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Abstract
An improved dynamical model for vibration damping in composite structures is introduced to investigate the stacking sequence
and the degree of anisotropy as a function of the vibration modes. Extensive investigation has been carried out from the tting of
modal measurements with lowest residual errors to establish quasi-uniform mass damping models in terms of normal coordinates
system. The analysis of the obtained results proves not only the eciency of the proposed model but also its applicability in any wide
range of frequency spectrum of composites. 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Composite; Uniform mass damping; Modelling; Code no.; Model parameters; Eigen-value problem
1. Introduction
Composite damping or energy dissipation property of
vibrating composite structures, refers to a complex
physical dynamic nature that is amenable to rheological
modal analysis. In a broad class of composite structures,
the distinguishing characteristic of the damping mechanism is its strong dependence on the eigenfrequencies
such that it exhibits little damping at high frequency
level [1,2].
In contrast to the dynamic nature of isotropic materials, a further complication arises in composite domain
due to the mutual eects of various parameters, such as
code number, degree of isotropism (volume fraction),
boundary conditions as well as the vibrating mode
number on the damping and stiness distributions. As an
example, the decreasing of volume fraction of the ber
enhances energy dissipation by increasing the loss associated with matrix composite [24]. It might be expected
that the natural frequencies of vibrating composite
structures and in sequence the damping capacity, can be
altered by changing the layer's orientations and stacking
sequence [5,6], so that the damping nature as a function
of frequencies of composites should be further studied.
At the present time, it is still dicult to determine
accurately the modal characteristics of composite
structures (particularly damping parameters) by an analytical approach. The experimental conrmation prediction is therefore at very least desirable and can be
*
Corresponding author.
0263-8223/99/$ see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 2 6 3 - 8 2 2 3 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 0 5 1 - 3
164
rst four natural modes are listed in the third and fourth
columns in these tables, respectively.
To highlight the unpredictable nature of the damping
parameters, various curves representing mutual relationships of modal parameters were plotted in Figs. 3
and 4.
The close agreement of the results of the proposed
mathematical and experimental models proves the ecient applicability of the proposed models for deeply
understanding the dynamic nature of vibrating damping
composite structures.
Table 1
The numerical and experimental modal parameters of the rst four
modes of the xed-free GRP beam of volume fraction 15%
Table 2
The numerical and experimental modal parameters of the rst four
modes of the xed-free GRP beam of volume fraction 45%
Frequency,
x (rad/s)
Frequency,
xd (rad/s)
Damping,
g (%)
13.334
4.370
2.552
2.080
[0/0/0]a
1
2
3
4
299.004
1873.816
5246.742
10281.522
295.310
1859.823
5152.212
10040.530
10.106
3.632
2.256
1.564
185.354
1244.071
3606.548
7200.530
13.898
4.546
2.614
2.094
[0/30/0]b
1
2
3
4
296.372
1857.310
5196.766
10190.975
289.027
1847.256
4988.849
10027.964
10.870
3.996
2.330
1.630
208.936
1307.506
3661.049
7174.191
179.071
1237.788
3581.416
6754.424
14.912
5.076
2.632
2.280
[0/45/0]c
1
2
3
4
294.926
1848.281
5175.234
10141.394
282.743
1859.823
4951.150
10015.397
11.112
4.222
2.348
1.662
[0/90/0]d
1
2
3
4
208.482
1306.526
3658.309
7168.825
175.929
1231.504
3568.849
6572.212
16.072
5.612
2.728
2.486
[0/90/0]d
1
2
3
4
294.631
1846.433
5170.069
10131.272
276.460
1822.124
4913.451
9952.566
11.932
4.396
2.430
1.704
[45/45/0]e
1
2
3
4
171.160
1072.640
3003.425
5885.510
163.363
1043.009
2978.230
5811.946
20.000
6.024
3.798
2.648
[45/45/0]e
1
2
3
4
230.643
1445.403
4047.176
7930.844
213.628
1432.566
4021.239
7929.380
15.294
5.702
2.812
2.298
23.684
8.196
4.534
3.086
[45/0/45]f
1
2
3
4
141.529
886.960
2483.511
4866.691
138.230
841.947
2475.575
4863.185
20.910
7.462
3.808
2.842
Frequency,
x (rad/s)
Frequency,
xd (rad/s)
Damping,
g (%)
[0/0/0]a
1
2
3
4
211.109
1322.981
3704.384
7259.115
188.496
1294.336
3694.513
7250.796
[0/30/0]b
1
2
3
4
209.544
1313.186
3676.958
7205.362
[0/45/0]c
1
2
3
4
Mode no., i
[45\0\45]f
1
2
3
4
123.615
774.666
2169.094
4250.556
119.381
766.549
2161.416
4234.867
Mode no., i
2. Problem statement
The governing equations of free damped vibration of
a laminated structural model of n degrees of freedom
may be expressed as
mq cq_ kq 0;
1
where m, c, k are the n n mass damping and stiness
matrices, respectively and q is the corresponding n 1
displacement vector.
In the absence of damping, Eq. (1) become
m
q kq 0;
substitute the trial solution
q V eixt
in the last equation and premultiplying the resulting
equation by m1 we have
EV VP;
the natural frequencies x and the corresponding mode
shapes V are obtained by solving the eigenvalue problem
EV VP;
2
where E m1 ; k is the n n inverse dynamic matrix.
V is the n n orthogonal classical modal matrix
formed from the eigenvectors Vr and P is the n n diagonal frequency matrix containing the n squared frequencies (x2r ) for r 1; 2; . . . ; n.
Having obtained the complete set of n eigenpairs, the
orthogonality properties of mass and stiness matrices
are then expressed as
M VT mV dmT
r mmr c Mr
K VT mV dmT
4
r kmr c kr ;
where M and K are the n n diagonal mass and stiness
matrices.
Considering the invariance of the modal matrix under
raising the matrices E and P to any rational positive
number a, the eigenvalue problem (2) may be recast as
DV V^;
5
where D Ea and ^ Pa .
Here a is the control weight factor to be chosen for
minimizing the weighted residual. A special case, at
which amax 1, was considered for the uniform mass
damping matrix of the composite in equivalence to the
damping of isotropic structure presented in Ref. [1].
3. Mathematical model of vibration damping of composite
structure
It was mentioned in Ref. [1] that the hyperbolic relations between loss factors (g) and natural frequencies
(x) of the composite plate, vibrating at the rst mode for
dierent boundary conditions, provide a more reliable
prediction throughout the utilization of the uniform
mass damping scheme. These relations were established
165
6
j
where D E ; ^ P .
From denition, the right-hand side of the previous
equation is a diagonal matrix. It follows that mDj satises the orthogonality conditions. Let a damping matrix be represented as a linear combination of the
compound matrix given by:
X
aj mDj :
7
c
j0
The proposed form (7) satises the orthogonality conditions such that
cm1 k km1 c:
With regard to Eqs. (6) and (7) this diagonalized damping matrix is then given by
X
aj M^j :
8
C Cr VT cV
Here the damping coecient of the rth mode is expressed as
X
aj Mr kjr ;
9
Cr mTr cmr
j0
x2a
r .
where kr
In view of the hyperbolic relationship between the
loss factor g and the natural frequency derived in Ref.
[1], the rth loss factor can be modied to be
X
aj xa2j1 :
10
gr
j0
In the composite domain the computation of damping constants requires high computational eort compared with the isotropic one. For simplicity, the series
given by Eqs. (7), (9) and (10) have been truncated respectively to the forms:
c a0 m;
11
C r a0 M r ;
12
166
gr a0 xa
r :
13
14
Here, the damping constant a0 increases as the volume fraction decreases and as the code number leading
to a low sti composite structure.
For the sake of graphical linearization, the previous
equation can be transformed into the following logarithmic form
ln g a ln x ln a0 :
0 < a < a ;
a 1 < a0 < a 2 ;
0 < g < 1:
It is obvious that the rate of change (slope) depends
on the degree of isotropism at which a 6 tan1 45 . Also
15
16
167
2 1=2
dr 1 Zr2 gr Zr
where Zr X=xr :
dr 1=gr
19
for a < 1;
1=gr
dr
for a 1;
where gr gr x1a
r :
4. Experimental model of vibration damping of composite
structural beam FRP
17
Fig. 5. Logarithmic relation between damping loss factor, g and natural frequency, x of xed-free GRP beam of volume fraction 15%.
168
Fig. 6. Logarithmic relation between damping loss factor, g and natural frequency, x of xed-free GRP beam of volume fraction 45%.
D D BA B;
where [D] is the bending stiness matrix of ber reinforced laminated plate, [B] the stretchingbending coupling matrix of a ber reinforced two-dimensional
laminate, [A] the extensional stiness matrix of a ber
reinforced two-dimensional laminate and t the thickness
of composite laminate.
Table 3
Damping parameters of the six code numbers of xed-free GRP beam for the two volume fractions (Vf )
Code no.
[0/0/0]
[0/30/0]
[0/45/0]
[0/90/0]
[45/45/0]
[45/0/45]
Vf 15%
a
a
2.248738345
0.53724390
2.4638725
0.5463537063
2.743609311
0.55319680819
3.011008077
0.5545636963
3.56531542
0.5694874495
3.797399516
0.5762650855
Vf 45%
a
a
1.973894157
0.5243924613
2.288586882
0.5362827918
2.400855191
0.5394284987
2.765085107
0.5522194691
3.097594465
0.5536083162
3.591001961
0.5741157503
In Figs. 5 and 6 the logarithmic forms of quasi- hyperbolic relations for all cases are plotted in linear
forms. It is noticed that the slopes assigned by the
169
Fig. 7. Quasi-linear relation between the damping constant, a and the stacking sequence, s for the xed-free GRP beam of volume fraction 15% and
45%.
Fig. 8. Quasi-linear relation between the damping exponent, a and the stacking sequence, s for the xed-free GRP beam of volume fraction 15% and
45%.
170
5. Conclusion
In the present work, the modeling of the damping
distribution in vibrating composite structures is established with the lowest residual errors. The tted results
of the measured values indicate the following.
(1) There is an existence of generalized quasi-rectangular hyperbolic relationships between the loss factors
and natural frequencies of composite structures and can
be found at any selected range of frequency spectrum.
(2) The developed quasi-uniform mass damping matrix by utilizing the proper weight factors permits the
utilization of normal coordinate systems for uncoupling
equations of motion of composite structure with the
high condence level at 99.5%.
(3) The angle orientations of the outer laminate have
signicant eects on the modal parameters of the composite compared with the inner laminate.
(4) The angle of orientation 45 , at which the shearing
parameter reaches highest values has the highest inu-