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ARCH 785 / Spring 2009

ADVANCED RESEARCH METHODS IN ARCHITECTURE

INSTRUCTOR: Brian Schermer


OFFICE: AUP 389 (229.3815)
OFFICE HOURS: Wednesdays 1:30 - 3:00; & by appointment
E-mail: bscherm@uwm.edu
CLASS MEETINGS: Thursdays, 1:30-4:10, room 183
PREREQUISITES: ARCH 585

COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course provides you with an in-depth examination of various research issues and methods, and practical
experience in understanding and interpreting qualitative and quantitative data analysis. By the end of the term you
should acquire the following skills:

• An ability to critically assess the strengths and weaknesses of various research studies and techniques;
• An appreciation of multiple methods and perspectives in analyzing problems;
• Recognition that theory, epistemology, and methodology are interrelated features of the inquiry endeavor;
• An ability to transform a problem or question to a plan of research, and experience in implementing the plan
and interpreting the results;
• An understanding of the underlying assumptions of beginning-level parametric and nonparametric statistical
techniques, and a critical reading of studies using such;
• A demystification of qualitative research and data analysis.

COURSE DESCRIPTION
Class sessions consist of seminar discussions of various methodological topics. You are expected to attend all
classes and participate fully. I will not summarize the required readings, but we will use them as a platform for further
discussion. Your course evaluation includes attendance and participation. In order to participate fully, read all the
required readings before these sessions. Class sessions consist of seminar discussions of various topics. For each
class and each reading, your responsibility is to:
x Recognize the key concepts that the author is talking about
x Be able to describe these concepts in your own words
x Be prepared to offer your own critical opinions about the readings

You will have 4 take-home reviews during the semester. They will include: critiques of selected research articles;
essays; and short-answer and fill-in questions. No computer-based statistical questions will be posed. However,
these reviews will require in-depth analysis and attention to various facets of the issues in the readings and
discussions. You will receive the review assignment one week before it is due. I anticipate that each review will take
between 4 and 8 hours of your time in responding to questions. Even though these are take-home assignments,
unless otherwise directed, you are expected to do them independently with no discussion among your colleagues. I
do not expect you to be in peak form all the time, although I expect you to demonstrate your best performance
throughout the semester. Accordingly, if you “blow it” for one of the reviews but excel in the remainder of the work,
your grade will not be affected by your singular poor performance However, you are required to participate in all four
reviews.

Due dates for these reviews are: February 26; March 12; April 2; May 10. You will receive the exam one week
prior to the due date.
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In addition, you will undertake a research proposal and pilot study. The research proposal will cover a literature
review, critique, and analysis; development/refinement of a conceptual framework that guides the research questions
and research design; well-crafted research questions grounded in prior empirical and theoretical research; and a well-
developed research design that is also appropriate to the theoretical approach underlying the study. The research
will involve researching, when appropriate, Institutional Review Board (IRB) requirements (see web site
http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/RSA/Public/irb.html and for procedures for submitting a protocol); and instrument
development. This assignment is explained in a separate hand-out. I strongly urge you to begin this project
immediately; you may be surprised how long it takes to formulate a research question and appropriate research
design. You will submit interim drafts of the research study during the semester. Deadlines are indicated on the
project assignment handout.

EVALUATION
Your final grade in the class is based on:

Examinations 40%
Class preparation, participation, attendance 10%
Research proposal and study 50%

READING MATERIAL
Most of the readings will be selections from books and journals. Most will be available from e-reserve. In those
cases in which I am requesting you to read more than one chapter from a book, you can locate the book on the
traditional reserve system at Golda Meir (since they do not allow multiple chapters from one source to be placed on e-
reserve). Depending on student interest, I may add or substitute readings over the course of the semester.

In writing your research proposal, three books will be useful in guiding you as you design your study and craft the
development of arguments and claims. All (though not necessarily the latest editions) are available on reserve at
Golda Meir Library:

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb & Joseph M. Williams. 2003. The Craft of Research. Second edition.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Q180.55 M4 B66 2003

O’Leary, Zina. 2004. The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: Sage. Q 180.55 M4 0425X 2004

Browne, M. Neil & Stuart M. Keeley. Eight Edition. Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking.
Fourth edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

There are also a few recommended books that will be particularly useful to you in developing your research study.
Because of the small size of the seminar, I have not placed them on reserve, but most are all available at Golda Meir
Library.

Andrews, Frank M., Laura Klem, Terrence N. Davidson, Patrick M. O’Malley & Willard L. Rodgers. 1981. A
Guide for Selecting Statistical Techniques for Analyzing Social Science Data. Second edition. Ann Arbor, MI:
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. HA 29 G897 1981

Bechtel, Robert B., Robert W. Marans & William Michelson, eds. 1987. Methods in Environmental and
Behavioral Research. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. BF 353 M48 1990
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Becker, Howard. S. 1986. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. H91 B4 1986

Berg, B.L. 1998. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Third edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
H61 B52 1998

Bickman, Leonard & Debra J. Rog, eds. 1997. Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.

Creswell, John W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage. H61 C73 1998

Denzin, Norman K. & Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2005. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
H62 H2455 2005

Groat, Linda N. & David Wang. 2002. Architectural Research Methods. New York: Wiley.

Gubrium, Jaber F. & Holstein, James A. 1997. The New Language of Qualitative Method. New York: Oxford
University Press.

Locke, Lawrence F., Waneen Wyrick Spirduso & Stephen J. Silverman. 2000. Proposals That Work. Fourth
edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Q180.55 P7 L63 2000

Neuman, W. Lawrence. 1997. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third
edition. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. HM 48 N48 1997

Patton, M.Q. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. H62
P3218 1990

Robson, Colin. 1993. Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers.
Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. H62 R627 1993

Sanoff, Henry. 1991. Visual Research Methods in Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
NA 2750 S25 1991

Zeisel, John. 1981. Inquiry by Design: Tools for Environment-Behavioral Research. Monterey, CA:
Brooks/Cole. BF 353 Z44
SARUP & UNIVERSITY POLICIES

The School of Architecture & Urban Planning has distributed an Honor Code to all students; please make sure you
read and understand these policies. In addition, the department has on file university policies regarding: participation
by students with disabilities; accommodation for religious observances; academic misconduct; complaint procedures;
grade appeals procedures; sexual harassment; courses for which final examinations are not mandatory; and other
standing policies. Should you need to view such policies, please see the department chair or the instructor for copies.
Excerpts from these policies follow:

Participation by students with disabilities. lf you need special accommodations in order to meet any of the
requirements of this course, please contact the instructor immediately.

Religious observances. Please inform the instructor of any religious holidays or other days of special religious
significance that may interfere with your participation in this class. She will try to accommodate these events.

Academic misconduct. The University has a responsibility to promote academic honesty and integrity and to
develop procedures to deal effectively with instances of academic dishonesty. You are responsible for the honest
completion and representation of your work, for the appropriate citation of sources, and for respect of others”
academic endeavors.

Grade appeal and complaint procedures. You may appeal a grade on the grounds that it is based on a capricious
or arbitrary decision of the instructor. Such an appeal follows the established procedures adopted by the Department
of Architecture, available in writing from the Chair of the Department. You may direct complaints to the Department
Chair or, if the complaint allegedly violates a University policy, it may be directed to the Chair or the appropriate
University office responsible for enforcing the policy.

Special consideration. The principle of equal treatment of all students is a fundamental guide in responding to
requests for special consideration. No student shall be given an opportunity to improve a grade that is not made
available to all members of the class. This policy is not intended to exclude reasonable accommodation of verified
student disability or the completion of work missed due to religious observance, verified illness, or absence due to
circumstances beyond your control. Reconsideration of subjective judgments of an individual student’s work will be
done only if all students in the class can be and are given the same consideration.

Sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is reprehensible and will not be tolerated by the University. It subverts the
mission of the University and threatens the careers, educational experience, and well being of students, faculty, and
staff. The University will not tolerate behavior between or among members of the university community that creates
an unacceptable working environment.
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COURSE TOPICS & READINGS


Readings are on e-reserve unless indicated otherwise

1. Jan 29 Generating Research Questions


Wicker, Alan W. 1985. Getting out of our conceptual ruts: Strategies for expanding conceptual frameworks.
American Psychologist, 40/10: 1094-1103. (review from 585)
Platt, John R. 1964. Strong inference. Science, 146/3642: 347-353.
Lamott, Anne. 1994. Shitty first drafts. From, Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. New
York: Pantheon. (21-27)
O’Leary. Chapter s 1-3 - required text
Wang, David. May 2003. Categories of ACSA conference papers: A critical evaluation of architectural
research in light of social science methodological frameworks. Journal of Architectural Education, 56/4:
50-56.

2. Feb 5 Crafting & Strengthening Arguments & Claims; Critical Literature Reviews
Groat, Linda & Wang, David. Architectural Research Methods. Chapter 3 (Literature Review)
Draft Booth et. al. Section III (85-148) – required text
Research
Questions Browne & Kelly: Chapters 1-8 – required text
Due
Ahrentzen, Sherry. 2003. Double indemnity or double delight? The health consequences of shared housing
and “doubling up.” Journal of Social Issues, 59/3: 547-568.
Handy, Susan. December 2003. Critical Assessment of the Literature on the Relationships Among
Transportation, Land Use, and Physical Activity. Written for the Transportation Research Board and
Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use, Draft.
Brown, Barbara & Deborah L. Bentley. 1993. Residential burglars judge risk: The role of territoriality.
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13: 51-61. (ONLY READ pp. 51-53)

3. Feb 12 Linkages between Theory, Epistemology, & Methodology


Guba, Egon & Yvonna Lincoln. 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In Norman K. Denzin &
Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (105-117)
Neuman, W. Lawrence. 1997. Chapter 4: The meanings of methodology. From, Social Research Methods:
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. (60-87) Book on
traditional reserve: HM 48 N48 1997

Bredo, E. & W. Feinberg. 1982. Conclusion: Action, interaction, and self-reflection. In E. Bredo & W.
Feinberg, eds. Knowledge and Values in Social and Educational Research. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press. (423-442)
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4. Feb 19 Assessing Research Quality


Maxwell, Joseph A. 1992. Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review,
62/3: 279-300.
Morse, J.M., M. Barrett, M. Mayan, K. Olson & J. Spiers. 2002. Verification strategies for establishing
reliability and validity in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1 (2). See
website: www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/1_2Final/html/morse.html
Lather, Patti. 1986. Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 56/3: 257-277.
Pandiani, John A. & Corrine Glesnoe. 1992. Interpreting divergent results of triangulated research: A review
of three studies of housing needs of adults with psychiatric diagnoses. Sociological Practice Review, 3:
87-93.
Optional: Two seminal readings that represent the conventional positions:
Cook, T.D. & D. Campbell. 1979. Validity. From, Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for
Field Settings. Chicago: Rand McNally. (37-94)
Guba, Egon G. 1981. Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational
Communication and Technology Journal, 29/2: 75-91.

5. Feb 26 Data Analysis: Foundations, Expectations, Caveats


Take Browne & Kelly, Chapters 9-13 – required text
Home O’Leary, Zina. 2004. Chapter 12: Data management and analysis. – required text
Review
Due Collins, Randall. 1988. Appendix A: What is statistics: Method or theory? From, Theoretical Sociology. San
Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. (496-511)
Stevens, William K. 29 September 1998. When scientific predictions are so good, they’re bad. New
York Times, B11, 14.
Leonhardt, David. 28 April 2001. Adding art to the rigor of statistical science. New York Times, A15.
Paulos, John Allen. 1998. Chapter 1: Between stories and statistics. (7-34) From, Once Upon a Number:
The Hidden Mathematical Logic of Stories. New York: Basic Books.

Also check out these web sites before this class session:
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/whatstat/
http://www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson/pa765/statnote.htm
http://bama.ua.edu/~jleeper/627/choosestat.html

I’m expecting you know how to conduct univariate descriptive statistics from ARCH 585 or other
courses. If not, please make sure you read the following:
Huck, Schuyler W. 2004. Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics: The Univariate Case. (17-47) Reading
Statistics and Research. 4th edition. Boston: Pearson Education. On Traditional Reserve
Sommer, Robert & Barbara B. Sommer. 1980. Chapter 17: Descriptive Statistics. (193-206) A Practical
Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools and Techniques. New York: Oxford University Press. On
Traditional Reserve
Optional and for Future Reference:
Marans, Robert & Sherry Ahrentzen. 1987. Developments in research design and analysis: Quantitative. In
E.H. Zube & G.T. Moore, eds. Advances in Environment, Behavior, and Design. Volume 1. New York:
Plenum. (251-277)
Morton, Adam. 1997. Chapter 9: Bayesian and naturalist theories. From, A Guide Through the Theory of
Knowledge. Second edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell. (178-211)
Tufte, Edward R. 1997. Visual Explanations. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
Tufte, Edward R. 1983. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.

6. Mar 5 THE BASICS OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: NON-PARAMETRIC


Literature Sommer, Robert & Barbara B. Sommer. 1980. Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics. (207-229) A Practical
Review Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools and Techniques. New York: Oxford University Press.
7

Examples:
Ahrentzen, Sherry. 1990. Managing conflict by managing boundaries: How professional homeworkers cope
with multiple roles at home. Environment and Behavior, 22/6: 723-752.
Korpela, Kalevi, Marketta Kyttä & Terry Hartig. 2002. Restorative experience, self-regulation and children’s
place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22: 387-398.

7. Mar 12 Individual Sessions to Review Research Proposal


Take home
review 2
8. Mar 19 --Spring Break--

9. Mar 26 The Basics of Inferential Statistics: Parametric (Bivariate)


Nunnally, Jum. 1960. The place of statistics in psychology. Educational and Psychological Measurement,
20/4: 641-650.
Sommer, Robert & Barbara B. Sommer. 1980. Chapter 18: Inferential Statistics. (207-229) A Practical
Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools and Techniques. New York: Oxford University Press.
Huck, Schuyler W. 2004. Chapter 9: Statistical Inference Concerning Bivariate Correlation Coefficients.
(207-232) Reading Statistics and Research. 4th edition. Boston: Pearson Education. On Traditional
Reserve
Huck, Schuyler W. 2004. Chapter 10: Inferences Concerning One or Two Means. (233-294) Reading
Statistics and Research. 4th edition. Boston: Pearson Education. On Traditional Reserve

Examples:
Kaplan, Stephen, Foster D. Dale, and Rachel Kaplan. 1987. Patterns as hypotheses: An empirical test.
(188-193) In J. Harvey & D. Henning, eds. Public Environments: Proceedings of EDRA 18.
Washington, DC: EDRA.
Fisher, Gustave N., Cyril Tarquinio & Jacqueline C. Vischer. 2004. Effects of the self-schema on perception
of space at work. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24: 131-140.
Hartig, Terry, Marlis Mang & Gary W. Evans. 1991. Restorative effects of natural environmental
experiences. Environment and Behavior, 23/1: 3-26.
Lima, Maria Luisa. 2004. On the influence of risk perception on mental health: Living near an incinerator.
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24: 71-84.

Optional:
Huck, Schuyler W. 2004. Chapter 7: Hypothesis Testing. (145-178) Reading Statistics and Research. 4th
edition. Boston: Pearson Education. On Traditional Reserve
Huck, Schuyler W. 2004. Chapter 8: Effect Size, Power, CIs and Bonferroni. (179-206) Reading Statistics
and Research. 4th edition. Boston: Pearson Education. On Traditional Reserve

10. Apr 2 Students’ Presentation of Research Proposals


Take home
review 3
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11. Apr 9 Qualitative Research Approaches: Analysis


Tesch, Renata. 1990. Types of qualitative analysis. (77-102) From, Qualitative Research: Analysis Types
and Software Tools. New York: Falmer Press.
Robson, Colin. 1983. The analysis of qualitative data. From, Real World Research. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
(370-407)
Levine, Murray. 1980. Investigative reporting as a research method. American Psychologist. 35/7: 626-638.
Firestone, William A. & Judith A. Dawson. 1988. Approaches to qualitative data analysis: Intuitive,
procedural, and intersubjective. In David M. Fetterman, ed. Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation in
Education: The Silent Scientific Revolution. New York: Praeger. (209-221)
Creswell, John W. 1998. Chapter 8: Data analysis and representation. From, Qualitative Inquiry and
Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. (139-165)

We may also want to read:


Kemmis, Stephen and Robin McTaggart. Chapter 22: Participatory Action Research. In Denzin, Norman K.
& Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2000. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 567-606.
To be made available

For Future Reference:


Polit, Denise F. & Bernadette P. Hungler. 1999. Chapter 22: The analysis of qualitative data. From, Nursing
Research: Principles and Methods. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

12. Apr 16 Qualitative Research Approaches: Textual & Phenomenological Analysis


Hycner, Richard H. 1985. Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Human
Studies, 8: 279-303.
Mostyn, Barbara. 1985. The content analysis of qualitative research data: A dynamic approach. In M.
Brenner, J. Brown & D. Canter, eds., The Research Interview: Uses and Approaches. London:
Academic Press.
Zuboff, Shoshana. 1988. Appendix B: Notes on field-research methodology. From, In the Age of the Smart
Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books.

We may also want to read:


Chambers, Erve. Chapter 33: Applied Ethnography. In Denzin, Norman K. & Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2000.
Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 851-869.

Examples:
Korosec-Serfaty, Perla. 1984. The home from attic to cellar. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 4: 303-
321.
Orona, Celia J. 1997. Temporality and identity loss due to Alzheimer’s disease. In Anselm Strauss & Juliet
Corbin, eds. Grounded Theory in Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hill, Miriam Helen. 1989. Bound to the environment: Towards a phenomenology of sightlessness. In David
Seamon & Robert Mugerauer, eds. Dwelling, Place and Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of
Person and World. New York: Columbia University Press. (99-111)

13. Apr 23 Qualitative Research Approaches: Models & Matrices; Case Studies
Miles, Matthew B. & A. Michael Huberman. 1988. Drawing valid meaning from qualitative data: Toward a
shared craft. In David M. Fetterman, ed. Qualitative Approaches To Evaluation In Education. New
York: Praeger. (222-244)
Newman, W. Lawrence. 1997. Chapter 16: Analyzing qualitative data. From, Social Research Methods:
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. (418-441) Book on
traditional reserve: HM 48 N48 1997
Francis, Mark. 2001. A case study method for landscape architecture. Landscape Journal, 20: 15-29.
Yin, Robert K. 2003. Chapter 5: Analyzing case study evidence (109-140). From, Case Study Research:
Design and Methods. 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Huberman, A. Michael & Matthew B. Miles. 1994. Data management and analysis methods. In Norman K.
Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
(428-444) On traditional reserve: H62 H2455 1994

We may also want to read:


Stake, Robert E. Chapter 16: Case Studies. In Denzin, Norman K. & Yvonna S. Lincoln. 2000. Handbook
of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 435-454

Example:
Mattern, Shannon. 2003. Just how public is the Seattle public library? Publicity, posturing and politics in
public design. Journal of Architectural Education, 5-18.

14. April Qualitative Research Approaches: Archival & Historical Analysis


30
Fischer, David Hackett. 1970. Chapters 4 (Fallacies of Generalization), 5 (Fallacies of Narration), 6
(Fallacies of Causation). (103-186) In, Historians’ Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought.
New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Stille, Alexander. 10 March 2001. Prospecting for truth in the ore of memory: Oral history is gaining new
respect through insights into its distortions. New York Times, A15, A17.
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1972. Appendix: Sample & methodology for study of nineteenth century
communes. From, Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (241-269)
Friedman, Alice T. 1998. No ordinary house: Frank Lloyd Wright, Aline Barnsdall and Hollyhock House.
(32-63) From, Women and the Making of the Modern House: A Social and Architectural History. New
York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
Chow, Renee Y. 2002. Chapter 5: Accommodating Choice. (81-108) From, Suburban Space: The Fabric
of Dwelling. Berkeley: University of California Press.

15. May 7 Students’ Presentations of Final Research Study

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