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This experiment was done to determine the quantity of chromium (VI) present in a
polluted water sample using a spectrophotometer and a set of standard solutions
for the concentration of 1ppm, 25ppm, 50ppm, 75ppm and 100ppm to be used in the
calibration of the spectrophotometer and to analyze whether the water sample is
suitable for drinking or for agriculture purposes at the end of the experiment. The
experiment started by diluting the solution which the chromium were diluted with
distilled water with different standard of solution. In this experiment the
concentration of chromium was set from the range of 1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm.
Then, the spectrophotometer was used to determine the absorbance value for each of
the sample and the absorbance value for lake water sample also determined. The
absorbance values were analyzed and a graph of absorbance value versus
concentration of chromium (VI) in ppm was plotted. Based on the values from the
results, the absorbance values increased as the concentration of solution increased.
After doing the calculation based on the graph, the concentration of the water sample
was 416.67 which is not suitable for drinking water and for agricultural purposes. As
conclusion, the objectives of this experiment were achieved and this experiment was
done successfully.
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the important sources in daily life. However, nowadays there
are many issue about water has been polluted. There is much type heavy metals that
throw in the water sources. The heavy metals is disturbed the light to penetrates into
the water. It found that the heavy metal has a low aqueous solution concentration.
One of heavy metal that found in water sources is chromium.
Chromium is a heavy metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other
elements. The chromium is used in metal alloys such as stainless steel, protective
coatings on metal; magnetic tapes, and pigments for paints, cement, paper, rubber,
composition floor covering and other materials. Its soluble forms are used in wood
preservatives. There are many type of chromium such as chromium (III) is an
essential nutrient for humans and shortages may cause heart conditions, chromium
(VI) is danger to human health. Chromium ion gives the low concentration to the
water stream. Chromium (VI) is also the strong oxidizing agent that gives negative
impact to the human and aquatic life because of the carcinogenic properties.
2.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this experiment are:
i.
ii.
3.
THEORY
Water pollution is undesirable change in the state of water, contaminated with
A=LC
Where is:
= molar absorbance (
L
)
mol . cm
4.
METHODOLOGY
4.1
Spectrophotometer
Pipette
10 milliliters square cuvette bottle
Distilled water
Lake water
5 set of 300 ppm of standard chromium (VI) solution of 0.03, 0.0.83, 1.67,2,5
and 3.33 milliliters.
4.2
Procedures
1. All the materials and apparatus are set up.
2. The 10 millilitres of square cuvette bottle is filled up with distilled water
and placed on the spectrophotometer slot. A zeroing step is done to ensure
that all the data obtained later is accurate.
3. 5 series of diluted solution are prepared by using the diluted method with
distilled water with the range concentration of 1 until 100 parts per million
(p.p.m) solutions. (1 p.p.m, 25 p.p.m, 50 p.p.m, 75 p.p.m and 100 p.p.m)
4. 10 millilitres of each series of diluted solution is poured into square cuvette
bottle and placed on the spectrophotometer slot to check the absorbance
value by using the spectrophotometer.
5. All the data obtained is recorded.
6. 10 millilitres of lake water sample is poured into the square cuvette bottle
and spectrophotometer is used to determine the Chromium (VI)
concentration contained in the water sample collected.
7. All the value is analyzed, the observation and the data obtained are
recorded.
5.
RESULTS
0.03
0.83
1.67
2.50
3.33
1
0.004
25
0.013
50
0.023
75
0.030
100
0.041
Absorbance Value
Trial 1
0.136
Trial 2
0.142
Trial 3
0.130
Average value :
0.136
f(x)
R ==10x
R = 0.99
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
Absorbance value
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0 0
0
20
40
60
80
6. DISCUSSION
6
100
120
7. SAMPLE CALCULATION
Part 1
To calculate volume of Chromium with concentration of 300 ppm that is needed
to to get Chromium solution with concentration of 1 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75
ppm and 100 ppm, formula that is shown below was used.
M1V1 =
M2V2
M2V2
M2V2
M1
(1 ppm)(10 mL )
300 ppm
0.03
Part 2
From the graph, the equation of the line is:
Y
0.0003x + 0.011
With average absorbance value for lake water sample is 0.136, substitute into
the equation to find x, which is concentration of water sample.
Y
y 0.011
0.0003
0.1360.011
0.0003
0.0003x + 0.011
416.67
8. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the objectives of this experiment were achieved and this experiment
was done successfully. From this experiment, it can be concluded that chromium
(VI) are present in the sample water. By using the spectrophotometer, the
concentration of chromium (VI) in the sample water is 416.67 ppm. The level of
standard allowed by the Ministry of Health Malaysia is 0.05 ppm. Therefore, the
water is concluded as contaminated and does not suitable for drinking or agricultural
purposes.
9. RECOMMENDATION
1. Get the assistance of the lab technician in preparing the experiment set up.
Read the manual carefully and get used along the apparatus and instrument of
the experiment.
2. Clean all the tubes or any apparatus that needed for placing the solution in
this experiment before using it. This may affect the results of the solution as it
reacts indirectly in the tubes.
3. Avoid from using scratch square cuvette bottle as it affect the reading of the
absorbance value in the spectrophotometer and the square cuvette bottles
must be cleansed and dried properly with a distilled water before put it into
the spectrophotometer
4. The experiments need to be done by using tap water and the absorbance
value for tap water should be determined.
10. REFERENCES
1.
Water
Pollution
(2010).
Retrieved
November
7,
2014
from
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-water-pollution.html
2. Determination of Chromium (VI) Concentration via Absorption
Spectroscopy
(2012).
Retrieved
November
7,
2014
from
http://www.emecs.or.jp/01cd-rom/section_3_e/sec3_a_ro_b_6_e.html
3. Determination of Chromium (VI) Concentration via Absorption
Spectroscopy
.Retrieved
November
10,
2014
from
https://www.scribd.com/doc/141643891/39166236-Determination-ofChromium-VI-Concentration-via-Absorption-Spectroscopy-Experiment1
11. APPENDIX
10