Tec Ni QK

ShortcutforTricks&Calculations
Squaring Techniques
Squaring a number which ends in 5
Last two digits of the square are always 25.
To find the number which comes before 25, just perform the operation
n x (n+1), where n is the digit before 5 in the original number.
By putting the number received in step 2, just before 25 and you get
your square.
Example
Find the Square of 65.
Solution
We can find the same in the following 2 steps
1. Last two digits are 25.
2. The digit before 5 is 6, if we perform n x (n+1) operation on this,
then we will be 6 x (6+1) = 42
3. Hence the square of 65, will be 4225.
Comment
Finding Square of any two digit numbers

The method is to use (a + b)2 formula in the following manner a2 / 2ab /
b2.
Examples
Find the square of 85.

Solution
we can break 85 into two parts a (8) and b (5) and use the formula-
To find 872 you are required to do the following:
Comment
Finding Square of a number which is between 25 50

Assume, we have to find the square of N. First find the difference with
50 (lets say the difference is D)
Find the square of D. It will give the last 2 digits of square.
Subtract D from 25, ie find (25-D). It will give us the first two digit of
square.
Example
Find 432.
Solution
Steps1. Find out how far is the number from 50. Eg: 43 is 7 units far
from 50
2. Square the above number. The result will be the last two digits
of the required result i.e., 72 = 49, which is the last two digits of
the required result. __49.

3. Subtract the initial difference of step 1 from 25 i.e.,25 7 = 18,
this will be the first two digits of the result. 18__.
4. So, 432 = 1849.
Comment
1. Assume, we have to find the square of N. First find the difference

with 50 (lets say the difference is D)
2. Find the square of D. It will give the last 2 digits of
3. Add D in 25, ie find (25+D). It will give us the first two digit of
square.
Example
Find 522.
Solution
Steps:
Find out how far is the number from 50. Eg: 52 is 2 units far
from 50.
Square the above number. The result will be the last two digits
of the required result. i.e., 22 = 04, which is the last two digits of
the required result. __04.
Add the initial difference of step 1 to 25 i.e., 25 + 2 = 27, this
will be the first two digits of the result. 27__.
Hence, Answer is 2704.
Comment

Find the difference between the number (N) and Difference (D) i.e. find
(N-D). It will give us the first two digit of square.
Example
Find the square of 93?
Solution
The deficiency of 93 is 7 because it is 7 less than 100 (base). Now, 93
7 = 86. This gives us the left-hand part of the answer. The square of
the deficiency is 7 7 = 49, and this is the right hand part of the
answer. The working can be done mentally and the answer, 8649,
written straight down.
Comment
Finding Square of a number which is between 100 and 125

Add the number (N) and Difference (D) ie find (N+D). It will give us the
first two digit of square.
Example
Find the square of 103?
Solution
The surplus is 3. Increase 103 by 3, gives 106. This gives the left-hand
part. The square of the surplus is 3 3 = 09. And this is the right-hand
part of the answer. The base has two zeros and so the right-hand part
is 09 and not just 9. So, the answer is 10609.
Comment
Find the Square of number containing Repeated 1

Step-1: Count the Digit, Count=n
Step-2: Now starting from 1 write the number till n
Step-3: Now starting from n write number till 1
Example

Solution
First we see that there are 4 times 1.
Now we write number from 1 to 4.
Now again from 4 to 1
So our answer is 1234321.
Example
Solution
First we see that there are 3 times 1.
Now we write number from 1 to 3.
Now again from 3 to 1
So our answer is 12321.
Example

Solution
We see that there are 4 times 9
Now we write (4-1=3) times 9 then 8,{9998}
Now 3 times 0 then 1{0001}
So Answer Will be 99980001
Comment
Find the square of the number containing Repeated 9

Step-1: Count the digit, Count=n
Step-2: First write (n-1) times 9 then 8
Step-3: Again (n-1) times 0 then 1
Example

Solution
Comment
Find the square of the number containing Repeated 3

Step-1: Count the digit, Count=n
Step-2: First write (n-1) times 1 then 0
Step-3: Again (n-1) times 8 then 3
Example

Solution
Comment
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Multiplication Techniques
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MultiplicationTechniques
Multiplying 2-digit numbers where the Tens digit add up to 10 and Unit
digits are same:
Suppose, we want to find the multiplication of two numbers AB & CB
(where A, B, C represent various digits of the numbers) and these two
numbers satisfy a condition which says A + C = 10, then we can follow
the following steps to find the answers
First find the multiplication of last two digit of both the numbers
ie. Find B x B. It will give us last 2 digits of the answer.
Multiply the Tens digits and Add the common digit to the
multiplication ie. find AxC + B. It will give us the initial digits of
the multiplication.
Example
Find 42 x 48 ?
Solution
Both the numbers here start with 4 and the unit digits (2 and 8) add up
to 10.
Steps:
1. First multiply the unit digit of the number: 2 8 = 16
2. Then multiply 4 by 5 (the succeeding number) to get 20 for the first
part of the answer.
3. So, Required answer is 2016.
Example
Find 44 64?
Solution
1. Here tens digit are 4 and 6 and their sum is 10 and unit digits
of both numbers are same. Multiplying the unit digits, we get 4
4 = 16. Put it at right hand side.
2. Again multiplying the tens digits of numbers and adding
common digit, we get (4 6) + 4 = 24 + 4 = 28. Put it at the left
hand side. So, we get required answer as 2816.
Multiplying numbers just over / below 100.

Example
108 109?
Solution
108 109 = 11772. The answer is in two parts: 117 and 72, 117 is just
108 + 9 (or 109 + 8), and 72 is just 8 9.
Now, check for 107 106 = 11342. As before, the surpluses above the
base of 100 are set down on the right.
100 + 15 + 7 = 122 or 115 + 07 = 122 or 115 + 7 = 122 or 107 + 15 =
122
7 15 = 105, but since the right-hand portion has only two digits we
must carry the 1 of 105 to the left. So, the answer is 12305.
Note: The above method can be applied to numbers which are just
above 10000 as well, by changing the base to 1000 instead of 100.
Comment
Special Multiplication Technique for 5, 25, 125 & 625

Number
Method
Example
Put one 0 at the end

Multiplication by 5
of the number and

devide by 2
512x5 = 5120/2=2560
Multiplication by 25
Put two 0 at the end

of the number and
devide by 4
512x25 =
51200/4=12800
Put three 0 at the

end of the number

and devide by 8
512x125 =
512000/8=64000
Put Four 0 at the

end of the number
512x625 =
and devide by 16
5120000/16=320000
Multiplication of digits near 100

Our approach should be this:
Whenever we have more than 100 on the right hand side we add the digits
at the 100th place to the left hand side (as shown above). In the above
case the digit at the 100th place is 1 so we will be required to add 1 to the
left and side of the digit, thus our answer comes to 7743 which is same as
obtained by conventional method.
Multiplication of digit near 50
We can state 50 = 100/2
Therefore, we will divide the number obtained after crosswise operation
by 2.
Example
33/39 = 3339 or 66 50 (Base) + 39 = 3300 + 39 = 3339
Example
Cross wise operation (47 + 14) or (64 3) given us 61.
To get 3050, you can simply multiply the left-hand (61) side by 100 and
divide by 2 to get the desired result.
Comment
Multiplication of a 2-digit number by a 2-digit number

Example
12 13?
Solution
Steps:
1. Multiply the right-hand digits of multiplicand and multiplier
(unit-digit of multiplicand with unit-digit of the multiplier).
2. Now, do cross-multiplication, i.e., multiply 3 by 1 and 1 by 2.

And the two products and write down the left of 6.
3. In the last step we multiply the left-hand figures of both

multiplicand and multiplier (tens digit of multiplicand with
tens digit of multiplier).
So, the answer is 156.
Example
325 17 = ?
Solution
Steps:
Step 1
(5 7 = 35, put down 5 and carry over 3)
Step 2
(2 7 + 5 1 + 3 = 22, put down 2 and carry over 2)

Step 3
(3 7 + 2 1 + 2 = 25, put down 5 and carry over 2)

Step 4
So, answer is 5525
Comment
Multiplying any number with 11

Example: 13,423 11
Write down the number, as shown on the right, with a zero placed at both ends.
This is a zero sandwich.
0134230
Add the last two digits, 3 + 0 = 3, and write the answer below the 0.
For the tens digit, add the hundred place digit and tens digit, that is 2 + 3 = 5.
Continue to add adjacent digits, that is, 4 + 2 = 6, 3 + 4 = 7 and 1 + 3 = 4, 0 + 1 =
1. The answer is 147,653.
0134230 11
147653
With a little practice method can be applied without writing but some care
must be taken when carry overs are involved.
Squaring Any 2 Digit Number Boundary Method
1. Look for the nearest 10 boundary. Eg. 3 from 47 to 50
2. Since we went up 3 to 50, now go down 3 from 47 to 44.
3. Now mentally multiply 44 x 50 = 2200 - 1st answer.
4. 47 is 3 away from the 10 boundary 50, Square 3 as 9 - 2nd answer.
5. Add the first and second answer, 2200 + 9
Answer: 2209
Comment
Multiplied with 12
Example:6
5214 12
Again we start with the zero sandwich. 0652140.
The ultimate digit is 0 and the penultimate digit is 4. Adding the
ultimate digit and twice the penultimate digit, we get 0 + 8 = 8.
For the tens column, the ultimate digit is 4 and the penultimate digit
is 1, so 4 + 2 = 6.
Likewise, 1 + 4 = 5 and 2 + 10 = 12. With 12 we set down 2 and carry 1.
5 + 12 + carry 1 = 18 and again we carry 1.

The final step is 6 + 0 + carry 1 = 7. So, the answer is 782568.
Comment
Three digit number multiplied by three digit number

Now let us try to see the Magical method. We will explain this method
using our old friends a, b, c and x, y, z.
Example
How to gain speed?

The key to speed is to do away with the intermediate steps:
This is being explained with the help of the following example.
To get better results, you should try to do all intermediate steps mentally
and directly write down the answers in each step.
Comment
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Shortcut for Tricks & Calculations
Square Roots & Cube Roots

SquareRoots&CubeRoots
Square Roots and Cube Roots
Last Digit of Any
Number
Last digit of its

Square
Last Digit of its Cube
Comment
Procedure of finding the cube root

1. First find the last digit of the Cube Root, which can directly be obtained
by looking the last digit of the Number and then referring to the above
table.
2. Next, ignore the last 3 digits of the number and look at the numbers
which remain. Think of a number, whose cube is just equal or less then
this remaining number.
Example:
(a) 9,261
(b) 1,728
(c) 32,768
(d) 175,616
1. Start from and put a comma when three digits are over because a group of
three digits will give you one digit as cube root. Four, five and six digit number
will give you two digits as cube root.
2. After putting the comma see the last digit of the number, compare that with
table provided above. You get the last digit.
3. Now see the first group of numbers and ascertain cube of which number is
less than the group. That number is your first digit.
4. You have thus found first digit and last digit.
Lets take another example:

9,261
2
Steps:
1. Counting from last we put comma after 9.
2. By seeing the last digit we ascertain that last digit of cube root will be 1.
3. Now we see 9 and ascertain that 23 = 8 is less than 9 and 33 = 27 is more.
4. Our first digit thus comes to 2, and the answer is 21.
Example
32,768
3 2
1. By seeing last digit we find last digit of cube root is equal to 2.
2. By seeing 32 we put 3 as our first digit as 33 = 27 is les than 32 and 43 = 64

is more.
3. Our answer is 32.
Note: This technique is valid for exact cubes only. This is a good
method of finding approximations.
Comment
Procedure of finding the Square Root (Perfect Squares only)

1. First find the last digit of the Square Root, which can directly be
obtained by looking the last digit of the Number and then referring to the
above table. Following table can be used for finding the last digit of the
square root
2. Next, ignore the last 2 digits of the number and look at the numbers
which remain. Think of a number, whose square is just equal or less then
this remaining number.
Example: Find square root of 4096
1. From the above table, we get last digit of the square root as 6
2. Then we ignore, 96 and focus on 40. From this we get the number 6, whose
square is just lesser than 40
3. Hence the square root is 64
Comment
Constant Product Rule (1/x) & 1/(x+1)
This rule can be applied when we have two parameters whose product is
constant, or in other words, when they are inversely proportional to each
other.
eg) Time x Speed = Distance, Price x consumption = Expenditure, Length x
breadth= Area
A 1/x increase in one of the parameters will result in a 1/(x+1) decrease in
the other parameter if the parameters are inversely proportional.
Lets see the application with the following examples
1) A man travels from his home to office at 4km/hr and reaches his office
20 min late. If the speed had been 6 km/hr he would have reached 10 min
early. Find the distance from his home to office?
Solution: Assume original speed= 4km/hr. Percentage increase in speed
from 4 to 6= 50% or . 1/2 increase in speed will result in 1/3 decrease in
original time=30 minutes.(from given data). Original time= 90 minutes=
1.5 hours
Answer is Distance= 4x1.5=6 km
2) A 20% increase in price of sugar. Find the % decrease in consumption a
family should adopt so that the expenditure remains constant
Solution: Here price x consumption= expenditure (constant). Using the
technique, 20% (1/5) increase results in 16.66%(1/6) decrease in
consumption. Answer=16.66%
Comment
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Finding Percentage of a Given Number
FindingPercentageofaGivenNumber
Finding Percentage Of Given Number
Finding 5 percent of a number
Choose a large number
Move the decimal point one place to the left.
Divide by 2 (take half of it).
Example 7:
If the Number selected is 750:
Move the decimal point one place to the left.: 75
Divide by 2: 75/2 = 37.50
So 5% of 750 = 37.50
Comment
Finding 2 1/2 percent of a number

Step-1: Choose a number
Step-2: Divide by 4 (or divide twice by 2).
Step-3: Move the decimal point one place to the left.
Example:6
If the number selected is 66:
Divide 66 by 4: 66/4 = 16.5
Move the decimal point one place to the left. =1.65

So 2 1/2% of 66 = 1.65.
Comment

Choose a 2-digit number.
Multiply the number by 3.
Divide by 2.
Example:
Multiply by 3: 3 53 = 159
Divide by 2: 159/2 = 79.5
Move the decimal point one place to the left: 7.95
So 15% of 43 = 7.95
Comment

Choose a 2-digit number
Divide the number by 5
xample:
E
If the number selected is 46
Divide by 5: 46/5 = 9.2
So 20% of 46 = 9.2
Comment

Divide by 4.
Example:
Divide 86 by 4: 86/4 = 21.5
So 25% of 86 = 21.5
Comment

Divide by 2.
Example:
Multiply by 9: 9 16 144
Divide by 2: 144/2 = 72
So 45% of 16 = 7.2
Comment

Example:
Multiply by 6: 6 38 = 180 + 48 = 228.
So 60% of 38 = 22.8.
Comment

Choose a number
Multiply the number by 3
Divide this product by 4
Example:
Multiply the number by 3: 3 63 = 180 + 9 = 189.
Divide this product by 4: 189/4 = 47.25.
So 75% of 63 = 47.25
Comment
CalendarDaysforDates
Day of the Week
January has 31 days. It means that every date in February will be 3 days
later than the same date in January(28 is 4 weeks exactly). The below table
is calculated in such a way. Remember this table which will help you to
calculate.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
0
3
3
6
1
4
6
2
5
0
3
5
Step1: Ask for the Date. Ex: 23rd June 1986

Step2: Number of the month on the list, June is 4.
Step3: Take the date of the month, that is 23
Step4: Take the last 2 digits of the year, that is 86.
Step5: Find out the number of leap years. Divide the last 2 digits of the year
by 4, 86 divide by 4 is 21.
Step6: Now add all the 4 numbers: 4 + 23 + 86 + 21 = 134.
Step7: Divide 134 by 7 = 19 remainder 1.
The reminder tells you the daySunday
0
Monday
1
Tuesday
2
Wednesday
3
Thursday
4
Friday
5
Saturday
6
SimpliicationTechniques
Simplification Techniques
Solving these questions needs a good calculation
speed and a logical approach. Generally these
questions are easy and can be solved very fast using
various shortcut techniques. Also, we need to keep in
mind that sometime we should leave the some of the
questions from this sections which require complex &
large calculation.
Example
(a) 7.1
(b) 3.5
(c) 0.7
(d) 2.4
(e) None of these
Solution
Example
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e) None of these
Solution
Hence, Ans is (a).
Example
(9)3 (6) (3)3 = ?
(a) 1012
(b) 984
(c) 972
(d) 984
(e) None of these
Solution
(9)3 (6) (3)3 = ?
Hence, Ans is (e).
Example
Solution
1st see the last digit i.e., 7.
Then check for the no. whose cubes last digit is 7. Here, 7
is obtained by cube of 3.
Unit digit of our answer is 3.
Now, ignore the last 3 digits of 148877 i.e. (877) and check
for
Here x = 5 as cube of 5 is 125 which is less than 148. So,
our no. is 53
Hence, answer is option (d).
Comment
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Calendar - Days for Dates
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Concept of Approximation

Concept of Approximation
This portion covers about 5 questions in Bank PO
Quantitative Aptitudes section.
This is one of the easiest and high scoring portion. One
needs to solve the questions of approximation by taking
the nearest approximate values and mark the answers
accordingly.
Note:
If it is given 3.009 then the approximate value is 3
If it is given 6.99 then the approximate value is 7
But if it is given 4.45 then we will take it to 4.50 not 4 or 5.
Example
2959.85 16.001 34.99 =?
(a) 160
(b) 150
(c) 140
(d) 180
(e) 170
Solution
? = 2959.85 16.001 34.99
2960 16 35
2960/16 35
185 - 35
150
Hence, answer is (2)
Example
(1702 68) 136.05 =?
(a) 3500
(b) 3550
(c) 3450
(d) 3400
(e) 3525
Solution
= (1702 68) 136.05
(1700 68) 136
3400
ConceptofApproximation
Hence answer is (d).
Example
16.5 x 2400 = 2/3 of?
(a)588
(b)594
(c)592
(d)590
(e)582
Solution
We know 16.5 % = 1/6(very closely)
Now the question is 1/6 x 2400 = 2/3 of ?
Answer is 600.
But we manipulated something which is smaller
than the actual value so answer is smaller and
closer to 600, just tick 594. This is the technique of
accurate approximation.
Comment
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Simplification Techniques
Introduction
Number System and Ratio & Proportion
Comment
Some Basic Formulae

(a2 - b2) = (a + b)(a - b)
(a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
(a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a3 + b3) = (a + b) ( a2 - ab + b2)
(a3 - b3) = (a - b)( a2 + ab + b2)
(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)( a2 + b2 + c2 - ab
- bc - ca)
When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Sum of 1st n odd number is
Sum of 1st n even number is n*(n+1)
Sum of 1st n number is
Sum of square of 1st n number
Sum of cube of 1st n number
Comment
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VBODMAS Role

VBODMASRole
VBODMAS Rule
When vinculum, of, division, brackets, subtraction all or
two or more than two operations are present in any
question, then following should be the order in which
the simplification should be performed -
1. Order of the letter which is used in VBODMAS Rule is

always fixed.
2. Absence of any operation or more than one operation does
not change the order of VBODMAS.
3. of means multiplication.
Brackets: When all brackets are present in a question, in

that condition ViCiCuSq Rule is applied. This
ViCiCuSq- Rule stands for brackets and represents the
order of calculations of brackets. Details are given

below:
S. No.
Letter
Meaning
Notation
1.
Vi
Vinculum
-----
Ci
Circular Bracket
()
Cu
Curly Brackets
{}
Sq
Square Brackets
[]
This order of brackets (ViCiCuSq) is also fixed and not

variable.
Modulus of a Real Number:
Modulus of a real number a is defined as
Thus, |5| = 5
and
|-5| = - (-5) = 5.
Decimal Fractions: Fractions in which denominators are
powers of 10 are known as decimal fractions.
1
Thus,
= 1 tenth = .1
10
1
100
99
100
= 1 hundredth = .01
= 99 hundredths = .99
7
1000
= 7 thousandths = .007
Conversion of a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction:

Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and
annex with it as many zeros as is the number of digits
after the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal point
and reduce the fraction to its lowest term.
Thus, 0.25 =
2.008 =
25
100
2008
1000
1
4
251
125
Annexing Zeros and Removing Decimal Signs:

Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal
fraction does not change its value. Thus, 0.8 = 0.80 =
0.800, etc. If numerator and denominator of a fraction
contain the same number of decimal places, then we
remove the decimal sign.
Thus,
1.84
2.99
184
299
8
13
Operations on Decimal Fractions: Addition and

Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given numbers
are so placed under each other that the decimal points
lie in one column. The numbers so arranged can now be
added or subtracted in the usual way.
Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of
10: Shift the decimal point to the right by as many
places as is the power of 10.
Thus, 5.9632 x 100 = 596.32;

0.073 x 10000 = 730.
Multiplication of Decimal Fractions:
Multiply the given numbers considering them without
decimal point. Now, in the product, the decimal point is
marked off to obtain as many places of decimal as is
the sum of the number of decimal places in the given
numbers.
Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x 0.02 x .002).
Now, 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2 + 3) =
6.
.2 x .02 x .002 = .000008
Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number:
Divide the given number without considering the
decimal point, by the given counting number. Now, in
the quotient, put the decimal point to give as many
places of decimal as there are in the dividend.
Suppose we have to find the quotient (0.0204 /017).
Now, (204/17 = 12).
Dividend contains 4 places of decimal. So, 0.0204/017
= 0.12
Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Decimal Fraction:
Multiply both the dividend and the divisor by a suitable
power of 10 to make divisor a whole number.
Now, proceed as above.
Thus,
0.00066
0.11
0.00066 x
100
= 0.066
0.11 x 100
= .006
11
Comparison of Fractions:
Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in
ascending or descending order of magnitude, then
convert each one of the given fractions in the decimal
form, and arrange them accordingly.
Let us arrange the fractions:
3
5
Now,
6
7
3
5
and
7
9
= 0.6,
6
7
in descending
order.
= 0.857,
Since, 0.857 > 0.777... > 0.6. So,
7
9
>
= 0.777...
7
9
>
3
5
Note: To solve any question on fraction containing

decimal solve it by removing decimals.
Recurring Decimal:
If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is
repeated continuously, then such a number is called a
recurring decimal.
In a recurring decimal, if a single figure is repeated, then
it is expressed by putting a dot after it. If a set of figures
is repeated, it is expressed by putting a bar on the set.
Thus,
1
3
= 0.333... = 0.3;
22
7
= 3.142857142857.... = 3.142857
Pure Recurring Decimal:
A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after the
decimal point are repeated, is called a pure recurring
decimal.
Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar
Fraction:
Write the repeated figures only once in the numerator
and take as many nines in the denominator as is the
number of repeating figures.
Mixed Recurring Decimal:

A decimal fraction in which some figures do not repeat
and some of them are repeated, is called a mixed
recurring decimal.
Eg. 0.1733333.. = 0.173
Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar
Fraction:
In the numerator, take the difference between the
number formed by all the digits after decimal point
(taking repeated digits only once) and that formed by
the digits which are not repeated. In the denominator,
take the number formed by as many nines as there are
repeating digits followed by as many zeros as is the
number of non-repeating digits.
16 - 1
15
Thus, 0.16 =
0.2273 =
90
2273 - 22
9900
90
2251
9900
Comment
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Introduction
Divisibility Test
>

DivisibilityTest
Divisibility Test
Tests of Divisibility:
Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2, if its unit's
digit is 0 or an even number.
Example: 84932 is divisible by 2, while 65935 is not.
Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of
its digits is divisible by 3.
Example1. 592482 is divisible by 3, since sum of its
digits 5+9+2+4+8+2=30 which is divisible by3.
Example2. 864329 is not divisible by 3, since sum of its
digits 8+6+4+3+2+9=32 which is not divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4, if the
number formed by last two digits is divisible by 4.
Example1. 892648 is divisible by 4, since the number
formed by the last two digits is 48 divisible by 4.
Example2. But 749282 is not divisible by 4, since the
number formed by the last two digits is 82 is not
divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5: A number divisible by 5, if its unit's digit
is either 0 or 5.
Example: 20820, 50345, etc.
Divisibility by 6: If the number is divisible by both 2 and
3.
Example: 35256 is clearly divisible by 2
Sum of digits =3+5+2+5+21, which is divisible by 3

Thus the given number is divisible by 6.
Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the last 3
digits of the number are divisible by 8.
Example: 2016,2224 are divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 11: If the difference of the sum of the
digits in the odd places and the sum of the digits in the
even places is zero or divisible by 11.
Example 4832718
(8+7+3+4) - (1+2+8) = 11 which is divisible by 11.
Divisibility by 12: All numbers divisible by 3 and 4 are
divisible by 12.
Divisibility by 7,11,13: The difference of the number of
its thousands and the remainder of its division by 1000
is divisible by 7, 11, 13.
Comment
How to check whether a given number is prime or

not? (for example check 139 is prime or not?)
Step 1: First find Square of Which number is nearest of
that number. We find that 139 is nearest of 144 which is
square of 12.
Step 2: Check is all prime number between 0 and that
number. Now we have to check the number between 0-12
Step 3: if the given number is not divisible by any of the
number that we are checking then the number must be
prime number.
In above example 139 is not divisible by 2,3,5,7,11 so it

is prime number.
Comment
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VBODMAS Role
LCM & HCF
>

LCM&HCF
Calculating Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
Method 1:
Write the numbers as product of prime factors.
Find the product of the highest powers of the prime
factors, which will be the L.C.M.
Note: Dont repeat any factor while writing the product
in step2.
Example: Find the L.C.M. of 36, 56, 105 and 108.
To find the LCM, first we have to find prime factors
1. 36 = 22 32;
56 = 23 7;
105 = 3 5 7;
108 = 22 33
2. The L.C.M. must contain every prime factor of each
of the numbers. Also it must include the highest power
of each prime factor which appears in any of them. So,
it must contain 2 or it would not be a multiple of 56, it
must contain 3 or it would not be a multiple of 108, it
must contain 5 or it would not be a multiple of 105, and
it must contain 7 or it would not be a multiple of 56 or
of 105. Therefore, the L.C.M. = 23 33 5 7 = 7560
Method 2:
This is a quicker method to find the prime factors and
hence L.C.M. In this method there can be more than one
arrangement for the same of numbers. The steps are:
Write the numbers in a row and strike out those

numbers which are factors of any other number in the
set.
Write the factor on the left hand side which can divide
maximum of the numbers.
Write in the next row the quotients obtained and also
those numbers (as they are) which are not divisible by
that factor. You can strike out from any row 1, if it
appears.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 until we get a set where no two
numbers have a common factor or divisor, i.e., all the
numbers in the row are prime to each other, though
individually they may not be prime numbers.
Multiply all the factors or divisors and the numbers left
in the last row. The product gives the L.C.M. of the
given numbers.
L.C.M. of Decimals
To find out the L.C.M. of the given numbers in which
decimals are given, first of all we find out the L.C.M. of
numbers without decimal. And then we see the
numbers in which the decimal is given in the minimum
digits from right to left. We put the decimal in our result
which is equal to that number of digit.
Example
Find out the L.C.M. of 0.16, 5.4, and 0.0098.

Solution
First of all we find out the L.C.M. of 16, 54, 98. Here
L.C.M. of 16, 54, 98 is 21168. In numbers 0.16, 5.4,
0.0098, the minimum digits from right to left is 5.4.
Here 5.4 the decimals is given of one digit from

right to left. So, we put decimal in our result such
that : 21168 = 1226.8
Example
Find the L.C.M. of 48, 10.8 and 0.140.
Solution
L.C.M. of 48, 108 and 140 is 15120. So, L.C.M. of 48,

10.8 and 0.140 = 1.5120
L.C.M. of Fractions
If a/b, c/d, e/f be the proper fractions then their L.C.M.
is given by
Comment
Calculating Highest Common Factor (HCF)

Method 1 (Factorization Method)
Factor method has discussed above or, we express
each given number as the product of primes. Now we
take the product of common factors which is our
required H.C.F.
Example: Find the H.C.F of 144, 336 and 2016.
Factors of 144 = 24 32; Factors of 336 = 24 3
7;Factors of 2016 = 25 7 32;
So, H.C.F. of given numbers = 24 3 = 48
Method 2 (Division Method)
We divide the greater number by the smaller number

and find out the remainder.
Then divide the first divisor by remainder and find the
second remainder.
Then divide the second divisor by the second
remainder.
We repeat this process till no remainder is left. The
divisor is our required H.C.F.
H.C.F. of Fractions
If a/b, c/d, e/f be the proper fractions then their H.C.F. is
given by
Comment
Important Tips:
Product of two numbers = L.C.M. H.C.F.
Product of n numbers = L.C.M of n numbers
Product of the HCF of each possible pair.
If ratio of numbers is a : b and H is the HCF of the
numbers Then LCM of the numbers = H x a x b =
HCF x Product of the ratios.
H.C.F of fractions = H.C.F. of Numerators L.C.M.
of Denominators.
L.C.M. of fractions = L.C.M. of Numerators
H.C.F. of Denominators.
e.g. For two fractions a/b and c/d.
HCF = H.C.F. of a and c.
L.C.M. of b and d , LCM = L.C.M. of a and c.
H.C.F. of b and d.
If HCF (a, b) = H1 and HCF (c, d) = H2, then HCF
(a, b, c, d) = HCF (H1, H2).
LCM is always a multiple of HCF of the numbers
i.e. LCM = (a number) x HCF.
To find the GREATEST NUMBER that will exactly
divide x, y, z. Just Find H.C.F. of x, y, and z
(greatest divisor).
To find the GREATEST NUMBER that will divide
x, y and z leaving remainders a, b and c
respectively.
Find H.C.F. of (x a), (y b) and (z c).
To find the LEAST NUMBER which is exactly
divisible by x, y and z. Find the L.C. M. of x, y and
z.
To find the LEAST NUMBER -which when divided
by x, y and z leaves the remainders a, b and c
respectively.
Required Number = (L.C.M. of x, y and z) K
(Where K= (x-a) = (y-b) = (z-c)
Find the LEAST NUMBER, which when divided by
x, y and z leaves the same remainder r each
case. (L.C.M. of x, y and z) + r.
Find the GREATEST NUMBER that will divide x, y
and z leaving the same remainder in each
case. H.C.F of (x y), (y z) and (z x).
Or TWO NUMBERS : FIRST NUMBER * SECOND
NUMBER =L.C.M * H.C.F
FIRST NUMBER =
SECOND NUMBER=
LCM=
HCF=
Rule of finding Dividend
Dividend= Divisor* Quotient+ Remainder
Comment
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Divisibility Test
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Ratio & Proportion

Ratio&Proportion
Ratio:
The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is
the fraction
and we write it as a : b.
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term

or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.
Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents, with antecedent = 5,
consequent = 9
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a
ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the
ratio.
Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.
Proportion:
The equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c,
d are in proportion.
Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are
called mean terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes.
Thus, a : b :: c : d
(b x c) = (a x d).
Fourth Proportional:
If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional
to a, b, c.
Third Proportional:
a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion

to a and b.
Mean Proportional:
Mean proportional between a and b is ab.
Comparison of Ratios:
We say that (a : b) > (c : d)
a
b
>
c
d
Compounded Ratio:
The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f)
is (ace : bdf).
Duplicate Ratios:
Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a2 : b2).
Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b).
Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a3 : b3).
Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a1/3 : b1/3).
[componendo and dividendo]

Variations:
We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for
some constant k and we write, x
y.
We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for
some constant k and
we write, x
1
Y
Comment
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LCM & HCF
Solved Examples
Solved Examples
Example
Which of the following is a prime number?
241, 337, 391
Solution
a. 241
16 > 241. Hence take the value of Z = 16.
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13.
241 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can
conclude that 241 is a prime number.
b. 337
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 and 17.
337 is not divisible by any of these. Hence we can
conclude that 337 is a prime number.
c. 391
Prime numbers less than 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19
391 is divisible by 17. Hence we can conclude that 391 is
not a prime number.
Example
On dividing 15968 by a certain number the quotient
is 89 and the remainder is 37. Find the divisor?
Solution
Divisor = (Dividend - Remainder) / Quotient
= (15968 - 37) / 89 179.
Example
What least value must be assigned to * so that the
number 197*5462 is divisible by 9?
Solution
Let the missing digit be x
Sum of digits = (1 + 9 + 7 + x + 5 + 4 + 6 + 2)
= 34 + x
For (34 + x) to be divisible by 9, x must be replaced by 2
The digit in place of x must be 2.
Example
Find the smallest number of 6 digits which is exactly
divisible by 111?
Solution
Smallest number of 6 digits is 100000
On dividing 10000 by 111 we get 100 as remainder
Number to be added = 111 100
= 11.
Hence, required number = 10011.
Example
A number when divided by 342 gives a remainder 47.
When the same number is divided by 19 what would
be the remainder?
Solution
Number = 342K + 47
= 19 x 18K + 19 x 2 + 9
= 19 (18K + 2) + 9.
The given number when divided by 19 gives 18 K + 2 as
quotient and 9 as remainder.
Example
Find the remainder when 231 is divided by 5?
Solution
210 = 1024.
Unit digit of 21 = 2
. And so on
So unit digit of 231 = 8
When 8 is divided by 5, it gives 3 as remainder.
Example
How many numbers between 11 and 90 are divisible by 7?
Solution
The required numbers are 14, 21, 28, . . . . . . . . . . . , 84
This is an A. P with a = 14, d = 7.
Let it contain n terms
then by using the formula of last term of A.P.
T = a + (n - 1) d
Here T = 84
84 = 14 + (n - 1) 7
84 = 7 + 7n
=> 7n = 77
=> n = 11.
Example
Find the sum of all odd numbers up to 100?

Solution
The given numbers are 1, 3, 5. . . . . . . . . 99.
This is an A. P with a = 1, d = 2.
Let it contain n terms then by using the formula of last
term of A.P.
T = a+ (n - 1)d
=> 1 + (n - 1)2 = 99
=> n = 50
Then required sum = n/2 (first term + last term)
= (50 / 2) (1 + 99) = 2500.
Example
The sum of all possible two digit numbers formed from three
different one digit natural numbers when divided by the sum
of the original three numbers is equal to?
a. 18
b. 22
c. 36
d. 38
e. None of These
Solution
Let the one digit numbers x, y, z
Therefore, sum of all possible two digit numbers
= (10x+y) + (10x+z) + (10y+x) + (10y+z) + (10z+x) +
(10z+y)
= 22 (x + y + z)
Therefore sum of all possible two digit numbers when
divided by sum of one digit numbers gives 22.
Example
A number when divided by the sum of 555 and 445 gives

two times their difference as quotient and 30 as
remainder. The number is?
a. 1220
b. 1250
c. 22030
d. 220030
e. None of These
Solution
Number = (555 + 445) x (555 - 445) x 2+30
= (555 + 445) x 2 x 110 +30
= 220000 + 30 = 220030.
Example
In doing a division of a question with zero remainder,

a candidate took 12 as divisor instead of 21. The
quotient obtained by him was 35. The correct
quotient is?
a. 0
b. 12
c. 13
d. 20
e. None of These
Solution
Dividend =12 x 35 = 420.
Now dividend = 420 and divisor = 21.
Therefore correct quotient = 420/21 = 20.
Example
SolvedExamples
What is the greatest number which exactly divides

110, 154 and 242?
Solution
The required number is the HCF of 110, 154 & 242.
110 = 2 x 5 x 11
154 = 2 x 7 x 11
242 = 2 x 11 x 11
HCF = 2 x 11 = 22
Example
One year ago the ratio of Ramu & Somu age was 6:7
respectively. Four years hence their ratio would
become 7:8. How old is Somu?
Solution
Let us assume Ramu &Somu ages are x &y respectively.
One year ago their ratio was 6:7
i.e. (x-1) / (y-1) = 6/7
7x - 6y = 1
Four years hence, their ratios would become 7 : 8
i.e. (x-4) / (y-4) = 7/8
8x - 7y = -4
From the above two equations we get y= 36 years.
i.e. Somus present age is 36 years.
Comment
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Ratio & Proportion

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ShortcutforTricks&Calculations

Finding Square of any two digit numbers

Find the square of 85.

To find 872 you are required to do the following:

Finding Square of a number which is between 25 50

the required result. __49.

Finding Square of a number which is between 51 75

1. Assume, we have to find the square of N. First find the difference

Finding Square of a number which is between 75 100

Finding Square of a number which is between 100 and 125

Find the Square of number containing Repeated 1

Find the square of 1111.

So our answer is 12321.

Find the square of 9999.

Find the square of the number containing Repeated 9

Find the square of 999999.

Find the square of the number containing Repeated 3

Find the square of 333333.

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Multiplying numbers just over / below 100.

Special Multiplication Technique for 5, 25, 125 & 625

Put one 0 at the end

of the number and

Put two 0 at the end

Put three 0 at the

end of the number

Put Four 0 at the

Multiplication of digits near 100

33/39 = 3339 or 66 50 (Base) + 39 = 3300 + 39 = 3339

Cross wise operation (47 + 14) or (64 3) given us 61.

Multiplication of a 2-digit number by a 2-digit number

2. Now, do cross-multiplication, i.e., multiply 3 by 1 and 1 by 2.

3. In the last step we multiply the left-hand figures of both

So, the answer is 156.

(5 7 = 35, put down 5 and carry over 3)

(2 7 + 5 1 + 3 = 22, put down 2 and carry over 2)

(3 7 + 2 1 + 2 = 25, put down 5 and carry over 2)

So, answer is 5525

Multiplying any number with 11

5 + 12 + carry 1 = 18 and again we carry 1.

Three digit number multiplied by three digit number

How to gain speed?

Shortcut for Tricks & Calculations

Square Roots & Cube Roots

AboutUs(/mainsite/aboutus) News(/mainsite/news) Blog(/blog/)

Last digit of its

Last Digit of its Cube

Procedure of finding the cube root

Lets take another example:

2. By seeing 32 we put 3 as our first digit as 33 = 27 is les than 32 and 43 = 64

Procedure of finding the Square Root (Perfect Squares only)

Constant Product Rule (1/x) & 1/(x+1)

Finding Percentage of a Given Number

Finding 2 1/2 percent of a number

Move the decimal point one place to the left. =1.65

Finding 15 percent of a number

Finding 20 percent of a number

Finding 25 percent of a number

Finding 45 percent of a number

Finding 60 percent of a number

Finding 75 percent of a number

Step1: Ask for the Date. Ex: 23rd June 1986

Hence, Ans is (a).