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Hsiao-Jung Lai
Hsiu-Yueh Hsu
Min-Tao Hsu
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413
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Instrumentation
An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect the following data.
Demographic Characteristics Information on the partici-
pants age, gender, socioeconomic status, and family structure (living in a family with or without both parents) was
collected. Socioeconomic status was determined based on
the highest levels of education and the occupation of both
parents.
Suicidal Ideation The suicidal ideation of participants
was measured using a single item adopted from the questionnaire of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health
Promotion, n.d.). This item has been used in periodic U.S.
national surveillance. The item is During the past 12
months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?
This item was scored as no (0 points) or yes (1 point).
Risk Factors Risk factors included individual and environ-
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TABLE 1. Internal Consistency, TestRetest Reliability, ICC, and Factor Analysis of Scales
Factor analysis
Protective factors
Future aspirations
Emotional adaptation
Family communication
Self-esteem
Risk factors
Life stress
Depression
Bullying victimization
Fathers suicidal ideation
Mothers suicidal ideation
Peers suicidal ideation
Cronbachs !
ICC
No. of factors
.69
.62
.80
.84
0.81
0.67
0.76
0.75
1
1
1
2a
61.93
57.33
71.95
59.56
.92
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.90
1.0c
0.78
1.0c
1.0c
0.8c
5b
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
53.83
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Note. ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient for testYretest reliability; NA = not applicable.
a
Two factors were termed positive evaluation and negative evaluation. One item was discarded because of low factor loading (G.30).
b
Five factors were termed family stress, environmental stress, school stress, peer stress, and academic stress.
c
Cohens kappa.
Procedures
Permission and support for this study were obtained from
each selected school. An anonymous questionnaire with a
cover page to ensure confidentiality was distributed to each
student during a regular class period. After teachers left
the classroom, questionnaires were administered to particq
Total, n (%)
No, n (%)
Yes, n (%)
323 (56.0)
211 (36.6)
43 (7.5)
261 (80.8)
181 (85.8)
34 (79.1)
62 (19.2)
30 (14.2)
9 (20.9)
283 (49.0)
294 (51.0)
253 (89.4)
223 (75.9)
30 (10.6)
71 (24.1)
465 (80.6)
112 (19.4)
391 (84.1)
85 (75.9)
74 (15.9)
27 (24.1)
362 (62.7)
139 (24.1)
30 (5.2)
294 (81.2)
119 (85.6)
25 (83.3)
68 (18.8)
20 (14.4)
5 (16.7)
#2
2.57
0.277
18.33
G.001
4.19
.041
1.35
0.507
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Data Analysis
Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 16.0 for
Windows. Chi-squared tests and t tests were performed to
analyze the relationships between demographic characteristics, risk factors, protective factors, and suicidal ideation.
Hierarchical logistic regression was used to analyze the
important explanatory variables of suicidal ideation. Each
step reported j2 log likelihood; Nagelkerke R2, indicating
proportion of explained variance; and the chi-square value
associated with the change in j2 log likelihood measuring
improved model fit. The HosmerYLemeshow goodness-of-fit
test measured whether the data fit the model. In all tests,
p values of less than .05 were interpreted as statistically
significant.
Results
Of the participants, 17.5% (n = 101) reported having
suicidal ideation. Participants who were female, who were
living without both parents, who had depression, or whose
mother or peers had suicidal ideation had a significantly
higher proportion of suicidal ideation than others did. Adolescents who had suicidal ideation had significantly higher
scores of life stress, higher scores of bullying victimization,
lower scores of self-esteem, lower scores of future aspira-
TABLE 3. Distribution and Comparison of Risk Factors and Protective Factors to Suicidal
Ideation (n = 577)
Risk factors
Depression
Yes
No
Mothers suicidal ideation
Yes
No
Fathers suicidal ideation
Yes
No
Peers suicidal ideation
Yes
No
Life stress
Bullying victimization
Protective factors
Self-esteem
Future aspirations
Emotional adaptation
Family communication
Total, n (%)
No, n (%)
Yes, n (%)
60 (10.4)
517 (89.6)
30 (50.0)
446 (86.3)
30 (50.0)
71 (13.7)
#2
48.96
G.001
17.04
G.001
0.31
.57
63.86
G.001
28 (4.9)
549 (95.1)
15 (53.6)
461 (84.0)
13 (46.4)
88 (16.0)
8 (1.4)
569 (98.6)
6 (75.0)
470 (82.6)
2 (25.0)
99 (17.4)
114 (19.8)
463 (80.2)
65 (57.0)
411 (88.8)
49 (43.0)
52 (11.2)
M T SD
M T SD
M T SD
40.21 T 21.03
0.27 T 0.58
37.04 T 20.01
0.22 T 0.52
55.14 T 18.81
0.48 T 0.78
j8.35
j3.19
G.001
.002
6.05
2.78
5.14
1.55
G.001
.006
G.001
.121
15.77
5.88
7.37
3.26
T
T
T
T
4.49
1.66
2.40
2.21
16.27
5.97
7.61
3.33
T
T
T
T
4.36
1.65
2.36
2.25
13.39
5.47
6.29
2.95
T
T
T
T
4.33
1.66
2.31
2.01
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Step 2
Step 3
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
0.69
1.07
2.50***
1.78*
1.35
0.42Y1.13
0.46Y2.50
1.53Y4.05
1.04Y3.06
0.81Y2.26
0.90
1.16
4.67***
1.47
1.26
0.50Y1.60
0.41Y3.24
2.46Y8.86
0.77Y2.81
0.70Y2.26
0.99
1.10
4.23***
1.40
1.45
0.54Y1.80
0.39Y3.16
2.20Y8.14
0.72Y2.73
0.79Y2.67
1.03***
4.13***
2.62
1.62
3.71***
1.76**
1.02Y1.05
2.06Y8.28
0.41Y16.74
0.59Y4.39
2.10Y6.57
1.16Y2.68
1.03***
3.41***
2.86
1.28
4.15***
1.80**
1.01Y1.04
1.66Y7.01
0.43Y19.11
0.44Y3.70
2.29Y7.51
1.16Y2.81
0.92*
1.03
0.88*
1.00
0.85Y0.99
0.86Y1.24
0.78Y1.00
0.88Y1.14
Note. R 2 = 40.6%. The results of Step 4 are not shown because all statistics were not significant. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
a
Reference group: age of 15 years.
b
Reference group: male.
c
Reference group: living with parents.
d
Reference group: middle and high socioeconomic status.
*p G .05.
**p G .01.
***p G .001.
Discussion
Results showed that 17.5% of adolescents reported having
suicidal ideation in the previous year. This prevalence is
similar to that of a previous systematic review showing
that 19.3% (95% confidence interval = 11.7Y27.0) of
adolescents had suicidal thoughts in the previous year
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