Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
by Design
Teaching and
Learning in
Active Learning
Classrooms
Recommendations, Research and Resources
Updated: March 18, 2014
By Eron Drake and Dina Battaglia, The Faculty Center for Innovative
Teaching, with contributions from Tolga Kaya and Mona Sirbescu, and
additional members of the Active Learning Classrooms Committee, the
College of Science and Technology, Central Michigan University
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Hold the CONTROL key and click the topic name. You should be redirected to the specific content within
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E. Drake, The Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching, Central Michigan University
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To learn more or to inquire about teaching in an ALC, please contact Jane Matty at
j.matty@cmich.edu.
2524 ft
112 students
Fourteen 8-student tables
Microphones at each table
Lecture Capturing Cameras
5 80 inch LCD monitors on the walls
14 inch monitors at each table
E. Drake, The Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching, Central Michigan University
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Several universities and colleges have successfully implemented this model such as the University of
Minnesota (a modification of the Student Centered Active Learning Environment with Upside-down
Pedagogies or SCALE-UP model), North Carolina State University (SCALE-UP), and the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (Technology Enhanced Active Learning or TEAL). Typical teaching and learning
activities in an ALC include active and collaborative learning, visualization and simulation of essential
course content delivered via laptops and the Internet, desktop or hands-on experiments, and the use of
personal response systems (clickers).
Recommended Resources
Its Not You, Its the RoomAre the High-Tech, Active Learning Classrooms Worth It? S. Cotner,
J. Loper, J.D. Walker, & D. C. Brooks:
http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/JCST-July2013.pdf
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Scaling Up Education Reform, J. D.H. Gaffney, E. Richards, M.B. Kustusch, L. Ding, & R. Beichner:
http://www.ncsu.edu/per/Articles/JCST_SCALE-UP_article.pdf
Using the PAIR-up Model to Evaluate Active Learning Spaces, A. Whiteside, L. A. Jorn, A. H. Duin, &
J. S. Fitzgerald: http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/using-pair-model-evaluate-active-learningspaces
R. Beichner, J. M. Saul, D. S. Abbott, J. Morse, D. Deardorff, R.J. Allain, S. W. Bonham, M. Dancy, and J.
Risley, (In Press). in Research-Based Reform of University Physics, (Ed. E. F. Redish and P. J.
Cooney), American Association of Physics Teachers: College Park, MD.
Its Not You, Its the Room Are the High-Tech, Active Learning Classrooms Worth It? S. Cotner, J.
Loper, J.D. Walker, and C. Brooks. (This article provides empirical confirmation that high-tech, active
learning classrooms positively affected student learning and also offers recommendations for
traditional spaces.)
Scaling Up Education Reform, J. Gaffney, E. Richards, M.B., Kustusch, L. Ding, and R. Beichner. (This
article provides examples of the implementation of the SCALE-UP project, sample classroom layout
and activities, roles for group members, and a brief overview of evidence of impact on student
learning.)
Annotated Bibliography of Literature Related to Active Learning Classrooms, Center for Teaching
and Learning, University of Minnesota. (This webpage offers annotations and links to 20 research
resources focused on the use of active learning practices and teaching in active learning classrooms.)
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Student Learning
Objectives
To learn more about Finks Integrated Course Design model and for helpful worksheets to assist you
with planning learning activities (inside and outside of the classroom) as well as developing a plan for
the sequencing of concepts, visit one or both of the following websites:
Converting Your Course for the Active Learning Classroom, Center for Teaching and Learning,
University of Minnesota: http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/alc/converting/index.html (This
website provides a brief overview of course planning and key questions to ask when redesigning your
course. Be sure to scroll to the bottom of the page for specific characteristics of proven learning
activities in an ALC.)
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Course Design Checklist, Larry Michaelsen & Jim Sibley, Team-based Learning Collaborative:
http://www.teambasedlearning.org/Default.aspx?pageId=1032392 (Using the Backward Design
model developed by Wiggins & McTighe (2005), this resource outlines how to design a course for the
implementation of team-based learning.)
How to Design a College-Level or Developmental Math Course Using the Emporium Model, The
National Center for Academic Transformation: http://www.thencat.org/Guides/Math/TOC.html
Fink, D.L. (2003).Creating significant learning experiences: An integrated approach to designing college
courses. San Francisco: CA: Jossey-Bass.
In addition to the teaching and learning strategies listed above, instructors in ALC also implement the
following:
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Additional examples of active learning include the following (see the recommended resources below for
links to instructions for implementing these strategies):
Brainstorming
Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs)
Clickers
Collaborative Learning Strategies
Concept Mapping
Concept Tests
Cooperative Learning Strategies
Debates
Experiments
Field Trips
Games
Interactive Discussion
Note Check
Panel Discussions
Performances
Presentations
Problem-Based Learning
Question and Answer Pairs
Research
Role plays
Service Learning
Simulations
Team-based Learning
The Pause Procedure
Think-Pair-Share
Writing-to-learn
Bonwell, C. C., & Eison, J. A. (1991). Active learning: creating excitement in the classroom. ASHE-Eric
Higher Education Rep, 1. Washington, DC: The George Washington University, School of
Education and Human Development.
Doyle, T. (2008). Helping students learn in a learner centered environment: A guide to teaching in higher
education. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of the research, Journal of Engineering
Education, 93(3), 223-231.
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What is Active Learning? Center for Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota:
http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/active/what/ (Visit this self-paced tutorial to
find recommendations for making active learning work. This tutorial also offers ways to respond
to student comments or concerns about active learning strategies.)
Some Basic Active Learning Strategies, Center for Teaching and Learning, University of
Minnesota: http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/active/strategies/index.html (Visit
this resource to find 23 easy-to-implement active learning strategies, including think-pair-share,
one-minute paper, problem-based learning, 3-2-1 format, and jigsaw team, to name a few highimpact strategies.)
Active Learning for the College Classroom, Donald R. Paulson & Jennifer L. Faust:
http://web.calstatela.edu/dept/chem/chem2/Active/main.htm (This resource describes 29
active learning techniques, focused on promoting individual student engagement, developing
effective questions and answers, obtaining formative feedback, motivating critical thinking, and
encouraging collaborative learning.)
Twelve Active Learning Strategies, Active Learning with PowerPoint, Center for Teaching and
Learning, University of Minnesota:
http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/powerpoint/learning/index.html (This resource
offers several ways to easily incorporate active learning strategies into existing PowerPoint
lecture formats.)
Think-Pair-Share
Student Summaries
Question and Answer Pairs
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Please visit Some Active Learning Strategies, developed by the Center for Teaching and Learning,
University of Minnesota for specific instructions for the strategies above and to discover more active
learning strategies: http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/active/strategies/ .
Recommended Books
The Basic Collaborative Learning Techniques, Hixson-Lied Student Success Center, Iowa State
University: http://www.dso.iastate.edu/asc/supplemental/SIShowcaseCollaborative.pdf (This PDF
highlights 16 different collaborative learning techniques with easy classroom implementation
instructions.)
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Angelo, T. A. & Cross, K. P. (1993). Classroom assessment techniques. A handbook for college
teachers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Cooperative Learning: Students Working in Small Groups, Speaking of Teaching, Center for
Teaching and Learning, Stanford University: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/CTL/cgibin/docs/newsletter/cooperative.pdf (This four-page PDF provides a nice summary of how to
implement small group work into any classroom as well as additional resources on cooperative
learning in general.)
Collaborative Learning: Group Work, Center for Teaching Excellence, Cornell University,
http://www.cte.cornell.edu/teaching-ideas/engaging-students/collaborative-learning.html (This
website provides an easy to read bulleted list explaining what collaborative learning is, its impact on
student learning, examples of collaborative learning strategies, how to design group work
assignments, along with other information pertinent to collaborative learning.)
Making the Grade: The Role of Assessment in Authentic Learning, Marilyn M. Lombardi, Educause
Learning Initiative: https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI3019.pdf (See pages 8-9.)
An Introduction to Classroom Assessment Techniques, D.M. Enerson, K.M. Plank, & R.N. Johnson,
Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence, Penn State University:
http://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/cetl/docs/classroom_assessment_techniques.pdf
Classroom Assessment Techniques. A Handbook For College Teachers by T.A. Angelo & K.P. Cross
(1993)
Assessing Group Work, Marcia Devlin, Center for the Study of Higher Education, Australian
Universities Teaching Committee:
http://www.docs.hss.ed.ac.uk/iad/Learning_teaching/Academic_teaching/Resources/Assessing_gro
ups.pdf
Barkley, E. F., Cross, K. P., & Major, C. H. (2005). Collaborative learning techniques. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
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Overload: http://www.udel.edu/pbl/overload.html
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Problem-Based Learning, Speaking of Teaching, Center for Teaching & Learning, Stanford University:
http://www.stanford.edu/dept/CTL/cgi-bin/docs/newsletter/problem_based_learning.pdf (This
article discusses the research supporting the effectiveness of PBL on student learning and how to
transform a course into one based on the PBL model.)
Active Learning Web Resources on Problem-Based Learning, Center for Teaching Excellence,
University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey:
http://libraries.rbhs.rutgers.edu/rwjlbweb/meg/cte/active_learning/active_problem_learning.html
(This website is a clearinghouse for hyperlinked resources about a multitude of topics regarding PBL
instruction.)
Making the Grade: The Role of Assessment in Authentic Learning, Marilyn M. Lombardi, Educause
Learning Initiative: https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ELI3019.pdf (see pages 10-11) (This
paper provides a review of various authentic learning methods of instruction, including PBL.)
P. Kirschner, J. Sweller, R. Clark, "Why minimal guidance during instruction does not work: An
analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based
teaching," Educational Psychologist, 41 (2), 75-86.
Problem-Based Learning, Speaking of Teaching, Center for Teaching and Learning, Stanford
University: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/CTL/cgibin/docs/newsletter/problem_based_learning.pdf (see pages 4-5)
Problem-Solving Rubric, Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence, Penn State University:
http://www.schreyerinstitute.psu.edu/pdf/ProblemSolvingRubric1.pdf
Flipping the Classroom, Cynthia Brame, Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University:
http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/flipping-the-classroom/ (This webpage defines flipped
classroom, inverted classroom, and peer instruction. In addition to providing research evidence for
the benefits of the flipped classroom, it identifies the key elements of the flipped classroom.)
The Flipped Classroom FAQ, Derek Bruff, Center for the Integration of Research, Teaching and
Learning: http://www.cirtl.net/node/7788 (This blog provides a number of answers to questions
such as Why flip ones classroom? or How do you make sure students come to class prepared? or
What do you do during class time? and more.)
E. Drake, The Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching, Central Michigan University
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What is Inquiry-guided Learning? Virginia Lee, New Directions for Teaching and Learning:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tl.20002/pdf (This article offers a definition, suggestions
for implementation, and a rubric for evaluation. Note: You may have to log into the CMU CentralLink
to access this article.)
To learn about a similar model that originated in college chemistry departments called Process
Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL), visit https://pogil.org/.
Team-based Learning at 10 Medical Schools: Two Years Later, B.M. Thompson, V.F. Schneider, P.
Haidet, R.E. Levine, K. K. McHahon, L.C. Perkowski, and B.F. Richards:
http://www.usuhs.mil/medschool/faculty/pdf/TBLMedEd.pdf (This article reviews the process and
factors affecting the use of TBL and offers factors for consideration and recommendations for
implementation.)
Chemistry
Design and Implementation of a Studio-Based General Chemistry Course:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed084p265
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Engineering
Adoption of Active Learning in a Lecture-Based Engineering Class:
https://www.ydae.purdue.edu/lct/HBCU/documents/Activelearningengineering.pdf
Active Learning in First-year Engineering courses at Universidad Catolica de la Santisima
Concepcion,Chile:
https://www.ydae.purdue.edu/lct/HBCU/documents/Activelearningengineering.pdf
Geoscience
The Math You Need, When You Need it: Online Modules that Remediate Mathematical Skills in
Introductory Geosciences Courses:
http://www.curriculumresearchgroup.org/uploads/Wenner_Burn_BaerJCST_2011.pdf
Using Concepttests to Assess and Improve Student Conceptual Understanding in Introductory
Geoscience Courses: http://geology.wlu.edu/greer/mcconnell-v54n1.v3.pdf
Assessment and Active Learning Strategies for Introductory Geology Courses:
http://nagt.org/files/nagt/jge/abstracts/McConnell_Steer_Owens_v51n2p205.pdf
Physics
Resource Letter ALIP-1: Active Learning in Physics:
http://physicseducation.net/docs/Meltzer_and_Thornton_2012.pdf
The Student-Centered Activities for Large Enrollment Undergraduate Programs (SCALE-UP) Project,
Research-Based Reform of University Physics:
http://www.percentral.com/PER/per_reviews/media/volume1/SCALE-UP-2007.pdf
Chronicling a Successful Secondary Implementation of Studio Physics:
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/80/9/10.1119/1.4712305 (You may need to input
your CMU Global ID and Password to access this article through the CMU Libraries.)
Studio Optics: Adapting Interactive Engagement Pedagogy to Upper-Division Physics:
http://web.phys.ksu.edu/papers/2011/sorensen-ajp.pdf
How much have they Retained? Making Unseen Concepts Seen in a Freshman Electromagnetism
Course at MIT: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/182/art%253A10.1007%252Fs10956-0079051-9.pdf?auth66=1394742708_d44f499402fd82ccc557a796f7e86367&ext=.pdf
The Implications of a Robust Curriculum in Introductory Mechanics:
http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1332&context=phy_fac&seiredir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DThe%2BImpl
ementations%2Bof%2Ba%2BRobust%2BCurriculum%2Bin%2BIntroductory%2BMechanics%26btnG%
3D%26as_sdt%3D1%252C23%26as_sdtp%3D#search=%22Implementations%20Robust%20Curriculu
m%20Introductory%20Mechanics%22
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Google Applications
Prezi
Popplet
Wikispaces
WordPress
Twitter
Simulations
Bb Blogs
WordPress Blogs
Storify
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Bb Calendar
Bb Quizzes (self-assessment/mastery)
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50 Educational Technology Tools Every Teacher Should Know About, Ross Crockett:
http://fluency21.com/blog/2013/03/26/50-education-technology-tools-every-teacher-should-knowabout/ (This site organizes each tool into categories such as social learning, learning, lesson planning
and tools, and useful tools.)
The Top 100 Tools for Learning 2013, Jane Hart: http://c4lpt.co.uk/top100tools/ (This resource
provides a summary and list of the top 100 learning tools, links to more information, and comments
from users.)
Campbell, J. (2014). Determining the usefulness of classroom technologies Part 1. The Evollution.
Retrieved from http://www.evolllution.com/program_planning/determining-the-usefulness-ofclassroom-technologies-part-1/
Chickering, A.W., and Gamson, Z.F. (1991). Applying the seven principles for good practice in
undergraduate education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning 47, San Francisco: JosseyBass Inc.
E. Drake, The Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching, Central Michigan University
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Recommended Articles
What are they thinking? Best practices for classroom response systems (Clickers) by David
Goldstein: http://cgi.stanford.edu/~dept-ctl/cgi-bin/tomprof/posting.php?ID=1270 (This article
provides a brief review of the research and suggests various uses for classroom response systems.)
Teaching with Clickers by Erping Zhu, Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, University of
Michigan: http://www.crlt.umich.edu/sites/default/files/resource_files/CRLT_no22.pdf (This
occasional paper examines how faculty are using clickers, student and instructor attitudes towards
using clickers, challenges and best practices.)
Recommended Resources
Classroom Response System (Clickers) Bibliography, Derek Bruff, Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt
University: http://cft.vanderbilt.edu/docs/classroom-response-system-clickers-bibliography/ (This
comprehensive bibliography contains links to resources based on discipline as well as an introduction
to clickers, literature reviews, research on student perceptions, vendor comparisons, mobile devices,
and more!)
Clicker Resource Guide, University of Colorado Science Education Initiative & University of British
Columbia Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative:
http://www.cwsei.ubc.ca/resources/files/Clickers_Final_Version_04_08.pdf (This 36-page guide
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Teaching with Student Response Systems by Information Technology Services, The University of
Iowa: http://its.uiowa.edu/support/article/100303 (This site offers comprehensive, step-by-step
guides for facilitating class discussion, encouraging peer instruction, multi-pass learning, and more.)
Teaching with Personal Response Systems (clickers), The Derek Bok Center for Teaching and
Learning, Harvard University:
http://bokcenter.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k1985&pageid=icb.page494961 (This website
includes a video excerpt by Eric Mazur entitled, From Questions to Concepts: Interactive Teaching in
Physics in addition to providing sample questions from a variety of disciplines and other resource
links.)
Clickers and CATs: Using Learner Response Systems for Formative Assessment in the Classroom,
Charlotte Briggs and Deborah Keyek-Franssen: http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/clickers-andcats-using-learner-response-systems-formative-assessments-classroom
Clicker Resource Guide, University of Colorado Science Education Initiative & University of British
Columbia Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative:
http://www.cwsei.ubc.ca/resources/files/Clickers_Final_Version_04_08.pdf (This 36-page guide
offers detailed recommendations for using clickers in the classroom, including how to introduce
students to the use of clickers, types of clicker questions, writing effective questions, logistics, the
coverage of material, dealing with unexpected situations, and more.)
Recommended Video
Eric Mazur Shows Interactive Teaching (YouTube, 8.21 minutes):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wont2v_LZ1E
Recommended Book
Teaching with Classroom Response Systems: Creating Active Learning Environments by Derek Bruff:
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0470288930/ref=rdr_ext_tmb#reader_0470288930
Beatty, I. (2004). Transforming student learning with classroom communication systems. Educause
Center for Applied Research, Research Bulletin, 2004(3). Retrieved from
http://www4.uwm.edu/ltc/srs/faculty/docs/TransformingStudentLearning.pdf
E. Drake, The Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching, Central Michigan University
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Utilize a variety of assessment methods and strategies (e.g., formative to inform teaching and
student learning progress, and summative to provide students with a grade on a specific
assignment)
Provide students with frequent and timely formative feedback, which offers a balanced response to
student work (positive and constructive comments), specific to the student, specific to the
task/assignment, and provides suggestions for improvements for future work.
Return work in a timely manner.
Encourage students by commenting on their effort (as opposed to their intelligence) and encourage
them to excel in the work that they produce.
Advise students how to prepare for tests or exams.
Provide practice quizzes, sample exams, and/or test review space (online) for practice.
Train students in the peer review process to provide feedback relative to expectations for specific
assignments or projects.
Incorporate student self-assessments to help students develop self-monitoring skills.
Some of the most effective grading and evaluation methods include the use of Classroom Assessment
Techniques (CATs) for formative assessment and the development of rubrics for formative or summative
assessment.
To learn more, please visit the resources below:
Classroom Assessment Techniques, Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching, Iowa State
University: http://www.celt.iastate.edu/teaching/cat.html
Guide to Scoring Rubrics, informed: http://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/teacherresources/guide-to-scoring-rubrics/ (This comprehensive guide reviews the different types of rubrics,
provides instructions how to develop effective rubrics, and discusses how scoring rubrics enhance
learning.)
To find examples of different types of assessments appropriate for different types of learning objectives
aligned with Blooms Taxonomy of Learning, visit Align Assessments with Objectives, developed by
Carnegie Mellon at http://www.cmu.edu/teaching/assessment/basics/alignment.html.
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For assistance with the implementation of Classroom Assessment Techniques or the development of
rubrics or other types of assessments, please contact the Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching at
989.774.3615 or facit@cmich.edu to arrange for a confidential consultation or customized workshop.
E. Drake, The Faculty Center for Innovative Teaching, Central Michigan University
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Recommendations for Making Active Learning Work, the Center for Teaching and Learning,
University of Minnesota: http://www1.umn.edu/ohr/teachlearn/tutorials/active/recommendations/
(This website provides guidance for overcoming student resistance, responding to student
complaints, strategies for maintaining control of the classroom, managing time pressures, and
more.)
The ACL Pilot Evaluation Team, University of Minnesota. (2007). Active learning classrooms pilot
evaluation: Fall 2007 findings and recommendations. Retrieved from
http://www.classroom.umn.edu/projects/alc_report_final.pdf (Note: University of Minnesotas
Active Learning Classrooms were modeled after North Carolina State Universitys Student-Centered
Activities for Large Enrollment Undergraduate Programs (SCALE-UP) project and Massachusetts
Institute of Technologys Technology Enabled Active Learning (TEAL) project.)
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