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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM

AND ITS

BACKGROUND

A. Introduction.
In todays security devices, a CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) camera is a must
for most business-operated establishments like groceries, hotels, malls, etc. because this
allows a user to see what is happening on a specific area in any given time. With this
technology, a satisfying percentage of crime rates decreased at areas where CCTV
cameras are installed and operated. A typical CCTV camera can only record and monitor
an area where it is installed to but as aspiring business owners in the future, we want the
highest level of security possible for our houses and offices especially when we are not
present. We want to be notified as soon as danger or intruders are seen by our
surveillance cameras so we can take immediate actions and prevent losses or damages to
our properties. This problem motivated us to innovate the existing technology we are
currently enjoying to give us a more secured environment.
On a review made by www.popcenter.org , CCTV system is not a physical barrier.
It does not limit access to certain areas, make an object harder to steal or a person more
difficult to assault and rob. This does not mean it is not an example of situational crime
prevention. It is highly situational, and as will be shown, does have some crime
prevention capacity in the right situations. Although CCTV has many functions, the
primary preventative utility is to trigger a perceptual mechanism in a potential offender. It
seeks to change offender perception so the offender believes if he commits a crime, he
will be caught. In other words, CCTV aims to increase the perceived risk of capture, a

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factor which, assuming the offender is behaving in a rational (or limited rational) manner,
will de-motivate the potential offender
CCTV is not designed and intended to catch offenders instantly during their act of
crime or violence. In fact, the CCTV camera is created by Germans to serve as eyes for a
dangerous experiment. The use of CCTV for crime prevention was implemented a
number of years after the Germans used it for experimental purposes. It was installed to
monitor and survey an area because guards, police officers, and other security personnel
cannot be at multiple places at a time. As time progresses, a number of developments to
the camera had been installed and used.
This development intends to further minimize the number of unsolved recorded
crimes that the surveillance camera caught. By equipping the CCTV (Closed-Circuit
Television) mobility and communication capabilities, the proponents will give it another
level of functionality. The development may not catch a suspect instantly but it will give
users the fastest time to respond to an impending danger caught by the home security
robot. This feature hopes to yield a positive result whenever it is used by a homeowner, a
business owner, etc.

B. Background of the Study

According to whatis.com, a CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) is a TV system in

which signals are not publicly distributed but are monitored, primarily for surveillance
and security purposes. This technology is widely used by people today and is popular to
many commercial establishment-owners and even homeowners. With this device, we can

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have an eye to an area and record all it sees every single second. This really helped the
security of locations where this technology is implemented for it can help you monitor
the area without being physically there. CCTVs really made an impact to the society
today by helping us see more of our environment.

A CCTV can only cover a limited range of area and it is immobile. It cannot see
through obstructions and cannot notify the user instantly when it captures an event where
an immediate action is needed. Most of the users can only see what happened on that area
when he/she arrives there and view the recorded event from the CCTV after the danger
had happened. Because of these limitations a CCTV has, some crimes are left unsolved
because of the late response the device gave. These problems lead us to modify and make
a better surveillance device for our home and our offices.

As ECE students, our group decided to take advantage of our wireless technology
and mobility to further enhance the CCTV cameras has. This took us to the use of our
mobile phones as receivers of the camera. This will enable the users to keep an eye on
their properties when they are not present there. Their mobile phones will also be used to
maneuver the bot so it can monitor different places depending on the users directions.
This feature will help us to monitor our belongings and properties whenever we are on
the go.

Due to the demand for immediate notification and response for an impending
danger, we decided to improve the CCTV by putting motion sensors on the camera so it

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can take a photo whenever a moving object is detected which will be sent to the user to
make him/her know that the bot has detected something. When the user receives the
image, he/she will now have an option to call the nearest police station on his home or
establishments vicinity. For fire accidents, the bot will be equipped with smoke, heat,
and fire detector sensors that when triggered will notify the user. When the user receives
the notification, he/she can maneuver the bot via mobile phone to confirm if the cause of
the smoke is fire. If he/she confirmed that there is fire, the user can now call the nearest
fire station at his location to respond on the accident.

C. Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to develop the Home Security Robot that will
combine CCTV with our mobile phones to give a user access to the robot wirelessly.
This development also aims to give the user control using their handsets. The team is
dedicated

to

apply

our

knowledge

of

electronics,

circuitries,

and

wireless

communications to achieve the development of surveillance cameras to increase the

security it can give to peoples homes. This study will hopefully change the idea of a
person when it comes to the level of security and help a CCTV can help. With the help
of the technology today, this development will ensure a better surveillance and
protection to our home.

In line with this, the project aims to achieve the following specific objectives:

To build a new version of the CCTV camera equipped with more electronic
features which can enhance its effectiveness.

To construct a prototype that can be mobile and can carry the camera with it.

To integrate the technology of CCTV today by equipping it with sensors and

communication capabilities.

To give the user level of security he/she desires by allowing him/her to access
the robot when it encountered danger.

D. Significance of the Study

This study is important for it discusses the endless possibilities a technology can
be developed. As time progresses and discoveries are made, engineers are challenged to
take a step forward on using these options to create something new or improve an
existing technology to make it more useful. With this, we can encourage people to think
outside the box and unleash their creativity to enhance usual objects they are using so it
can be more functional. This will be significant to many people for security is always a
top level necessity. In this study, a CCTV camera will be further studied and modified
and to give people a new level of security and surveillance.

The following is the list of people and group that can benefit from the study:

Homeowners and Business owners As security is a must for every house and
establishments, this development will enable you to have a more secured and
protected environment whether you are present or not at your property.

Security Agencies/Police Departments This development will enable agencies to

guard and protect a place more effectively. It will also enable security guards to
respond quickly to impending dangers. The features added to the CCTV can make
a security personnels job to easier yet more efficient and effective.

CCTV Manufacturers/ The study will give an idea on how CCTV can be
improved to give more services to consumers. This research can also help on how
to maximize wireless communications and alarm systems to give a higher security
to users wherever they are. This will open up the endless realm of possibilities to
enhance this surveillance technology and give better results on the future.

Students This research can be vital to learners for it shows the application of
almost 5 years of electronics and communications engineering study by the
developers. This can serve as an encouragement to learn more about what they are
hearing and reading in class and apply them to objects they see and use. The study
tends to let students be creative and always imagine ways to innovate and reinvent
life.

E. Scope and Limitation

The study will focus on applying wireless communication capabilities to a CCTV

camera. This also includes equipping a camera to a mobile object to eliminate the typical
stationary surveillance cameras. This study consists of using only motion and smoke sensors
to add more features to the camera. The coverage of the study is comprised of how these

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sensors, maneuvering capabilities, and wireless communication can affect the effectiveness
of the normal CCTV camera when they are put together on a single prototype. This also
includes how the new device can be able to interact with its user when the alarms installed on
them are triggered.

The study is limited to the use of communications and sensors on increasing the
security a CCTV camera can give. It does not seek to solve every impending danger this
development can see when it is operating. This development will run through a DC output
and this will give the robot usage limitations. This development does not cover to notify the
user about all types of impending dangers the prototype will detect except for those events
where motion and smoke/fire is present and exhibited.Other than those stated above, the
prototype will be unable to:

Maneuvering through higher terrains than where it is initially positioned.

Being in areas where a Wi-Fi connection is absent or weak.
Moving through surfaces with a high inclination degree.
Surveillance will only be accessed through devices with internet capabilities.

F. Conceptual Framework
In order to successfully achieve the desired outcome of this study, certain
procedures, requirements and ideas were carefully discussed to conceptualize the
projects design and development. After a long deliberation and brainstorming, one
thought was agreed upon and had resulted into this concept.
OUTPUT

INPUT
PROCESS

Principles and concepts

on basic CCTV design,
Small vehicle design
and Wireless
Communication
Application.

Hardware components
of:
Battery
Smoke Sensors
DC Motor
Vehicle Body
Wheels
Fire Sensor
IP Camera w/ Motion
Detection
Arduino Board
Software components
including Arduino.

Surveillance with
Smoke and Motion
Detection

Prototype connection
to Wi-FI.
Sending the user
notifications when
sensors are triggered
Granting the user
surveillance and
mobility access
through smartphones.
Finding a way to keep
the components intact
when prototype is
moving
Programming the
microcontroller to
achieve desired
response.

Fig. 1 Conceptual framework of the study

Maneuvering of
prototype wirelessly
through devices with
internet connectivity
Surveillance of the
location where the
prototype is through
smartphones.
Reception of
notification from the
prototype when
sensors are triggered
Giving the user a
chance to respond
quickly to impending
danger from the
notifications sent

Fig.1 shows the process of the development is done. From the input, using the
knowledge of electronics, wireless communications, and the CCTV technology and its
current limitations, this study is dedicated to apply all of this knowledge to come up with
a better prototype. The prototypes main concept is to attach a CCTV to a vehicle to grant
mobility to the device. This vehicle will of course be made up of DC motors, wheels,
battery, etc. It will then be equipped with smoke and motion sensors and a
microcontroller to give the prototype intelligence.

The PROCESS shows the programs the study must achieve to get the desired
output. It also exhibits the problems that this development may encounter during the
construction of the prototype. Finally when the all things worked together, an OUTPUT
is achieved. These part of the framework shows the response of the prototype when its
sensors are triggered. When all things come together, the user will be able to access the
surveillance function of the prototype using Android and iOS devices while maneuvering
the robot and receive notification from the prototype when its sensors detects and
impending danger.

G. Operational Definition of Terms

Android An operating system for smartphones, tablets and laptops from the
Google-sponsored Open Handset Alliance. This operating system will be the only

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software capable of handling the application to access the prototypes surveillance

and maneuvering controls.

iOS - Is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. and distributed
exclusively for Apple hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of

the company's iDevices.

Camera A device that is used for taking photographs or for making movies,
television programs, etc. In this study, the camera is used as the basic component

for the CCTV technology to be able to record surveillance clips.

CCTV (Closed- Circuit Television) A TV system in which signals are not
publicly distributed but are monitored, primarily for surveillance and security
purposes. In this study, the CCTV is the technology we are trying to develop to

make it more effective.

Mobile Phone - A telephone with access to a cellular radio system so it can be
used over a wide area, without a physical connection to a network. Mobile phones
are used at this development for this is the device that will receive data from the

prototype wirelessly.
Motion Sensor A device that detects moving objects, particularly people. This
sensor is attached to the prototype and serves as an alarm system to notify the user

when moving objects are present in its location.

Notification A written or printed notice, announcement, or warning. In this
study, a notification will be the output the user will receive when the prototype is

alarmed.
Robot A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions
automatically, especially one programmable by a computer. In this development,
the prototype is classified as a robot for it is programmed and can perform a
number of functions automatically.

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Smoke Sensor An alarm device that automatically detects the presence of

smoke. This sensor is used to let the prototype have the capability of detecting

smoke to notify the user of this impending danger.

Wi-Fi A local area wireless technology that allows an electronic device to
exchange data or connect to the internet using 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz SHF
radio waves. The term Wi-Fi is used at this development as the connection

medium the prototype will be able to use to transmit data to the user.
Wireless Communication Wireless communications is a type of data
communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly. This is the
communication medium this study is applying to the CCTV camera to interact
with a user far from its location.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW

OF

RELATED LITERATURES

AND

STUDIES

This chapter is designed to identify and enumerate several researches related to the

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present study. The purpose of this review is to set the current research project within a
conceptual and theoretical context.

This includes a number of citations from magazines,

journals, newspapers, case studies, theses, research papers and other reliable literature
sources.

This chapter highlights local literatures, foreign literatures, local studies and

foreign studies.

The earliest usage of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) according to covertvideo.com dates
back to 1942 when the German military used remote cameras to observe the launch of their
rockets and when they are developing and testing atomic weapons. This use of cameras
helped them have a vision of these tests from a safe distance. Because of the function it can
give to people, it was widely used by other government and military units on their sites. In
the 1970s and 1980s it was commonly used by private establishments to add security
measures on their properties. As time goes by, this technology is becoming more popular
internationally using them for various purposes like monitoring traffic and business
surveillance.

The evolution of the CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is clearly visible to the public. This
day, the technology is continuously being innovated as people desire different uses for this
type of cameras. In line with this, different variations of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television)
cameras have been created. The most commonly used styles of camera today are dome,
bullet, box, PTZ, and covert.

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Fig.2 Example of a Dome Camera

Dome cameras are becoming increasing popular due to their ability to blend in with their
surroundings. These cameras are used in residential applications as well as public places
such as convenience stores, offices, and lobbies. Though they can be mounted on walls,
they are usually mounted on ceilings.

Fig.3 Exampleof a Bullet Camera

Bullet cameras are encased in cylindrical usually weather resistant housings. Their size, cost
and integrated design make them a great choice for home and outdoor installation.

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Fig.4 Example of a Box camera

Box cameras can be used with or without housing. In most instances, they are used with
a housing and bracket unit for outdoor areas such as parking lots and entry gates. Lenses
are purchased separately offering greater flexibility.

Fig.5 Example of a PTZ camera

PTZ cameras (Pan, Tilt, and Zoom) are more expensive but offer the operator more control
with remote pan/tilt/zoom. These cameras are used primarily when an operator is actively
monitoring an area and needs to manipulate the camera. They are popular in department

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stores, casinos and government buildings.

Fig.6 Example of a Covert camera

Covert or Spy cameras are designed for discreet installations. They are commonly referred
to as a nanny cam. Used frequently by private investigators, they effectively capture video
without others being aware.

Since the development of the CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) technology, it has been
used mostly for surveillance and security purposes. With the help of cameras, the need for
people actively patrolling on an area may be eliminated. This function that the technology
can bring to its user enables them to be at multiple places at a time.

According to an

infographic made by odesys.co.uk, crime has decreased 48% and 70%of crimes caught on
tape are solved since the insatallation of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) on the United
Kingdom.

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Fig.7 An excerpt from the infographic, CCTV Preventing Crime

This excerpt from the infographic discussed at last paragraph shows the decrease of
crime and burglaries on the United Kingdom since the installation of CCTV cameras on the
location. This infographic also shows the number of criminals arrested in a single week
because of the technology which covered the crime as it happens. Because of this change
on crime rates, the UK Metropolitan police once said that If criminals see that CCTV works,
they are less likely to commit crimes following their support on the implementation of CCTV
to fight crimes.

The popularity of CCTV cameras is getting higher every year. From the website politics.co.uk,
it is stated there that on March 2011; the United Kingdom already has 1.85 million CCTV
public and private owned cameras installed. That is equivalent to 2.8 cameras for every 100
people. On the other hand, when people are asked about how they feel about installing
surveillance cameras on the country, a statistic from the website library.ca.gov, proved that
CCTV made them feel safe.

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Fig.8 Statistic about Britains view on the use of CCTV cameras

This study shows that a vast majority of a population agrees that more CCTV (Closed Circuit
Television) should be installed for it is an enhancement to an areas security measure.
Because of this technology, people feel safer whenever they can see that a CCTV camera is
present on their vicinity.

Since the technologys introduction during the early 40s, several developments have been
done and innovations are continuing to be implemented on the CCTV camera. On a blog
made by a CCTV manufacturer 2MCCTV (2mcctv.com), a brief discussion and an infographic
about the CCTV technology can be read. When it was used by the Germans during their
rocket and weapon testing, the device was only composed of cameras and monitors. This
enabled them to have a live stream of what the camera can see. The limited feature
hindered users of the CCTV technology back then to play back the event the camera had
seen.

The limited number of hardware components and features of the CCTV (Closed Circuit
Television) technology was resolved during the early 1980s when the VCR (Video Cassette
Recording) was introduced to the electronic market. This hardware enabled the CCTV
camera to record and playback, thus eliminating the need to monitor the cameras when

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they operate. Because of the VCRs storage insufficiency, it was later replaced by a DVR
(Digital Video Recorder) which have a more storage space and a more consistent image
quality. Nowadays, the a wireless transmission of CCTV camera recordings is possible thanks
to the Internet. Because of these technological upgrades, CCTV can be accessed remotely
via Internet-capable devices like our computers and our mobile phones.