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Department of Information & Communications Technology

HKIVE (TY)
Broadband Networks Tutorial #9
1.

Besides traffic engineering, state two other features that MPLS supports.

2.

Define FEC in MPLS

3.

Besides participating in the establishment of LSPs, state another function supported by LSRs
in MPLS.

4.

a)
b)
c)

5.

Explain briefly how an ingress LSR forwards an incoming packet.

6.

Draw a diagram to show the format of an MPLS label.

7.

a)
b)

c)

8.

a)
b)
c)

Is an LSP in MPLS a physical path or a logical path?


Is an LSP in MPLS uni-direction or bi-direction?
Is it true that an LSP have to follow the shortest path between two LERs?

Is it necessary for a core LSR in an MPLS domain to classify incoming user data
packet?
Two pieces of information are required to provide the context to determine the next
hop and other associated processing, e.g. out going queuing, for an incoming user
data packet. State these two pieces of information.
Draw a diagram to show the components of the user data packets forwarding engine
in a core LSR.
Where do LSPs originate and terminate in an MPLS domain?
How does an ingress LSR create an initial MPLS frame for an unlabelled incoming
data packet?
With the help of a diagram, briefly explain how an ingress LSR forwards an
incoming user data packet into the core of an MPLS domain

9.

a)
b)

Briefly explain MPLS Behavior Aggregate.


Briefly explain why ingress rate shaping is necessary.

10.

a)
b)
c)

What is traffic engineering.


State two benefits that service providers can obtain in using traffic engineering.
Explain how service providers can use traffic engineering in their networks.

11.

a)
b)

Draw a diagram to show the IP over ATM model.


State 6 disadvantages of the IP over ATM model.

12.

Besides packet forwarding, state another 3 functional components that MPLS provides to the
router-based traffic engineering solution.

13.

a)
State the two pieces of information that needed to be distributed to all routers in a
service providers routing domain in order to support traffic engineering.
b)
State two IGPs that have been extended to carry the two pieces of information in a)
above
d)
Besides link color, state another 4 traffic engineering extensions added to the IGP
link state advertisement.
e)
Briefly explain what is link color and how it is being used.
f)
Draw a diagram to show the components in the control plane of an LSR that involved
in information distribution.

14.

a)
b)

What is the different between a strict explicit route and a loose explicit route?
State the difference between IGP routing and Constraint-based routing in path
calculation.
c) Draw a diagram to show the components in the control plane of an ingress LSR that
involved in path selection for an LSP.
d) List 4 different kinds of information stored in the TED that need to be input into the CSPF
algorithm for on-line constraint shortest path calculation for an LSP.
e) What is the drawback in on-line path calculation? How can this problem be fixed?

15.

a)
b)
c)

16.

a)
How can an LSP be installed after the path for this LSP has been calculated?
b) Draw a diagram to show the signaling components in the control plane of an LSR that
involved in setting up an LSP.
c) State 3 label distribution protocols.
d) What is label binding and how is it being triggered?
e) Draw a diagram to show downstream-on-demand label distribution and another diagram
to show downstream-unsolicited label distribution.
Give one example of protocol that distributes labels in downstream-on-demand
fashion.
Give one example of protocol that distributes labels in downstream-unsolicited
fashion.
f) Does RSVP-TE work in ordered or independent label control mode?
g) i) Are the physical paths taken by the LSPs using LDP to distribute labels the same as
the routes calculated by traditional IGP?
ii) Are the LDP peers in an LDP session have the to adjacent in an MPLS network?
iii) State 4 types of LDP messages exchanged between LDP peers in an LDP
session.
h) i) State 7 RSVP message types.
ii) In RSVP-TE, do RSVP sessions extend from host to host or only exist between
ingress LSRs and egress LSRs?
In addition to support traffic engineering, RSVP-TE also solve a problem in
RSVP. State this problem.
iii) State 6 new objects defined in RSVP-TE to support traffic engineering in MPLS.
Draw a diagram to show how these labels together with other necessary RSVP
objects are included in the PATH or/and RESV messages to setup an LSP
tunnel.
iv) Referring to figure 6.22, can the LSP take another physical path from the ingress
LSR to the egress LSR other than the one indicated in this figure? Why? If
yes, state this physical path.
v) How does an ingress LSR get the information of the actual route of an LSP that
traverses through an MPLS domain to an egress LSR?
vi) Which RSVP-TE object is used to control an LSPs priority, preemption and
fast re-route feature?
vii) How can an LSP be uniquely identified through out its life even if it is being rerouted?
viii) State the two objects in RSVP-TE that form the Flow Descriptor.
ix) Fixed Filter is one of the two resources reservation styles in RSVP-TE. State
the other resources reservation style.
Give one application example that need Fixed Filter resources reservation.
Which LSR along the physical path of an LSP choose the reservation style?
x) With reference to figure 6.28 in notes, briefly explain how LSR 1, LSR 2, LSR
3 and LSR 4 create or process the PATH and RESV messages in order to
setup an LSP between LSR1 and LSR 4 using RSVP-TE.
xi) With the help of a diagram, briefly explain how the egress LSR forwards an
outgoing packet if the label in the Penultimate LSR is:
- 0;
- 3
- any value not equal to 0 or 3.
A total of 3 diagrams with one diagram for each case are required.
xii) With reference to figure 6.29 in notes, layout the forwarding/switching table in
LSR 2 and LSR 3 for the LSP in this figure. Assume the format of the
forwarding/switching table is as show in figure 6.24 in notes.

17.

a)
b)
c)
d)

What is a traffic trunk?


Briefly explain how traffic trunks enable a network adapts to changing load condition.
State 7 kinds of attributes of traffic trunks that are significant for traffic engineering.

With MPLS fast re-route, how fast can an LSP be re-routed?


List 3 conditions that may trigger an established LSP being re-routed.
Which reservation style in RSVP-TE prevents double counting of resources when the
backup path and the primary path share common link(s)/hop(s).
With the help of diagrams, briefly explain the difference between end-to-end
protection switching and one-to-one local repair backup scheme in MPLS.

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