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls
(40/44-pin only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Features:
-
10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Comparator module with:

-
Two analog comparators
Programmable on-chip voltage reference
Page48
ARCHITECTURE OF PIC 16F877A:

The complete architecture of PIC 16f877A is shown in the figure.
Fig 16 : PIC 16f877a architecture
Page49
Fig 17 : PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A:
Page50
PIN NUMBER DESCRIPTION:
Pin Number
Description
MCLR/VPP
RA0/AN0
RA1/AN1
RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF
RA3/AN3/VREF+
RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT
RE0/RD/AN5
RE1/WR/AN6
10
RE2/CS/AN7
11
VDD
12
VSS
13
OSC1/CLKI
14
OSC2/CLKO
15
RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI
16
RC1/T1OSI/CCP2
17
RC2/CCP1
18
RC3/SCK/SCL
19
RD0/PSP0
Page51
20
RD1/PSP1
21
RD2/PSP2
22
RD3/PSP3
23
RC4/SDI/SDA
24
RC5/SDO
25
RC6/TX/CK
26
RC7/RX/DT
27
RD4/PSP4
28
RD5/PSP5
29
RD6/PSP6
30
RD7/PSP7
31
VSS
32
VDD
33
RB0/INT
34
RB1
35
RB2
36
RB3/PGM
37
RB4
38
RB5
39
RB6/PGC
40
RB7/PGD
Page52
7.2.2 LM358
Utilizing the circuit designs perfected for recently introduced Quad

Operational Amplifiers, these dual operational amplifiers feature 1) low
power drain, 2) a common mode input voltage range extending to
ground/VEE, 3) single supply or split supply operation and 4) pinouts
compatible with the popular MC1558 dual operational amplifier. The LM158
series is equivalent to onehalf of an LM124.
These amplifiers have several distinct advantages over standard
operational amplifier types in single supply applications. They can operate at
supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V, with quiescent currents
about onefifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier
basis). The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby
eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many
applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power
supply voltage.
Short Circuit Protected Outputs
True Differential Input Stage
Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V
Low Input Bias Currents
Internally Compensated
Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
Single and Split Supply Operation
Similar Performance to the Popular MC1558
ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness of the Device without

Affecting Operation
Page53
Fig 18 : LM358 pin diagram
Page54
Page55
Fig 19 : LM358 schematic diagram
The LM258 series is made using two internally compensated, twostage operational
amplifiers. The first
stage of each consists of differential input devices Q20 and Q18 with input buffer transistors
Q21 and Q17 and the differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first stage
performs not only the first stage gain function but also performs the level shifting and
transconductance reduction functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller
compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus saving chip area. The
transconductance reduction is accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18.
Another feature of this input stage is that the input common mode range can include the
negative supply or ground, in single supply operation, without saturating either the input
devices or the differential to singleended converter. The second stage consists of a standard
current source load amplifier stage.
Each amplifier is biased from an internalvoltage regulator which has a low temperature
coefficient thus giving each amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as excellent
power supply rejection.
Page56
Fig 20 : LM358 charecteristics
Page57
Fig21 : LM 358 package
Page58
7.2.3 LCD DISPLAY

2 x 16 LCD DISPLAY:
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials which combine the properties of both
liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within
which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped
together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes
which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present
in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to
maintain a defined orientation angle. One each polarizes are pasted outside the two glass
panels. These polarizes would rotate the light rats passing through them to a definite angle, in
a particular direction.
When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizes and the
liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and
hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the
liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light passing through
the LCD would be rotated by the polarizes which result in activating/highlighting the desired
characters.
The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCDs
consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits and can be
powered for long durations. The LCDs dont generate light and so light is needed to read the
display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and
a wide operating temperature range.
Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the
LCDs more customer friendly. The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and
measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of
numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more
information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the
LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The
Page59
LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display of text
and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD DISPLAY:
Fig 22 : LCD pin diagram
PIN DESCRIPTION FOR LCD DISPLAY
Pin
Function
Name
Ground (0V)
Ground
Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V)
Vcc
Contrast
Selects command register when low; and data register when high
Register Select
Low to write to the register; High to read from the register
Read/write
No
adjustment;
through
variable
resistor
Page60
VEE
Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given
Enable
DB0
DB1
DB2
10
11
DB3
8-bit data pins
DB4
12
DB5
13
DB6
14
DB7
15
Backlight VCC (5V)
Led+
16
Backlight Ground (0V)
Led-
LCD DISPLAY WITH PIC:
Page61
7.2.4 MAX232
MAX232 is purposed for application in high-performance information processing systems
and control devices of wide application.
Input voltage levels are compatible with standard _MOS levels.
Output voltage levels are compatible with input levels

of K-MOS, N-MOS and TTL integrated circuits.
; 0.1
inputs are protected to 15kV Air ESD.
Page62
Fig 23 : Max232 pinout diagram
Page63
Page64
7.2.4 GSM SIM 300

Product concept
Designed for global market, SIM300 is a Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on
frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz and PCS1900 MHz. SIM300 provides GPRS
multi-slot class 10 capability and support the GPRS coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and
CS-4.
With a tiny configuration of 40mm x 33mm x 2.85 mm , SIM300 can fit almost all the space
requirement in your application, such as Smart phone, PDA phone and other mobile device.
The physical interface to the mobile application is made through a 60 pins board-to-board
connector, which provides all hardware interfaces between the module and customers boards
except the RF antenna interface.
The keypad and SPI LCD interface will give you the flexibility to develop customized
applications.
Two serial ports can help you easily develop your applications.
Two audio channels include two microphones inputs and two speaker outputs. This
can be easily configured by AT command.
SIM300 provide RF antenna interface with two alternatives: antenna connector and antenna
pad. The antenna connector is MURATA MM9329-2700. And customers antenna can be
soldered to the antenna pad.
The SIM300 is designed with power saving technique, the current consumption to as low as
2.5mA in SLEEP mode.
The SIM300 is integrated with the TCP/IP protocolExtended TCP/IP AT commands are
developed for customers to use the TCP/IP protocol easily, which is very useful for those data
transfer applications.
Page65
Page66
Page67
Page68
7.3 PROGRAM CODE
#include<pic.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include"pic_lcd4_msb.h"
#include"pic_adc.h"
#include"usart.h"
#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000
int powerfactor()
{
int a=0,b=0,t=0,x=0;
float tm,pf;
TMR1L=0;
TMR1H=0;
do
{
if(RB0==1)
{
TMR1ON=1;
}
else if((RB0==0)&&(TMR1ON==1))
{
TMR1ON=0;
break;
}
}while(1);
a=((TMR1H*256)+TMR1L)*2;
TMR1L=0;
TMR1H=0;
do
{
if(RB0==1)
Page69
{
TMR1ON=1;
if(RB1==1)
{
TMR1ON=0;
break;
}
}
}while(1);
b=(TMR1H*256)+TMR1L;
tm=b/a;
pf=cos(tm*2*3.14);
x=abs(ceil(pf*100));
return(x);
}
void string(char *c)
{
while(1)
{
TXREG=*c;
while(TXIF==0);
__delay_ms(20);
c++;
if(*c=='\0')
break;
}
}
void enter()
{
TXREG=0X0D;
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG=0X0A;
while(TXIF==0);
}
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void main()
{
int x=0,y=0,q=0,r=0,a=0,b=0,c=0,m=0;
TRISA=0xFF;
TRISB=0x03;
PORTB=0x00;
TRISC=0X83;
PORTC=0X00;
T1CON=0x0F;
ADCON1=0x80;
Lcd4_Init();
TMR1H=0;
TMR1L=0;
while(1)
{
RC5=0;
RC3=0;
x=Adc10_Cha(0);
y=x/2.67;
Lcd4_Command(0x01);
Lcd4_Display(0x80," voltage ",9);
Lcd4_Decimal3(0xc0,y);
Lcd4_Display(0xc3," v ",3);
__delay_ms(50);
TXREG='v';
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG=y;
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG='w';
while(TXIF==0);
Page71
a=Adc10_Cha(1);
b=a*10;
Lcd4_Command(0x01);
Lcd4_Display(0x80," current ",9);
Lcd4_Decimal2(0xc0,b);
Lcd4_Display(0xc2," A ",3);
__delay_ms(50);
TXREG='i';
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG=b;
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG='j';
while(TXIF==0);
TMR1H=0;
TMR1L=0;
__delay_ms(1000);
q=TMR1H*256;
r=q+TMR1L;
Lcd4_Command(0x01);
Lcd4_Display(0x80," frequency ",11);
Lcd4_Decimal2(0xc0,r);
Lcd4_Display(0xc2," hz ",4);
__delay_ms(50);
TXREG='f';
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG=r;
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG='g';
while(TXIF==0);
c=powerfactor();
Lcd4_Command(0x01);
Page72
Lcd4_Display(0x80," power factor ",14);

Lcd4_Decimal3(0xc0,c);
Lcd4_Display(0xc3," % ",3);
__delay_ms(50);
TXREG='p';
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG=c;
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG='q';
while(TXIF==0);
if((y>=229)||(b>=5)||(r>=50)||(RC4==1))
{
while(RC4==1);
RC5=1;
RC3=1;
string("AT");
enter();
__delay_ms(500);
string("AT+CMGF=1");
enter();
__delay_ms(500);
string("AT+CMGS=\"9809779967\"");
enter();
__delay_ms(500);
string("some parameters have exceeded the limits\maintanence mode
");
enter();
__delay_ms(500);
TXREG=0X0D;
while(TXIF==0);
TXREG=0X1A;
while(TXIF==0);
Page73
__delay_ms(5000);
while(m==0)
{
if(RC2==1)
{
while(RC2==1);
m=1;
}
}
}
}
Page74
7.4 PCB PREPARATION

PROCEDUREFOR MAKING THE PCB
PREPARING OF LAYOUT
With the diagram and all the components at hand, draw a complete layout plan of the
circuit on a sheet of a tracing paper. As a model, for laying the circuit, a thermo Cole base
may be used to hold components. Avoid overcrowding of components while making full
space utilization. Keep the ground line on the side of the PCB and the supply line on other
side as far as possible. When all the components have been mounted on the tracing paper
sheet fixed on a piece of thermo Cole base, take out a Sketch Pen for making in such a way
that all the connecting wires are equal in width, termination rounded off. Re-draw it on a
fresh paper if required.
PAINTING OF PCB
The tracing so prepared has to be imposed over the copper printed circuit board keeping
in view that the component would be mounted from the non-clad side of the board. Take a
PCB lamination sheet and cur a piece of required size of the board by using hacksaw file
edges, put the copper clad sheet on the table keeping side on the runway the dirt grease and
oxide with a sand paper with its marked side tracing the carbon paper and other side on top.
Since the tracing paper is transformed you can now reproduce a carbon point over a surface
but using ball pen on a hard pencil over the drawing on the transparent side. When the carbon
print has been obtained over the copper clad board drill ropes in the board using a hand drill.
The holes may be draw with 1/32 bit for component leads and the carbon should be raised or
wiped by mistake. Paint the connecting lines with the help of an ordinary paint. Edges should
be scratched with tip of razor blade or lamination knife edge.
Page75
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINTED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

After painting the board, it will be made by the cool air for some time. Now take a
plastic tray and get some Fe Cl3 chemical powder. The ferric chloride salt is then added with
500ml of water. The color of the solution is pink. Color of the salt is in yellow. Now we add
three to five drops of dilute HCL or H2S04. This is necessary to quicken the process.
ETCHING OF PCB
Now we take the painted copper clad board and dip it in the solution kept in the
tray. After 15 to 25 minutes we see the board, with only printed pattern portion remaining in
other places the copper coating is removed due to the chemical action. Then the board is
taken out and washes in water. After wash the board by using thinner solution. Now a
printed circuit has been formed on the board.
Take fresh water and mix a few teaspoons of Fe CL3 add a few drops of dilute HCL to it,
as it speeds the etching process. Shake well immerse the PCB in the solution for about 20
minutes occasionally altering the solution by giving the seesaw reaction to the disk storing
reduces the etching time. Observe the changing color on the copper surface. Take out the
PCB only when the unpainted portion of the copper surface is completely dissolved in the
solution wash the PCB with the water. After the PCB is thoroughly washed remove the paint
by soft pieces of the cloth dipped in thinner or turpentine.
DRILLING OF HOLES
Then take a drilling machine with 1/32 drill bit to make holes for the incretion of the
components use 1/18 drill bit for inset wires and other thick components. Now the PCB is
ready to use.
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MATERIAL REQUIRED
1.
Copper clad sheet [It is made of nylon board Over which the sheet of copper is
pressed.]
2.
Paint or Nail polish or even PCB Ink.
3.
Painting brush, tray.
4.
Ferric chloride solution and also few drop of dilute HCL or H2SO4.
5.
Thinner or kerosene or petrol.
6.
Cotton cloth.
7.
Trace paper.
ADVANTAGES
1. Reliability in operation and low cost.
2. Space required becomes less.
DISADVANTAGES
It cant withstand larger weight such as transformer.
Page77

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SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

SCADA systems for power distribution

Gives inaccurate production information.

Increase company downtime.

Increase the working time of human.

Careless operation may cause fault

Error margin is high.

Trend analysis is difficult

Remote control and coordination is difficult.

Maintaining database is difficult

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Improved accuracy in parameter measurement

Safety increased considerably as the worker need not be close to machine

Error margin is min.

Trend analysis is an easy task

Remote control and coordination is possible.

Digital database management is simpler

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

2.2 BHEL TRICHY:

THE BHEL TIRUCHIRAPALLI COMPLEX COMPRISES FIVE UNITS:

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

2.3ABOUT BUILDING 50:

TUBULAR PRODUCTION SHOP:

Tig and mig welding machine.

Induction pressure machine.

Resistance and flash bed welding machine.

Panel processing machine.

Stud welding machine.

Continuous discharge furnace.

SCADA systems for power distribution

Erection & commissioning of all new machines in short period.

System improvement to enhance productivity.

LPG convertion of producer gas furnace.

Indigenous development of machine.

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

3.1 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

3.1.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

SCADA systems for power distribution

16X2 Lcd display

3.1.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

LABVIEW [ National Instruments]

SCADA systems for power distribution

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 1 : Block Diagram

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

SCADA systems for power distribution

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

SCADA systems for power distribution

3.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLANATION

3.3.1 Complete Circuit

Fig 2 : Complete Circuit Diagram

SCADA systems for power distribution

3.3.2 Voltage Measurement Circuit

Fig 3 : Voltage Measurement Circuit