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INTRODUCTION
SOC/ = SOCo - n -I -t dt
Rj
(1)
where
SOC/: SOC at time t
SOC o: SOC at starting time
17: discharging or discharging efficiency
I: battery current
t: time
The capacity could be changeable by the temperature. The
efficiency is influenced by the internal resistance and other
aspects such as temperature. Based on this definition in (1),
Coulomb counting method is very convenient although the
precision of modeling is influenced by the several conditions
as described previously.
There have been proposed many battery models. In this
section the advantage and disadvantage of the conventional
battery models are described .
Eo
Eo
-T_ _
Fig. 3. Resistive Thevenin battery model.
Eo
= ~(z)-IcR;c(z)
Eo(z) = ~(z)+ IdR;Az)
Eo(z)
1.5
1.45
(2a)
I\.
.......
(2b)
_- .... -
~-
Averaged OCV
1-hr OCY oata aner lC charge
l- hr OCV data aner tC discharge
OCY equatlon
--..,<,
~-
1.25
1.2
(3)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
(5)
=tanh(x-ao)+b.
(6a)
f_(x) = tanh(x+aO)-bl
(6b)
f+(x)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
The Langevin model leads to the well known Curie law for
paramagnetic susceptibility [11]. Generally, Curie law could
be described by (4).
C(x) =
A( coth ;
- :)
(4)
-0.6
-0.8
-4
-3
-2
-1
100
(7)
y
where xmis x at maximum value of fux).
For minor loop, the curve could be described by the
following equation:
f+(x)
= tanh(x-ao)+c u
(8a)
Y1
o
(8b)
Cd
=C1
Cd =C 1
(9a)
tanh(-x m +ao)-tanh(x+ao)
tanh(-x m +ao)-tanh(x r +a o)
(9b)
x
Fig. 7. Observed value, Yi andcurve model, ttx;).
(9c)
where x, is the reversal point of minor loop.
However, in naturally, the hysteresis curve obtained from
the experimental data might not fully followed by the Takacs
model. So it is proposed to add an additional polynomial
function to cover any possibilities of a hysteresis characteristic
which is not fully followed by the Takacs model. The
improvement ofthid model is shown in (10):
f+ (x)
=tanh(x -
a o) + b,
+ f+r (x)
(10a)
hI + [.; (x)
(10b)
D. Scaling Technique
Takacs model is based on a tangent hyperbolic function.
The typical curve is shown in Fig. 8. As shown in Fig. 8, the x
axis could be set from any values and the maximum value of
the y axis is unity. In a battery model, the x axis could be
OCV and the y axis could be SOC. The OCV value is higher
than zero. For single cell NiMH battery, the OCV is
approximated 1.2-1.4V. The SOC value is in the range of
0-100%. The difference between the original Takacs model
and its application for battery model can be solved by scaling.
The scaling technique to solve the different between
original Takacs model and battery modeling is shown in Fig. 8.
V. RESULT
A.
OCV Measurement
In this experiment, Sebang GMH 100 NiMH Battery rating
of I.2V and 100Ah is used. The experiment is done with the
Batte
Basic Takacs
Model
SOC
ma
Model
----------------_
_-----
Ymax ---------- ;
!;
!
X max
: ------- Ymin
soc.; --------:
;
ocv.;
Fig. 8. Illustration forscaling technique.
OCV max
1,50
---------------
--------------
---------------
,----~---~---~---~--______,
1.' 0
1.' 0 , - - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - , - - - - - - ,
1.40
------------
1.20
1.40
......:
1.30
1.20
,,
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,
---------------- ,.----------------,---------------,,
,,,
,,
,
,,
,
-- -------------,---------------
30.00
1,00
0.80
..
0'0
..
!' :
40 .00
50 .00
60 ,00
0 .40 '-----_ _
70.00
.............. ,
30 .00
40 .00
50 .00
T ime
:: .-
,,
..
,,
::T::::::-.. --'r
1.35
--
1.32
,,
,,
.,,
...
,"
1.25
1.22
-----~----
1.20
... - .......
38,00
37 .00
42 .00
4 1.00
40.00
30 .00
43,00
,,
,,
,
,...
,,
,,
.
.
,
.
.................................................
_.,.
.... _
41 .00
Tim e (l<s)
,
,
, __.... _.... , .... _..... -_. _-_......
,,
,,
,
,
,
......................................
1.18 '-----_ _
1.34
~ t .~
1.27
\.
1.38
,,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .
1.30
1.40
'.36 ~
80 .00
(Ks)
1.37 ,----~--~--_--_--_-----,
,
,
,
,,
_ _------'
70.00
.,,
60 .00
Time (Ks)
,
,
_.,,, .. _
__
42 .00
,,
,,
.. _
,,,
_.
,
,,
.
----J
43 .00
44 .00
45 .00
47 .00
46 .00
Ti me (Ks)
100
00
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
()
~
40
20
o
1.1
--- T---'----I---- - -
- - -
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-I- -
I
-I -
--I -
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-I -
---r-
- -+ - - -
-0- - - - ....
1
1
1
-+
1
1
()
o
I
I
00
1
1
00
1
1
1
20
- - - - ~ - - -~ - - - ~ - - - ~ - - -
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.4 5
OGV (V )
1.5
o
1.1
1
1
1
L
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- - -
-- ~--I
~---
1
1
1
~---
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
1
~---~----I---
I
I
I
1
1
1
~ - - -~ - - - -I - - -
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
1
- - -: - - -
-+
I
00
1---~---
- - :- - - - - - - J -
100
.:
I
---+--1. 15
+- - - ~ - - - -:
1
1
1
: :0
I
I
I
~---~---
-- ~--I
---~---~---- 1----~ 8
:
00
B. OCV Modeling
1--- ~---
+- - - ~ - - - -:
1
1
1
1
1
1
--- +---
- - - ~ - - - -: - - 1
I
I
I
1
1
1
1. 15
1
1
1
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.4 5
OGV (V )
1.5
m inor loop
1 20 ,-----~-~-~--~-~-~--~-,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
--- T--- l-------- ~---r---l--- ~---
100
I
I
00
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~ 00 ---+---~----:----~
b'
40
- - -
- - -
I
I
1. 1
I
I
- -t - - - - :- - -
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I '
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
--'-1.15
~--I
- - - - :- - -
o ---T---20 ' --
I
I
--- ~---
_ __ J
I_
I
I
~
I
I
I
--I----r---r--- '---,---
----'-1.2
- '1.25
1.35
1.4
I
I
- - ' --
-'
1.4 5
1.5
OCV(V)
REFERENCES
[l]
Kong Soon Ng, Chin-Sien Moo, Vi-Ping Chen, and Yao-ching Hsieh,
"Enhanced Coulomb Counting Method for Estimating State-Of-Charge
and State-Of-Health of Litihium-Ion Batteries," Journal of Applied
Energy, vol. 86, no. 9, pp. 1506-1511, Sept. 2009.
[2] V. Pop, H. 1. Bergveld , J. H. G. Op het Veld, P. P. L. Regtien , D.
Danilov, and P. H. L. Notten , "Modeling Battery Behavior for Accurate
State-of-Charge Indication," Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
153 (11), A2013-A2022 , 2006.
[3] Antoni Szumanowski and Yuhua Chang, "Battery Management System
Based on Battery Nonlinear Dynamics Modeling ," IEEE Trans on
Vehicular Tech, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1425-1432, May 2008.
[4] X. Tang, X. Zhang , B. Koch, and D. Frisch, "Modeling and Estimation
of Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Hysteresis for SOC Estimation ," Proc.
International Conference on PHM, 2008.
[5] J. Takacs, "A Phenomenologi cal Mathemati cal Model of Hysteresis," Int.
J. for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, vol. 20, no.4, pp. 1022-1014,2001.
[6] Salameh et. AI, "A Mathematical Model for Lead-Acid Batteries," IEEE
Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 7, no.I , pp. 93-97, March 1992.
(7] Min Chen and Gabriel A. Rincon-Mora, "Accurate Electrical Battery
Model Capable of Predicting Runtime and I-V Performance ," IEEE
Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 504-511,2006.
[8] D Sutanto and HL Chang, "A New Battery Model for use with Battery
Energy Storage Systems and Electric Vehicles Power Systems," Conf.
Proc. of IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 1, pp.
470-475 ,2000.
[9] Novie Ayub Windarko , Jaeho Choi, and Deoksu Hyun, "SOC
Estimation based on OCV for Continuous Charging/Discharging Process
in NiMH Battery," Proc. of;rdJapan-Korea Workshop Joint Technical
Workshop on Semiconductor Power Converter, pp. 1-6,2009.
[101 Mark Verbrugge and E. Tate, "Adaptive State of Charge Algorithm for
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries including Hysteresis phenomena,"
Journal ofPower Sources, 126, pp. 246-249 ,2004.
[Ill Amalia Ivanyi, Hysteresis Models in Electromagnetic Comp utation, Int'I
Specialized Book Service Inc., 1997.
Appendix
Table 1. Parameters for major loop.
Charg ing mode
Or iginal Takacs
mode I paraneter
Scale :-2.4.$X~.2
a,r1.8 ,
bF400.81 21387e-003,
xnF2
min 1.20SV,
max 1.403V
a,rO. 3,
b,=10 .277758532e-003 ,
xnF2.2
o. min 1.2051/ ,
max 1.403V
1.315.$Xs1 .403
dt~2 . 55568899316082e+003
dt1=-7.01542603433868e+O
dt0=4. 81266304689473e+003
1.296.$Xs1.315
0'Z?-0-51 .823217920938ge+003
d21= 136.401466204330e+003
daF-89.7447602244507e+003
1.205.$Xs1.296
~-3. 49373888793905e+003
d31=8 .61994532792247e+003
1130=-5. 31395291040670e+003
1.370.$Xs1.403
c t 1=2ZJ
ctO=-321
VI. CONCLUSION
Polynomial for
irrprovement
Discharging mode
Scale :-2.sX~
1.313.$Xs1.370
c21=-202 .9383
caF270.6711
1.205.$Xs1 .313
c31=34.8241
c3?=-41 .9630
20-0%
40-0%
60-0%
Original
Takacs mode I
Par ameter
Scale:
- 2.35Xs1 .0
x,=l .348V
x,r1.205V
a,rO .3
b,=12e-003
Scale:
-2.3~ 1.2
x,=l .368V
x,r1.205V
a,rO.3
b,=12e-003
Scale:
-2.3~ 1.6
x,=1 .378V
x,r1.205V
a,rO.3
b,=12e-003
80-0%
Scale:
-2. 3~.0
x,=1 .391V
x,r1.205V
a,rO.3
b,=12e-003