Biaxial Columns Design

Biaxial Bending and Axial

Load
Unaxial bending
about y-axis

Biaxial Bending and Axial

Load
The biaxial bending moments
Mx = P*ey
My = P*ex

Approximate Analysis
Methods
Design: Pu Muy, Mux

Pu, Puex, Puey

Approximate Analysis
Methods
1
Pn

1
Pn

Pn

P0x
1
P0x

P0y
1
1
P0y

1
P0

1
P0

Pn = Nominal axial strength at eccentricities, ex & ey

Approximate Analysis
Methods
P0 = Axial Load Strength under pure axial compression
Mnx = Mny = 0
P0x = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ey
Mnx = Pney
P0y = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ex
Mny = Pnex

Biaxial Bending in Short

Columns
Analysis Procedure: Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers Formula:

Pn

Steps:
1) Calculate P0

P0x

P0y

P0

2) Calculate P0y ( Pn for e = ex, ey = 0 )

3)Calculate P0x ( Pn for ex= 0, e = ey )
4) Calculate Pn (from Breslers Formula )

Slender Columns

Long Columns
Slender Columns
Slender
Column

Column with a significant reduction in

axial load capacity due to moments
resulting from lateral deflections of the
column (ACI Code: significant
reduction 5%)

Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
OA - curve for end moment
OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ midheight)
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
s (slenderness effects)

Long Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in braced or non-sway
frames and less than half of columns in unbraced or
sway frames would be classified as slender
columns.

Long Columns

braced or non-sway frames

Long Columns

unbraced or sway frames

Effective Length
The effective length - klu
lu - clear distance between floors.
k - ratio of the distance between points of zero
moments in the columns

Slenderness ratio =

klu
r

Long Column - Slenderness

Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns
(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection

Long Column - Slenderness

Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns
(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection

Long Column Slenderness ratio =

lu = Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor
r = Radius of gyration

klu
r

I
A

= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns

= 0.25* overall depth of circular columns

K Factor
=

EI / lu of columns

EI / l

of beams

A and B are the top and

bottom factors of the
column. For a hinged end
is infinite or 10 and for
a fixed end is zero or 1

General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity

Ec = 15000 f ck
Moment of Inertia

I = 0.35 I g for a beam

I = 0.70 I g for a column

K Factor
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)

k = 0.70 + 0.05 ( A + B ) 1.0

k = smaller of
k = 0.85 + 0.05 min 1.0
A and B are the top and bottom factors of the
column.

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K Factor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends

20 m
if m = avg < 2.0 : k =
1+ m
20

if m 2.0 : k = 0.9 1 + m
b) One hinged or free end

k = 2.0 + 0.3
Non-sway frames: 0 k 1.0
Sway frames:

1.0 k

( typically k=1.5)

Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
Lateral deflection increases moment

M = P*( e + )

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Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.

o = first-order deflection due to Mo

a = second-order deflection due to Po

Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
OA - curve for end moment
OB - curve for maximum
column moment @ midheight)
Axial capacity is reduced
from A to B due to increase
in maximum moment due to
s (slenderness effects)

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Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, ns, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.

M c = ns M 2
where

ns =

Cm
1.0
Pu
1

0.75 Pc

Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column

Pc =

2 EI

( klu )

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

EI =

0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
1 + d

conservatively

EI =

0.4 Ec I g
1 + d

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Moment Magnification in
Non-sway Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment
diagram to the equivalent uniform moment diagram.
For members without transverse loads

M
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 1 0.4
M2
For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, Cm = 1.0

Long Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends

singular curvature

double curvature

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