The Coinage of The Mamlūk Sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog

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THE COINAGE OF THE MAMLUK
SULTANS OF EGYPT AND SYRIA
BY
PAUL BALOG
NUMISMATIC STUDIES
No. 12
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
New York
1964
CONTENTS
Preface 1
Brief Survey of Mamluk History 5
Survey of the Coins
Pseudo-Ayyubid Type 12
Bahri Type 12
Burji Type 13
Legends 13
Religious Legends *5
Denominations 16
Epigraphy 17
Diacritical Points 18
Ornaments J8
Heraldry 18
Notes on Metrology 39
Mint Notes 5o
Minting Technique 54
Notes on the Organization of the Catalogue 57
Transliteration of Arabic letters 58
Bibliography 59
Abbreviations 64
The Catalogue
Bahri Mamluks 69
Burji Mamluks 247
Uncertain Attributions 384
Supplement 387
Second Supplement 394
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Index of Mints
Al-Iskandariyah 404
Al-Qahirah 45
Dimishq 49
Halab 412
Hamah 413
Tarablus 4X4
Mint Missing or No Mint 415
Index of Years
Bahri Mamluks 418
Burji Mamluks 426
Arabic Index 432
General Index 437
PREFACE
The coinage of the Mamluk sultans of Egypt and Syria is one of the richest and most
varied in Muslim numismatics and there exists an extensive literature on the subject.
Mamluk coins received notice in catalogues of the eighteenth century and were given ever-
increasing attention during the nineteenth century. Fraehn included them in nearly a
dozen papers, and Pietraszewski, as early as 1843, published his large collection with great
accuracy. This latter collection was later acquired by the British Museum. Towards the
end of the last century, when the study of Islamic numismatics was at its peak, two works
of basic importance were published. One was the Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British
Museum by Stanley Lane-Poole (ten volumes), the other the Catalogue des Monnaies
Musulmanes a la Bibliothique Nationale by Henri Lavoix (three volumes). Both works are
cornerstones in the history of Islamic numismatics and will remain valuable reference
books for a long time to come.
Many other contributions to the study of Mamluk coins have appeared subsequently,
mostly catalogues of public and private collections of varying importance, and observations
on isolated coins or numismatic problems. Oliver Codrington's article "On a Hoard found
at Broach" occupies a prominent place amongst these papers; he described an extremely
large hoard of Islamic gold and silver coins which contained several hundred dinars and
dirhems ranging from the time of al-Nasir Muhammad to the reign of al-Mansur 'Ali.
Many coins in this hoard are unique and would have remained unknown except for Cod-
rington's publication.
Excellent as the two main catalogues and the numerous shorter articles are, they are
now mostly out of date: moreover, a huge number of new coins has been discovered during
recent decades. Much unpublished material has accumulated in public and private
collections so that it is now possible to fill in wide gaps in poorly-known series and even
to describe coins of rulers who had not been represented numismatically at all. Further-
more, undated coins, on which the name of the ruler is not clear (e.g., al-Malik al-Zahir)

and no proper name is present, can now be safely attributed to the sultans who coined
them, as they were found in the same hoard with coins of the same type on which the
sultan's name is clearly present.
For example, the Antioch Hoard in the American Numismatic Society collection con-
tains fuliis dating from the end of the Bahri period until the time of Barquq. Consequently
those coins which show the name al-Malik al-Zahir cannot but belong to Barquq, the only
king of this period with the title "al-Zahir."
Heraldry, which plays a prominent role on Mamluk coins, has not received the attention
it deserves. L. A. Mayer, in his great work Saracenic Heraldry, failed to make full use of the
possibilities offered by the coinage for the study of the Mamluk blazon. We believe that
with the help of the large coin material now available we can elucidate many questions of
Mamluk heraldry which hitherto have remained obscure. Certain complicated and hereto-
Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans
fore unsolved questions of numismatic metrology and the relationship between the values
of gold, silver and copper also have been neglected and deserve study.
The writer therefore is of the opinion that a new general study of the coinage of the
Mamliiks is justified; not simply a new catalogue, as this again would be only a partial
contribution, but a comprehensive work containing the maximum of information. No
corpus, of course, can claim to be complete in such a rich field; after more than ten years
of continuous research, we still occasionally find coins previously unknown to us. It has
been the aim of this study, however, to assemble and arrange in order all types and varieties,
published and unpublished, that have come to our attention.
The present study consists, therefore, of an introductory portion and a second section
containing the catalogue. The introduction begins with a general survey of the coinage, in
which the different types, occurring successively under Bahris and Burjis, are discussed.
Description of the legends is then given; in this are included the mint and date, the royal
protocol, pious invocations and religious legends, and the indications of value. Following
this section, epigraphy is briefly examined, with mention of the accompanying diacritical
points and the ornaments which are used on the coins.
The Moslems as a rule had no understanding of heraldry in the western sense. Nor did
they have a hereditary caste of nobility such as that of the contemporary western knights.
Nevertheless, Moslems named to certain prominent posts were dubbed amirs (nobles),
and the freed and knighted Mamliiks of the Mamluk empire constituted an organized class
who did use blazons for identification. The late L. A. Mayer published an outstanding work
on the heraldry of the Mamliiks, but he did not extend his valuable study to a systemic
examination of the blazons on the coins, which would, no doubt, have led him to appreciable
results. We have, therefore, endeavored to compose a roll of arms of the Mamluk sultans,
based exclusively on the coinage. We hope that this effort will serve as a basis for further

research.
Another little known problem is that of the metrology of Mamluk coinage. In the light
of mediaeval texts it has seemed to many modern scholars that Mamluk currency did not
conform to any regular ponderal system and that the individual coins had quite irregular
weights. Better knowledge based on much more material and on research of the fineness of
alloy have shown, however, that Mamluk coinage, with modifications, still belongs to the
dirhem system and in a few cases even to that of the dinar. An entire section deals with
these questions. Other sections of the introduction contain remarks on the mints and on
the technique employed for the manufacture of the cuTrency.
At the end of the introduction is a bibliographical index and a list of abbreviations.
In view of the great number of Mamluk coins, and especially the copper fulus of some
of the later Bahri sultans, it is not possible to describe each specimen in full detail. We
have, therefore, adopted the following system for the catalogue: only one detailed de-
scription is given for identical coins, followed by all the references known to us. Whenever
the legends are incomplete but can be completed from different specimens, the reading has
been reconstructed. Minor varieties have been listed at each reference, but rare or im-
portant coins have been separately and fully described.
The coins are of course listed in chronological order whenever possible. There are, how-
ever, many coins on which mint or dateor bothare missing, and many others undated
Preface
or where the mint is not mentioned. Consequently, it became necessary to compromise:
dated gold, silver and copper are listed separately under each ruler in chronological order;
when the mint or dateor bothare absent, the listing is according to coin-types.
To illustrate the catalogue, over 81o photographs of coins have been selected from
among many more. In some cases these photographs taken directly from the coins them-
selves, in others, particularly where the coins are very worn or are covered with a dark
patina, clearer reproductions were obtained from casts. In our experience the best results
are obtained from casts when the prominent parts are slightly emphasized with graphite.
Nearly all the photographs were taken by the writer. May I express here my appreciation
to Miss Sophie Ebeid of Cairo, who over several years has graciously permitted me to use
her splendidly equipped photographic laboratory; and at the same time to my wife, who
untiringly helped me in the laborious task of printing and enlarging. I am equally obliged
to the late Mr. Raymond W. Johnson of the American Numismatic Society who kindly
photographed many coins in the museum of that Society.
I wish also to express my thanks to the Coin Department of the British Museum, to The
American Numismatic Society and to the Cabinet des Medailles in Paris, for the many
hundreds of casts they have made for me.
During my years of research on Mamliik coins many institutions and individuals have
received me cordially and given me full facilities for study as well as permission to publish
the Mamliik coins under their charge or in their possession. May I, therefore, take this
opportunity to express my warmest appreciation and gratitude to the following for their
friendly help and wholehearted scientific cooperation: Selim bey 'Abdel Haqq and Dr.
Muhammad Abu al-Faraj al-'Oshsh of the Musee National Syrien, Damascus; Mr. George
Baramki of the American University, Beirut; M. Karl Buri, Historisches Museum, Bern;
the amir Maurice de Chehab of the Musee National, Beirut; Drs. Grotemeyer and Jaeckel

of the Staatliche Munzsammlung, Miinchen; Drs. Holzmair and Komorzynski of the
Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, the numismatic section of the Museo Arqueol6gico
Nacional, Madrid; M. Yusuf Sa'ad of the Palestine Archeological Museum, Jerusalem;
R.P.August Spijkerman of the Franciscan Convent of the Flagellation, Jerusalem;
Drs. C. H. V. Sutherland and Colin M. Kraay of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; and
especially Mile. Josephe Jacquiot, M. Jean Lafaurie and M. Jacques Yvon, who have been
so patient with me during my long and repeated visits at the Cabinet des Medailles in Paris.
I also wish to thank Messrs. Theodor and Oscar Horovitz of Geneva, formerly Alexandria,
M. Raoul Bajocchi of Cairo and Mr. Philip Thorburn of Cranley, Surrey, who all most
obligingly permitted me to include their Mamluk coins in this volume.
But I feel particularly indebted to three great numismatists: Dr. George C. Miles, Chief
Curator of the American Numismatic Society, who permitted me to work on the very
rich material of Mamluk coins in his charge at that institution where the wonderful stimu-
lating atmosphere will remain one of my most pleasant memories, Dr. John Walker,
Keeper of the Department of Coins and Medals at the British Museum, for the warm
cordiality with which I have always been received and encouraged to study the un-
paralleled collections under his care; and M. Jean Babelon, then Conservateur en Chef of
the Cabinet des Medailles, Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, who kindly allowed me to
examine the magnificent Mamluk series in that collection.
This work would doubtless be more complete were it not for two serious shortcomings:
I regret that it has not been possible to visit the collection of Mamluk coins of the Berlin
Museum, which surely would have added much to the corpus; and the rich Mamluk
material in the Museum of Islamic Art is also missing from the catalogue, because at
the time of its composition these coins were not yet available for examination.
To the American Numismatic Society goes my heartfelt gratitude for making the publi-
cation of this volume possible. I am especially grateful to the Editor, Mr. Sawyer McA.
Mosser, for the labor and care which he has devoted to the task of seeing the manu-

script through the press.
A BRIEF SURVEY OF MAMLUK HISTORY
The word "Mamluk" (literally translated "owned") does not by any means signify
slavery in the true sense of the word. Although the Mamluk, or male slave, was really
acquired by his Moslem master either by purchase or by capture in war or in a raid, he
did not serve as a common slave or domestic servant but became a highly valued body-
guard, soldier, or even gentleman-at-arms.
He was brought up and well cared for by his owner, given thorough training in the mili-
tary arts, in warfare and in sports, which at that time were the privilege of the caste of
knights. When the Mamluk page grew up to become a full-fledged soldier, there was prac-
tically no limit to his advancement. According to his ability, the faithful services rendered
to his master and his exploits on the battlefield, he was not only eligible for manumission,
but, if his character and ability were outstanding, he was raised to the rank of amir. How-
ever, even after he became a nobleman and commander of other Mamluks, a firm bond
attached him to his former master in domestic matters as well as in politics and in war.
The fact of having been a Mamluk carried no blemish; on the contrary, these knights
were proud of their relationship with the great princes and lords they formerly served,
and thought of themselves as the ruling class of the country. They also felt a close kinship
towards their fellow Mamluks serving a common master.
Although no racial distinctions were made in the choice of young male captives to be
sold as Mamluks, they were, in great majority, Turks. The 'Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad
began the custom of keeping a large retTnue of personal bodyguards, recruited from
Turkish Mamluks, in order to protect them against their unruly Arab countrymen who,
in their turbulant and undisciplined ambitions for personal power and independence,
continuously stirred up trouble and sedition and were a constant menace to the Caliphs.
To ensure the devotion of the Mamluk soldiery, their owner had to reward them cease-
lessly with lavish presents, robes of honour, valuable donations of land and tenure of office,
and often with the governorship of rich provinces and cities. It is not surprising, therefore,

that the Mamluks soon became, from simple slaves, a ruling military caste of noble knights
who could do or undo sovereigns, and whose benevolence or dissatisfaction decided the
fate of Caliph or sultan. They had to be cajoled and bribed incessantly. They formed clans
according to their origin or through allegiance to a common master. Therefore, the Sultan's
power often depended on his ability to acquire the support of the majority of the Mamluk
amirs and their retinue.
The custom of relying on a large Mamluk bodyguard was extensively adopted by many
a Moslem ruler even among those of Egypt. The Ayyubids had their regiments of Mamluk
soldiery, but the system was brought to perfection by al-Salih Ayyiib, Saladin's great-
grand-nephew. Not only did the main forces of the Egyptian army under him consist of the
splendid Mamluk cavalry, but the whole administration of the government slipped into
the hands of the most powerful amirs.
In fact, when the dynasty's Egyptian branch became extinct after the assassination of
al-Salih Ayyub's son Turunshah, by the Bahri Mamluks, it was the college of the great
Mamluk nobles who elected his successor. Thus, without any incident or even without
the people realizing it, a complete change of dynasty was accomplished. The Bahri Mam-
luks, who took over the government of Egypt and part of Syria, were Turks; they were
named Bahri or "fluvial" Mamluks from their barracks situated on the island of Rhoda
in the Nile.
For the first and only time in the history of Moslem Egypt, a woman, Shajar al-Durr,
was elected queen (May, 125o A.D.). She qualified for the throne through the excellent
leadership of which she gave proof during the last illness of her husband, al- Salih Ayyub,
as well as after his death, when she kept the reins of government firmly in hand. Further
titles to the legitimacy of her rule were her status as widow of the late sultan and, last but
not least, the fact that she was the mother of al-Salih Ayyub's son. The fact that this son
was already dead at the time of her election does not seem to have diminished the validity
of her claim. She managed the affairs of state very ably during the short two months
of her reign (125o). She was, however, compelled to abdicate and turn over the govern-
ment to Aybak, one of the leading Mamluk amirs, after violent protests of the Caliph,
who could not tolerate a woman on Egypt's throne.
Thus Aybak (125o-1257 A.D.) became the newly elected king of Egypt. In order to
consolidate his position, he married Shajar al-Durr, although he already had a wife (whom
he was compelled to divorce), and a son. But he also had to defeat the ambitions to the
throne of Egypt of the Ayyubid pretenders in Syria who had numerous supporters; he
therefore, appointed the six year old son of the last Ayyubid king of the Yemen, al-
Ashraf Musa (II) b. al-Nasir Yiisuf, as nominal co-regent in Cairo.
Nevertheless, he soon came to open conflict with the Syrian Ayyiibids, whose head was

Mughith 'Umar, a son of al-*Adil II. The Mamluks were victorious and the backbone of
the legitimist claim was broken. This success, however, did not mean the end of Aybak's
troubles, as his great fellow amirs now began to conspire against him, and even a remnant
of the Ayyubid forces in Syria lay threatening near the Egyptian border.
At last, Aybak overcame his opponents and successfully consolidated his government,
although Shajar al-Durr never surrendered the treasury to him and endeavoured to retain
the real power for herself. Their relationship was of the worst kind, and they both intrigued
continously against each other. Finally, when Aybak wanted to contract a political mar-
riage with a princess of the Golden Horde, the queen decided to eliminate him by assassi-
nation. In revenge, Shajar al-Durr was herself clubbed to death by the slave women of the
harim by order of Aybak's divorced wife.
Aybak's son, al-Mansur 'Ali (1257-1259 A.D.), an incompetent youth, was soon dis-
carded by the viceroy, al-Muzaffar Qutuz (1259-126o A.D.), an able general and excellent
statesman. He completely annihilated the remaining forces of the Ayyubid al-Mughith
'Umar. But soon another and far greater danger threatened the Mamluk empire, that of
the Mongol invasion. Hulagu, who in 1253 destroyed the 'Abbasid califate of Baghdad,
continued his westward thrust into Syria, devastating the country wherever he passed,
with the evident goal of conquering Egypt. In a pitched battle near 'Ayn Jalut in Syria,
after the fortunes of war had changed more than once during the day's fighting, the Mam-
Survey of Mamluk History
luks finally utterly routed the Mongol army and expelled them from Syria with enormous
losses. The Ayyubid princes of Hims and Hamah, who pledged allegiance to Qutuz, were
reinstalled to their seats and allowed to govern as vassals of the Mamluk king.
On his way to Cairo after the victorious campaign, Qutuz was slain by jealous and dis-
contented Mamluk amirs. Baybars I was elected sultan in his stead. With Baybars began
one of the most brilliant periods of Moslem Egypt. The new sultan's first task was to elim-
inate the threat of the Crusaders who still held important parts of the Syrian coast. One
after the other the Crusader strongholds fell to his armies, and in 1268 even Antioch was
stormed and utterly destroyed, after which only a few coastal towns remained in Christian
hands. Baybars also had to deal with the Mongols who, now in possession not only of
'Iraq but also of Asia Minor, continued to threaten his safety. With his habitual efficiency,
he swiftly defeated their formidable army.
Armenian Cilicia too was subjected to repeated raids and had to pay heavy tribute.
Though engaged in continuous warlike activity until the end of his reign, Baybars managed
the internal affairs of his empire with equal skill, energy and wisdom, improved his do-
minions and promoted the building of public works. His government was just, enlightened,
and he was popular personally with his subjects.
It was during his reign that the Mongols of Hulagu destroyed the caliphate of Baghdad.
Baybars invited the surviving 'Abbasid prince to Cairo, appointed him caliph and, in
turn, received from him the investiture as sultan of Egypt. Thereafter, down to the fall
of the Mamluk empire, this investiture by the caliph became an essential part of each
sultan's nomination.
Baybars's two sons were not worthy of their great father and, after two years of un-
distinguished government, another mighty amir and former Mamluk of al-Salih Ayyub,
al-Mansur Qala'un (1279-1290 A.D.) ascended the throne. Qala'un was more fortunate

in his dynastic aspirations than his predecessor Baybars, and his house continued to rule
Egypt for over a hundred years.
Towards the end of 1281, this sultan too clashed with the Mongol army which once
more invaded Syria, and definitely crushed it near Hims, so that he had no more trouble
from the Ilkhanids. The Crusaders of the Syrian coast were his next objective, and his
wars against them were so effective that, when he died, barely anything was left of the
Christian dominions. Magnificent buildings still existing in Cairo bear witness to Qala'un's
piety, and the remnants of his hospital prove that he was generous towards the sick and poor.
Qala'un's son, al-Ashraf Khalil (1290-1293 A.D.) had but one virtue, courage. He con-
quered the last stronghold of the Crusaders, 'Akka, pillaged and burned it and enslaved
those of the inhabitants he did not slaughter. He was cruel, vicious and capricious, and
his reign was one of continuous terror and injustice. It was not surprising, therefore, that
the nobles conspired against him and had him assassinated.
Qala'un's surviving son, al-Nasir Muhammad, was elected to the throne in 1293 A.D.;
a mere child, he was soon set aside by the nobles, one of whom became sultan. After four
years of turbulence and bad management, al-Nasir Muhammad was reinstalled, this time
for a period of ten years (1298-1308 A.D.). Immediately after his accession to the throne,
a renewed Mongol invasion threatened the very existence of the empire. The Mamluks
suffered a series of disastrous reverses which led to the Mongol occupation of Aleppo,
Damascus and nearly all the Syrian territory. Finally, however, the Egyptians not only
recuperated the lost territories, but in 13o3 completely destroyed the Ilkhanid army. After
this final defeat, Ghazan's successor, Uljaitu, reversed his father's policy and, thereafter
the Mongols of Persia entertained friendly relations with the Mamluk court.
The ruling Mamluks devoted the following period to the restoration of internal order in
Egypt and, at the same time, to the increase of their personal wealth. They turned the
numerous sources of revenue from the various forms of taxation and the customs duties
imposed on transiting merchandise to their own advantage, but to the detriment of the
treasury. The standard of living of the ruling classes became fabulously luxurious, and
the rich spent huge sums on their personal comfort and pleasures. However, they also spent
fortunes on building beautiful mosques, public baths and fountains, schools and hospitals,
which they endowed with ample revenues.
Al-Nasir Muhammad received nothing of the bounty appropriated by his amirs. His
ministers kept him in straitened circumstances, so that he lacked even the bare necessities
of a modest household. Finally, when he could no more bear the conduct of his amirs, al-
Nasir Muhammad fled to Karak and announced his abdication (13o9).
His successor, Baybars II, lasted only one year, and the result of his incompetence was
complete mismanagement of the affairs of state. Al-Nasir Muhammad was back again as
sultan (131o-1341 A.D.). This time, he was fully mature and resolved to reign as an ab-
solute monarch. Reign he did, and now knew how to impose his will on the Mamluk nobles
who soon learned to respect his person and obey his orders.
Although several military operations were conducted with success against Armenian
Cilicia, al-Nasir's reign was, on the whole, one of peaceful prosperity, and his relations
with other countries of the East as well as of the West were mostly friendly. So great was
his prestige that, after his death, over a period of forty-one years, his sons and their de-

scendants were elected to the throne as a tribute to his person. Though none of them had
the qualities to match those of al-Nasir, their claim was never challenged by the amirs
who declared themselves faithful servants of his house.
Nevertheless, in 1382, the Circassian Mamluks or "Burjis" (from the Citadel or burj
where their barracks were located) got the upper hand and set al-Zahir Barquq, an ener-
getic and able man, on the throne. Thereafter, for the following 135 years, Egypt was
ruled by the Burji Mamluks who, unlike the Bahris, were not Turks, but mostly Circassians.
In fact, the sultan was not an absolute monarch, but only a chief Mamluk elected by his
equals and had to listen to their opinion and advice and, more often than not, had a pre-
carious hold on his undisciplined fellow amirs. No hereditary succession was established, as
was the case for the House of Qala'iin. Sometimes, the sultan's son succeeded after his
father's death, not so much in recognition of a hereditary principle, but rather as a buffer
between the intriguing rival factions. After a few months' time, when one or the other of
the amirs held sufficient power to impose himself, the "warming pan" was discarded and
the victor of the day ascended the throne. At this time, a strong esprit de corps developed
among the followers of each sultan, after whose death his Mamluks formed a distinct new
party. For his tenure of power the new sultan depended on his ability to win over the
majority of the rival factions by bribery and largess, or to exploit their jealousies and
competition by inciting one clan against the other.
Of the twenty-three sultans who sat on the throne during the next 135 years, the reigns
of nine occupy 125 years, and only nine years are left for the remaining fourteen rulers.
Nine sultans were really great statesmen, the others merely filled a vacuum. The nine able
sultans, however, also had to struggle continuously with the unruly soldiery whose divers
factions ceaselessly fought between themselves for power and wealth, robbing and torment-
ing the common people of Egypt who lived in constant terror for their lives, property and
women.
Barquq, the first Circassian sultan (1387-1389 and 1390-1399 A.D.), was fully occupied
with the defense of his throne against the rebellious amirs. He succeeded in quelling several
attempts to suppress him; his army was, however, routed by the rebels headed by the two
mightiest Mamliiks. Barquq lost all presence of mind, was deposed without resistance and
interned in the fortress of Karak. The rebel amirs restored Hajji, the last Bahri king, on
the throne and soon started to quarrel over the spoils. The disagreement became so violent
that Barquq, who in the meantime had acquired a large body of supporters, raised a
powerful army and easily crushed his opponents. His next two years on the throne were,
nevertheless, occupied by the final suppression of the rebellion in Syria. In the meantime,
a far greater danger threatened Barquq's dominions in the invasion of Tlmur. Hastily,
Barquq gathered his armies against the much dreaded foe and joined the princes of Asia
Minor in a league of defense. To his great relief, the invasion of Syria did not take place,
because by then Timiir was fully engaged in a campaign against Tuktamish of the Golden
Horde in Georgia. Barquq, over sixty years of age, died in 1399 after a long and, on the
whole, just and benevolent rule.
His eldest son, Faraj (1399-1405 and 1405-1412 A.D.), succeeded him at the age of
thirteen. In less than a year he had to lead an army against a new invasion of Tlmur. The
campaign ended in defeat and hasty withdrawal to Cairo, and Syria fell prey to the Mon-

gol soldiery which ruthlessly devastated the country and ransacked and burned the cities.
The sultan's credit rapidly diminished, more because of the disastrous conditions of peace
accepted by him than of the lost war, and the ruling amirs not only treated him with
spite, but also defeated him in open battle. Faraj fled, leaving the throne to a younger
brother, but was brought back to power again after a couple of months by the amir Yash-
bak, his supporter. The last years of Faraj's rule were spent in continuous campaigning in
Syria where, in spite of a few military successes, the government steadily lost control of
the situation; the increasing power of the amirs Shaykh al-Mahmudi and Nawruz began to
threaten the sultan's position. He was finally deposed by the 'Abbasid caliph of Cairo and
condemned to death. From an economic point of view, Faraj's sultanate was a continuous
unsuccessful struggle against the growing impoverishment of Egypt. He made several
attempts to restore the country's finances, but all failed miserably.
After Faraj's death, the Caliph al-Musta'in filled the vacancy for a few months, until
Shaykh was elected sultan, with the title al-Mu'ayyad (1412-1421 A.D.). Though he reigned
for about nine years and conducted several successful campaigns against the rebellious
Turkoman princes of Asia Minor whose territories bordered the Syrian marshes, Egypt
and Syria gained nothing by his successes. Not unlike Faraj, al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh also
tried, in vain, to stem the collapse of Egypt's financial position; just as Faraj, he was unable
to improve the country's currency. The vacillations of his monetary policy are reflected
1o
by the unmethodical sequences of the gold issues and by the introduction of his widely
praised mu'ayyadi dirhem which was indeed of excellent quality, but the bulk of which was
inadequately small.
Al-Mu'ayyad was followed by two reigns of no consequence whatsoever, when al-Ashraf
Barsbay took the reins firmly in hand (1422-1438 A.D.). He used the sultanate to increase
his revenues by extortion, oppressive taxation and various trade monopolies, and kept
Egypt under his thumb. But he was strong enough to restrain his Mamluks from rebellion
and even enlarged his dominions through the conquest of Cyprus. At this time, pirates
operating from Cyprian bases made the shores of Syria and Egypt insecure. Taking their
activities as an excuse, Barsbay, in a single campaignwhich was, however, preceded by
an exploratory raidcrushed the resistance of the navy and army of the King of Cyprus.
Not only did he enslave a large portion of the population, but he also captured many knights
and even the king himself, who were paraded in great triumph in Cairo. Thereafter, Cyprus
remained a tribute paying vassal of Egypt until the end of the Mamluk empire in 1517.
Barsbay knew how to extract the greatest possible profits from the Indian trade which
passed through Egypt. He was, however, obliged to relinquish much of his heavy customs
duties imposed on the transitory goods, when foreign tradersespecially the Venetians,
but also the Castilians and Aragonesethreatened to withdraw their activities from
Egypt. The heavy impositions rendered the transit route through Egypt unprofitable.
Barsbay's monetary policy did not meet with more success than his meddling with the
trade; like his predecessors, he endeavoured to introduce currency reforms, but he did
not dispose of the necessary bullion to make his reforms successful.
During the following thirty years seven different sultans sat on the throne of Egypt, but
not one had any influence on the country's history. The next ruler, al-Ashraf Qa'itbay
(1468-1496 A.D.), however, held the power for almost 29 years. He was strong of character,

courageous and a conspicuous general, also intelligent in his judgment and energetic in
decision. He often extorted huge sums for his war chest from Jews, Christians and Moslems
alike and sometimes tortured the highest ranking officials until they surrendered their
wealth to him.
However, he also spent fortunes on public buildings in Egypt and Syria, and many ex-
quisite mosques, madrasas, public fountains and bridges still testify to his generosity and
excellent taste in the field of architecture.
Yet Qa'itbay's reign was not confined to internal affairs and architecture. His various
Turkoman vassals of Asia Minor showed signs of insubordination or even tried to break
away and achieve complete sovereignty; the situation was even more complicated by
continuous interference from the Ottoman sultans whose growing power began seriously
to threaten the Mamluk empire. Qa'itbay succeeded in maintaining a more or less favour-
able equilibrium between the Ottomans and himself, but he was unable to slow down
their expansion to the detriment of the lesser Turkish principalities.
The Turkoman princes succumbed one after the other to the well organized armies of the
Turkish sultan Bayazid II, and thus the final clash with the Mamluk forces came steadily
nearer.
Disorganization of the government marked the reign of the following four, insignificant
sultans, until the election of al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (15o1-1516 A.D.). In spite of his
ii
advanced age, he proved himself an energetic and capable prince, restored order in the
country and took drastic measures to replenish the treasury. During the first half of his
reign, al-Ghuri had to deal only with minor disturbances from his Mamluks and some
Badawi tribes. The Indian transit trade, which for centuries proved so profitable to Egypt,
was threatened with destruction by the Portuguese who at that time discovered the trade
route to India around the Cape of Good Hope. Within a short time, the entire commerce
with India was taken away from al-Ghuri by Albuquerque's fleet.
The final disaster, however, which ended with the collapse of the Mamluk empire and
its annexation by the Ottoman Turks, started when, after Bayazld's death, his son, Selim I,
succeeded to the throne. Selim was determined to conquer the whole Middle East, and
began with the Persians whom he defeated at Chaldiran in 1514. He then occupied the
sultanate of Dhu al-Qadr and Diyar Bakr, and came in close contact with Syria. He waited
for the slightest excuse to open hostilities with the Mamluks, marched into Syria and met
al-Ghuri's army at Marj Dabiq, a little North of Aleppo. On the 14th of August 1516, the
Mamluk army was totally destroyed, al-Ghuri was killed during the battle and the road to
Cairo lay open to Selim. The Mamluks elected a new sultan, al-Ashraf Tumanbay, and
tried to organize a sort of resistance. They were, however, no match for Selim's superior
forces and, on the 22nd of January 1517, Cairo surrendered to the Turks. Egypt lost its
independence and became a province of the Ottoman empire.
BRIEF BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF THE MAMLUKS
Stanley Lane-Poole: A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages. London, 19o1.
Sir W. Muir: The Mameluke or slave dynasty of Egypt. London, 1896.
Precis de l'histoire d'Egypte, par divers historiens et archeologues, II, part 2,by G. Wiet. Cairo, 1932.
Gabriel Hanotaux: Histoire de la Nation Egyptienne, IV, (l'Egypte Arabe), by G.Wiet. Paris, 1937.
E. Quatremere: Histoire des Sultans Mamelouks de l'Egypte par Maqrizi. Paris, 1837-1845.

E. Blochet: Histoire de l'Egypte de Maqrizi. Paris, 19o8.
R.L.Devonshire: "Extrait de l'histoire de l'Egypte, par Ahmed ibn Iyas." Bulletin de l'Institut
Frangais d'Archeologie Orientale, XXV, 1925.
G.Wiet: "Ibn Iyas, Histoire des Mamlouks Circassiens, II," in Textes et traductions d'auteurs
orientaux, Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale. Cairo, 1945.
G.Wiet: fournal d'un bourgeois du Caire. Paris, 1955.
SURVEY OF THE COINS
Pseudo-Ayyubid Type
The coins of the first Mamluk rulers were similar to those of the last Ayyubids, so that
we may call them pseudo-Ayyubid issues. The legends on the dinar present the protocol
of the Mamluk sultan (Shajar al-Durr, al-Ashraf Musa, Aybak, al-Mansur 'Ali and Qutuz),
but the arrangement of the engraving is similar to al-Salih Ayyub's gold coins. Aybak went
even so far as to revive al-Salih Ayyub's protocol on the dinar and inscribed only his
name, without any title, underneath, as if he still were his long deceased master's lieu-
tenant only.
The silver is even more servilely imitated from the Ayyubid originals. Shajar al-Durr's
and al-Ashraf Musa's globular dirhems do not differ in design, style and general appearance
from those struck by al-Salih Ayyub at the Cairo mint. The square-in-the-circle type
dirhems are faithfully copied from the Ayyubid dirhems of Damascus, the like of which
also were issued at Cairo by the same ruler. Such square-in-the-circle type dirhems have
been struck by Aybak, al-Mansur 'Ali and by Qutuz.
As regards copper coins, only a single fals has been so far identified, in the collections
of the ANS. It belongs to Qutuz and its design resembles the silver coins of al-Afdal 'Ali
(BMC 285) and al-Salih Ayyub (Balog, BIE XXXIV, pp. 24-25, Figs. 9-12).
Bahri Type
Under Baybars I begins the Mamluk coinage in its proper form. Its most conspicuous
feature is the blazon, at the beginning present in gold, silver and copper alike (Baybars I),
on gold and silver (Baraka Qan) and later on the copper only, with one or two exceptions.
The separate marginal legends have disappeared and been replaced by circular inscriptions
which are now part of the field itself. To this type belong silver coins starting with Bay-
bars I and ending with Lajin and Baybars II. Under al-Nasir Muhammad these smaller
circular legends also disappear and the writing is now arranged in several horizontal lines
which cover the entire field, on the gold as well as on the silver.

Simultaneously with the ordinary round-flan dirhems, so-called cut dirhems also circu-
lated freely. The cut dirhem, invented by the Fatimids and adopted by the Ayyubids, have
also been taken over by the Mamluks. But whereas the Ayyubid cut dirhem was a servile
imitation of the Fatimid "black" dirhem of base metal, the Mamluks made theirs a little
larger, heavier and of a better alloy. The dies with which they were struck, were those of the
regular round-flan dirhem, so that only a small portion of the coin legends was impressed
on the flan. Entire hoards of these cut (square-flan) dirhems have been found; most of them
belong to Baybars I and al-Nasir Muhammad, but those of Baraka Qan, al-Nasir Hasan,
al-Ashraf Sha'ban and even of al-Salih Hajji have also been observed.
12
Survey of the Coins
13
The copper fulus occur in great numbers and in a broad spectrum of different varieties.
The Egyptian issues are nearly always purely epigraphical, at first struck on a small flan
with only short legends, but later on a wide flan with elaborate inscriptions. In Syria the
flan is always of smaller size, the field ornamented and contains very frequently some
heraldic charge. These heraldic coins contribute greatly to the knowledge of the Mamluk
blazon. Amongst the Egyptian emissions only one series, belonging to al-Nasir Muhammad,
presents a blazon (napkin, buqjah).
Burji Type
Besides the traditional issues which do not differ from the accustomed Bahri types,
Barquq introduced new silver and copper types, some of which were recorded by contem-
porary chroniclers. The initiative of a completely new coinage, however, is due to Faraj.
Compelled by a severe economic crisis, he introduced a monetary reform based on the
gold mithqal (804 H.), and issued coins of an entirely new design. As the crisis continued,
a second reform became necessary and in 810 H. the sequin-type gold was introduced,
which was smaller, weighed only 3.40 grm., and was destined to compete with the Venetian
sequin.
The weight of the gold coinage was maintained at this level for a certain time, but later,
after the death of Barsbay, it was again moderately reduced. It was Barsbay who created
the last type of dinar legends, arranged in several horizontal lines and separated from each
other by cable-patterns. As an exception, Khushqadam and Qansuh al-Ghiiri issued a few
dinars with marginal legends.
Silver, which was struck in Syria as well as in Egypt, was also reduced in weight and
size, with legends arranged in various patterns. Anyway, it became so scarce that at certain
periods it was practically non-existent.
Not only silver, but also copper was scarce during a great part of the Burji period. The

fals is struck on a narrow flan, is very varied in design, ornamented or heraldic.1 Only
under Qa'itbay does the copper become a little more abundant, struck on a larger and
thicker flan. Finally, shortly before the collapse of the Mamluk empire, the only bronze
coins were issued by Qansuh al-Ghuri.
Legends
Probably the most important part of the legend is the royal protocol. The attribution of
the coin depends on it, therefore the side on which it appears, is the obverse. Coins of
Shajar al-Durr, al-Ashraf Musa, Aybak and al-Mansur 'Ali, as well as those of Baybars I,
show, besides the sultan's protocol, also the caliph's name. Here again, the side which
contains the ruler's name, is the obverse and the caliph is mentioned on the reverse.
If the protocol is exceptionally long, or the flan is of insufficient size, it continues on the
other side. In this case the obverse is where the legend starts. On gold and silver the pro-
1 The only Burji dinars with a blazon (fesse) belong to Faraj, al-Musta'in bi'llah and al-Mu'ay-
yad Shaykh. But there are heraldic dirhems of al-Musta'in bi'llah [buqjah), Barsbay (chalice) and
Jaqmaq (buqjah and chalice).
14
tocol is as complete as possible on such a small surface; on copper, however, it is often very
much abbreviated.
Mint and date. The mint and date formula is placed either in the marginal or circular
legend on the early issues, or in the field on the later ones. Sometimes, on the early coins,
the mint is once more mentioned at the top of the field. On some coins again, the mint is
omitted (a dinar of al-Salih Isma'il) and many copper coins are undated, or even without
the mint-name.
There are fulus with legends only on one side, the other is ornamented or has a blazon,
but is anepigraphic. Regardless of whether the legend contains the ruler's name or simply
the mint and date, this side is the obverse. And should the coin bear the mint on one side
and the date on the other, then the mint indicates the obverse.
The date is fully written during the entire Bahri period and part of the Burji rule. It
first appears in Arabic numerals on Aynal's issues, and afterwards on all the subsequent
coinage.
The word "year" (i^-), is substituted by "period" or "epoch" on the dinars of Bars-
bay and dinars and dirhems of Khushqadam and Qai'tbay. During the last period the
numerals stand alone, without <~ or ^lc.
The royal protocol. The king's full title is: al-sultdn al-malik (<lWl oUaLJl). Baybars,
just as his predecessors, assumed the title al-malik (dill) only at the time of his investiture
by the Mamluk nobles. In 659 H. he gave asylum to the 'Abbasid prince Abu'l-Qasim
Ahmad and appointed him caliph with the title al-Mustansir, in exchange for which he
was invested with the sultanate by the newly created "prince of the believers," with the
title al-sultdn al-malik (dill olWUl). This title was then used by all his successors. On his
917 and 918 bronze issues, al-Ghuri's only title is al-sultdn (olWL-Jl).
On many a fals, Bahri and Burji alike, the protocol is abreviated in the extreme. Not

only has the word sultdn been omitted, even the ruler's name proper is often missing. The
legend on the gold is al-sultdn al-malik al-Ashraf Ndsir al-dunyd waH-din Sha'bdn b.
Hasan b. al-malik al-Ndsir Muhammad b. Qala'un. On his Syrian fulus the legend is simply
al-malik al-Ashraf.
On a few coins the title is mawland al-sultdn al-malik (dlill olU-Jl Wy): e.g., the
Damascus dirhem of al-Ashraf Khalil (L. 796, Balog, Jungfleisch): an undated Tripoli fals
of al-Nasir Muhammad; a Damascus fals of al-Kamil Sha'ban; a late Burji dinar with the
sultan's name missing, probably between Khushqadam and Qa'itbay.
Another unusual title is al-sultdn Khushqadam abu H-Nasr al-malik al-Zahir (olV l...'l
dlill j*l\ y\ on two dinars of this ruler (BMC 673 and ANS).
Sometimes the protocol ends with an honorary epithet: Ndsir al-millat al-muhammadiya
wa-muhl al-dawlat al-abbdslyah (v.Ul iju*ll iill e.g., al-Ashraf Khalil
(BMC 495), etc. Kitbugha (Wien 6332, L. 836, BMC 497, etc.); al-Nasir Muhammad
(L. 797, 798, etc.); Lajin (L. 853, 855), etc.
Another frequent epithet is: Qasim amir al-mu'minln (u^^ll p?-*), which appears
on the coins of Baybars I, Baraka Qan, Salamish, Qala'un, on some of al-Ashraf Khalil
(BMC 596, Khediv. 15o9), Kitbugha (L. 835, Siouffi p. 18, L. 837-852, Balog) and Baybars
II (Balog).
The protocol is often completed with the sultan's genealogy, as already mentioned:
Survey of the Coins
15
al-sulldn al-malik al-Ashraf Ndsir al-dunyd w'al-din Sha'ban b. (lasan b. al-malik al-Sasir
Muhammad b. Qald'un (ojXc/.+J. _r-Ul tillll a <J. dtiA olWUl).
Some of the early Bahris, who obtained the throne by their own skill or ruthlessness and
had no hereditary claim, disdained any genealogical formula, as for example, Qutuz.
Others, on the contrary, included their former master's name in their own protocol:
Baybars I al-Salihi, Qala'un al-Salihi and Lajin al-Salihi were Mumluks of the Ayyubid
sultan al-Salih Ayyub; Baybars II al-Mansuri was Qala'un's mamluk.
As an additional honorary title on al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's Alexandria gold and on a
unique dinar of al-Muzaffar Ahmad: sultdn al-islam wa'l muslimin . - Oyl-Al J f^L.Ml olkU.
Pious InvoCations in Favour of the Sultan
1. 'Azza nasrahu, ,jc = may his victory be glorious.
This is probably the most frequent invocation on Mamluk coins and occurs from al-
Nasir Muhammad's time down to Qansuh al-Ghuri, under the Bahris on the copper and
exceptionally on gold, under the Burjis on gold, silver and copper.
2. 'Izz li-mawlana, fc*^l je = glory to our lord (the sultan).
On a fals of al-Ashraf Sha'ban, struck at Tripoli in 776 H. Ashmolcan Mus.
3. 'Azza Allah ansdrahu, *u\ = may God glorify his victories.
Gold coins of Barquq, Damascus 785 H. (BMC 621 and 627, Balog).
4. Khallada Allah mulkahu, 4Cu <ul jdi = may God perpetuate his kingdom.
On Barquq's Aleppo gold, Faraj's Cairo and Aleppo gold and Aleppo silver, al-Muayyad
Shaykh's gold, al-Salih Muhammad's silver, Barsbay's Aleppo silver and Jaqmaq'8
Aleppo silver.
5. Khallada Allah mulkahu wa nasrahu, } <&. *u| jL = may God perpetuate his
kingdom and his victory.
On the Cairo dinar of al-Muzaffar Ahmad.

6. Khallada Allah sultdnahu, 4;llal- <al 2i- = may God perpetuate his sultanate.
On Lajin's gold and silver and Barquq's Cairo, Alexandria and Damascus gold.
7. Qd'itbay rahimahu Allah, <ul o._, ^LiJ = Qa'itbay, God's mercy upon him.
On the gold coins of the Burji al-Nasir Muhammad, son of Qa'itbay, as an expression
of filial piety.
Religious Legends
The mint and date formula in the marginal and circular legend is often preceded by
bi'smillah, a| ;the marginal legend sometimes starts with bi'smillah al-rahmdn aUrahlm
jrul The circular inscription on Baybars' undated half-dirhems consists
entirely of ^J\ | j*J\ | <! r-.
The kalima, written in full or only in part, occupies the reverse of the gold and silver
coins, often also that of the fals.
i6
Al-mulk UHlahi, <u dill the sovereignty belongs to God on a Cairo dinar of Khush-
qadam (L. 1o73 and 1o74). This formula is often observed on the silver coins of the Seljuks
of Rum, but is exceptional on the Mamluk coinage.
Wa-md al-nasr Hid min Hnd allah, <ul ^^Jl Uj = for victory comes but from God
(Koran III, 122). On coins of:
Al-Nasir Muhammad, Cairo and Damascus gold, overstruck Armenian trams, Cairo
fulus.
Al-Mansur Abi-Bakr, Cairo gold.
Al-Nasir Ahmad, Cairo gold.
Al-Salih Isma'il, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Cairo gold and silver.
Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Cairo and Damascus gold, Damascus silver.
Al-Nasir Hasan, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Al-Salih Salih, Cairo gold and silver.
Al-Mansur Muhammad, Cairo, Alexandria and Damascus gold.
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus and Aleppo gold.
Al-Mansur 'Ali, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Al-Salih Hajji, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Barquq, Cairo and Aleppo gold, lead-coins.
Faraj, Cairo, Alexandria, Aleppo and Tripoli gold.
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, Cairo and Alexandria gold.
Al-Muzaffar Ahmad, Cairo gold.
Wa-ma tawftqt ilia UHlahi, <til ju>/ Lj = nor comes my grace through anyone but
God (Koran XI, 9o).
Al-Nasir Muhammad, Damascus silver.

Barquq, Damascus gold.
Kaffa bi'l-mawt wa'zzdn, Uicj Ojll Ju = Death should be sufficient admonition. On
the Hamah, 799 H, fulus of Barquq. Said to have been uttered in connection with Hariin
al Rashid and Jaa'far le Barmak.
IndiCation of value (denomination)
One of the conspicuous features of early Islamic coinage is the presence of the indication
of value in the mint and date formula. The gold coins always indicate that they represent
a dinar, the silver pieces the dirhem, and even some of the copper coins have the word fals
engraved in their legends. ,>,'.
The Ayytibids dispensed with this custom and continued to write the value on the gold
coins only; although not any more strictly weighing one mithqal, the gold was still called
a dinar. No value was written on the silver and copper.
The first Mamluk sultans simply continued the Ayyubid practice: from Shajar al-Durr
onwards up to Baybars I the gold presents the word dinar in the mint and date formula.
The silver and copper have no indication of value.
Subsequently the importance of gold currency was made even more conspicuous by the
sultans Qala'un, al-Ashraf Khalil, Kitbugha and al-Nasir Muhammad, who all termed
Survey of the Coins
17
their gold coins the "blessed dinar", tjlil jLull. Nevertheless, already during the third
reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, a new type of gold, struck on a wide flan, appeared. Thence-
forward no indication of value appears on the Bahri gold issues. Nor is there any on the
Burji gold, with only one exception. This exception is the reform issue of al-Mu'ayyad
Shaykh (821 and 823 H.), of the weight of one mithqal and half-mithqal. The coins of this
emission have their value, one mithqal, Jlii-, and one-half mithqal, iJm, engraved in the
center of the obverse (Khediv. 1560 and Balog for the mithqal and L. 1142 for the half-
mithqal).
Just as with the gold issues, so also those of silver are without indication of denomination.
And just as in the case of the gold there are exceptions in the silver. A half-dirhem of Mu'ay-
yad Shaykh has inscribed in the center of the obverse and a series of Damascus coins
issued by Barsbay bear, also in the center of the obverse, the indication of different
values. They are:
1. Ru wa-thumn, 1/4 + 1/8 dirhem = 3/8 dirhem,
2. Nisf wa-ruh1, 1|2 + 1U dirhem = 8/4 dirhem.
The 1|i + 1/8 dirhem weighs between 1 grm. and 1.06 grm., the % + x/4 dirhem between
1.94 grm. and 2.24 grm. (Two specimens of this denomination weigh only 1.0 grm. and
1.06 grm., but they may belong to the first category. Similarly many Umayyad, 'Abbasid
and Fatimid gold fractions display dinar as their value, although there can be no doubt
that they represent the quarter-, third- or half-dinar only).
As can be seen, all these pieces correspond quite well with the weight of the canonic
dirhem (around 2.88-2.90 grm.).
Epigraphy
The inscriptions of the pseudo-Ayyubid Mamluk coins are well executed, in handsome
naskhi, similar to the original Ayyubid epigraphy of al-Kamil Muhammad's or al-Salih

Ayyub's issues. The globular dirhems of Shajar al-Durr and al-Ashraf Miisa and the
square-in-circle dirhems of Aybak, al-Mansur 'Ali and Qutuz, are all inscribed with the
attractive, well-proportioned characters of the Ayyubid prototypes. Only Aybak's
name is written in elongated, archaistic Kufic on his dirhems.
The epigraphy of the new Bahri-type coinage, starting with Baybars I, is still the same
Ayyubid naskhi, although the letters soon become taller and their tops, at first flat, are
often bicuspid or even tricuspid from Qala'un onwards.
As time passes, the letters grow taller, until during al-Nasir Hasan's and especially
Ashraf Sha'ban's reign the monumental style of writing is fully developed. A difference in
calligraphy between the Syrian and Egyptian coin-engravings is clearly discernible.
Whereas the die-engravers of Cairo and Alexandria were but simple artisans, the Syrian
calligraphers achieved, with their skillfully executed legends a harmonious effect. The
Egyptian coins show a scraggly, spidery writing, those of Damascus have the field uniform-
ly covered by well designed and distributed inscriptions and on the Aleppo dinars the
parallel rows of writing alternate rythmically with smooth horizontal bands.
The Burjis bring an abrupt change into the style and arrangement of their coin-legends.
Owing to the reduced size of the flan, the writing also is smaller; at the same time, how-
i8
ever, less care is shown in the execution of the calligraphy. The esthetic effect, especially
on the gold and silver, is, nevertheless, quite pleasing.
DiacritiCal Points
Diacritical points occur very frequently on the Mamluk coins, but without any apparent
system. They are, in fact, so numerous, that their recording would make the composition
of this work unduly complex and expensive. As the diacritical signs are mostly clear in
the illustrations, it was thought sufficient to refer the reader to the photographs.
Ornaments
Small ornaments, arabesques, scrolls and flowerets appear profusely scattered among
the legends on almost all the coins. It would be impossible to record them in special notes
without greatly increasing the bulk of this work. They have been, therefore, as faithfully
as possible, inscribed in the Arabic coin legends. They are easily recognized in the illus-
trations. These small calligraphic ornaments are not to be confused with the decorative
pattern of the coin itself, intended as a constructive design.
Beside the true ornaments, the shadda (<o) is often used ornamentally in the religious
legends and is recorded throughout. Its most frequent application is over 45l.
Heraldry
The Mamluk sultans introduced a new feature on the coinage: they engraved their coats
of arms on their coins, mostly on the copper fulus, but sometimes also on the gold and
silver. Representations of animals, plants or inanimate objects already occur on many
copper coins of the Umayyad caliphs; these latter are, however, purely ornamental and
have no heraldic meaning.
At a much later period, especially in the Jazirah, between 'Iraq and Asia Minor, there
appear portraits, groups of human beings, horsemen, animals, etc. on Turkoman and even
Ayyiibid coins. These representations too are not heraldic, but were inspired by Byzantine

or classical types, and were probably intended to facilitate commercial transactions
between West and East.
66 ar & W <t#T'8$
3? 8? <nn* ou a) 6
Survey of the Coins
19
Emblems which might be interpreted as heraldic charges appear to have been adopted
by Moslems already during the Crusades by Ayyubid princes and probably even a little
earlier.1 Mayer (Saracenic Heraldry, p. 22) reports as the oldest blazon which has come
down to us, the fleur-de-lis of Mahmud b. Zengi in his madrasa in Damascus, and the fleur-
de-lis plus rosette on two columns of the mimbar in the main mosque at Hims. Mayer also
mentions the earliest occurrence of the fleur-de-lis on a copper coin of the Ayyubid al-
Malik al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din Ghazi b. al-Malik al-Nasir Yusuf, and on a dirhem of al-
Malik al-'Adil Sayf al-Din abu-Bakr b. Ayyiib.
We have examined the copper coin of al-Zahir mentioned by Mayer (BMC IV,
No. 321) and have attributed it, without the slightest doubt, to the first Burji sultan, al-
Zahir Barquq. The "fleur-de-lis" on al-'Adil Sayf al-Din's silver dirhems (L. 590 and
BMC IV, 358 and 364), on the other hand, are nothing but tiny flowerets of ornamental
character and have no heraldic meaning whatsoever.
Consequently we believe that the first time heraldic devices on Islamic coins of Syria
and Egypt occur only on Mamluk emissions.2
Although relatively very few mediaeval authors left notes on Islamic herald1y, a great
number of objects as well as architectural and epigraphical monuments with blazons
have come down to us. Mayer in his great work made good use of this heraldic material
and, after full discussion of the general problems as well as those of the colors, charges,
composite blazons, etc., compiled an impressive and abundantly documented armorial
roll. He emphasised the importance of numismatic evidence for the knowledge of sultans'
blazons, and even used them not infrequently for comparative purposes. The resulting
armorial roll of Mamluk rulers is, however, not quite satisfactory. Included in the great
number of blazons belonging to the Mamluk nobility, Mayer only lists the arms of thirteen
sultans from coins and six more from objects and architectural monuments.

It will be observed, however, that in the large series of coins which we have examined,
as many as 26 sultans are represented by their blazon. At first, one is inclined to believe
that always, or nearly always, only simple charges were represented on the coins: fleur-de-
lis, the rosette, a lion, etc., generally occupying the entire field, or a central portion especial-
ly reserved for the blazon. This could either mean that the Mamluk sultans chose one
single charge for their coat of arms, or that the small space available on the coins com-
pelled them to choose only one, i.e., the charge which they considered the most representa-
tive of their blazon.
1 On buildings, not on the coins.
2 The Rasulid dynasty of the Yemen should not be forgotten here. Contemporary with the
Bahri Mamluks, they started to display certain features on their coins, which in some cases are
only ornamental or illustrative (sitting prince, peacock, hunting bird of prey); there is, however,
little or no doubt that heraldic devices do also occur on their coins. To be convinced it suffices to
examine the illustrations of H. Niitzel's "Miinzen der Rasuliden" (Z/N, 1892). For example,
his no. 32 has a lion passant quite similar to that of Baybars I, no. 38 has three swords in the
concavity of a large crescent, no. 40 and 45, a six-petaled rosette and finally no. 52 a chalice in the
concavity of a large crescent. All these devices occur on coins struck between 770 and 803 H.,
well within the period when Mamluk heraldry was at its height. The Rasulids evidently imitated
the already existing Mamluk heraldic tradition.
2o
Better acquaintance with the heraldic coin-series, however, leads us to conclude that
not only the nobility, but also sultans often had a composite blazon. It becomes evident
that besides the simple charges, true composite blazons occur on the fulus: the cup and
lion coin, attributed to Barqiiq; the three-fielded shield cum "polo-sticks" and crescent,
common to Barqiiq and Faraj; the eagle with crescent; the lion with the rising sun; the
lion in the fesse, etc., etc.
If it is true that the greater number of coins show only one charge, it is also true that
often the two sides of the same coin present two different blazons. Furthermore we soon
discover that different emissions of the same sultan bear a more or less great variety of
heraldic charges. We do not suppose that the Mamluk sultans changed their blazons at
pleasure. Neither is it probable that the engraver and the mintmaster dared to put any
blazon of their own choice on the different emissions. This leads us to believe that all
simple charges occurring on the diverse emissions of one and the same sultan are parts of
his composite blazon. It may be useful to examine this tentative hypothesis more closely.
As many blazons of Mamluk sultans are known only from coins there is unfortunately
very little material for comparison. When, either on a monument or a small object, or, as
a unique example, on a manuscript, a blazon has been preserved, we find that in some
cases the coins confirm this evidence, while in others they contradict it. In such cases,
the evidence of the coins should, we believe, prevail.
Sometimes a sultan's coinage has just a few charges. One has the impression that this
is due to the small number of coins preserved; for example, the coins of al- Salih Isma'il,
al-Muzaffar Hajji, al-Nasir Hasan, all three sons of al-Nasir Muhammad. The same applies
to most of the Burji sultans, whose copper coins are often scarce and little known.
SIMPLE CHARGES
On page 8 of Mayer's work there is a graphic list of the simple charges which he had

identified on Mamluk blazons; this list included 47 different heraldic devices. We have
compared his list with the blazons observed by us on the coins; of the 47 charges, only
16 occur on the coins. This is a very restricted number. Moreover, no colors are represented
on the metal, and it so happens that the same blazon appears on coins struck by sultans
of very different descent (e.g., the fleur-de-lis or the six-petaled rosette, indiscriminately
used by Qala'un's family as well as by Barqiiq).
Generally, the emblems are well drawn and are characteristic. There are, however, often
enough, inaccuracies in the details, or even deviations from the original charge, which
could not occur in European heraldry as they would mean a different blazon. The oriental
heraldist did not seem to have the same scruples. The lion passant of Baybars is known
exclusively turned to the left. On the silver coin L. 743, it is turned to the right. The bar
on al-Nasir Muhammad's fulus (BMC 528.k, 528.1 and Balog) is indiscriminately bendy
to right or to left. The fleur-de-lis of al-Nasir Muhammad's fulus in the Balog collection
is either on a smooth shield or on a punctuated shield. The rosette of the same sultan is
six-petaled, except on the Damascus emission where it is five-petaled. Again, on some
rare coins, the eagle is either turned to the left or to the right, or is even double-headed.
Survey of the Coins
21
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban's fleur-de-lis is flanked by two annulets on the Hamah issue, but has
no annulets on the Tripoli coins. There are many more examples.
The charges observed on the coins are the following:
Lion (Mayer 1)
Best known from Baybars I coins, it appears on all coins except the pseudo-Ayyubid
dirhem published by Mayer. There is no doubt that the animal represented is a male lion,
because on many well preserved specimens the mane is quite clearly discernible. This is
contrary to Mayer's idea, who thought that this charge represented a leopard.
Baraka Qan inherited the blazon of his father and used it on his coinage, but on the Da-
mascus dirhems there is a small triangle with looped angles in front of the lion's head. It
may represent his mother's tribal tamgha.
The lion with the rising sun on the Hamah coins of al-Mansur Muhammad is listed under
the composite blazons; the next sultan who displayed the lion passant on his Hamah and
Tripoli coins is al-Ashraf Sha'ban. His lion, however, different from that of Baybars, has a
knot in the middle of the tail. Al-Ashraf Sha'ban's son, al-Mansur 'Ali, displayed the same
lion, which is one of his heraldic charges.
The coins of Barquq, the first Burji sovereign, show the powerful figure of a lion with a
long tail which has a loop in the middle, and, on other coins, a lion in the central field of
a composite blazon. The same emblems occur on the coins of his son Faraj. Al-Muzaffar
Ahmad, Barsbay (probably), Qa'itbay as well as al-Zahir Qansuh, all used the lion as
their heraldic charge.
Ceremonial saddle (Qubbah) (Mayer 2)
It occurs only on very rare Hamah coins of al-Mansur Muhammad. Contrary to Mayer's
opinion, we believe that the horse is as important a part of the charge as the palanquin
itself, which would not be easily recognizable if drawn alone. We do not agree with Mayer

that the animal is only the supporter of the parade-saddle.
Eagle (Mayer 3)
The eagle is an infrequent heraldic charge, generally represented in the classical rigid
gothic style: body and tail in a vertical line, wings inverted, claws extended towards the
wing-tips, sometimes grasping them. Head turned right or left, double-headed (Staatl.
Munzsamml., Miinchen). This eagle is to be found on coins of both al-Nasir Muhammad and
Barquq.
A walking eagle, being part of composite blazons, is observed on coins of al-Mansur
Muhammad; on these, the wings are adherent to the body, or at least not yet open. A
similar eagle in a naturalistic attitude is displayed on some of Qa'itbay's coins.
A bird, difficult to identify, appears on the Aleppo copper coins of al-Salih Salih. It
looks like a crow, has sometimes been thought to represent a duck, but in our opinion may
also be a walking eagle.
22
The Rosette (Mayer 4)
The six-petaled rosette is one of the frequent emblems of Qala'un's House. It occurs
with or without a central pellet, in an undecorated field or surrounded by garlands or
even in a linear hexagram. It is used by other rulers not related to Qala'un's lineage and
even by Burji sultans. The five-petaled rosette, less popular, also occurs on some coins. The
Bahri al-Salih Salih and the Burji Faraj have distinct, decorative rosettes, while on the
late Burji coins of Qa'itbay, of his son al-Nasir Muhammad and of al-Zahir Qansuh, the
rosette degenerated into a sort of six-spoked wheel.
Fleur-de-Lis (Mayer 5)
It is encountered in many varieties, especially on the coins of Qala'un's descendants.
Still in use by Barquq and his son Faraj, it is discarded by their successors.
The cup (Mayer 6)
The graphic display of composite blazons on page 30 of Mayer shows that one of the
most frequent charges is the cup (chalice). This is hardly in accordance with the evidence
of the coins. Of the Bahri sultans, only the coins of Kitbogha display the chalice which,
however, does not occur on those of Qala'un's descendants. It is a little more popular
with the Burjis. Barquq and Faraj show it in composite blazons; and a special variety, the
tricuspidated chalice (fleur-de-lis-chalice), appears on their Damascus issues. Barsbay
had the cup engraved on some Damascus dirhems and so had Jaqmaq, who also issued
copper coins with it. The wide flat cup is characteristic of Temirbogha's coins, and so is
the inscribed chalice of al-Ghuri.
Mayer's emblem 8
The only coins on which parts of this cryptic emblem appear, are two copper coins;
one belongs to Barquq, the other to Faraj. On both sides of a cup, there are two objects
which look like the upper ends of Mayer's emblem No. 8. We have no explanation to offer.

Parts of polo sticks?
Napkin (Buqjah) (Mayer 9)
This is found on the Cairo and Damascus fulus of al-Nasir Muhammad (Balog and
L. 1146) on some coins of Jaqmaq (Beirut and Balog), and also on the small silver dir-
hems of Musta'In bi'llah and Shaykh.
The fesse (Mayer 15}
We have perhaps taken too much liberty in considering as a fesse the division of the
coin by two horizontal lines into three equal segments. But one cannot help finding a
striking similarity with the inscribed shield shown by Mayer (pp. 34-40 and Plates XXIV.2
Survey of the Coins 23
LV,3 and 4LXIX.2 and LXX.). We identify the three-segmented coin with the
fesse when the separations consists of horizontal lines and the field is surrounded by a
circle. We believe that, whenever there was no intention to represent a fesse, the three
segments were divided by dots, cables or any other decorative separation. In most cases,
the fesse is inscribed, but sometimes, especially on some Burji fulus, different charges are
placed in the segments.
Crescent (Mayer 16)
This occurs only on a few coins, of al-Mansur Muhammad, together with an eagle
(Balog). Al-Aschraf Sha'ban and al-Mansur 'Ali's coins show a small crescent in the center
of the reverse.
Mayer's emblem No. 26
This charge is known to us from a unique coin of al-Mansur Muhammad (Balog)
where it is placed above an eagle. Its meaning is not clear: ^
Chessboard (Mayer 28)
The chessboard-like division on Qa'it bay's Cairo fals in the ANS is tentatively identified
with this emblem.
Bend (Mayer 3o)
The central bar on some coins of al-Nasir Muhammad, al-Mansur Muhammad and al-
Ashraf Sha'ban is bendy of 12, or 13 pieces. Otherwise, only two unidentified Bahri fulus
present the same charge.
Pear-shaped shield (Mayer 34)
Only one specimen known, a small fals of al-Nasir Hasan (Balog), inscribed.
Mayer's emblem No. 35
On an unidentified fals; Bahri (PAM).
Water-wheel (Mayer's whirling rosette) (Mayer 44)
Mayer does not regard it as a blazon. We, however, feel that it should be considered as

a heraldic charge, as it fills all requirements: it is well defined, displayed at a prominent
place (in the center), and it is the most conspicuous feature on the coin. It is used by four
sultans only: the Bahri al-Ashraf Sha'ban and the Burjis Barquq, al-Nasir Muhammad and
al-Zahir Qansuh.
Fish (shark)
This emblem, which occurs on a Hamah fals of al-Ashraf Sha'ban, is in Mayer's
opinion also not a heraldic charge (pp. 1o and 26), but an ornament only. It is, however,
24
displayed in exactly the same prominent place, as for example the lion, and we see no
reason why it should be relegated to a secondary role. At least, provisionally, we should
like to propose it as a blazon.
COMPOSITE BLAZONS
As already stated, many sultans used, at the same time, different simple charges on
different issues. In our opinion they all together represent the entire composite blazon of
that ruler.
Besides these, composite blazons in the true sense are sometimes observed on Mamluk
coins. Al-Mansur Muhammad, for instance, has three different composite blazons on
one and the same series: the eagle and crescent, the eagle and Mayer's emblem No. 26 and,
finally, the lion with the rising sun. Barquq as well as Faraj have a lion passant in the
central segment of a three-fielded shield, or the cup and "polo sticks" and the crescent in
the central segment of a three-fielded shield. Or, again, Barquq displays a lion passant
and chalice. One of Jaqmaq's ftdus has the napkin with a rosette, al-Ghuri's coins present
an inscribed cup in the central segment of a three-fielded shield and, finally, an anonymous
fals bears the blazon No. 6 of Mayer's PI. XX.
HEREDITY OF THE BLAZON
On going through the statements of earlier authors, Mayer (pp. 4o-41) emphasized the
difficulties of ascertaining whether Mamluk blazons were hereditary or not, and the material
available to him was insufficient to form a definite opinion. He adds, however: "Never-
theless, I venture to submit the hypothesis that the blazon was hereditary in the case of
sons of amirial rank, not only because of the identity of the blazon in all instances in which
the blazons of both father and sons are known (Baybars and Baraka Qan, Kitbugha and
Muhammad b. Kitbugha, , Sha'ban and Hajji, Sha'ban and 'Ali), but also
because in a case in which the blazon of the son only is known, it shows the very emblem

we should expect on the shield of his father."
We entirely agree with Mayer that the Mamluk blazon was hereditary. We are here
dealing with coins, which can definitely be attributed; the ownership of the blazons they
carry is, therefore, unquestionable.
Great numbers of heraldic coins belonging to several generations of the same family are,
fortunately, preserved. The striking regularity with which the same charges repeatedly
appear on the coins of successive descendents, clearly shows that the emblems are regarded
as family blazons and are hereditary. We have for example, a good series of heraldic coins
belonging to Baybars I and his son, to the House of Qala'un and even better, one of
Barquq and his son Faraj.
Hereunder an illustrated table of hereditary emblems:
Baybars I ^S5
Baraka Qan
Survey of the Coins
25
Al-Nasir Muhammad
Lajin
Al-Salih Isma'il
Al-Muzaffar Hajji
Al-Nasir Hasan
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban
Al-Salih Salih
Al-Mansur Muhammad
Al-Mansur 'Ali
Al-Salih Hajji
Al-Zahir Barquq
Faraj
V///4
V///J
(D
(D $
ARMORIAL ROLL1
BAHRI MAMLUKS
Al-MuHzz Aybak
His tamgha: \J. *. on his dirhems.
Al-Muzaffar Qutiiz
His tamgha: ^ on the copper.
1 For those sultans whose names are not listed, there are no armorial insignia known. The

numbers given in the right-hand margin are references to the catalogue.
26
Baybars I
The lion passant to left is present on all coins in our 27-30
catalogue. On two silver pieces (L. 743 and ANS, no
number) the lion is turned to the right, and Mayer
described an early issue of Ayyubid type dirhems
without the lion.
Baraka Qdn
A^jp Mayer. Same blazon, sometimes also tamgha.
Qala'un
Mayer, SH, p. 10, believes that the duck, encounter-
ed on objects of Qala'un is only ornamental and
not a heraldic device. Up to now no heraldic coins of
Qala'un have been identified.
Al-Ndsir Muhammad
Napkin (buqjah). On his Cairo and Damascus fulus. 243, 244
Fesse. Fulus of Damascus, Aleppo and Tripoli.
246ff.
/ÔrxX. Central segment (bar) bendy with eleven pieces. 245,251
1 s x Fulus without mint or Hamah. BMC 528 f. has the
inscribed fesse on one side and the bar, bendy, on the
other.
Fleur-de-lis. On undivided, smooth shield.
On punctuated shield.
Six-petaled rosette, with central pellet.
255
260

254
Tripoli. 257,259
Aleppo. 260
Six-petaled, with central annulet. 256
Five-petaled, petals concave. Damascus. 261
Eagle. Head to right. 264
Head to left. 263
Double head. Damascus. 265
Kitbughd
Cup. On all fulus. Mayer, SH, p. 144, PI. XX,
Nos. 2,4. 161
Also on p. 144 Mayer quotes from al-Dhahabi, al-
Muntaqa min td'rikh al-Islam, VII, manuscript in
the library of Ahmed Zeki Pasha, Cairo: "... he

carried this coat of arms:"
There is a slight difference between the "cup on
lower part of the two-fielded U shaped shield" of al-
Dhahabi and the cup on the undivided round shield,
which is represented on the copper coins. A similar
blazon, but on a differently divided shield, is repre-
sented on a copper basin, silver-inlaid, at the Wal-
ters Art Gallery in Baltimore. The owner is "Kit-
bugha," but it is not possible to identify this person
with any known historical figure. His blazon:
Lajin
Fesse. On his Damascus copper coins. Mayer, SH,
p. 148.
Al-Salih Ismd'U
Fesse. 294-95
Six-petaled rosette. 291-93
Lion passant to r. Tripoli. 297
Al-Muzaffar Hdjji
Fesse. 315
Fesse/Fleur-de-lis. Mayer, SH, mentions the fleur- 314

de-lis only.
Survey of the Coins
29
Al-Ndsir Hasan
Fesse. On obverse only.
Shield, pear-shaped. On both sides.
327.328
373
Al-Salih Salih
Fesse/Bird walking. The bird on the reverse walking 338
to right, its head turned back towards a small orna-
ment, either a leaf or a small swan(?). We presume
that the walking bird represents an eagle.
Ten-petaled rosette.
339
Al-Mansur Muhammad,
Chalice/Lion with sun.
392
Six-spoked wheel (rosette ?)/eagle walking, crescent. 395, a
As above/as above, but Mayer's emblem No. 26 395, b
instead of the crescent.
Fesse/Horse walking, with palanquin (qiibba). 393
Mayer, SH, PI. XX, No. 3.

Six-petaled rosette/Fesse with central bar bendy. 394
Al-Ashraf Sha'bdn
Fesse, on both sides. 454-56
Fesse on one side, central bar bendy with 13 pieces. 462
Fesse inscribed, on both sides. 467
Six-petaled rosette. 470
Same, with central pellet. 476
Fleur-de-lis (wide ligature). 479, BM
479, Ashm.
Same, flanked by two annulets. 466
Crescent. 471
Waterwheel, eight spokes counter-clockwise, four 475

pellets.
Lion passant to left. 464,480
Lion passant to right. 463
Fish (shark). 465
Al-Mansur 'Ali
Fleur-de-lis, flanked by 4 pellets. 501-02
Fesse/Fleur-de-lis. 504
Crescent. 506,507
Fesse/Crescent. 506
Lion passant to left. 505
Al-Salih Hdjji
1st reign

Fleur-de-lis, flanked by 4 pellets. 524
Fleur-de-lis in lower large field of divided shield. 525
2nd reign
Fesse on obv. 532
Fesse/six petaled rosette. 258, 527
bur j 1 mamluks
Al-Zdhir Barquq
Fesse, inscribed. 559, 560, 561, 564
Fleur-de-lis, flanked by four pellets. 593
558
Fleur-de-lis-chalice. 590-91
Lion passant to left, on undivided field. 602
Tail curled back and looped.
Lion passant to left in central segment of fesse.

a) Long tail, bush behind the lion. 597b
Survey of the Coins
33
b) Long tail, no bush.
597
c) Short tail, no bush.
597a
Fesse/Fleur-de-lis.
603
Fesse, with chalice and polo sticks (?) and crescent 598
in the central segment.
Lion passant to left, tail curled back, chalice above 595
the lion.
The last three varieties, with waterwheel, eagle and
the lion with chalice, do not have Barquq's name,
only his title, "al-Zahir." There is, however, not
much doubt that the attribution is correct.
Al-Ndsir Faraj
Waterwheel, eight spokes curved clockwise.
600, 606
Eagle, turned right.
608
599
Fesse, inscribed. Cf. 628, 671.

657
Six-petaled rosette.
Fleur-de-lis.
Fleur-de-lis-chalice.
Lion passant to left, in undivided field.
055
667
654
662, 670
647
668-69
Lion passant to left, in central segment of fesse. 656
Cup, flanked by polo sticks( ?) and crescent, in central 659
segment of fesse.
Six-petaled rosette/Lion passant to left in undivided 664
field.
The Caliph al-Musta'in bi'llah
Fesse, inscribed.

671-72
Survey of the Coins
35
Buqjah.
675-76
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
Fesse, inscribed.
677-78
Mayer, SH, p. 200, describes a blazon, from the east
door of the Damascus main mosque, now destroyed:
three fielded shield (fesse), in the central segment chal-
ice, with two tiny chalices within it, and another
chalice in the lower segment.
Al Muzaffar Ahmad
Lion passant. Karabacek: Z. Orient. Miinzkunde, 699
No. 10, cit. from Mayer, SH, p. 52. This is the only
reference.
Al-Ashraf Barsbay
Chalice, with pearled stem. Damascus, silver coins. 721-25
Fesse/Lion passant to left, long tail curled back. 731
Al-Zahir Jaqmaq
Chalice. 746

754
Buqjah. 747,753
Five-petaled rosette in buqjah. 751
Al-Ashraf Aynal
Fesse, inscribed. 774~76
Lion passant to left. 777
Mayer records a composite blazon, SH, pp. 87-88,
which contains a pen-box, chalice and fleur-de-lis, in
the three segments of a three-fielded shield, from the
minaret of the Katib al-Wilaya mosque at Ghaza.
Except for the plain fesse, we found nothing like it on
the coins.
Al-Zahir Khushqadam
Five-petaled rosette. 797, 800
Mayer, SH, p. 22, correctly states that on 784 and 786
there is no fleur-de-lis. Neither is there one on 789;
the tiny flowerets on these are purely ornamental.
There is no proof that the fleur-de-lis ever was
Khiishqadam's blazon.
Al-Zahir Temirbughd
Chalice in the central segment of 806, Ashmol.
three-fielded shield.

806 Balog
Survey of the Coins
37
Chalice in undivided field/six-petaled rosette.
805
Al-Ashraf Qd'itbdy
Six-petaled rosette.
842,844
Lion passant to left.
843
Eagle walking to right.
845
Chessboard. Cairo. We cannot decide whether it is a 834
heraldic emblem or a simple decorative pattern.
Mayer, SH, p. 22, mentions the fleur-de-lis, but we
do not know of any coin of Cja'itbay with this blazon.
Al-Ndsir Muhammad
Waterwheel, spokes clockwise. 860
Waterwheel, 13 spokes counter-clockwise. Cairo. 859
Mayer, SH, pp. 188-89, caUs this emblem a "whirling
rosette" and does not believe that it has a heraldic
character. We feel, however, that it may be a charge
and present it, tentatively, as a heraldic emblem.

Six-petaled rosette. 861
38
Al-Zahir Qdnsfih
Lion (or leopard ?) passant to left.
864
Al-Ashraf Jdnbalat
Mayer, SH, p. 128, gives his blazon from a copper
basin as shown here.
Qdnsuh al-Ghiiri
Waterwheel, spokes counter-clockwise.
Chalice in three-fielded shield, inscribed.
93
902
Unidentified Bahri
Fesse, central bar bendy (to left) with 15 pieces/
Fesse; upper segment contains Mayer's emblem No.
35, the central segment has a device which we are not
able to identify (cf. the illustration) and the lower
field is plain. There is no name to help with the
attribution. To judge by the general appearance of
the coin and the fesse and bar bendy, this coin may
belong to a member of the House of al-Nasir Mu-

hammad.
NOTES ON METROLOGY
The metrology of Mamluk coinage is complicated; it has been thought to be confused,
and several authors went so far as to question its very existence. It does, however, exist.
To make it easier to understand it is necessary to retrace briefly the development of Islamic
numismatic metrology from its beginning up to that complex and artificial system into
which it had been transformed by the Mamluks.
Islamic monetary metrology was based on a gold-silver bimetallic system. After 'Abd
al-Malik's reform the relationship was fixed as ten weight units of silver to seven weight
units of gold, with a theoretical weight of 4.25 grams for the dinar and 2.97 grams for the
dirhem.
According to calculations of G. C. Miles ("Byzantine Miliaresion and Arab Dirhem,"
ANSMN IX, i960, p. 214) based on a large number of Umayyad and 'Abbasid dinars, the
intended weight of the gold coin was 4.251 grams. As for the dirhem. Dr. Miles (op. cit.
pp. 213-4), on tne basis of research on a major scale, found that the average weight of the
Umayyad silver was around 2.924 grams, and that of the 'Abbasid dirhem, between al-
Saffah and al-Musta'in (132 to 251 H.), from 2.881 to 2.970 grams, the average of which
is 2.93. Allowing 1%% for loss of weight, we arrive at the intended weight of 2.97 grams,
being also the supposed theoretical weight for the classical dirhem.
Copper was considered a token currency only and had purely local value and circulation.
Its purchasing power was very limited and served exclusively the needs of daily life. It
was issued by the local authorities, with or without the governor's name, and sometimes
in the name of the Caliph.
Occasional underweight dinars begin to appear under the 'Abbasids al-Muqtadir bi'llah
and al-Radi bi'llah; during the Ikhshldid rule, most dinars were underweight, often less than
four grams. This period is especially well known, as in 1954 a hoard of probably 3000 gold
coins was unearthed in the Upper-Egyptian town of Assiut; more than two thousand coins
have been examined by us, as they passed through the Cairo gold bazaar over a period of

four years.1
1 This and other findings seem to indicate that during the early stages of Islamic coinage, the
weight of the coins was more important for the determination as to whether they were of full value
or not than the fineness of their alloy. Ehrenkreutz, in several articles of excellent quality, points
out that there are differences of a few per cent in fineness between various emissions (JAOS 1954
and 1956). He stresses the importance of these differences. We do not believe that the Moslem
minters in the Middle Ages were able to control whether their dinars contained 98, 96 or even
94% gold. It seems to us that the fineness (and color) of the coins depended on the source from
which the gold came. We know, for instance, that the early 'Abbasid dinars of Egypt came from
ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman gold-treasures dug up systematically by order of the authori-
ties (Maqrizi in MMAF 1895 and 1900, and MIFAO 1906, p. 214). Cases in which especially low
grade gold is manifest, as in the dinars of al-Radi bi'llah, are exceptional. Ehrenkreutz believes
39
4o
For a long time during the Fatimid Caliphate, the weight of the dinar was maintained
with great accuracy. Towards the end, however, we occasionally meet slightly underweight
dinars.
Saladin re-established orthodoxy in place of the vanished Fatimid Caliphate and issued
new currency. Instead of turning back to the traditional dinar, he struck gold which showed
an even greater fluctuation than the Fatimid dinar. Not only were there underweight coins,
but under his successors the weight of the coins became individual and varied between the
single and double dinar without any apparent order. These coins can no longer be con-
sidered dinars in the strict sense of the word, but only ingots (in the shape of coins), which
could not have circulated by count, but had to be weighed.
At this point, we believe, gold had lost its place as a standard of coinage and became a
commodity. It is to be noted that this innovation was due to the Ayyubids, and that the
Mamluks simply inherited the new system. The place of gold had been taken over by silver,
which thus became the standard of coinage, and the production of the silver dirhem came
under the direct surveillance of the ruler.
In Syria, where the original wide-flan dirhem remained in circulation, the control was
easier; in Egypt, on the contrary, where Saladin and his immediate successors were obliged
to tolerate the continued emission of "black" dirhems, a monetary reform had soon to be
introduced. The famous reform of 622 H. recorded by Maqrizi was, in reality, only a
camouflage: a new dirhem-type was invented, but the coinage remained essentially un-
changed, unimproved.
A certain number of dirhems, issued during that period, have been analyzed by us in
order to ascertain the content of pure silver.1 The results are as follows:
Saladin's Cairo black dirhems: between 27 and 3o% silver
al-Kamil Muhammad Damascus large flan (before 622 H): between 87 and 89%

Cairo black dirhems (before 622 H): between 28 and 3o%
cairo globular, reformed dirhems (after 622 H): between 23 and 3o%
al-Sdlih Ayyub Damascus large flan: between 76 and 87%
Cairo globular: 28.5%
al-Ndsir Yusuf Damascus (after 648 H): between 72 and 8o%
A real innovation was introduced by Saladin through his new copper coinage, which
was to play the same role of support vis-a-vis the silver, just as silver used to support gold
in the old gold-silver system.
It has been pointed out that in former times copper was only a local currency without
legal value. Under the Ayyubids copper is promoted to the status of state-currency for the
that the Ikhshidid period is one of great economic stability; we think, on the other hand, that it
shows evident signs of inflation. Cf. A. S. Ehrenkreutz in JESHO 1959, pp. 152-4; Balog in
RBN 1955, p. no.
1 A determined amount of silver (o.5 gr.) was cut from the coin and accurately weighed, then
melted in the presence of lead in a porous terra cotta container. The container absorbs the lead
which carries with it the non-precious elements from the molten drop of metal and the pure silver
remains. The fineness is then calculated from the difference of weight between the original alloy
and the remaining pure silver.
Notes on Metrology
4i
first time; the sovereign's name is placed on the coins and, sometimes, even that of the
caliph. The coins are well designed and neatly struck, and weigh between two and seven
grams.
To sum up, the earlier gold-silver bimetallic system yielded its place to a newer system
in which silver became the standard coinage and was, in its turn, supported by copper. But
the relationship between silver and copper was difficult to maintain at a fixed rate. Silver,
during the last half century of Fatimid rule, had been continuously debased and drastically
reduced in size, but even so it was not easy to obtain in sufficient quantities. On the other
hand, copper, a common and cheap metal, flooded the market and soon became beyond
control.
This arbitrarily controlled monetary system worked well enough under the firm rule
of the Ayyiibids, although it carried its own, inborn weakness. Arbitrary measures of the
Mamluk governments, inspired by political events and economic emergencies, soon led to
utter chaos and disorder, which quickly reached a hitherto unprecedented peak. No wonder
that, in the circumstances, several prominent modern authors went so far as to deny that
any metrological system existed at all under the Mamluks,
In order to appreciate the causes of the decline of Mamluk economy, it may be useful
to revue briefly its main factors: , i, >
1. The entire Mamluk period is filled with continuous internecine struggle, often degenerat-
ing into civil war, fought, by Mamluk against Mamluk for personal power, and between
clans for tribal ascendancy. At the frontiers, there was perpetual warfare, sometimes at
several points. The strain on the country's economy became unbearable.
2. Although less spectacular, foreign economic competition took an even heavier toll.
First the Byzantines, then the Venetians, on the one hand, and later the Portuguese on the
other, surrounded the Mamluk empire and, in the long run, cut it off from the international

trade route which, passing through Egypt, assured its prosperity during many centuries.
3. Finally, the replacement of the old gold-silver bimetallic system by the new silver-
copper system could not fail to have a disastrous effect. Gresham's law, according to
which good money always gives way to bad, is true for that period also.
During the entire Bahri period, gold was traded by weight in the form of stamped coin-
ingots; these coins had different, irregular weights, and had no connection to any known
ponderal system.
The value of gold was determined by that of silvera currency which day by day lost
some of its purchasing power; therefore, the rate of exchange of gold rose higher every day.
Moreover, neither of the two metals had a fixed value. In fact, the silver dirhem which
should have been the monetary standard, so to say the basis of the whole system, was
only relatively stable. The weight of the Mamluk dirhem, in spite of the vast number of
preserved specimens, can only be approximately established. Not counting the globular
dirhems of Shajar al-Durr and Al-Ashraf Musa, the Mamluk dirhem from Aybak until
al-Ashraf Khalil remained around 2.80 to 2.90 grams. From al-Nasir Muhammad's third
reign onwards, the fluctuation is greater: 2.50 to 3.0 grams or more (3.50, even 4.0).
There are also numerous coins with weights ranging irregularly between the quarter-
dirhem and the double-dirhem.
Scarcity of silver was increasingly being felt as time passed and several contemporary
42
chroniclers left accounts of the existing economic uneasiness. We have a curious bit of
corroborating numismatic evidence that such difficulty existed and that any emergency
measures which helped to ease, even momentarily, the acute pressure, were taken without
hesitation.
Al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qala'un led several military expeditions into Cilician Armenia.
In 723 H. (1323 A.D.), he succeeded in capturing the capital, Sis; to secure peace, Leon IV,
the Armenian King, agreed to pay an annual tribute of 1,2oo,ooo trams. Part of the silver
was probably melted down to issue Mamluk dirhems. As this, however, was a lengthy
operation, in order to shorten the time needed for restriking, the majority of the Armenian
coins were simply overstruck with al-Nasir Muhammad's dies. The market seems to have
been so short of silver currency, that even this extraordinary procedure was not deemed
sufficient, and the remainder of the Armenian trams were therefore dumped into circulation
without any overstriking. Hoards of this period contain Mamluk dirhems of al-Nasir Mu-
hammad, overstruck Armenian trams and original Armenian coins without overstriking
in varying numbers; which proves that all three types of coins circulated simultaneously.
During the first part of the Bahri period, copper coins remained similar to the Ayyiibid
copper issues. The engraving is pleasant and the striking well executed. After a certain
time, however, the quality deteriorated, especially towards the end of the Bahri dynasty.
These copper coins, struck hastily and in enormous quantities, were very poorly and care-
lessly manufactured. Their weight became completely erratic. ., {
The volume of the emissions remained within normal limits until al-Nasir Muhammad's
third reign. By that time the issue of fuliis began to take considerable proportions. Then,
under al-Salih Isma'il, a real inflation set in, increasing in importance as al-Nasir Hasan,
al-Mansur Muhammad and al-Ashraf Sha'ban succeeded to the throne.
Each succeeding government put more and more copper into an already saturated

circulation, from which silver was rapidly disappearing. This procedure continued until,
at the end of the Bahri period, practically the only existing currency was the copper fals.
Gold was but a commodity and silver became extremely scarce. This state of utter eco-
nomic chaos was probably one of the causes of the collapse of the Bahri dynasty and the
advent of the Burji sultans. Nobody could tell how good or bad the circulating silver pieces
really were.
In spite of all the disorder and economic distress numismatic metrology did not actually
disappear, but was only concealed by the artificial experiments of an enforced abusive
economy. An irrefutable proof that during the whole Mamluk period the metrological
system remained alive and unaltered exists in the fact of Faraj's coin reforms and that of
al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh.
Inflation continued to increase under Barquq and became intolerable on Faraj's accession
to the throne; contemporary sources give poignant descriptions of the sufferings endured
by the population. A reaction was inevitable and came in 8o4 H. when Faraj first attempt-
ed to carry out a currency reform.
The plan was evidently to return to the traditional bimetallic system based on the
relationship between gold and silver. The weight of the dinar was fixed at 4.25 grams, that
of the canonic dinar. Eight surviving specimens of this emission confirm that the weight
of the dinar in 8oo H. was still the same as at the time of its adoption more than seven
Notes on Metrology
43
hundred years earlier.1 In the same way, Barsbay's silver demonstrates that the dirhem
retained its original weight of 2.90 grm. through the centuries.2 At the same time copper
was once more relegated by the reform to the secondary role of token currency.
Faraj's first reform, which seemed so simple in theory, turned out to be disastrous when
actually applied. Such a large-scale salvaging operation could meet with success only if
the enormous quantities of worthless circulating money could be absorbed and replaced
by the government with a new, healthy currency. A heavy task, difficult to carry out.
As Faraj evidently did not possess the necessary funds to meet the expenses of this venture,
the reform was abandoned within two years.
Yielding to the ever increasing economic pressure, Faraj, in 810 H., introduced a second
monetary reform. This too was based on the gold-silver system; however, not on the dinar,
but on the weight of the Venetian zecchino. The new gold coin had an average weight of
only 3.40, which is slightly less than the weight of the sequin (3.50-3.55 grm.). This was
the so called dinar Nasiri (Maqrizi, Suluk, Paris Ms. 1728, fol. 71 V). Contrary to Maqrizi's
statement that the sequin-weight gold coin was introduced only in 811, we possess many
such dinars of the year 810 H. It is not entirely excluded that the small difference of weight
was intended to enable the new Mamluk coin to compete with its formidable prototype, the
much coveted Venetian sequin.
In later times the weight of the coin was reduced by a few centigrams, and even the
fineness of the gold was tampered with; it is therefore natural that, in those circumstances,
the sequin soon superseded the Burji gold coin.
A third and last attempt was made by al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh to rescue the badly shaken
finances; he once more struck gold coins based on the traditional monetary mithqal
(= dinar) standard in 821 and 823 H. Two of the surviving coins present the denomination
"mithqal" in the centre of the field; the third is a half-mithqal = "nisf." Naturally, this

optimistic experiment, which, like the earlier reforms, had no solid basis, disappeared with-
out any trace just as quickly as Faraj's first reform, and left the field once again to the
sequin-type gold.
The strain imposed on Egypt's economy was too great, and a drastic reduction of the
weight of the silver dirhem followed. The first "light-weight" silver dirhems appeared
under the Caliph-sultan al-Musta'in-bi'llah (about 1.50 grams). Under al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
(we have at least 260 specimens of his silver dirhems) their weight had dropped to around
1.30 grams.3 Then, unexpectedly, there is a certain improvement during Barsbay's reign:
his dirhems are a little heavier and reach an average of 2 grams. Under Jaqmaq, however,
silver is once more reduced to 1.50 grams at which weight it remained for a long time.
Finally, Qansuh al-Ghuri's dirhems, under the pressure of the last struggle against the
Osmanli Turks, were drastically reduced to a mere 1 gram.
1 See Rauge van Gennep, "Le ducat Venitien en Egypte," p. 11 (full reference in footnote -,
below).
2 Barsbay struck silver coins with the following denominations: */2 + 1|t = 3/i dirhem, of
1.45 -f 0.725 grm. = 2.175 grm. and 1It + 1Ia = 8/8 dirhem, of 0.725 + 0.312 grm. = 1,370 grm.
Both weights correspond narrowly to that of the Umayyad dirhem of 2.90 or 2.88 grm.
8 Cf. Supplement of the Catalogue, pp. 387-393.
44
After Faraj's death, the minting of copper was discontinued. The earlier fulus which
circulated, and continued to circulate in enormous quantities, were more than sufficient
for Egypt's tottering, crumbling economy. And as if things were not bad enough, during
the final agony of the Mamluk era, Qaitbai, al-Nasir Muhammad and Qansuh al-Ghuri
once again dumped copper into circulation for the few remaining years of the Mamluk
rule.
The ill-fated battle of Marj Dabiq, fought and lost on the 25th of Rajab 922 H., put an
end to the Mamluk empire and to its incredibly varied coinage.
To end this chapter of confusing monetary history, we must return to the problem of the
fantastic increase of the exchange rate between the dirhem and the dinar, from the begin-
ning of the Bahri dynasty up to the end of the Burjis. ft has been described by chroniclers
and contemporary travellers, and studied by modern numismatists and students of econo-
mic history of the Mamluk era.1 Neither the chroniclers nor the modern authors have
succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation of the chaotic situation.
Mediaeval literary sources agree that the rate of exchange between the Mamluk dinar
and the dirhem at the beginning of the Bahri era was 1 to 20. Towards the end of that rule,
however, the ratio began to rise and soon reached high proportions. At the beginning of
the Burji dynasty, the dirhem lost more of its value at an accelerated pace and, after
Faraj's ruinous reform, the situation got completely out of hand. During the following
40 to 60 years, the dinar was exchanged in quick succession at the rate of 60, 120, 240 and
finally 480 dirhems.
If we compare these figures with the data of the preserved silver dirhems in our collections,
we are confronted with a startling contradiction. The early Bahri dirhem, weighing about
three grams, had a dinar exchange rate of 1 to 20. The weight of the small Burji dirhems
was reduced to 1.50 and finally to 1 gram. Therefore one would expect that the rate of

exchange should not exceed 1 to 40 or 1 to 60. Instead, the highest recorded exchange rate
is 1 to 480. This seems paradoxical, if one does not assume an extreme debasement of the
alloy of the dirhem. In order to elucidate the question we had a series of Bahri and Burji
dirhems analyzed by cupellation with lead (see above, p. 40) to ascertain the fineness of
the silver content. The results were surprising:
BAHRI MAMLUKS:
Baybars I: 66, 66, 73, 77% silver content.
Al-Nasir Muhammad "black": 46, 49.5, 65, 66, 73%
normal flan: 68, 72.5%
Al-Salih Isma'il: 66, 68, 69, 70%
Al-Kamil Sha'ban: 63%
1 Cf. M. de Boiiard, L'Egypte comtemporaine, XXXe annee, No. 185, Mai 1939, pp. 427-459;
A. Rauge van Gennep, "Le ducat venitien en Egypte," RN 1897, pp. 373-381, 494-508 (= pp.
1-25 of the offprint); A. S. Ehrenkreutz, BSOAS 1953, pp. 502-514 and 1954, pp. 423-447,
J AOS 1954, pp. 162-166 and 1956, pp. 178-184; D. Ayalon, JESHO I, pp. 37ft. and 257ft.
Notes on Metrology
45
BURJI MAMLUKS:
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh: 90, 90, 91.5, 92.5, 94.5%
Barsbay: 92, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96%
Aynal: 96, 96%
Qa'itbay: 82.7, 90, 92.5, 95%
The assays performed show that the dirhem, throughout the Bahri period, remained
fairly good; with not too much fluctuation the fineness was between 65 and 77%. A few
low-grade "black" dirhems were an exception. Contrary to all expectations, the Burji
dirhem is made of a finer alloy than its Bahri predecessor. Never less than 90%, it often
rose to 95 or even 96%, and remained at the same level to the very end. Instead of being
debased, it stayed on a higher standard than the Bahri silver-coin.
The logical conclusion to be drawn from the aforesaid is that the real silver dirhem
could not have reached the exchange rate recorded by the historians.
When speaking of the dirhem, we naturally think of a silver coin. But it has already
been stated that silver, a commodity not indigenous to Egypt, had to be imported against
payment in gold which was even scarcer than silver. The only current coin was the copper
fals. Copper was extremely abundant, cheap and becoming cheaper daily; it was practically
the only currency available. Formerly a real currency, the dirhem now became money of
account only: so many fulus per dirhem. Gradually, the expression "dirhem-/Zs" was intro-
duced and, finally, the only existing coin, the fals, was identified with the money of account.
Therefore, if we translate the word "dirhem" instead of by its specific meaning into the
general term "money," the problem is solved, and the fantastic exchange rate automatic-
ally explained.1
The manuscript of this work had been in the hands of the editor for some time when
William Popper's Egypt and Syria under the Circassion Sultans, Systematic Notes to Ibn

Taghri Birdi's Chronicles of Egypt, (University of California Publications in Semitic
Philology, vol. 16), Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957, came to my attention. Popper's
admirable work presents so many important notes on currency referred to in the chronicles,
interpreted and explained by the author, that it is imperative to include a few remarks
on these notes (pp. 41-73):
1 Maqrizi, in his "Traite des famines" (transl. G. Wiet, Leiden, 1962, p. 68) says: one dirhem
of account is worth 24 fulus. If we translate this into the original value of the silver dirhem,
then one dirhem = 24 fulus, and one mithqal gold = 20 dirhems = 480 fulus (dirhem-/a/s).
In the same way, the Italian soldo, once a coin of specific value, today only means "money;"
similiarly, in modern Egypt, the "dirhem" is sometimes employed to signify "small change."
It would not be the first time that copper coins were called dirhems; the copper "dirhems" of
the Urtuqis and other Turcoman dynasties struck during the 12th and 13ih centuries in 'Iraqi
Jazirah are well known. Cf. J. Karabacek, "Uber muhammedanische Vicariatsmiinzen und
Kupferdrachmen des XII-XIII Jahrhunderts," NZ I, 1869, pp. 265-300; also Maqrizi: Nuqud,
ed. Constantinople, 1928, pp. 15, i1.2iff.; Khitaf, II, 396, 1.6 (biography of Mahmfld), 397,1.4.
46
Gold
On p. 41, second and third paragraph, the gold dinar of 4.25 grams is described as the
standard of coinage, which served to reckon the value of the subsidiary coinage, i.e., silver
and copper. This is true; one has to remember, however, that at that time, gold was issued
in the form of coin-shaped ingots of irregular weight and the standard gold dinar was only
a nominal unit. We could even borrow for it the term which Popper so appropriately
applies to the dirhem of account, and, just as he designated the latter as "trade-dirhem,"
so I would call the fictitious unit of gold a "trade-dinar."
The Salimi dinar, as mentioned by the historians and discussed in the first three para-
graphs on p. 48 of Popper's Notes, is now quite well known, eight specimens being included
in our catalogue. They reveal that Qalqashandi's description is the correct one, and Faraj's
name is indeed inscribed in a circle on the obverse. Maqrizi's and Qalqashandi's reference
to the legend "Islamic coinage" is true, as the reverse, as on most Islamic coins, bears the
kalima.
The second paragraph of the same page mentions the denominations of this issue, ac-
cording to Subh (III, 441.3). Our series contains specimens of y2, 1, 2 and 3 mithqals, but
none of il/2 or % mithqal. The Salimi dinar was the result of a genuine reform, as it
weighed exactly one mithqal, or a fraction or multiples of a mithqal, and was not a coin
of account, but a real currency standard. The reform broke down on the simple fact that
there was not enough bullion to satisfy the needs of circulation.
Before we proceed with the discussion of the second reform introduced by Faraj, i.e.,
the sequin-type Nasiri "dinar," it should be mentioned that another attempt to restore
the mithqal-weight gold coin to a position of monetary standard was made by al-Mu'ayyad
Shaykh in 823 H. Of this issue I have found no record in the chronicles, and in the numis-
matic literature only the coins No. 1142 of Lavoix and No. 156o in Lane-Poole's

Catalogue of the Khedivial Library. Although the weight of this latter specimen is not
recorded, the weight of the former coin and of another is known. One, in my collection, is
4.37 grams, the otherL. 1142 weighs 2.o6. Accordingly the latter coin is inscribed with
nisf, one-half, and the two larger ones with mithqal. Needless to say, al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's
experiment failed as quickly as that of Faraj and for the same reason.
We now come to the "Nasiri dinar," or sequin-type issue, commented on by Popper
in pp. 48-49. Although according to Qalqashandi this coin had already been issued in
8o8 H., Popper knows of two specimens of the year 81o H. only. To these, we may now
add six more, all of the same year; there are others of later date, but none earlier. Until
proof to the contrary is provided, therefore, we also believe that the sequin-type gold
was struck only from 81o H. onwards.
The weight of these Nasiri sequins is said by Qalqashandi to have been around that of
the ducat, and the two coins mentioned by Popper are near that figure. The other coins
in our catalogue, however, are slightly less. The weight of the other ten specimens known
to us varies uniformly from 3.5o to 3.32 grams. On the whole, the Nasiri is lighter than
the ducat, and an exchange rate a little less favourable than that of the ducat (or sequin)
is fully justified. The question raised in the last two lines on the same page 48, namely,
that according to Maqrizi the alloy also was adulterated, has yet to be investigated.
Notes on Metrology
47
Popper's remarks on the sequin issues of al-Musta'in bi'llah and al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
are fully confirmed by the coins of our catalogue, except that one specimen of al-Musta'in
weighs as much as 3.60, and another 3.48; all the coins of al-Mu'ayyad are around 3.40,
with one exception of 3.50 grams.
We also agree with Popper on the weight of the Ashrafi dinar of Barsbay, that the extant
coins weigh less than those recorded by Ibn Taghri Birdi. In our series, the extreme weights
are from 3.34 to 3.43, although the bulk15 specimens weigh between 3.40 and 3.41
grams. It is equally true that the gold of the later Burji sultans remained under 3.43 grams.
The average weight of 3.40 grams, according to the coins, was maintained until Qa'itbay;
under this sultan, a small decrease is noticed: min. 3.33, max. 3.44, the bulk (38 coins out
of a total of 47) weigh between 3.37 and 3.41.
Under al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qa'itbay, the decrease in weight continues; of 14 coins
(min. 3.34 and max. 3.42), eight weigh between 3.35 and 3.38 grams. Subsequently, a
maximal weight of 3.40 is rarely attained, and at the last stages (al-Ghuri and al-Ashraf
Tumanbay) figures as low as 3.20 also occur.
Silver
On page 54, 2nd paragraph, Popper records from 'Ali Pasha, and Maqrizi-Sacy, that
as early as 781 H., the introduction of Hamawi dirhems caused disadvantage to the public.
Popper is right in supposing that they might have been defective, but the defect could
only have been caused by clipping or loss of weight by wear, because in a recent study we
have proved that there was no adulteration in the alloy at this period, which, in Egypt as
well as in Syria, contained two-thirds of fine silver against one-third of copper.
We are in a good position to confirm Popper's references of the chroniclers (last paragraph
on p. 56 and first paragraph on p. 57) on the Mu'ayyadi dirhem. He says that, according
to Maqrizi, this coin contained 2.6 grams of "good silver." A lot of 153 Mu'ayyadi silver

coins in our collection contains 23 dirhems, 121 halves and 9 quarters. If this proportion
corresponds to the relative numbers of the different denominations which circulated at the
time of the emission, then it must be accepted that not only were there half dirhems as
well as entire dirhems, but that they were the majority. I should even say that the half
dirhems made up the greatest part of the emission. The public probably saw little else in
circulation than the small but nearly pure silver half-dirhem and promptly accepted it as
the unit of currency.
Indeed, Popper says that "Many, probably a large proportion, of half Mu'ayyadis
were struck." He also states that "in later years values were often quoted by the half
Mu'ayyadi even when it was not specified."
To go back to the question of the weight of the Mu'ayyadi dirhem, the average in our
series is around 2.63 grams, the half dirhem 1.30 gram and the quarter 0.64. In our assay-
ings, the pure silver content varied between 90 and 94.5%, which has to be deducted from
the total weight, i.e., silver and copper. Thus the records left by the chroniclers are pleas-
ingly confirmed by practical numismatic methods.
According to the historians, says Popper of the Ashrafi dirhem (of Barsbay) on page 58,
this coin was also of "good silver," with a weight of 2.478 grams calculated on a theoretical
48
basis. He adds, however, that the extant coins weigh less than this figure (around
2 grams).
Not only can we confirm that the unit of the Ashrafi silver weighed only 2.o8 grams on
the average, but we can give an explanation for this curious monetary value. Many, though
not all silver coins of Barsbay have the denomination inscribed on them: quarter, quarter
and eighth, half, and half and quarter. The corresponding weights are, more or less ac-
curately: o.77, 1.o3, 1.62 and 2.o8 grams. There is not one entire dirhem in the catalogue.
Il-Wa&.prnha hly^thfjpcreasing price of silver which caused the introduction of a lighter
weight standard.
This is why we believe that, when Popper speaks, on p. 5o, of the new, Zahiri dirhem
issued by Jaqmaq in 843 H., which was to pass by tale at 24 dirhems (of account), only
a theoretical dirhem is meant. The existing forty specimens are all half-dirhems and there
also are two quarters. At this stage, the unit was evidently the half-dirhem.
On the same page 5o, Popper describes the Inali dirhem as having been issued in two
distinct emissions. The first, struck in Aleppo and Damascus, should, according to Ibn
Taghri Birdi, have a low silver content. The second, issued in the same year 861 and early
in 862, on the contrary, is said to contain 96% silver. Are we right in supposing that the
second emission is meant to come from the Cairo mint?
In this case, we are completely at variance with Ibn Taghri Birdi. We have analyzed
several half dirhems of Aynal and found that all specimens, struck in Cairo as well as in
Damascus, have a very high fine silver content: 95.5 to 97.2%; no difference was found
between the Cairo and Damascus coins.
Though Popper records that the new dirhem weighed 2.975 grams, the only existing
specimens of which he knows are half dirhems. Indeed, not one of the 76 coins known by
us exceeds the half-dirhem; on the contrary, 75 are halves and only one is a quarter. Of

the 76 coins, 47 are in the catalogue, and 29 more have been acquired since the completion
of the corpus.
In fact, the half-dirhem continued to function as the unit of the silver coinage until the
end of Mamluk rule and under Qansuh al-Ghuri there is a final, important reduction in the
weight of the coins. Whereas an average of 1.5o -1.42 grams was maintained until al-Nasir
Muhammad, al-Ghuri reduced it to 1.19 gram. This is another detail which confirms
Popper's comments (his p. 6o, 4th paragraph).
Copper
A long chapter (pp. 67-73) is devoted by Popper to the copper coinage. Of special
interest to our work are the following references:
In 724 H. the copper feds weighed one dirhem ('Ali Pasha XX. 5o.), p. 67, 2nd paragraph
of chapter IV.
In 759 H. new copper coins were struck, each coin weighing one mithqal (Subh, III,
444.1), p. 68, 2nd paragraph.
The numerous other references, though of great importance to the continuously fluctuat-
ing economy of the period, are not of direct issue on the problems of metrology. They refer
only to the rates of exchange.
Notes on Metrology
49
At the time the present work was completed, only 478 Mamluk copper coins with
recorded weight were known. However, since this book went to the printers, a very
large hoard of Mamluk fulus has been discovered. 230 specimens were too worn to be
of any use, but the remaining 581 coins belonged to Qaitbay, to his son al-Nasir
Muhammad and to Qansuh al-Ghuri. We examined these 581 coins as well as the
already known 478 Bahri and Burji coppers of our catalogue and arrived at conclusions
which will be published in the NC of 1963. The results of our studies, which roughly
correspond with Taghri Birdi's account, are as follows:
The weight-unit of the copper coinage since the beginning of the Bahri rule until
759 H, during the second reign of al-Nasir Hasan, was the dirhem. At this time the
mithqal was officially proclaimed as the unit of weight. Whereas before 759 H. the
copper could pass by tale, even though for modest transactions only, after that time it
had to be weighed for any business deal. Whereas the Burji fals continued to weigh
roughly one mithqal, an important change took place under Qaitbay; after that time all

control ceased on the weight of the copper coinage.
MINT NOTES
The Marnluks never used more than six mints to issue coins; two in Egypt (Cairo and
Alexandria) and four in Syria (Damascus, Aleppo, Hamah and Tripoli). The two tables
of reference at the end of this section give a graphic picture of the relative importance of
the different mints, as well as of the metals employed.
CAIRO
Cairo, in Arabic al-Qahirah (jytWl), or Cairo the well-guarded (i-jj>A\ i_Ûl) as it was
sometimes called, was the most important mint of the realm. From the very beginning
coins were issued almost without interruption up to the end of the Burji dynasty. As
was only natural Cairo provided gold throughout the whole period, as well as silver. The
copper emissions are unknown before al-NasirMuhammad (possibly a fewfulus of Baybars I
and Qala'un without the mint name came from the Cairo mint); later they crop up from
time to time. With al-Mansur Muhammad, an avalanche of copper coinage begins, which
then ends abruptly after Barquq's first reign. Later on, fulus seem to have been struck in
Cairo only sporadically; at least very few of them have come down to us. Towards the end
of Burji rule, Qaitbay, al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qa'itbay and Qansuh al-Ghuri are once
again represented in modern collections by a fair number of fulus.
ALEXANDRIA
Alexandria is spelt: al-Iskandariyah (ijaJL.Ml), Iskandariyah (ijxO), or exception-
ally only Skanda1iyah (ijxC). On three gold coins, however, the mint-name is preceded
by an epithet (a unique dinar of al-Ashraf Khalil and two gold coins of al-Nasir Faraj):
Thaghr Skandariyah (ij.uC js). In modern arabic jt means a port, or the mouth of
a river (Hans Wehr, Arabisches Worterbuch, Leipzig, 1954, I, p. 91). In classical Arabic
dictionaries thaghr is a "gap, breach, frontier-way of access to a country, part of a country
from which the invasion of an enemy is feared, frontier of a hostile country, a place that
is a boundary between the countries of the Muslims and the unbelievers" (E. W. Lane,
Arabic-English Lexicon, London, 1863, Book I, Part 1, p. 338, last paragraph, and p. 339,

first paragraph). Cf. also Dozy: Sup.pl., I, p. 159, "Place frontiere," "Place, ville de guerre,
forteresse," and Marius Canard, Histoire de la Dynastie des Hamdanides de Jazira et de
Syrie (Alger, 1951), p. 243: "Les places frontieres musulmanes sont appelees thughur,
proprement breches, bouches, c'est-a-dire endroits exposes aux attaques de l'ennemi, du
singulier 'thaghr'."
The three above-mentioned dinars are the only coins specifying Alexandria as a frontier-
post. The word (in the plural jyis), however, has been observed on copper coins issued
at Tarsus around 290-292 H. by George C. Miles in "Islamic Coins from the Tarsus Excav-
50
Mint Notes
5i
ations of 1935-1937," in The Aegean and the Near East: Studies presented to Hetty Goldman,
Locust Valley, N. Y., p. 3o5, no. 24. On these fuliis, the mint is: <Aii\ =
"Tarsus of the Syrian Marches." The two Tarsus fuliis are four hundred years earlier than
KhahTs dinar.
Further examples of the occurrence of thaghr, ys, or its plural thughiir, j3X, have been
published by Mrs. Ulla S. Linder Welin in "Commentationes de nummisSaeculorumlX-XI
in Suecia repertis," (Kungl. Vitterhets Histori och Antikvitets Akademien Handlingar, Antik-
variska Serien 9, Lund 1961): Coin no. 29 is a Hamdanid dirhem struck in al-thughiir
Mayafariqtn in 349 H., and no. 31, also a Hamdanid dirhem struck in thaghr al-Shdmiyah
(Massisah ?) in 35o H.
The minting of gold in Alexandria started only under Aybak; Baybars issued both dinars
and dirhems there, but the mint did not prosper and after about three decades, under
Khalil, work was abandoned altogether. About sixty years later the emission of gold was
again resumed under al-Salih Salih. The striking of copper fuliis was begun under al-
Ashraf Sha'ban and lasted until Faraj's reign, a period which corresponds with the ex-
periment to replace silver by copper. After al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, the Alexandria mint
ceased to function.
DAMASCUS
Damascus was the second important mint for the emission of gold, silver and copper.
It started to strike coins under Baybars I and was still functioning at the time of the
Ottoman conquest. Its activity, during the later Burji period, however, was somewhat
restricted.
On the coins the word Damascus is written either Dimishq or Damascus the
guarded = Dimishq al-mahrusa -^Jl Ji.o).
ALEPPO

Under Qala'un and al-Nasir Muhammad only sporadically active, Aleppo steadily
increased in importance from al-Salih Isma'il's reign onwards. It reached its peak under
Barquq and Faraj, whose gold emissions are among the handsomest of the kind. Under
the Burji sultans many small dirhems were struck which can safely be attributed to Aleppo,
although the mint is not mentioned. The stereotyped religious legend of the reverse is
engraved in the pseudo-archaic Mongol or Ilkhanid Kufic characteristic of that city.
Aleppo is written on the coins as Halab (Û.), Madinat Halab (_J- <jj^>) or Halab al-
mahrusa (v>j*ll w-U).
ham ah
A mint of lesser importance, it issued silver and copper coins, sometimes with long inter-
ruptions nearly to the end of the Mamluk regime. Gold was issued only once, under al-
Nasir Muhammad. Its name is written :1a.; on a fals of Faraj: i-jj*l| Jla. Hamah the
guarded.
52
TRIPOLI
The least active of all mints was Tarablus J), sometimes called Tarablus al-
Mahrusa (<-j_^Jl ^Ll It functioned sporadically, striking gold only under Faraj.
The following two tables summarize the activity of the Egyptian and Syrian mints
under the Bahri and Burji sultans.
TABLE OF MINT ACTIVITY
BAHRI MAMLUKS
Alexan-
dria
Damas-
cus
Sultan
Cairo
Hamah
Tripoli
Aleppo
Shajar al-Durr
NM
Al-Ashraf Musa
MM
Aybak
NM
Al-Mansur 'Ali
NM
NM
Cu

Qutuz
Baybars I
NM
NM
M Cu
Baraka Cjan
Salamish
Qala'un
NM
NM Cu
Khalil
NM
A^Cu
Al-Nasir Muhammad
NMCu
AfCu
NM
M Cu
M Cu
Kitbugha
NM
NM
Cu = no
Lajin
NM
M Cu
mint
Baybars II
Mint Notes
53
BURJI MAMLUKS
Alexan-
dria
Damas-
cus
Sultan
Cairo
Hamah
Tripoli
Aleppo
Barquq
A^lCu
ACu
ACu
M Cu
Cu
A^tCu
Faraj
MM
ACu
MM Cu
Cu
ACu
A^tCu
Al-Musta'in-bi'Uah
MM

M.M(1)
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
MM
Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
Cu(?)
Al-Salih Muhammad
Barsbay
A.Cu(?)
MM
Al-'Aziz Yusuf
Jaqmaq
MM
Cu
M Cu
Al-Mansur 'Uthman
Cu
Aynal
MMCu
Cu
M Cu
Al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad
Khushqadam
MM Cu
M Cu
Temirbugha
MINTING TECHNIQUE
Our rather scarce knowledge of the minting procedures employed by the Moslems is
based on literary sources which have survived and on modern analyses of the existing
numismatic material. Both mediaeval texts and modern research studies are scanty.
To my knowledge only two treatises have been published on minting in Moslem countries.
One is Al-dawhat al-mushtabika ft dawdbit ddr al-sikka of Husain Munis, by Abii'l-Hasan
'Ali b. Yusuf al-Hakim, in Rivista del Institute de Estudios Islamicos en Madrid, VI (1958),
pp. 63-2o4. It contains no information concerning the minting technique itself.
The other treatise, composed by a retired official of the Ayyubid mint of Cairo, has been
partially translated and published by A. S. Ehrenkreutz: Extracts from the technical manual
of the Ayyubid mint of Cairo, written by Mansur b. Ba'ra al-Dhababi al-Kamili, in BSOAS
XV (1953). Its extensive description of the methods used in the preparation and refining
of the metals for the striking of coins is supplemented by important paragraphs on the
manufacture of flans. Maqrizi's work on Moslem coinage is not concerned with problems
of technique.
Although Ibn Ba'ra wrote his manual during the last period of the Ayyubid dynasty,
we can safely presume that the technique employed under the Mamluks did not differ
much from that in use a little earlier; therefore, this treatise is of great importance to us.
Only a few modern studies on minting are known to me. Stanley Lane-Poole published
a pair of bronze (gun metal) dies in Fasti Arabici (p. 45 of the offprint which contains all
seven articles). L. A. Mayer described dies, one half of which belonged to al-'Aziz, the otherto
al-Hakim, in QDAPl (1931), p. 34. Finally, G. Marcais published a pair of pegged iron dies
of an Almoravid dinar in Annaies de l'Inst. d'Etudes Orientaies, Alger, II (1936), pp. 18o-188.
The present writer also has contributed the description of coin dies, all earlier than
Mamluk (NC 1955, pp. 195-2o2), and divers observations on aspects of the technique of
minting (BIE XXXI, 1949, pp. 95-1o5, XXXIII, 1951, pp. 1-42, and XXXV, 1952,
pp. 427-429; NC 1955, pp. 195-2o2).

There follows a short description of the minting procedure which in our opinion was in
use in the Middle East during the period with which we are concerned:
Flan. The flan of the gold coins was manufactured by casting. A few paper-thin dinars
and half-dinars of Barquq and Faraj were struck on a laminated flan, but these are ex-
ceptions. At the beginning of the Bahri rule the diameter did not increase much beyond
that of the Ayyubid gold. It soon became larger, however; from al-Nasir Muhammad's
third reign through the entire Bahri dynasty, and even under the first Burji sultans, only
large flan dinars were minted. Faraj introduced a new, smaller and lighter dinar. This
sequin type flan became the standard coin, but later, after Barsbay's reign, it shrank to
an even smaller size.
During the first stage, which we call the "pseudo-Ayyubid" period, the globular flan
was employed for the dirhem. Actually one of the best and clearest descriptions in Ibn
54
Minting Technique
55
Ba'ra's manual is the paragraph on the production of the nuqrah flans for the dirhem:
"the molten silver is poured over a wooden cone which is covered with a layer of charcoal;
the liquid silver, split into droplets of different sizes, squirts over this conical surface and
drops into an underlying basin of cold water, where it congeals into separate, amorphous,
globular masses. These masses are then heated and struck in the dies," without previous
weighing and adjustment, which explains the irregularity in the weight and size of these
curious silver pieces.
Aybak introduced the thin, normal-width dirhem flan which survived the Bahri rule
and was still in use under Barqiiq and Faraj. Then, suddenly, it was reduced in size and
remained so until the end. Contemporarily with the normal flan dirhems, another type of
flan was manufactured by the Bahri Mamluks from the time of Nasir Muhammad, the so
called "black dirhems," which were a speciality of the Cairo mint from the day they were
introduced by the later Fatimids. These black dirhems had roughly (and irregularly)
square flans; the latter were cut from a long and narrow ribbon of silver and then struck
without heating (Balog). But whereas the Fatimid and Ayyubid black dirhem consisted
of a very low grade silver-alloy (25-3o% silver content), its Mamluk counterpart was more
or less of the same fineness as the ordinary round-flan coins (65-75%) (Balog).
Whereas the black dirhems had a flan cut from a cast tongue of silver, the thin, round,
larger dirhems seem to have been struck on rounds punched out from a laminated sheet
previous to the striking.
The copper fals being the least valuable of all three coin metals, its manufacture must
perforce be the least expensive and the quickest. Therefore much less care was devoted to
the preparation of the flan than for silver or gold. The early fulus were struck on laminated
flans trimmed to size, but later more or less accurately measured pieces were cut with
hammer and chisel from a copper plate, and struck without, or with insufficient, heating.

On most of the late Bahri copper coins, the border actually shows traces of hurried cutting.
Naturally these copper coins struck in mass production are neither uniform in size or
contour, nor accurately struck.
Although smaller in size, the Burji fulus show similar characteristics, until Qa'itbay's
time, when a new-style fals was introduced. Struck on a thick flan which was also larger,
and inscribed with longer legends, the new fals became the forerunner of the thick Osmanli
copper coin.
Composition of the Mamluk fulus. Chemical (nitric acid) tests have been made on a large
number of different Bahri and Burji fulus. The results leave no doubt that most Bahri and
Burji fulus are made of pure copper, and only a small number of QansiLh al-Ghiiri's coins
are of bronze.
Preparation of the die. It has been pointed out in our articles in the Bulletin de l'Institut
d'Egypte and the Numismatic Chronicle that the die engraving could not have been exe-
cuted directly on the hard surface of the die itself; the text of the legend was incised into
the soft and malleable face of lead plaques, of which a cast was taken in clay. This cast,
stuck onto the end of a short clay pipe, was then baked and, when ready, filled with molten
bronze. After cooling, the clay mould was broken away and the bronze die was ready for
striking. The casting of the die accounts for the frequent imperfections and blurs which
occur on Islamic coins.
56
The dies consist of the trussel (upper half) and the pile (lower half). Both are cylindrical
and of different length. The trussel is either short, in cases where it had to be held in place
by forceps, or a little longer, when held by hand. The pile is longer, the bottom tapering
into a blunt point, or a pair of tooth-shaped points, obviously made to be driven into a
wooden base. There are no genuine mediaeval Moslem pegged-dies. This corresponds with
the fact that there is no mediaeval Moslem coin on which regular orientation of the axes
of obverse and reverse can be detected.
Striking. The striking was always done by hand; the very numerous traces of double
striking and insufficient impression of the engraving are a convincing argument. Generally,
the flan was well heated, not only to receive the engravings of the die deeply enough, but
also to yield to the pressure and obtain an evenly round shape. In many cases the heating
must have been insufficient, because one to four pointed projections on the border reveal
where the four corners of the originally square flan were situated before striking (silver
and copper).
The less the flan was heated, the more pronounced were the angular, spire-like protrusions.
Finally, many coins struck without any heating at all on flans simply cut from thick silver

or copper ribbons, have retained their original square form.
NOTES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CATALOGUE
Gold and silver are indicated by the conventional signs A! and M.
All copper issues are designated Cu, and those of bronze JE.
The side on which the ruler's name appears is considered the obverse. When the pro-
tocol continues on the other side, or the sultan's name is absent, the side with the beginning
of the legend in considered the obverse. If only the mint and date appear, the mint is on
the obverse. When one side is anepigraphic, the inscribed side is the obverse.
The notation left and right is to be understood as seen by the reader. For instance, "lion
passant to left" means a lion walking towards the reader's left; in conventional heraldic
language it would be the contrary. Also, when a coin is divided by lines or segments, left
and right mean the reader's left and right.
Segments
Top Top Top left Top right
Bottom Bottom Bottom left Bottom right
Marginal legend is a peripheral legend separated from the field by a simple or double
linear circle, or a scalloped line. Usually it runs counter-clockwise.
An asterisk (*) has been used in front of the catalogue number to mark unpublished coins.
Circular legend is mostly smaller than the central inscription and is not separated from
the field. The circular legend runs either clockwise or counter-clockwise.
Exergue (a term borrowed from classical numismatics), is a space below the legend in
the field.
No mint means that the mint name is not mentioned. Otherwise: mint missing.
Undated: date not mentioned. Otherwise: date missing. The diameter (in milli-
meters) and the weight (in grams) are recorded whenever possible. Unfortunately, both
data are not always available, even on coins in my own collection.

57
TRANSLITERATION OF ARABIC LETTERS
I.
la
15. J> d
2.
yb
16. J. t
3.
ot
17. ii Z
4.
O th
18.
5.
eJ
19. gh
6.
2o. 0 f
7.
r. kh
21. J q
8.
jd
22. f' k
9.
i dh
1o.
jr

23. J 1
24. . m
11.
jz
25. o n
12.
a- s
26. . * h
13.
J. sh
27. j w or v
14.
28. & y or i
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1003 : Catalogue of the collection of Arabic coins preserved in the Khedivial Library at
Cairo. London, 1897.
1034 Lavoix, Henri: Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothdque Nationale.
Ill, Paris, 1896.
62 Coinage of the MamlOk Sultans
1094 Loewe, L.: "Notice of a Mamluk Coin, struck by command of the Sultan Melik
Dhher Rokn-ed-Din Bibrs Bondokdari. "NC XIX, 1856-57, pp. 71-84.
Maqrizi: Description topographique et historique de l'gypte, traduite en franais pour
la premire fois par U. Bouriant. Pt. I (1895), Pt. II (1900), MMAF, vol. XVII.
: Description topographique et historique de l'gypte, traduite en franais par
P. Casanova. MIFAO (1906), vol. Ill, and MIFAO (1920), vol. IV.
1123 Markoff, A. K.: "Ob odnom zageriyskom dirgemiye mamelukskavo sultana Bibersa
I." Vyestnik archeologii istorii, fasc. 4, 1885, pp. 53-62.
1139 Marsden, William: Numismata orientalia illustrata. London, 1823-25.
1163 Mayer, L. A.: Saracenic Heraldry. Oxford, 1933. (Contains a complete bibliography
of the previously published literature on Mamluk heraldry).
1164 : "Lead coins of Barqiiq." QDAP III, 1933, pp. 20-23.
1165 : "A hoard of Mamluk coins." QDAP III, 1933, pp. 167-171.
1168 : "Some problems of Mamluk coinage." Transactions of the international numis-
matic congress, 1936. London, 1938.
1199 Miles, George C.: "Islamic coins" in Antioch-on-the-Orontes, IV, Pt. 1, Princeton
University Press, 1948, pp. 109-124.
1222 Mller, J.H.: De numis orientalibus in numophylacio Gothano, asservatis commen-
tatio altera, ... Erfordiae et Gothae, 1831.
1243 Moritz, B. : "Additions la collection numismatique de la Bibliothque Khdiviale."
BIE No. 4, 4-e srie, 1903, pp. 199-204.
1268 Mnter, F. C.: Museum Mnterianum, pars III. Hauniae, 1839 (Sales catalogue).
1334 0strup, J.: Catalogue des monnaies arabes et turques du Cabinet Royal des Mdailles
du Muse National de Copenhague. Copenhagen, 1938.
1360 Pertsch, W.: "Verzeichnis der aus Fleischer's Nachlass der Deutschen Morgen-
lndischen GesellschaftiiberkommenenMnzen."ZDMG XLV, 1891, pp. 292-294.

1367 Pietraszewski, I. v.: Numi mohammedani. Berolini, 1843.
1441 Rodgers, C. J.: Catalogue of the coins of the Indian Museum... Pt. IV. Calcutta,
1896.
1108 Sacy, A. I. Sylvestre de: (Translated by), "Trait des Monnoies Musulmanes,
traduit de l'arabe de Makrizi." Magasin Encyclopdique VI (1796).
: "Suite du Trait des Monnoies Musulmanes." Magasin Encyclopdique! (1797).
1511 Sauvaire, H.: "Matriaux pour servir l'histoire de la numismatique et de la
mtrologie musulmanes, traduits ou recueillis et mis en ordre." JA 1879, 7e sr.
t. XIV, pp. 455-533; 1880, t. XV, pp. 228-277, 421-478; 1881, t. XVIII,
PP. 499-516; 1882, t. XIX, pp. 23-77, 97-l63. 281-327.
1574 Sawaszkiewicz, L. L. : Le gnie de l'Orient, comment par ses monuments montaires...
Bruxelles, 1846.
1586 Schiepati, G.: Descrizione di alcune monete enfiche del museo di Stefano de Mainono.
Milano, 1820.
Schulman, J. Sales catalogues:
: List No. iq. Date?
: Collection White-King III, 26. 6. 1905.
: Sale of February, igoj.
Bibliography
63
905 Schulmann, J. Sales catalogues: Collection v. Karabacek. November, 1907.
1255 : Collection Mustafa Beyram bey. May, 1909.
1579 : Collection prince Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. May, 1928.
: Catalogue aux Prix marquis. March, 1929.
1328 : Collection Osman Noury bey. May, 1929.
1646 Siouffi, Nicolas: Catalogue des monnaies arabes de sa collection. Mossoul, 1879-80.
1647 : Liste des monnaies musulmanes. Mossoul, 1880.
1649 : Supplement No. 1 au catalogue des monnaies arabes publiS en i8yg. Mossoul, 1891.
1674 Soret, F. J.: "Lettre a M. Sawelief... Seconde Lettre "RNB 1854, PP. 273-
299. 377-416.
1677 : "Lettre a... de Dorn. Troisieme lettre sur les medailles orientales in6dites de
la collection de M. F. Soret." RNB 1856, pp. 1-41, 129-177.
1699 Stephanik, J. W.: Catalogue van de Muntverzameling. Amsterdam, 1897.
1708 Stickel, J. G.: "Uber einige muhammedanische Miinzen." ZDMG IX, 1855, pp.
249-255.
1713 : "Die orientalische Miinzsammlung des Obrist-Lieutenant von Gemming in
Nurnberg." ZDMG XII, 1858, pp. 324-330.
1772 Thorburn, Philip: "Coinage of muhammedan Queens." Seaby's Coin and Medal
Bulletin, 1848, pp. 547-549.
1789 Tiesenhausen, W. de: "Moneti S. I. Chakhotina." ZVO I, 1886, pp. 311-315; II,
1887, p. 63.
1875 Valentine, W. H.: Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States. London, 1911.
1974 Welzl v. Wellenheim, L.: Verzeichnis der Miinz- und Medaillensammlung. II, Pt. 2,
Wien, 1845, pp. 551-564. 573-599.
1976 Weyl, Adolph: Verzeichnis von Miinzen und Denkmiinzen... verschiedener moham-

medanischer Dynastien der fules Fonrobert'schen Sammlung. Berlin, 1878.
1978 Weyl, Adolph: Sammlung Furst Gagarine. Verkaufskatalog.
2009 Zambaur, E. v.: Kollektion Ernst Prinz zu Windisch-Graetz. VII. I Teil: Orienta-
lische Miinzen, Wien, 1906.
2026 Zia Bey, Ahmad: Meskukati islamiyeh. Constantinople, 1328 H.
ABBREVIATIONS
1. Unpublished coins:
ANS American Numismatic Society, New York.
Antioch hoard In March 1935, the ANS acquired, from an unrecorded Antioch source,
795 Mamluk copper coins. Though nothing is known of the provenance of this lot,
the coins, all issued within a short period, present a remarkably uniform appearance,
are covered with the same patina and show traces of the same sandy soil. It is not
entirely improbable therefore that they were found together. For reasons of con-
venience, this lot is referred to as the "Antioch hoard."
Ashmol. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
AUB American University, Beirut.
Bajocchi Raoul Bajocchi collection, Cairo.
Balog Prof. Dr. Paul Balog, unpublished coins.
Bern Historisches Museum, Bern.
Beirut Musee National, Beirut.
BM British Museum, unpublished coins.
Damascus Musee National Syrien, Damascus.
Flagell. Convent of the Flagellation, Jerusalem.
Horovitz Th. & O. Horovitz collection.
Jungfleisch Marcel Jungfleisch collection, Cairo. Now dispersed.
Miinchen Staatliche Miinzsammlung, Miinchen.
P Cabinet des Medailles, Paris. Unpublished coins.
PAM Palestine Archeological Museum, Jerusalem.
Thorburn Philip Thorburn collection, Cranleigh, Surrey, England.
Wien Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
2. Periodicals, catalogues and special articles:
ANSMN American Numismatic Society Museum Notes.

Beyram Coll. Mustafa Beyram bey, May 1909 (J. Schulman Sales Catalogue).
BIE Bulletin de l'lnstitut d'Egypte, Cairo.
Blau O. Blau: Die Orientalischen Miinzen der K. Historisch-Archaeologischen Gesellschaft
zu Odessa. Odessa, 1876.
BMC Stanley Lane-Poole: Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum. Vol IV,
The Coinage of Egypt... under the Fdtimee Khaleefehs, the Ayyoobees and the Memlook
Sultans. London, 1879, Vol. IX, Additions to the Oriental Collection, 1876-1888. Pt. I,
Additions to vols. I-IV, London, 1889.
Broach O. Codrington: "On a hoard of coins found at Broach." Journal of the Bombay
Branch, RAS 1883, XV, pp. 339-370.
64
Abbreviations
65
BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.
Cunha J. Gerson da Cunha: Catalogue of the Coins in the numismatic cabinet belonging
to J. Gerson da Cunha. Pts. I-IV, Bombay 1888-89.
Dorn et Gamazoff Monnaies de diffirentes dynasties musulmanes. St. Petersbourg, 1881
(Collections scientifiques de l'lnstitut de langues orientales, IV).
Ermann "Mittelalterliche und neuere Munzen." Katalog der Bibliothek der Deutschen
Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, II, Leipzig, 1881.
Fonrobert A. Weyl: Verzeichnis der Munzen und Denkmiinzen... verschiedener mo-
hammedanischer Dynastien der Jules Fonrobert'schen Sammlung. Berlin, 1878.
Fraehn Das muhammedanische Munzkabinet des Asiatischen Museums der Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg. Vorlaufiger Bericht, St. Petersburg, 1821.
Fraehn Opusculorum postumorum... Nova Supplementa (edited by B. Dorn) I, Petro-
poli, 1855.
Fraehn Recensio numorum muhammedanorum Academiae Imp. Scienti. Petropolitanae...
Petropoli, 1826.
Gagarine Adolph Weyl, Verzeichnis der reichhaltigen Sammlung orientalischer Munzen
... des Fiirsten G Berlin, Apr. 1885. [Sales catalogue].
Gotha Coll. prince de Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, May, 1928 (J. Schulman Sales catalogue).
Hamilton "Excavations against the North Wall of Jerusalem." 1937-38, QDAP X, 194o.
J A Journal Asiatique, Paris.
J AOS Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.
Johnston "Mohammedan coins." NC XIX, 3rd series, 1899.
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
Karabacek Coll. v. Karabacek, Nov. 19o7 (J. Schulman Sales catalogue).

Khediv. Stanley Lane-Poole: Catalogue of the collection of Arabic coins preserved in the
Khedivial Library in Cairo. London, 1897.
Lagumina B. M. Lagumina: Catalogo delle monete arae esistenti nella Biblioteca comunale
di Palermo. Palermo, 1892.
L H. Lavoix: Catalogue des Monnaies Musulmanes de la Bibliothtque Nationale. Paris,
1896.
Marsden Numismata orientalia illustrata. London, 1823-25.
Mayer L. A. Mayer: "A hoard of Mamluk coins." QDAP III, 1933, pp. 167-171.
Mayer, SH L. A. Mayer: Saracenic Heraldry. Oxford, 1933.
Mery-Tocchi L. Mery, Notice sur la coll. de mdailles et monnaies musulmanes recueillies
par M. E. Tocchi... Marseille, 1855.
MIFAO Memoires publies par les Membres de l'lnstitut Fran?ais d'Archeologie Orien-
tale au Caire.
Miles "Islamic coins" in Antioch-on-the-Orontes, IV, Pt. 1, Princeton University Press,
1948.
MMAF Memoires publies par les Membres de la Mission Archeologique Francaise au
Caire.
Miinter Museum Munterianum, pars III. Hauniae, 1839 (Sales catalogue).
NC Numismatic Chronicle.
66
NNM Numismatic Notes & Monographs.
Nou1y Coll. Osman Noury bey, May 1929 (J. Schulman Sales catalogue).
NZ Numismatische Zeitschrift.
Ostrup Catalogue des monnaies arabes et turques du Cabinet Royal des M&dailles du Musle
National de Copenhague. Copenhagen, 1938.
Pertsch "Verzeichnis der aus Fleischer's Nachlass der Deutschen Morgenlandischen
Gesellschaft uberkommenen Miinzen." ZDMG XLV, 1891.
QDA P Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of the Government of Palestine.
RAS Royal Asiatic Society, London.
RN Revue Numismatique, Paris.
RNB Revue de la Numismatique Be1ge (now: RBN Revue Be1ge de Numismatique).
Schulman 19 List No. 19 (date?).
Schulman Febr. 1907 Sale of February, 1907.
Schulman March 1929 Catalogue aux prix marqeus, March, 1929.
Siouffi Catalogue des monnaies arabes de sa collection. Mossoul, 1879-80.
Welzl v. Wellenheim Verzeichnis derMiinz- und Medaillensammlung. II, Pt.2, Wien, 1845.
White-King Coll. White-King, III, 26. 6. 1905 (J. Schulman Sales catalogue).
Windisch-Graetz E. v. Zambaur, Kollektion Ernst Prinz Windisch-Graetz. VII Bande.
I Teil, Orientalische Miinzen. Wien, 1906.
WNMh Wiener Numismatische Monatshefte.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Berlin.
ZfN Zeitschrift fur Numismatik.

ZVO Zapiski Vostochnavo Otdeleniya Russkavo, Imp. Archeol. Obshchestva.

THE CATALOGUE
BAHRI MAMLUKS
A.H.
A.D.
Page
Shajar al-Durr
648
1250
71- 72
Al-Ashraf Abu al-Fath Musa
649-650
1251-1253
73- 74
Al-Mu'izz 'Izz al-Din Aybak
648-655
1250-1257
75- 77
Al-Mansur Nur al-Din 'Ali
655-657
1257-1259
78- 81
Al-Muzaffar Sayf al-Din Qutuz
657-*58
1259-1260
82- 84
Al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars I
658-676
1260-1277

85-106
Al-Sa'id Nasir al-Din Baraka Qan
676-678
1277-1279
107-109
Al-'Adil Badr al-Din Salamish
678
1279
11O-111
Al-Mansur Sayf al-Din Qala'un
678-689
1279-1290
112-119
Al-Ashraf Salah al-Din Khalil
689-693
129O-1293
120-124
Al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad, ist reign
693-694
1293-1294
(No coins)
Al-'Adil Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
694-696
1294-1296
126-128
Al-Mansur Husam al-Din Lajin
696-698
1296-1299
129-131
Al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad, 2nd reign
698-708
1299-1309
132-134
Al-Muzaffar Rukn al-Din Baybars II
708-709
1309-131O
135-136
Al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad, 3rd reign
'709-741
131O-1341
137-163
Al-Mansiir Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
741-742

SHAJAR AL-DURR
648 H. = 1250 A.D.
Shajar al-Durr's coins are all exceedingly rare, designed in the best Ayyubid
tradition and style. Her title to the throne is based on her having been a wife of al-
Salih Ayyiib's and the mother of the long dead heir al-Mansur Khalil. Only two
dinars and a handful of dirhems are known.
All the marginal legends run counter-clockwise.
Gold
CAIRO, 648 H.
1. Border on both sides: circular line.
Double circular line. Double circular line.
JJi dill jj,.l <jul
BMC 469 (23, 4.40). Balog, BIE 1950, p. 231 (20, edges filed, 4.32). Plate I.
Silver
CAIRO, 648 H.
The few existing dirhems are all globular (dirhem nuqra), similar to the type in-
troduced by the Cairo mint after the 622 H. reform of the Ayyubid al-Kamil Mu-
hammad.
(4^1 <al Jj-j <sl Ml 4l| M (* I**.*) j J &

7i
Circular line.
Circular line.
dill lM 3
Balog, BIE 1952, no. 1 (14x18, 3.73) Plate I, a; no. 2 (13*19, 2.97) Plate I, b; no. 3 (13,
2.52); no. 4 (8x12, o.72) Plate I, c. Balog (12x14, 3.o4). ANS. BM.
Siouffi's attribution of this coin to Shajar al-Durr does not seem to be correct.
Shajar al-Durr is not known to have used her proper name on any official document,
and the less so on her coins. Her coin-protocol on the dinar is "al-Musta'simiyah,
al-Salihiyah, Malikat al-Muslimin, Walidat al-Malik al-Mansiir" and on the dirhem
simply "Walidat al-Malik al-Mansiir." Besides, the Caliph al-Nasir died in 622 H.
and the Caliph during the queen's reign was al-Musta'sim. This coin should rather
be attributed to the Ayyubid al-'Adil I. The obverse probably reads:
Copper

Siouffi, in his Liste p. 78, describes a copper coin as follows: .
AL-ASHRAF MUZAFFAR AL-DlN ABU'L-FATH MUSA II
648-650 H. = 1250-1252 A.D.
Al-Ashraf Musi's1 coins are as rare as Shajar al-Durr's. Their style and the royal
protocol also are Ayyubid. This is not astonishing, as he was the son of the last
Ayyubid king of the Yemen. His coinage is, however, rightly incorporated into the
Mamluk series, because he was appointed as a co-regent by Aybak, as a mere puppet
to serve as figurehead for Mamluk political propaganda.
It is to be noted that all three of his coins bear his name alone, without mention of
Aybak. This clearly contradicts Maqrizi who stated that after the nomination of the
six year old child to the throne, coins were issued in the two regents' joint names.
The marginal legends run counter-clockwise on all coins.
Gold
CAIRO, 649 H.
* Ct**" iJc *tji.l OWJ i_LLj cnajlj L
^lU)l dill v
aVl dill ..:, l|
^y jib\ y\ JU0 Mt\ y\ Oil
Cf \ 0*i*jll j"l *ul
Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187-190 (21, 4.99). Plate I.
Cairo, 650 H.
4. As above. Circular legend ends with:
til...
1 The designation "Musa II" (rather than "Musa I") follows Zambaur's Manuel de
Genealogie in order to avoid confusion with the three other Ayyubid princes of the same name.

73
Center:
Balog, B/ 1949, pp. 187-190 (22, 4.26). Plate I.
Silver
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
Globular dirhem
Border on both sides: circular line.
a. s tfjjl
Inner circle Inner circle.
dill fUVl

Balog, BJE 1952, p. 426 (11x17, 2.30). Plate I.
AL-MU'IZZ <IZZ AL-DIN AYBAK
648-655 H. = 1250-1257 A.D.
(Coinage from 652 H. only)
Aybak's gold coins are very scarce; only seven dinars are known. His dirhems
were previously rare also, but since the Fayyum hoard was discovered, many others
have come to light from this and other sources. Although de facto in power from
648 H. on, he seems to have struck dirhems in his name for the first time in 652 H.
They were regularly issued each year afterwards. The only recorded date occurring
on his dinars is 654 H.
As already pointed out in the introduction, Aybak wanted to maintain a sem-
blance of legitimacy on his coinage by inscribing al-Salih Ayyub's protocol, to which
he simply added his proper name. This was to make believe that he still functioned
as a lieutenant of the Ayyubid king, now dead for several years.
The dinar is so similar to the coins of al- Salih Ayyub that until recently scholars were
under the impression that old dies of the Ayyubid king had been recut for the new
Marnluk issue. We have pointed out, however (Num. Circular, Spink, 1949, p. 610),
that it is impossible to recut a die and replace parts of the inscriptions and that
especially prepared new dies had to be cut for the purpose. Since the publication of
my article, a paper by J. Friedlander (ZfN 1883, p. 6) has come to my attention.
Describing a dirhem struck in Cairo, 653 H., this author had already recognized that
the die in question had been cut especially for Aybak.
Gold
All marginal legends counter-clockwise.
Cairo, 654 H.
Xl

Thorburn. BMC IX, 470a (20, 4.21).
75
7. As above.
L 700 (21, 4.75) Plate I.
ing. Siouffi p. 18.
ALEXANDRIA, 654 H.
As above, but marginal legend ends:
SMC IX, 470f (20, 3.82). BMC TV, 470 (23, 4.67) date miss-
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 233.
MINT AND DATE MISSING
Silver
CAIRO
Similar to the wide-flan, Damascus-type dirhem of the Ayyubids, with double,
dotted and linear square inscribed in double, dotted and linear circle. The marginal
legend runs counter-clockwise in the segments. All the legends are in Naskhi except
Aybak's name, written in elongated neo-Kufic. Aybak's "tamgha" separates his
name from the royal protocol:
All the known dirhems are from the Cairo mint. Whereas the obverse is the same
on all coins, the marginal legend of the reverse is arranged differently for the various
dates.
Obv. on all dirhems:
Segments:
Center:
l Vl 4ll V
>Ul dUl

lXLl
Rev. (segments):
652 H.
8.
Balog, B/ 1952, pp. 43-44 (two specimens) Plate I, 8. BMC IX, 470m (20, 2.78).
Jungfleisch (21, 2.91).
Aybak
77
653 H.
9. i> Li 3 0
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43-44 (ten specimens) cf. Plate I. Khediv. 1465.
| 3 Je t-
10.
654 H.
BLTR
Balog, BJE 1952, pp. 43-44 (two specimens) Plate I. Khediv. 1466.
655 H.
11.
.yklS)l o
<lll ,
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43-44 (two specimens). ANS, three specimens: (19, 2.8o); (21,
2.74); (2o, 2.84).
12.

BLTR
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43-44. Plate I.
Rev. center for every year:
In the Fayyum hoard (BIE 1952, pp. 43-44), the average diameters are 19 to 22,
the weights are 2.54 to 2.96.
Fractions of the dirhem
13. Several half-dirhems exist; struck with the dirhem-die, but on a small, irregular flan,
the mint and date written in the segments are always off flan.
Balog, three specimens, cf. Plate I (15, 1.42).
DIRHEMS WITH MINT AND/OR DATE MISSING
Ashm., Soret, 2e lettre d M. Sawelieff, 1854, p. 56, No. 7o. Harold Glidden coll.
Jungfleisch (two specimens).
AL-MANSUR NUR AL-DlN <ALI
655-657 H. = 1257-1259 A.D.
Nur al-Din 'Ali's coinage is designed in the traditional Ayyubid style, but the by
this time fictitious Ayyubid overlord is not mentioned any more. The reverse on the
655 and 656 H. emissions still presents the protocol of the last 'Abbasid Caliph, al-
Musta'sim bi'llah; the latter had been murdered by Hulagu, after his victory over
the Caliph's army near Baghdad, early in 656 H. The 657 H. issue has, for the first
time, a purely religious legend in the center of the reverse.
Gold
On all dinars: border on both sides a circular line; marginal legends counter-
clockwise, separated from the center by a double circular line.
ALEXANDRIA
655 H.
Marginal legends:
14. 4L.jl <lll JJU* 41l Ml M iJ-CC.1; jLJl lJU pO.)\ <l)l
Central legends:
J. J* it .J' if JUr' f.l *4
jJl dill ClC.jil j~.l *ul
BMC IX, 470t (21, 3.17). Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 1 (21, 7.10). Plate I.
656 H.
15. As above. Marginal legend ends:
Last word: jll i U^.3 Oj_> j c** L i jx5Ll....
In exergue no pellets. Central legend as above, but:
il
and in exergue two pellets:
78

Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 2 (22, 6.36). Plate I.
Ali 79
657 H.
16. As above, in exergue two pellets: Marginal legend ends:
Center:
In exergue no pellets.
Balog, BIE 195o, pp. 237-8, no. 4 (22, 6.36) Plate I; no. 5 (22, 6.33).
17. As above, but in exergue As above, but <ul at the end of third line.
three pellets:
In exergue no pellets.
Balog, BIE 195o, p. 238, no. 6 (22, 6.94) Plate II; no. 7 (22, 5. 75); no. 8 (23, 6. 25);
no. 9 (23, 722). Siouffi p. 18. ANS (24, 5.o7).
CAIRO
No dinars of 655 and 656 H. have been preserved.
657 H.
18. As above. Marginal legend ends:
In exergue no pellets. iLz-> Os-*-3
Center as above, but pellet following the
first line: ji.l
Balog, BIE 195o, p. 237, no. 3 (22, 5.8o) Plate II. Gotha no. 1o46 (4.58).
Silver
The dirhem is similar to the wide-flan Damascus-type Ayyubid silver: linear circle
in circle of dots, in which linear square in square of dots. Only Cairo issues are pre-
served, of 655 H., with the Caliph's protocol, and of 657 H., with religious legend on

the reverse. No dirhems of 656 H. have yet been found.
8o
CAIRO
655 H.
19. Segments: Segments:
BLTRB
LTR
Center:
Center:
J* au" j>
vv
dCl J. |
Oo^ll jml <ul
last line of o6r.:
BMC 471 (19, 2.88). 0strup no. 1997. Balog, five specimens: (20, 2.92) Plate II, 19a;
(21, 2.94); (22, 2.85); (16, 1.31) half-dirhem; Plate II, 19b; (10,1.14) half-dirhem.
vyv
last line of obv.: iX>l cr.l
Balog, five specimens: (21, 2.94); (19, 2.82); (16, 1.30) half-dirhem; (10 16, 1.06) half-
dirhem; (12 15, 1.60) half-dirhem. ANS (13, 1.32) half-dirhem.
20. Segments as above.
657 H.
Segments:
BL

Center:
JyA\ dill
vyv
Center:
al 4ll V
Balog, five specimens: (19, 2.73) Plate II, 20; (20,1.94); (16,1.48) half-dirhem; (14,0.70)
quarter-dirhem; (13, 0.82) quarter-dirhem. ANS (20, 2.51).
'Ali
81
*21. Segments as above.
Segments as above.
Center:
Center as above.
j_ûll dill
Balog (10x17, 1.14) half-dirhem, Plate II. ANS (19, 2.92).
Incomplete, or insufficient description
Gagarine no. 1330. Mayer. Ashmol. A large hoard in the Museum of Islamic Art,

Cairo, unregistered and unstudied.
AL-MUZAFFAR SAYF AL-DlN QUTUZ
657-658 H. = 1259-60 A.D.
The gold coins are very scarce; only two had been published previous to the group
of 23 dinars which I described in 1950. Since then another small hoard, probably
less than a dozen coins, was acquired by a Cairo dealer. Dirhems were completely
unknown; the silver coin no. 472 of the BMC, attributed to Qutuz, belongs to al-
Muzaffar Hajji. Even today, less than a score of dirhems have come to light.
Although in appearance Qutuz's coinage still remains similar to the Ayyiibid
issues, there is a definite change. No more reference is made to the late Ayyubid
dynasty; as on al-Mansur 'Ali's coins, the protocol is already purely Mamluk. The
style of writing has also become stocky, heavier and less artistic.
The Alexandria dinars were struck on a wider flan, the Cairo gold is thick and has
a smaller diameter; there are wide discrepancies in the individual weights.
All dinars present, on both sides, a border consisting of a circular line, then a
counter-clockwise marginal legend which is separated by a double circular line
from the central legend.
Gold
ALEXANDRIA, 658 H.
22. Marginal legend: profession of faith Marginal legend:
formula, ending with: 4lfjjJl ,U , , . .. .
Center: Center:
yUl dlll al Y\ 4}\ V
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 239-249, no. 1 (23,5.80) Plate II; no. 2 (23, 5.43); no. 3 (21.5, 5.11);
no. 4 (23, 6.48); no. 5 (21, 4.63); no. 6 (23 5, 7.14); no. 7 (23, 4. 71); no. 8 (23.5, 7.09).
L 703 (8.10). BMC 471 (23, 6.67).

82
Qutuz
83
CAIRO, 658 H.
23. As above.
Marginal legend ends with:
Center as above.
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 239-249, no. 9 (21.5, 6.0); no. 10 (21.5, 5.25); no. 1 1 (21, 7.14);
no. 12 (20.5, 6.0); no. 13 (20.5, 5.49); no. 14 (20, 7.49); no. 15 (21.5, 5.49); no. 16 (22, 7.46);
no. 17 (21, 6.41); no. 18 (21, 5.85); no. 19 (20, 9.38); no. 20 (20, 5.34); no. 21 (19.5, 5.24)
Plate II; no. 22 (22.5, 5.24); no. 23 (22, 5.30). ANS (22).
Dirhems are very scarce and have been mentioned in the literature only by
Mayer ("A hoard of Mamluk coins") and by Schulman (Beyram), but no description
was given.
Cairo, 657 H.
24. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots. Counter-clockwise marginal
legend in the segments:
4L-jl <ul J
l Vl All V
i,Li. j i> .
2 ^*liR. y

On both sides: linear square in square of dots.
Center: Center:
Mayer, three specimens: mint and date missing, one specimen: mint missing, (65)7 H.
Beyram 242. Balog, nine specimens: (19, 2.61) Plate II, 24a; (20, 2.10) Plate II, 24b;
(17,2.85); (18, 1.82); (12x17, 0.92) Plate II, 24c; (10x15, 1.50); (14, 1.48); (15, 1.91);
(13,1.56) Plate II, 24d. Ashmol.
Silver
jitll dill
VV
Lull ^JL-
<al Vl 4)| V
Jai aJl j
658 H.
*25. As above.
As above, but date in left and bottom
segment:
BlL
Balog (20).
84
Copper
Only two specimens have so far been observed. Fortunately the legends, only
partially preserved on each of the two coins, complete each other to a great extent.
CAIRO, 858 H.
*26. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
.tul Jj-j -u* <u| Ml <ll M olc ~<- 5?^?
On both sides: linear hexalobe.
Center: Center:
ill dlll *ol H\ 4)l V
jLjJl
ANS (17, 3.87) Plate II, 26. Miinchen (19, 3.12) Plate XLI, 26a.
The mint and date are preserved on the Miinchen specimen, preceded by *-...?
which probably is the ending of the epithet <-j jA\ ? (al-mahrusah) = the guarded,
not infrequent on coins of the Cairo mint. The existing three letters are, however,
not clear and Dr. Peter Jaeckel of the Munich State Collection suggests the word
= mad1nah. We do not know, however, of any Cairo issue with the name
Madinat al-Qahirah, and this would therefore be, if true, its first occurrence. The

only known Mamluk mint with Madtnah is Madinat Halab.
AL-ZAHIR RUKN AL-DlN BAYBARS I
658-676 H. = 1260-1277 A.D.
In 659 H. Baybars granted asylum to the 'Abbasid prince Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad,
who, after having escaped the general slaughter of his family by Hulagu in 656 H.,
settled in the Egyptian capital. Baybars also set him up as the new 'Abbasid Caliph,
receiving, in exchange, official recognition as sultan of Egypt. The investiture is
plainly reflected on the new coinage, because in 659 H. the title "al-sultan al-
malik" appears on Mamliik coins for the first time. Nevertheless, the simpler and less
exalted title "al-malik" continues to be used on some of the issues, even in later years.
The Caliph's protocol also is inscribed on the reverse from 659 H. on; first al-
Mustansir, then, after his death, al-Hakim I. The name of the latter, however, does
not appear on the gold, but only on silver and copper. At the same time, simultane-
ously with these issues, many more coins were struck with a religious legend on the
reverse; there seems to be no reason for the substitution of the Caliphal protocol, as
both types continue to circulate side by side.
An entirely new feature of the coinage is the inclusion of the blason. The lion
passant to left is Baybars's heraldic device to be found on all his coins, except the
very first silver issue of Ayyubid type. Incidentally he and his son, Baraka Qan,
were the only Mamliik sultans who inscribed their blasons not only on the copper,
but also on silver and gold.
Gold
Considering the long 18-year rule of Baybars, the number of gold coins which has
come down to us is pitifully small. Fifteen or twenty years ago they were still very
common in the goldsmith's bazars in Cairo, but astonishingly few have been acquired
for the many private and public collections to which we have had access. Today
they have vanished from the numismatic market altogether.
Two types can be distinguished: religious legend on the reverse or the Caliph al-

Mustansir's protocol. The types subdivide according to the sultan's protocol.
On all dinars, on both sides, border: circular line, in which counter-clockwise
marginal legend. In this double circular line and central legend.
Type I. Reverse: religious legend
Title: al-Malik
ALEXANDRIA
658 H.
Marginal legend:
27. Marginal legend:
85
86
Center: Center:
jw an <ui Ji v
orJij l.ji ^ : v :
VV
Karabacek no. 9o9.
659 H.
28. As above. As above.
BMC 473 (24, 5.o8). ANS (23, 7.24). Balog (23, 7.45) Plate II.
CAIRO
663 H.
29. Marginal legend: profession of faith Marginal legend:
formula ending with: . . ... . .
.... J i-Ott C_ 3 jL-Ul 1 OA s-><UI
Center: Center:
^ttJl dill ^-j .u* <u!
lt.j?. crJl ^-jl <ul J
Beyram no. 243 (19, 2.1o). Half-dinar. Schulman's illustration is, unfortunately, not good
enough for reproduction.
Title: al-Sultdn al-Malik
ALEXANDRIA
66l H.
*30. Marginal legend: profession of faith Marginal legend:
formula. ^ ijajCML jL-Ji i J* ^>J+

i.Lij Ci^3 al
Baybars I
Center:
dill oiuji
j*\
ANS (24, 6.44).
Center:
:v:
667 H.
31. Marginal legend: profession of faith
formula.
Center: as above.
BMC 474 (24, 5.95). L 7o4 (8.2o).
Marginal legend:
Center: as above.
668 H.
*32. Marginal legend:
i Llj <j^-J oit"
Center: as above.
Balog (24, 7.35).
Marginal legend:
Center: as above.
673 H.
33. H. W. Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, p. 159, nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
DATE INCOMPLETE OR MISSING
33.a BMC 475 (23, 7.46). L 7o5 (5.18). Mery-Tocchi.
33.b DATE MISSING, ALEXANDRIA, ON TOP OF REV. CENTER WITHOUT yJ

BMC 476 (23, 5.64); 477 (23, 4.45). Ashmol.
CAIRO
659 H.
*34. Marginal legend: profession of faith
formula ending with:
Marginal legend:
88
Center:
Center:
dill oUJl
Lull J^j
VV
ujUjll jy\ |^-
Balog (23, 5.61) Plate II, 34.
35. As above.
Siouffi p. 18. Balog (23, 5.28).
36. As above.
*ul Vl 4ll V
CO
<ul J>-j -u*
iSa^l 4L-jl
660 H.
Center:
^l Vl <al M
<u| J^-J
vvv
t$ull. <L.jl
661 H.
Center:

<ul ^
ûl Vl V
VVV
L 707 (5.80). Balog (25, 4.45) Plate II.
36. a DATE MISSING
Karabacek no. 910. ANS (24, 5.33).
Baybars I
89
Type II. Reverse: the Caliph al-Mustansir
MINT MISSING, 659 H.
37. Marginal legend: profession of faith Marginal legend ends with:
formula.
Center: as above, but small Center:
ornament on: \^\
L 706 (6.20).
38. As above. Marginal legend ends with:
Center: as above.
L 708 (5.50) Plate II. ANS (23, 5.70).
Silver
AYYUBID STYLE (NON-HERALDIC)
This is the only non-heraldic issue of Baybars I, probably his first dirhem emission,
struck in Damascus. Only two coins have been published by L. A. Mayer and a third
is in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Unfortunately Mayer's
description is summary and he does not mention the date; the Ashmolean Museum
specimen is in a worn state of preservation, and the date missing. Therefore part of
the legend cannot be reconstructed until a better preserved specimen is available.
On the coin of the Ashmolean the last line of the obverse center is obliterated, so that
we must rely on Mayer's statement that there is a legend and not the lion passant.
The following is a description of the Ashmolean Museum dirhem:
DAMASCUS
39. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots; in this is inscribed a linear square
within a square of dots.

Segments: Segments obliterated.
go
Center:
Center:
cy>
^ UTS)
Mayer, two dirhems. Ashmol. (2o, 2.8o).
ARMENIAN STYLE (HERALDIC)
MINT MISSING, UNDATED
*40. Border on both sides: circular line within circle of dots.
Central legend only:
In smaller script, counter-clockwise,
on the left: o j+, but the mint (on
the right) is missing.
ANS (19, 2.98) Plate II.
(S.^y *' Jyi
Circle of dots, in which lion passant to
right, tail curled back.
MINT MISSING (OR NO MINT), 658 H.
*41. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
.... cj-j"j
Center:
yklfcll dill
lj LJl Jj
ANS (19, 2.54) Plate II.

(jUcfl <L-jl
Circle of dots, in which lion passant
left, tail curled back.
to
BaybarsI
91
MAMLOK STYLE (HERALDIC)
Type I. With Caliph al-Mustansir
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Struck with normal dirhem dies
42. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots. There is no marginal legend,
only a counter-clockwise circular inscription which is part of the central field.
Circular legend:
R L Top
Center:
Circular legend:
Center:
,yl O)1
cnijll
L 728. 2.85. Mayer no. 2. Lagumina, 93, no. 1 (24, 2.8o). Balog, three specimens:
(22, 2.8o); (23, 2.76) Plate III; (15, 1.4o) Half-dirhem. ANS (23, 2.74).
)m dill
aallj Lull JG
Struck with special half-dirhem dies
43. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend
starting on top, continuing on left
and ending on right:
Center:
dill

Counter-clockwise circular legend starting
on right side:
Center:
<ll
Balog, (16, 1.17) Plate III, 43a. ANS (18, 1.38). L 743 (14, 1.2o) lion passant to right.
L Top R
Plate III, 43b. Rev. circular legend: ^ ^ \ ^\ V
92
NO MINT, UNDATED
Dirhems
No circular legend.
Balog, four specimens: (22, 2.98) Plate III; (22, 2.90); (23, 2.91); (23,3.37). ANS, ten
specimens: (22, 2.14); (23, 3.01); (22, 2.11); (22, 2.97); (22, 2.78); (22, 2.80); (24, 2.71);
(22, 2.27); (24, 2.86); (25, 2.43).
Half-dirhems struck with special dies
No circular legend.
oU_J! -UVl
Balog, two specimens: (14, 1.25); (15, 1.22).
WITH MINT AND DATE
CAIRO, WHEN DATE PRESERVED: 660 H.
No circular legend. Counter-clockwise circular legend starting
.. . on left side:
afs^frjM Center:'
BMC 481 (20, 2.47). L 724 (2.96); 725 (2.55); 742 (1.38) Half-dirhem. ANS, five speci-
mens: (21, 2.80); (20, 2.90); (22, 2.65); (21, 2.58); (22, 2.50). Balog, three specimens:

(20, 2.95); (20, 2.37); (15, 1.37) Half-dirhem.
Baybars I
93
DAMASCUS, DATE MISSING
47. As above. As above, but circular legend starts on
left side: J~>fc
L 713 (2.50).
HAMAH,660 H.
48. As above. As above, but no circular legend. Mint and
date on top of center:
4* 1.7 ol*^.
Gagarine no. 1338. ANS (23, 3.21).
Type II. With Caliph Al-Hakim
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Dirhem
*49. Border on both sides: linear octolobe in octolobe of dots. In center of obverse, small
lion passant to left, in the midst of the writing.
jM dill fUV|
ANS (24, 3.43) Plate III.
Half-dirhems, struck with special dies
Counter-clockwise circular legend: Counter-clockwise circular legend:
o*J] al r*. *ul o Jyj o <ul o ^ 4n V o
Center: Center:
dill fU**
> fh
L 735 (152); 736 (0.90); 737 (1.48) in the four corners of the circular legend on the rev.: /

instead of: O; 738 (1.19); 739 (0.99). Mayer no. 13. Balog, nine specimens: (13, 0.90)
Plate III, 50a; (14, 1.40); (15, 1.82) Plate III, 50b; (14, 1.67); (14, 1.52); (14, 1.69);
(14, 1.47); (11, 1.44); (10, 1.45). ANS (14, 1.33).
94
DAMASCUS
WITH YEAR BUT WITHOUT MONTH
This seems to be a late issue; few coins have the complete date, which is always
between 670 and 674 H. On two coins the decade is missing (6x6), and we think it
should read 676 H.
Border on all coins, on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
670 H.
51. No circular legend. Counter-clockwise circular legend, start-
ing on top:
all oUJl Center:
aJlj Lu)l J.j ^lWl f\L\
<jc* til jv\ i_tjm v *^
. a.
Mayer no. 7. Balog (17, 1.07) Half-dirhem. Note ornament on top of al-'Abbas on rev.
ft
Ûl. It is common to all coins of this issue. Plate III.
673 H.
*52. As above. As above, but date:
ANS (21, 2.95).
674 H.
*53. As above. As above, but date.
Balog (17, 2.91) Plate III.
54. As above, but "Rukn" written thus: As above, but date

3 instead of the customary:
Balog (21, 2.72) Plate III.
675 H.
As above, bu
Baybars I
95
54. a
INCOMPLETE OR MISSING DATES
Mayer (35 specimens). BMC 484 (24, 2.78) date: 6. .6 H., may be 676 H. because 666 H.
would be early for this emission; 485 (23, 2.76) date missing. L714 (3.10) date missing;
715 (2.50) date missing. Lagumina p. 94, no. 2 (21,2.78) date missing. Ashmol., three spe-
cimens: date missing. ANS, six specimens: (22, 3.01) 6. .4 H.; (22, 2.97) 6. .6 H.; (23,
2.78) 67.. H.; (23, 2.61) date missing; (22, 2.77) date missing; (22, 2.84) date missing.
55. There exist numerous fractions of this issue; struck on small square flans generally
insufficiently heated; these small coins retain the four spike-like protrusions re-
maining from the edges and represent all the transitions between the square and the
circle. Only the central portion of the die-inscriptions is on the flan. Although the
mint is invariably missing, the attribution to Damascus is assured by the style of
writing and even more through the tiny ornament on top of the letter sin of the
Caliph's name on the reverse:
Balog, seven specimens: (12, 1.41) Plate III, 55a; (14, 1.62) Plate III, 55b; (15, 17.5);
(12,1.65); (12, 1.48); (11, 0.69) Plate III, 55c; (11, 0.74). ANS (13,1.03) the obv. of this
specimen has been struck with the ordinary dirhem die, the reverse with a special half-
dirhem die.
WITH YEAR AND MONTH
AND DAMASCUS WRITTEN: DAMASCUS THE GUARDED = \-jj>X\ Ji.O
666 H. dhu al-qa'dah
56. As above.
Counter-clockwise circular legend start-
ing on top:

4 Lt.^
Center:
667 H.SAFAR
57. As above.
ANS (24, 2.56).
96
*58. As above.
667 H. JUMADA AL-AKHIR
As above, but date:
Ornaments:
*59. As above.
ANS (22, 2.94).
*G0. As above.
ANS (22, 2.73).
668 H.SAFAR
As above, but date:
669 H.SAFAR
As above, but date:
61. As above.
Mayer, diameter and weight not given
669 H. JUMADA AL-AWWAL
As above, but date:
62. As above.
Mayer, diameter and weight not given.
669 H. RAJAB
As above, but date:
674 H. RAJAB OR RAMADAN
*63. As above.
ANS (22, 2.90).
As above, but only the first letter of the

month visible; it may be Rajab or Rama-
dan. The year is clearly visible.
HAMAH
Two varieties of this issue exist. On the first, the mint and date formula is in the
circular legend; on the second, it is on top and bottom, always on the reverse.
Baybars I
97
64. No circular legend.
ANS (22, 2.89).
65. As above.
L710 (3.79); 711 (2.86).
66. As above.
666 H.
No circular legend.
4j U1.J ijjU J
(sic/j <al pTil fUVl
L^ y<jO_)ll
668 H.
As above, but date at the last line:
673 H.
As above, but first line missing.
Last line: >i<5fe o.
BMC 482 (24, 2.63) the decade is missing; this issue seems, however, to be a late emission;
we think it should be 673 rather than 663 H.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME ISSUE
66.a BMC 483 (22, 2.68). Mayer no. 3 and 5. Balog (23) date: 67.. H. ANS (20, 2.39).
DATE MISSING
*67. As above. Counter-clockwise circular legend, start-
ing on top:

Center:
ANS (22, 2.81).
fix fU"*l
98
Type III: With religious legend
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Half-dirhem
*68. Circular legend, counter-clockwise: Circular legend, counter-clockwise:
RLTRLT
t~J\ jrj\ al yj\ al
Center: Center:
!dUl Vl <ll M
jJU ju* al
ANS (14, 1.32).
CAIRO
658 H.
*69. Counter-clockwise circular legend: Counter-clockwise circular legend:
RLT
Center: Center:
al Vl 4)l V
Balog (19, 2.51).
659 H.
70. As above. As above, but date:
Balog (20, 2.58) Plate III, 70a.
DATE MISSING, SAME ISSUE
L 716 (2.98) date: 65.. H. Mayer, no. 8. ANS, three specimens: (19, 2.19); (20, 2.78)

(19, 2.53). Balog (14, 1.53) Half-dirhem. Plate III, 70b.
Baybars I
00
*71. As above. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
iUi-j | ... | ... | ji** y>
Center:
al Vl4l V
vv
ANS (22, 2.80).
7t7/e: al-Sultdn al-Malik
CAIRO
All the following dirhems belong to the Cairo mint. Three slight varieties can be
distinguished:
a) 660-663 H. The mint and date formula starts on the left side of the reverse, in the
counter-clockwise circular legend.
b) 662-664 H. The mint and date formula starts on the right side of the reverse.
c) 662-676 H. The mint and date formula starts on top of the reverse.
On all three varieties:
No circular legend on the obverse.
Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS ON LEFT SIDE
660 H.
*72. Circular legend:
1Ul . R ? L
ldkll olUJl "^-^ 3 *" '. ^

aJlj LJl J", ^lil Center:
VV.
4|jr <s! vl 4ll v
al Sy)
\J\J KJ W
ANS, three specimens: (21, 2.72); (21, 2.83); (21, 2.78).
100
661 H.
*73. As above.
Circular legend:
Center as above.
ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.20); (22, 2.25) holed.
663 H.
ANS (22, 3.02).
75.
MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS ON RIGHT SIDE
662 H.
Circular legend:
LT
Center:
dill olUJl
VV
Oji*^ll .al |^-
ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.79); (21, 2.22).
663 H.
*76. As above.

Balog (20, 2.66).
CP w
As above, but circular legend on top:
z& :(j*tSl)
664 H.
*77. As above.
As above, but circular legend on top:
Balog, three specimens: (22,3.09); (22, 2.70); (20,3.04). ANS, two specimens: (20, 1.98);
(22, 2.64).
Baybars I
101
77. a
DATE MISSING
ANS, seven specimens: (20, 2.79); (20, 3.09); (20, 2.48); (20, 1.98); (21, 2.62); (21, 2.81);
(22, 2.29). Balog (16, 1.81).
MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS AT TOP
662 H.
78.
CtJlj Lull {fj
Mayer no. 9.
79. As above.
Mayer no. 9.
80. As above.
Mayer no. 9.
81. As above.
Circular legend:
Center:
Z\ Vl <)l V
VVV
663 H.
As above, but date:
664 H.
As above, but date:
665 H.

As above, but date:
Mayer no. 9. Jungfleisch (22, 2.66). ANS, three specimens: 1. (21, 2.87); 2. (22, 2.65);
3. (22, 2.10). Balog, two specimens: 21, 2.86) Plate III; (20, 2.65).
666 H.
82. As above.
L 717 (2.68). Mayer no. 9. ANS (22,2.37).
As above, but date:
1o2
667 H.
83. As above.
L 718 (2.48). ANS(zi).
84. As above.
Beyram no. 245.
85. As above.
Mayer no. 9.
As above, but date:
668 H.
As above, but date:
669 H.
As above, but date:
67o H.
Balog, two specimens: (2o, 2.95) Plate III; (2o, 2.88). Mayer no. 9. Jungfleisch (2o,
2.81).
671 H.
Mayer no. 9. ANS (22, 2.61). Balog (2o, 2.71).
672 H.
*88. As above.
Balog (2o, 2.83) Plate IV.
As above, but date:
673 H.
No coins.

674 H.
89. As above.
As above, but date:
L 719 (2.75). Fonrobert no. 6554. ANS (21, 2.74). Balog, two specimens: (21, 2.77);
(2o, 2.92).
Baybars I
103
675 H.
Mayer no. 9. Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.76); (20).
676 H.
Balog, two specimens: (22, 2.83) Plate IV; (20, 2.88).
MISSING DATE, ENDING WITH: i
*92. As above. As above, but on right side the date ends
with:
ANS (21, 3.00).
93. It has been established that all dirhems with a religious legend on the reverse
were issued by the Cairo mint; the only exception is a single coin (ANS) with the
title "al-Malik," from Damascus.
On the other hand, there exist many fractions of this dirhem, struck on narrow
flans after more or less heating, on which the whole peripheral portion of the legends
is missing. Consequently, on all these coins the mint as well as the date is always off
flan. Nevertheless, they are easy to identify with the Cairo emission, because of the
regal title "al-Sultan al-Malik" and especially from the small scroll-like ornament
on top of the word Jyj on the reverse. Of the numerous specimens we have seen,
here are a few:
L 731 (1.25); 732 (0.90); 733 (1.16). ANS, six specimens: (13, 0.74); (13, 0.96); (14,1.03);
(14, 1.08); (16, 1.60); (13, 1.58). Balog, six specimens: (12, 0.65); (15, 0.88) Plate IV,
93a; (13,1.06); (13, 1.21) Plate IV, 93b; (11, 1.68); (14, 1.70). BM, six specimens.
Copper

Baybars' copper coins are scarce enough; usually much worn, the legends are often
incomplete. They still often imitate the Ayyiibid-style arrangement of the legends,
with a linear square or a hexagon. In general the fuliis belong to four groups.
All copper coins present Baybars' coat of arms, the lion passant to left.
With the Caliph al-Mustansir
94. Border on both sides: circular line, in which linear square. In the resulting segments
the legends have vanished.
Center: Center:
_ylUl dill ^"...H
BMC 490 (18). Balog (18).
NO MINT, UNDATED
*95. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in which circular line.
Segments:
lf
In the square: t>u>ll
lUl dill
The legend, beginning in the square, continues in the segments; the complete
reading is: ^LUl ... a^h U.a)l yUill dill
ANS (21, 2.60) Plate IV.
With the Caliph al-Hdkim
MINT AND DATE MISSING, OR NOT MENTIONED
*96 Border missing on both sides. Linear square, in which:
olUJl fUVl
Balog (17) Plate IV.
DAMASCUS, 674 H.

Baybars I
1o5
No circular legend.
1Ul
(j*J>\ j*a\
Balog (25, 2.8o) Plate IV.
Counter-clockwise circular legend, start-
ing on top:
JIa a. v>
WttfA religious legend
98. Border on both sides: circle of dots in which circular line:
Horizontal cartouche of dots, being
the central segment of a hexagram.
In upper segment: olUJi
In central segment: Qffgi9
In lower segment: dlill
Linear hexagram. In the external angles,
illegible traces of mint and date. In center:
Ol
BMC 488 (18). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949,8-3-431; no number (16). Ashmol. (19) Plate IV.

ANS (22, 1.69); (21, 2.11); (18, 3.17). Balog, three specimens: (17); (16) badly worn;
(15) badly worn.
99. As above.
As above, but center:
<ul Vi Ji V
BMC 489 (18). Jungfleisch (12, 2.73). Jungfleisch read the mint: Damascus.
DAMASCUS, 6^1 H.
100. Border circular line, in which
concave-sided linear square:
Border circular line, in which linear
square.
Segments:
Segments:
1B
L1T
io6
Center: Center:
ju* *\
L 744 (18, 1.27) Plate IV. Jungfleisch (19, 2.41).
On both coins the segment on the right, and with it the decade, is missing.
NO MINT, UNDATED
101. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in which linear circle.
Var. A
olj
jkM dllA
BMC 486 (22) Plate IV, 101 a. L 746 (2.88). Khediv. 1492, 1493. Dorn et Gamazoff
p. 73. Fonrobert no. 6552. Miles, "Antioch" no. 168. Wien no. 688. ANS, four
specimens: (18, 1.63); (22, 2.69); (21, 2.90); (20, 2.55). Balog (20, 2.45) Plate IV, 101b.
102. As above.
dill
BMC 487 (21). Jungfleisch (18), 2.82). Balog (18, 1.84).
With royal protocol only
oUJl
dill
BM, T.W.Armitage 1936 5-19 (13) Plate IV. Soret 3-e lettre (a Dorn), no. 160. Soret

attributed it to Aybak, but it belongs here.
AL-SA'ID NAIR AL-DlN BARAKA QAN
676-678 H. = 1277-79 A.D.
Baraka displayed the blason he inherited from his father, the lion passant to left,
on all his coins. The gold is represented by two dinars only, but his silver is a little
more common, although not frequent.
Gold
ALEXANDRIA, 676 H.
104. Border on both sides: circular line; then counter-clockwise marginal legend, sepa-
rated from the center by a double circular line.
Marginal legend missing. Marginal legend:
Center: Center:
******* i***.
Îm dull u! jj-j
L 747 (20, 3.28) Plate IV, 104a. ANS (21, 4.26). Balog (19, 3.23) clipped. Plate IV,
104 b.
Silver
On all dirhems, border on both sides; circular line in circle of dots. No circular
legend on obverse; counter-clockwise circular legend, containing the mint and date
formula on the reverse.
CAIRO
676 H.
105. As above, but ornament on top of Circular legend:
RBILT

107
io8 Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans
Center: <al Ml 4)l M
CP w
VV
ijjjl 4Ljl
Mayer. ANS (20, 2.94). Balog (21).
677 H.
(JV>, ,rj
ANS (21, 2.24).
678 H.
Mayer. Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.79) Plate IV, 107a; (21, 2.82) Plate IV, 107b;
(19.2.52).
107.a DATE MISSING
L 751 (3.28). ANS (21, 2.89). Balog (20, 2.78).
Half-dirhems
108.
ANS (15,1.44). Balog, nine specimens: (9,1.65); (9,1.43); (10,1.83); (9,1.69); (10,1.47);
(9, 1.47); (15, 1.64) Plate IV, 108a; (15, 1.45) Plate IV, 108b; (15, 1.85) Plate V, 108c.
The Cairo dirhems have two characteristics which enable us to identify them even
when the mint is missing: On the obverse, there is no ornament in front of the lion's
head. On the reverse, a pretty scroll-like floral ornament is engraved on top of the
word Jj-j. We shall see that the Damascus dirhems have different characteristic
marks.
DAMASCUS
676 H.

109. As above, but with Baraka's Tamgha Circular legend:
Vl JllV
4Sl J yJ JU
L 748 (2.63). BM, J. Harrison-Ball 1938 5-13-28. ANS (22, 2.77). Balog (21, 2.76)
Plate V.
in front of the lion's head:
Center:
<al Ml <)l M
Baraka Qan
109
677 H.
L 749 (2.99). Mayer. BM, no number. ANS (20, 2.94). Balog, three specimens:
(20, 2.41); (21, 2.85) Plate V; (21).
678 H.
Mayer. Khediv. no. 1494. ANS (20, 2.77). Balog (20, 2.80).
111.a DATE MISSING
L 750 (2,76), Khediv. no. 1495. Beyram no. 246. ANS, four specimens: (20, 3.25);
(20, 3.64); (20, 2.84); (14, 1.48) Half-dirhem. Balog (14, 1.57) Half-dirhem.
The Damascus dirhems have a small triangular symbol, the edges looped, engraved
in front of the lion's head: A^Jj On the reverse, on top of the word Jy-j, the
elegant scroll-like floral ornament of the Cairo coin has been transformed into a
somewhat simpler, more compact ornament: trr&. Both signs are sufficient to
recognize dirhems on which the mint is missing, as belonging to Damascus.
ham ah, 678 H.
112.
Mayer, no details.
Loewe, in NC XIX, 1856-7, pp. 71-84, attributed a silver coin to Baybars I. The
illustration which accompanies his article, leaves no doubt that the coin is a dirhem

of Baraka Qan.
AL-'ADIL BADR AL-DlN SALAMISH
678 H. = 1279 A D.
Baybars's youngest son, Salamish, was permitted to remain on the throne for a
hundred days only by his regent, Qala'un; accordingly, his coins are rather scarce
and consist of dirhems only. His regal title on the Cairo emissions is al-Malik, on
those of Damascus: al-Sultan al-Malik.
CAIRO, 678 H.
*113. Border on all coins, on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Center:
al 11l <ll V
No circular legend. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
1Ul .R B .L- T
JjU dill -'
VVV
Vo
Balog, two specimens: (2o, 2.75) (23, 2.72). Here again, note the characteristic floral-
scroll ornament on the reverse, on top of the word J^-j: Plate V.
114.
JjUl dill
jjbll dill a
Circular legend as above. Center: as

above, ornaments slightly different.
BM, Gayer-Anderson 1947 7-6-27 (2o) Plate V. Hartmann: ZfN XVIII, 1892, pp. 1-4.
no. 2 (22, 2.68). Thorburn . ANS, two specimens: (21, 3.31); (22, 3.17).
11o
Salamish
iii
DAMASCUS 678 H.
dill oUAJl Center: as above, but no ornaments.
aJlj UJl ju, JjU|
O *-*
L 754 (3.14). Hartmann.Z/N XVIII, 1892, pp. 1-4, no. 2 (22,2.79). Siouffip. 18. Mayer
ANS (20, 2.86) Plate V.
INCOMPLETE

Siouffi p. 18. ANS (23, 2.86). Ashmol.
AL-MANSUR SAYF AL-DIN QALA'UN
678-689 H. = 1279-1290 A.D.
Notwithstanding his eleven year reign, few coins of Qala'un have come down to
us. As the date is either incomplete or entirely missing on many coins, this series does
not give a satisfactory picture of the sequence of his emissions.
Gold
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
Mint at top of obverse area
traces of profession of faith formula.
Linear multilobe, with small pellet
in each external angle.
Marginal legend: illegible traces.
Linear multilobe, with small pellet in each
external angle.
Center:
Center:
l dill olujl
al Vl <!l *$
<ul J_,-j
OV
BMC 491, s. (18, 2.75) Half-dinar Plate V. L 757 (6.30) Lavoix read in the rev. marginal
legend of this coin the date 692 H.: ... j uj-."j 0*3l 4s- <^Lil (jbu." y^). This is
impossible, because Qala'tin died in 689 H. Khediv. 1499,1500.
Mint at top of reverse area
687 H.

Counter-clockwise marginal legend: Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
profession of faith formula ending with: .. _ . ^. ,. , ..
112
Oala'un
"3
(V
Double linear circle; center:
dill olUJl
ANS (21, 6.81).
118. As above.
Khediv. 1497.
Double linear circle; center:
j*U)l Ojit
6-:v:
-l j.
688 H.
As above, but date:
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1496,1498. Broach p. 341 (23,7.26). ANS (23,6.02). Balog (22,5.35) Plate V.
ALEXANDRIA
681 H.
profession of faith formula.
Linear dodekalobe; center:
diil 0U-Jl
Balog (26, 4.76) Plate V.
Linear dodekalobe, center:

Vl 4ll V
dP-:v:-
VbV
* 3
119. a date missing
L 755 (5.38). BMC 491,k (23, 5.12); 491,n (23, 5.12); 491,0 (21, 4.04).
Although the mint is missing, they can be safely attributed to Alexandria through
the type of the legend.
ii4
DAMASCUS
682 H.
profession of faith formula.
Linear dodekalobe, pellet in each
external angle.
Center:
l dtll olUJl
Lij cnAc'j ca^,l < ....
Linear dodekalobe, pellet in each
external angle.
Center:
al Vl 4ll M
Balog (21, 5.54) Plate V.
DATE MISSING
L 756 (4.90). Cunha 1470. ANS (22, 5.44).
MINT AND DATE MISSING, NO DETAILS
Fonrobert 6555 (22, 5.60). Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency no. 10.
Silver
All silver coins are of the same type. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots
between two linear dodekalobes. No marginal legend, but on the reverse, a counter-
clockwise circular inscription starting at the top, containing the mint and date

formula.
CAIRO
678 or 679 H.
121. Circular legend:
>i)l y>
orullj LJl Center:
VV
Mayer, two coins. The digit of the date is missing; the coins can, therefore, belong to either
Qala'un's first or to his second year.
Qala'un
115
122. As above.
681H.
As above, but date:
L 767 (2.48); 768 (2.90). Mayer, three coins. Balog (22, 2.44) Plate V.. ANS (22, 2.82).
123. As above.
Mayer, one coin.
124. As above.
ANS (22, 2.94).
125. As above.
ANS (21, 2.81).
683 H.
As above, but date:
685 H.
As above, but date:
688 H.
As above, but date:
ANS (21, 2.82) 68.. H.; (23, 2.48). L 764 (2.95) 68.. H.; 769 (2. 75) 6. .| H.; 771 (1.30)
Half-dirhem. Mayer 68.. H. nine coins. Jungfleisch (23,2.49) Plate V. Balog (21,
2.11) 6-9 H.; (21, 2.87).
126. cÛjll As above.
dill olUJl
L 766 (2.84) 68- H.; 770 (2. 69) 6 H. Balog (21, 2.82).
127. All the Cairo dirhems show a characteristic floral-scroll ornament on top of the
word J^-j of the reverse legend. Consequently, the following dirhem-fractions, all

with the mint missing, have been struck in Cairo:
L 780 (1.78) 687 H. the word seven, is preserved in the circular legend;. 781 (1.50)
68- H.; 783 (1.22) Plate V, 127a; 784 (2.05); 785 (1.05); 786 (1.80) Plate V, 127b; 787
(1.93); 788 (1.10); 789 (0.90); 790 (2.35); 791 (2.10); 792 (1.50. ANS (15,2.44); (14,1.49).
Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.84); (17, 1.41); (14, 1.56). Ashmol. Beyram.
n6
ALEXANDRIA, 684 H.
128. As Cairo, var. A. As above, but mint and date:
ANS (22, 3.27).
L 772 (3.0)
L 773 (2.92).
RBLT
iLz-> O^lc j jl
DAMASCUS
681 H.
129. irC*jll jml Circular legend:
| dill -" :
orJlj LJl yj^jjÂ Center:
ul Vl 4)l M
683 H.
685 H.
L 774 (2.91); 775 (2.66); 776 (3.03) Plate V, 131a.
DATE MISSING
L 777 (3.18); 778 (2.29). Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.39); (20, 3.26) ornament on top of
J^-j Plate V, 131b; (22, 2.60) ornament on top of J^-j. Jungfleisch (15, 0.89) Half-

dirhem. Obv.: j^^ll Plate V, 131c. ANS, two specimens: (20, 3 07); (20, 3.70).
Qala'un
117
132.
687 H.
Center:
<Tl Ml <ll V
<ul J_j_j ju*
Gagarine 1349. ANS (22, 2.77).
688 H.
133. As above.
ANS (si, 2.90).
134. As above.
As above, but date:
689 H.
As above, but date:
L 761 (2.73); 762 (2.79). ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.81); (21, 2.89). Jungfleisch
(22, 2.92) Plate V. Balog (21, 2.82).
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504-7. L 759 (3.04); 778 (3.55); 763 (2.83).
DATE MISSING, NO DETAILS
Broach, four coins. Mayer 681 H.; 683 H.; 684 H. Although no description given, these
coins should belong to var. A. Fonrobert 6556 (21, 3.20).
HAMlH
135.

Mayer p. 171, 679 H. three coins. L 758 (2.92) date missing. Lavoix' description does not
seem to correspond entirely with this type of dirhem. For dirhems and half dirhems of
689 H. infra p. 394.
u8
ALEPPO
136.
Mayer p. 171, date missing.
UNCERTAIN MINT, DATE MISSING
137. , Coarse writing
As above, but profession of faith formula on reverse ends with: âj3\ Jc .
BMC 494 (23, 2.2o). Balog (17, 1.41) Half-dirhem. Plate V.
Copper
NO MINT, UNDATED
*138. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear square, in a square of dots. Legends
in the segments: missing.
JrA\ dill y#
BM, no number (22) Plate V.
dill .ou|
û- Oil Vl <)l V

Blau 291. Balog (18, 2.3o) Plate V.
Qala'un
119
CAIRO, 678 H.
*140. Border on both sides missing.
i diili olUji
Ashmol. Balog (21, 2.82) Plate V.
Circular legend:
Center:
al Vi <)l H
CP W
141. As above.
Erman B/35-1 (22).
As above, but mint: jâ. _>and date

missing.
AL-ASHRAF ALAH AL-DlN KHALlL
689-693 H. = 1290-1293 A.D.
Although few dinars have been preserved, we have a fairly representative series of
different mints. The dirhems are somewhat more numerous, but astonishingly few
complete dates are known and it seems that only Cairo and Damascus issued silver.
Finally, copper is represented by only two specimens.
Gold
CAIRO
690 H.
On both sides, counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Center:
On both sides, double circular line.
Center:
Ai^JUaJl illl i>_ulll gk+,
Balog (24, 4.60) Plate VI.
143. Border missing.
Marginal legend missing.
Double circular line.
Center: as above.
ANS (23, 6.80).
4)T'ij'jJl
:v:-v
691 H.
Border: circular line.

Double circular line.
Center: as above.
120
Khalil
121
692 H.
On both sides counter-clockwise marginal legend:
jtl C?3 ^\ <\ dyj ->-*. <i\ Vl <)i V Oj3l i^,Ul jbJl ...
On both sides: circular line.
Center: Center:
Jyfi Vl dill lkLJlY> *>* "* * v
ia^ll iill J.-Jll C5U ^jjt ^' al Jjlj
BMC 495 (23, 6.42). Khediv. 151o. ANS (22, 3.84). Balog (23, 5.89) Plate VI.
DATE MISSING
Traces of profession of faith formula ... ,4jVil jball
On both sides: double circular line.
Center: Center:
dill otLUl ;yddl ^>
OA3 UJl C>U o>Vl ul Vl il M
Khediv. 15o9. Cunha 1471, 1472. White-King 2229 (7.1o).
On all Cairo dinars the mint is: <-j^xll :-^li)l = "Cairo the Guarded."
ALEXANDRIA, 69o H.
146. As Cairo 69o H. Border: circular line.
,xCMl . . .
Circular line. Center: as Cairo 69o H.

Siouffi p. 18.
122
ALEXANDRIA, "FORTIFIED PLACE," 692 H.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
Profession of faith formula ending: jii .^Tj^ll
Circular line on both sides. Center: 15 Cairo 692 H- but first and last
line flanked by triple pellets:
Center: as Cairo 602 H. , ^. .
,*,
ANS (24, 8.41).
This is one of the exceptionally rare occurrences of the mint-name: *.jjuJC-Vl js.
cf. mint-notes.
DAMASCUS, 690 H.
148. As Cairo 690 H. As Cairo 690 H., but marginal legend:
iLi-) ''< ^j-AU.
L 793 (7.51). Siouffi p. 78.
Silver
Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes, on all
dirhems.
CAIRO, DATE MISSING ON ALL COINS
149. No circular legend. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
o J% c- s y j*
vJ_^Ml .dlill olLUl Center.
"c-ul *ml y/jl ^ ul vl 4)l V
L 797 (2.93); 798 (2 81); 799 (0.96); 800 (1.29); 801 (3.75); 802 (1.09); 803 (1.28); 804 (1.11);
805 (1.29); 806 (1.46); 807 (1.54) Plate VI; 808 (1.73); 809 (2.13). Balog (22, 2.79).

Thorburn (0.97).
KhalIl
123
PROBABLY CAIRO, DATE MISSING
150.
dill olkUl
Ml
al Vl 4ll V
*L.jl al Jju*
BMC 496 (22, 2.80) similar to the dinar Khediv. 1509, therefore, likely to have been struck
in Cairo.
DAMASCUS
690 H.
151. Counter-clockwise circular legend on both sides
TRBL
o dill o CAUJlO My O
RBLT
Center:
Center:
dill LkLJl
LJl
Ml
al Ml 4l M
<tl J y-J Jî.
uv
Balog (21, 2.88) Plate VI, 151a. Jungfleisch (22, 2.88) Plate VI, 151b. L 796 (3.24)
Plate VI, 151c.
152. No circular legend.

tjjZ Ml ddl olkul
iu^Jl iill ^jJl
i-UH)jull j#
L 794 (3.03) Circular legend:
/?/. Center: __
date missing
S-* *
Center: as above.
.; 795 (2.82) 06v. Center:
MINT MISSING
L 801 (3.75); 802 (1.09); 803 (1.28); 804 (1.11); 805 (1.29); 806 (1.46); 807 (1.54); 808 (1.73);
809 (2.13).
124
Copper
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
*153. On both sides: border of dots.
dill JJi a-Ji 3
Thorburn (18, 1.71).
154. Border missing on both sides.
ojl M]l dill olUJ[l l Ml <ll [V
.J-u*ll iill (j^jJi Ljl <ul J.j-j [-u^

ANS (16, 1.36). Epigraphy and arrangement of legends suggest Egyptian origin.
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD
1ST REIGN: 693-694 H. = 1293-1294 A.D.
2ND REIGN: 698-708 H. = 1299-1309 A.D.
3RD REIGN: 709-741 H. = 1310-1341 A.D.
In a footnote on page 150 of his Catalogue of the Oriental Coins in the British
Museum, vol. IV, Stanley Lane-Poole wrote: "After many fruitless attempts to
distinguish the coinage of the first reign from that of the second reign, and this latter
from the third, I am obliged to arrange the whole series together; seeing that not one
coin in it can definitely be ascribed to the first or second reign."
Eighty years have passed since these lines were written. Although we have now
many more coins than Lane-Poole had, the material is still not sufficiently abundant.
Only two dinars, with date complete, belong with certainty to the second reign and
these two were already known to Lane-Poole. There are still none of the first reign.
It would seem, therefore, that we have not advanced very much since the con-
clusion of the British Museum Catalogue. Yet it is possible now to arrange al-Nasir
Muhammad's coinage in fairly good chronological order to a certain extent.
A distinct evolution is apparent, if we compare the gold and silver issues with each
other and with the successive coinages of both al-Nasir Muhammad's predecessors
and successors. Specimens with complete date are comparatively scarce; there is,
however, no doubt that coins similar to Baybars I and Qala'un's issues must be
early. The heavy dinars, struck on a wide flan and without a marginal legend, must
on the other hand, represent the coinage of the later years; they served as prototype
for his successors.
With al-Nasir Muhammad's accession, the emission of copper suddenly became
abundant. Many fulus are undated; it is not possible to attribute them specifically
to any of the three reigns.
As, however, all the dated copper coins belong to the third reign, for practical

purposes this is where the entire copper coinage shall be listed.
1ST REIGN: 693-694 H. = 1293-1294 A.D.
No coins
125
AL-'ADIL ZAYN AL-DlN KITBUGHA
694-696 H. = 1294-1296 A.D.
Kitbugha's coins are all of great rarity; the 17 dirhems in the Paris collection
probably come from a single hoard.
Gold
CAIRO, 695 H.
155. Border on both sides: linear circle.
Profession of faith formula to:._*LJ :>kli)L c5^Lll jbJl la* âl ^
Double circular line on both sides.
Center: Center:
^ *^ :.a 4l *
aLull ctj J'l-n ~, . .
L 835 (5.94). Siouffi p. 18. Balog (22, 6.60) Plate VI.
DAMASCUS, 695 H.
Profession of faith formula to: âjl J^** jûl' ^<al (-;
3 tr*"
Circular line on both sides.
Center: Center:
MS jll
Wien Inv. no. 6332 (24, 8.50) Plate VI.

126
KlTBUGHA
127
Silver
CAIRO
694 H.
No circular legend.
kAUjll
L 837 (2.74); 843 (3.25)
168. As above.
Center:
BL
4ul 4)l V
<ul J_^-j -w*
VV
695 H.
As above, but digit of date:
L 838 (2.80). Balog (13,1.37) Plate VI, 158a. ANS (21, 3.01).
L 839 (3.39) 69- H.; 840 (2.45) 69- H.; 844 (3.40) 69- H.; 846 (1.63) 69- H.; 841 (2.12);
842 (1.60) Plate VI, 158b; 845 (1.72); 847 (1.37); 848 (1.38); 849 (1.19); 850 (1.00); 851
(0.92); 852 (0.90). Gagarine (1334) Half-dirhem. ANS, three specimens: (22, 2.97);
(14, 1.15); (12, 1.31). Balog (12, 1.31). Thorbum 0.97.
DAMASCUS, 695 H.

159. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe in dodekalobe of dots.
No circular legend.
Center:
dill lLUl
ill jJi JÛl
LjjJl jr.) iooJl
Balog, two specimens: (22, 3.10) Plate VI, 159a (date missing); (20, 2.82) Plate VI,
159b. L 836 (2.57) Lavoix misread Kitbugha's name for the date. BMC 497 (20, 2.42)
date missing. ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.97) incomplete; (13, 1.13) Half-dirhem, in-
complete.
^l Vl *>l V
128
Copper
NO MINT, UNDATED
Epigraphic
all aJ| (a3)
ANS (17) unique feds. Plate VI, 160.
Heraldic
161. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
No legend. In field: chalice.
lUJl
l dill o
Mayer, SH, PI. XX, nos. 2 and 4. BM, Marsden CCCI (16) Plate VI, 161 a. Balog,
two specimens: (8) Plate VI, 161b; (19). Jungfleisch, three coins: (14, 1.67); (16, 2.58);

(20, 3.69).
AL-MANSUR HUSAM AL-DlN LAJIN
696-698 H. = 1296-1299 A.D.
Gold
Cairo, 697 H.
162. Border on both sides missing (probably circular line).
On both sides, counter-clockwise marginal legend: iU^-j uu-Tj - ..
Profession of faith formula, ending with: ji-l
Center: Center:
<ul jiU. jtiS\i >_ij^j
BM, Salurgie 1901 10-681 (20, 5.50) Plate VI, 162a. ANS (a1, 6.35) Plate VI, 162b
date missing. L 845 (22, 5.37) Plate VI, 162c date missing. Siouffi p. 18.
Note the invocation | *tl uli. on 06v.
MINT? (POSSIBLY DAMASCUS) 698 H.
On both sides: counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Missing (profession of faith formula) jit* <_J^9>1|
On both sides: circular line.
Center: Center:
<O^V? <k JU A
dill ofcLN Vl 4 V .
L 853 (20, 4.85) Plate VII

129
Lavoix (p. 561 of the Catalogue des Monnaies Musulmanes, Additions & Cor-
rections) notes the difficulties in reading the date, which on the coin is clearly J*..
We believe, that it is simply a misspelling for eight olc", the logical date for Lajin
being 698. Of the mint, only the epithet "the Guarded", i-j^wll, is preserved; it
applies to Cairo as well as to Damascus, but as the Damascus dirhem is of the same
type, the dinar may as well belong there.
Silver
MINT? (PROBABLY CAIRO; SAME VARIETY AS THE CAIRO DINAR).
DATE MISSING
164. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes.
No circular legend. Circular legend missing.
Center: Center:
dill ollJJl *a\ J^.j ju*
-Mill
BMC 498 (20, 3.88). ANS (31, 3.25).
DAMASCUS, 696 H.
165. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes.
Center: Center:
V.
dill oUJl
all jâdl 4M
Lull L*> <.-u.*ll
L 855 (3.12). ANS, three specimens: (22, 2.82); (20, 2.92); (20, 3.08) date missing. Balog

(31, 3.16) Plate VII. Gagarine 1355.
Lajin
Copper
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
166. Border: circle of dots. Border: circle of dots in circular line.
^jfj t?il 3^ Center: Lajin's blason: a fesse.
(cJULLSi BOM
Mayer, Stf p. 148 (17.5, 1.60) Plate VII; p. 149 (18, 1.57). ANS Balog (16).

9'
AL-NA$IR NASIR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD
2ND REIGN: 698-708 H. = 1299-1309 A.D.
Two dinars can be attributed to the second reign with certainty. One has the
complete date, the digit is missing on the other, but it is of the same type as the
first; therefore, it is safe to place it in the same reign. A few more dinars are known
of the same type, that is, with a marginal legend on both sides; although the date
is missing, there is little doubt that they also were struck during al-Nasir Muham-
mad's second reign. A unique fals, anonymous but dated 701 H., is known, but no
silver.
Gold
CAIRO
69-H.
.... -u* al Ml 4)l M iUU.J ijy~ l OA y
Center: Center:
dUl olU_)l
al "il *Jl
mv
J.Jlj LJl jji jji
dill al -u*
BMC 498,k (22. 3.69).
707 H.
168. As above. Marginal legend:
^l^-j a < *-jjjJl j*U)L <Ûl jL Jl LU yj>
Center as above.
132

BMC 498.n1 (23, 6.09). Thorbum.
Muhammad Second Reign
133
DATE MISSING
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides.
Central legend: as above.
BMC 5o2,d (27, 4.34) Rev. margin: y i-jj>^S lj*\i\ ... L. 815 (22, 5.92)
Rev. margin: ... ^ ;ifjLll ... 695?. Broach no. 3 (23, 5.57). Balog BIE
XXXII 195o, p. 255 (18, 1.18) Half-dinar. Plate VII.
Marginal legend missing.
Circular line.
Center:
ljLjJl jji -^.L!l
dill ^ -u* a.^
L 81o (22, 5.15) Plate VII, Retouched.
HAMlH, DATE MISSING
Border missing.
Circular line.
Center:
sU v> O
cw O
170. Border on both sides missing.

. . . < <-) jitll (j.) . . .
Center: Center:
As above.
L 813 (4.11). BMC 5o2, f (2o, 6.61).
^Lll
134
Copper
aleppo, 701 H.
*171. Border on both sides: missing.
On both sides: linear hexagram, in which:
4i
This is an anonymous coin, struck in Aleppo in 701 H. There can be no doubt
therefore that fulus were struck during al-Nasir Muhammad's second reign.

ANS (18, 2.86) Plate VII.
AL-MUZAFFAR RUKN AL-DlN BAYBARS II
7o8-7o9 H. = 13o9-131o A.D.
Only a few coppers coins were hitherto known, and now a half-dozen dirhems
have come to light; dinars are as yet unknown.
Silver
On all dirhems, border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Tripoli, 7o9 H.
172. No circular legend. Counter-clockwise circular legend.
RL
Center: Center:
<<^p3 ml H\ )l V
dill olkui w. , v
aJlj ball ifj yfcll
Balog, three coins: (23) Plate VII, 172a; (2o) Plate VII, 172b; (14) Plate VII, 172c.
MINT MISSING, 7o9 H.
173. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
Balog (19, 2.2o) Plate VII.
dill olUJl R B l I
pr* JU.ccaJ Center:
(uc.^ll ^.l) <uI Vl <)l V
to v v

135
136
174. tSjj-dl
dill
f>yi j;'
Balog (20, 3.16) Plate VII.
Center:
al Vl 4)l V
TRIPOLI, 709 H.
175. Border on both sides: double circle of dots.
VVV
^rJlj LJl {fj dill oUUl -S i^. A-)^J-l _rki j^>
On both sides: inner circle of dots.
Center: Center:
ur
Fraehn, Recensio pp. 173-4; Milnzkabinett. BMC 491 BM, no number (both coins first
attributed to Baybars I, later transfered to Baybars II). Gagarine 1361, 1362 (al-Nasir
Mubammad or Baybars II?). P.A.M. 498. ANS Miinchen. Thorburn. Balog, five

specimens: (20), Plate VII, 175a; (20); (20); (20); (17) Uali-fals. Plate VII, 175b.
AL-NA$IR NA$IR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD
3RD REIGN: 7o9-741 H. = 131o-1341 A.D.
Gold
Only dinars minted in Cairo and Damascus are extant from the third reign. Two
types can be distinguished:
I. Early issues which still show a marginal legend. The mint and date formula is
in the marginal legend of the reverse. One exception is known: BMC 499 t, Cairo
738 H., still has marginal legends.
II. New type on a wide flan, without marginal or circular legends. Border on
both sides, on all dinars, a thick circular line. Only one dinar is dated 724 H., all the
others are later than 73o H.
Type I
CAIRO
711 H.
At Iwlm j
Center: Center:
-^.Ul <M\ oUJJl a^t ^l Ml Alll V
dill a\ Ljl l Jj-j
BMC 498,s (23, 5.44) Plate VII.
713 H.
177. As above. As above, but marginal legend:
(sic) Jb c~
BMC 499 (24, 5.95). Mint missing, but same arrangement of legends, therefore: Cairo.

137
138
DATE MISSING
Khediv. (1512, 1513). L 816 (7.82). Balog (23, 5.10) Plate VII.
DAMASCUS
711 H.
(sic) L-) jlb. al jjJl ... al ^ (sic) jLe . al ^j+ ... (4B") au" J*
Center: Center:
CO CO V
dill jr uat aJl ^
L 811 (21, 4.15) Plate VII.
Obv.: marginal legend contains the mint and date formula. Rev.: Religious legend
starting in the field continues in the margin and ends with the mint and date formula
once more.
713 H.
179. As above, but marginal legend: As above, but marginal legend:
iL-j jts. iJi ,j*.>; ^_^"r') "-^ *~-
L 812 (7.11). Siouffi, two specimens: pp. 18 and 78.
Type II
All coins of this type: border on both sides a thick circular line. No marginal or
circular legends.
CAIRO
724 H.
180. ;jML al

UldilltkLJl ^w
JUjt <ul Ml 4l M
Bajocchi (21, 9.0) note that the word Nasir of the protocol only occurs once.
Muhammad Third Reign
139
733 H.
*181. <- <ul
ûl ail oltul ^' ^ ^ ^
jâdl all 4L.jl <l)l J
BM, Lincoln Johnston 1906 4-350 (24, 6.0) Plate VIII. Jungfleisch (25, 5.38).
738 H.
182. This is the only late dinar with marginal legends.
jJl Jc jJbJ ji.l ... jLJl lu*u> ...
Center: Center:
SAs above.
^LJl all oUUl
BMC 499,t (24, 6.02).
739 H.
183. J^l As above, but last line: jJ
all olLUl
ail
(sic) L--j <jvi5fej
BMC 500 (24, 7.92) according to Lane-Poole, the marginal legend is illegible; actually,
there is no marginal legend. Broach no. 5, two coins.
184. The omission of Catalogue No. 184 is an editorial error discovered too late to
allow alteration without completely upsetting the reference values of the entire
catalogue. No coin has been left out.

740 H.
185. As above, but ornaments:
ûl ail oIujl <L.jl j^-j
ail
<j ltfVmrJ CAM 1|
L 814 (7 85).'
140
74i H.
186.
_Ûl dill olkul
V 03
iL^-j (sic) Oj~jj
BMC 5oo,k (25, 6.8o) Plate VIII.
DATE MISSING
BMC 501. (24, 11.0). Cunha 147. Wien 7420.
DAMASCUS
<al
jcc j* Vl jljl U )
juit'^l Ml 4)| V
l *Ujl *ul J^.j
J*-l CT-JJ lW
187.
ûl dill oIkJl
dill ^ .
Khediv. 1514.
188. As above.
738 H.
<ul Vl <ll V
-jl al J
739 H.
As above, but last two lines:
189.

4j Lmu^J CAî
Jungfleisch (28, 6.90) Plate VIII.
740 H.
jÛl dill olkUl
CD
i>.jJlj Uull
i- _,_^ll dill J.
4i Uammj 0^*' j\
xm Vl Uj
a^t ol Vl All V
9.
BMC 500,f (26, 9.59). Broach no. 5 (27, 7.39).
Fig. Codrington.
141
741 H.
190. As above, but last line: As above.
(sic) 0ijl3 ts-il
BM, Lincoln Johnston 1906 (4-349) Plate VIII. Broach no. 5. ANS (22, 6.82).
DATE MISSING
Broach no. 5, several specimens.
Silver
Border on both sides, on all dirhems: circular line in circle of dots.
NO MINT, UNDATED
"191. No circular legend.
dill oUJ\ *ul Vl 4)l V
ANS (21, 2.99) note at the end of protocol: 0J>\ a son of the commander of the
faithful. (Probably engraver's error).
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
192. dill oULJl Counter-clockwise circular legend:
^>ll Center:
BMC 514 (22, 2.99) date 7-4 H. which may be 714, 724 or 734 H.
193. (OjÔ As above, but date only: 7H.
dill ollAJl
(orJlj ba)l) jj: ^-Ul
) a.
.H,
L 818 (1.72).

4i La.j
0jaliJL >j^>
142
DAMASCUS
73o H.
194. Vl^LiyUj
dill oiuji <ul
j^-Ji dill j.
Balog (2o, 2.93) Plate VIII.
195. As above.
l Mi <ll M
CO V V
Ljl *ul J,
<> Ln^
731 H.
Khediv. 1515.
* 196. As above.
734 H.
Balog (2o, 3.25) Plate VIII.
DATE MISSING
BMC 513 (22, 3.41). Ashmol. date 7-2 H. Damascus. ANS (22, 2.51).
MINT MISSING, PROBABLY DAMASCUS
DATE MISSING

197. (There is some doubt about the attribution to Damascus, because the legends on
both sides, on the 711 and 713 H. dinars of Cairo, also start with: ^ .|11 ).
4l
dill oiUJi
}Â\ dill a
<ul
xc Vl ^-Jl L,
JU* Ull Vl <Jl M
<L.jl *ul J j
BMC 515 (2o, 2.68). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (2o, 2.61); on rev. of his second coin:
4ujl at the beginning of the fifth line; (2o, 3.62).
143
TRIPOLI, DATE MISSING
198.
BMC 512 (22, 2.05).
*ul 4)l l V
ALEPPO
730 H.
*199. No circular legend.
dill oUJl
dill au)l
Jungfleisch (23, 2.76). Balog (21, 2.67).
Center:
BLT
J .... _> Ji
*u!
ml J^_j-uji
200. As above.
73i H.
As above, but date starts at the bottom,
counter-clockwise:
201. As above.

BMC 504 (22, 2.61).
733 H.
counter-clockwise:
202. As above.
Balog (22, 2.63) Plate VIII.
737 H.
counter-clockwise:
144
739 H.
203. As above.
counter-clockwise:
4i li"lr i.J
Of*
DATE MISSING
Of a large number of coins, only a few can be mentioned:
BMC 507 (20, 3.11) date 7-1 H.; 509 (21, 2.60). L 820 (3.08). Beyram. Wien 7869.
ANS (22, 3.11); (2t, 3.50). Jungfleisch (20, 2.48); 20, 2.87); (21, 3.09). Balog (20, 3.38);
(20, 3.40).
HAM AH
715 H.
204. oj*
l dill oiUJl
lj LJl jji
dUl a au)
719 H.
205. As above.
Jungfleisch, two coins: (21, 1.59); (22, 3.22).
al H\ All V

206. As above.
Balog (20, 3.35).
207. As above.
Jungfleisch (20, 1.48)
730 H.
733 H.
145
734 H.
*208. As above. As above, but date at the last line:
735 H.
209. oj5 SU. y>
dill oikul ju* Sfl 4ll V
L'Jl ôLJl 4L.jl J>-j
j _^dl dill J. ju* ocu"j J^l or.JJ
BMC 505 (20, 3.56) mint missing, but the arrangement of the legends indicate Hamah;
511 (20, 2.72) although the date is missing, the arrangement of the legends is typical for
the same year.
736 H.
210. As 734 H. As 734 H., but last line:
CftJ ^fo J 41** 41**
BMC 506 (21, 3.18) Plate VIII, 210a. Jungfleisch (20, 1.87).
DATE MISSING
Same variety, mint on the reverse
BMC 510 (19, 2.72). L 817 (3.02). Broach no. 32, eight specimens. Wien 5755. ANS
(21,2.85). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (20,2.79); (20,3.02). Balog (21,2.25) Plate VIII
210b.
Mint on the obverse
211. ;Lrf. yOnly visible on the left, otherwise
dill lkU l the counter-clockwise circular legend miss-
ls Jl jji jjd\ ing.
ANS (ai, 2.85).

Center:
<al "fl 4ll V
10
146
212. Black (cut) dirhems and fractions of the dirhem
We have a great number of silver coins minted with the technique of the Fatimid
black dirhems. These are struck on an unheated or insufficiently heated piece, cut
from a narrow silver-ribbon. According to the heating (none at all, insufficient or,
sometimes enough), the resulting coin remained square, or has been partially or
entirely rounded by the striking.
They vary in size and weight. The diameter is from 11 to 15 mm., the weight from
o.5o grm. to 3.11 grm. They have one thing in common: only a central portion of the
legends is on the flan and mint and date are almost without exception missing.
A few examples:
L 821 (1.93); 822 (2.25); 823 (3.22); 824 (2.o9). Balog, three specimens: (9, o.51) Plate
VIII, 212a; (1o, o.55); (12, 1.o4) Plate VIII, 212b.
ARMENIAN TRAMS OVERSTRUCK BY AL-NiSIR MUHAMMAD
Around the middle of the nineteenth Century, numismatists noticed the existence
of Armenian silver-coins, overstruck with an Arabic legend. L. L. Sawaszkiewicz
(Le Ginie de l'Orient, 1846) was the first author to mention them; he did not, how-
ever, recognize their proper place in the history of Mamluk coinage. Nearly fifty years
later O. Codrington published several specimens in his very important article on the
Broach hoard of Islamic dinars and dirhems (1883). In his Manual of Musalman
Numismatics (19o4) they were already correctly attributed to al-Nasir Muhammad
and connected with the results of his military operations in Cilicia.
In 714-715 H. (1314-15 A.D.), al-Nasir Muhammad attacked and invaded Cilicia;
a second invasion followed in 716 H. (1316 A.D.). Next year the campaign was re-
newed but ended unsuccessfully for the Mamluks. In 721 H. (1321 A.D.) Armenia
endured a Mongol invasion from Asia Minor, which incidentally was also

instigated by al-Nasir Muhammad. The worst for the Armenians was to come in
722-723 H. (1322-23 A.D.) when the Mamluk sultan again invaded Cilicia, laid
waste large parts of its territory and finally even captured Sis, the capital. Not only
did he capture the treasury of Leon IV, but an annual tribute of 1,2oo,ooo trams
was imposed for years to come.
This considerable mass of ready cash which continued to come in regularly for
several years served to succour the chronically deficient Mamluk silver currency.
Part of the tribute was probably melted down to strike Mamluk dirhems; part again
may have been put into circulation without any alteration whatsoever. Masses of
trams, however, were overstruck with al-Nasir Muhammad's dies. All three kinds of
coins have been found together in hoards from this period, which is an indication
that they circulated freely without discrimination.
The overstriking must have been executed with insufficient heating of the trams,
because the original Armenian legends are often well enough preserved and the
Arabic legends of the overstriking not always distinct.
147
The mint as well as the date is missing on all specimens. The coin-type, with this
pious invocation on both sides, occurs only on very early dinars (711 and 713 H.)
of the Cairo mint. It has been found on a few dirhems which probably belong to
Damascus, but on which the mint-name is also missing. As for the date, the coins
were probably continuously overstruck as long as the tribute continued to flow in.
The legends of the overstriking, reconstructed from several coins, read as
follows:
<ul <ul
x* Vl ^*Jl I) Vl U,
dill olkUl <sl Vl 4i\ M
^rjjlj L'jJl <ii\ Jj -U.#
ojltf ji-l aj>)
Dr. Paul Bedoukian of New York kindly informed me that in his corpus of Armenian
Coins a total of 117 trams with Arabic overstriking are listed. Of these, 13 belong to
Oshin (1308-1320 A.D.) and 45 to Levon IV (1320-1342 A.D.); on the remaining
59 the king's name is illegible.
It is easily understandable that the coins which were part of the loot and, to a
much greater extent, made up the yearly tribute, belong to the contemporary ruler
and his immediate predecessor.
Dr. Bedoukian was also kind enough to confirm the identification of several of
my own specimens, as follows:
OVERSTRUCK ON OSHIN (1308-1320 A.D.)
Balog, three specimens: (21, 2.38); (21, 2.29) Plate VIII, 213a; (23, 2.25) Plate VIII,
213b.
OVERSTRUCK ON LEVON IV (1320-1342 A.D.)
213d.

Balog, three specimens: (22, 1.95) Plate VIII, 213c; (20, 2.20); (18, 1.90) Plate VIII,
THE ARMENIAN KING'S NAME ILLEGIBLE
Balog, four specimens: (25, 2.25); (22, 2.32) Plate VIII, 213c; (21, 1.89) Plate VIII,
213 f; (19, 2.17) and several other specimens not controlled. ANS (20, 2.23); (22, 2.05).
Copper
It would seem that under al-Nasir Muhammad copper was issued in much greater
quantities than before. His fulus are preserved not only in large numbers, but also
in a variety of different types. His coppers have been found in hoards, which some-
times contain as many as over 500 specimens, like for example the 1959 hoard which
148
the present writer acquired, and which was chiefly composed of Cairo and Damascus
fulus.
Normally, the coins should be listed in chronological order. As, however, many
copper coins of al-Nasir Muhammad are undated, it was thought that an arrange-
ment according to coin types was more practical. The types are as follows:
I. Legends only.
II. Legends in ornamented field.
III. Heraldic charges.
Within each group, first come the coins without mint and date, then those with
mint but undated, and finally, coins with mint and date.
I. Legends only
Short horizontal legend
NO MINT, UNDATED
214. Border: circle of dots in circular line. Border: circular line, in which square of
dots.
oUJl -u*
Blau 292.
ANS (14, 1.19).
DAMASCUS
UNDATED
ail
Balog (16) Plate IX.
KiUX

ail
149
TRIPOLI
UNDATED
217. y J>\>l
i ij'jJlj ball *Ji
lULJl W ".
726 H.
dill y >
L 833 (18, 2.60).
Several lines of horizontal legend.
NO MINT, UNDATED
219. <ol <ul
Ûl dill olkLJl <ul Vl 4)l V
jîdl dill a ^jJI 4->l
Balog, five specimens: (20); (21); (22); (22); (22).
CAIRO, UNDATED
220. Border: double circular line, between Circular line, Counter-clockwise marginal
the lines, groups of pellets. legend: profession of faith formula.
:ytaJl >-,j^, Circular line. Center:
_Ûl dill olkJl .ml
ajJlj L Jl jji xe. ^ Vl ^l U j
J>aJil dill
ojtf a.* <al Vl 4)l V
CO

<Ujl <ttl J
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 94, four specimens. Balog, two specimens: (18) Plate IX; (21);
twenty-two specimens from the 1959 hoard. Jungfleisch (22, 3.25). ANS (23, 3.05).
i5o
*221. As above. Center:
al
4ll Vl 4)l V
Oil J_y_j ju*
DAMASCUS
735 H.
_Û| dill oUJ\ ju* <ul Vl <)l V
>-u* ctj"j V**" ^**^ 4L.jl <al J^-j
ojtt jll
L 828 (3.02); 829 (3.11); 830 (3.06); 831 (2.75). Fraehn, Additions to Nova Suppl. p. 282
no. 4/aa. Lagumina p. 94 no. 3. Siouffi p. 18. B/35/2 (20). BM 521-A-11-737 (19).
Ashmol., two specimens. Miinchen. Balog, two specimens: (20); (21, 2.44); eight more
specimens from the 1959 hoard.
736 H.
... c~ <
Balog, six coins from the 1959 hoard.
737 H.
Balog (20) from the 1959 hoard.
739 H.
Windisch-Graetz no. 180. Zambaur read the date as 709 H.; it must be: 739 H. Ashmol.

Balog, three specimens: (20) Plate IX; (20); (20). ANS (17, 3.11); (17, 3.32).
741 H.
226. Welzl v. Wellenheim no. 12376.
DATE MISSING
BMC 523 and 524. BM, no number. Balog, numerous specimens from the 1959 hoard.
227. Border not mentioned
Ûl dill oUoUl
(j-) J*. jjt
iÂ\ dill
Erman B/48/3.
TRIPOLI
UNDATED OR DATE MISSING
As above.
ALEPPO
UNDATED OR DATE MISSING
228. Border on both sides: missing.
dill oU^-Jl
Balog, two coins: (21); (23).
As above.
HAMlH, UNDATED
Ûi dill oUJi
dill <j.
<ul Vl <ll M
<ul J^~-) ju
00

ANS (2o, 2.68)
152
Circular legends
NO MINT, UNDATED
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: Field:
J.lJlj Uull jji jJd\ dill oll^Jl
Circular line. Center:
Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate IX, 230a; (20) Plate IX, 230b.
CAIRO, UNDATED
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: Field:
a Jl jJi dill olkJl
Circular line. Center:
i3?s
<ul Vl 4)l ^
*ol Vl 4l V
ANS (21) Plate IX, 231a; (17). Jungfleisch, four specimens: (18, 2.83); (19, 3.10); (20,
2.49); (22), 2.77). Balog (20) Plate IX, 231.
CAIRO, 710 H.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
i>.uJlj jJi <ilill olki-!l <j. V**rJ j-* **** Vj+
Circular line. Center: Circular line. Center: 0j5*
BMC 517 (15). L 834 (2.82) Lavoix read 716 H. Blau no. 290. Balog (20) Plate IX.

Jungfleisch, five specimens: (15, 1.48); (17, 2.84); (18, 2.37); (20, 2.78); (21, 2.60).
153
ALEPPO, 710 H.
233. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
a_dlj LJl jji dlll olLLJl jZe 4-j^l J* y>
Circle of dots on both sides.
Center: Center: <
BMC 5i7,d (20) Plate IX, 233a. Miles, Antioch 170. Beyruth (13) llali-fals Plate IX,
233 b. Miinchen.
II. Legends and Ornaments
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: Illegible traces of marginal legend. <ul Vl 4)l V
On both sides: broad circular band with oblique spokes to left (water-wheel design).
Center: a**
Madrid, National Museum (15) Plate IX.
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
*235. On both sides: broad decorative marginal band. External circle, with eight small

fleur de lis pointing inwards end inner circle with eight tiny spikes pointing outwards.
154
*236. Border: circular line.
U! dill
ALEPPO, UNDATED
Border: circular band with rigid cable
pattern to left.
Center:
ANS (14).
Hexagram design
NO MINT, UNDATED
*237. On both sides: border of circular line, in which linear hexagram. Pellet in the external
angles and the small triangles.
Balog, two specimens: (15) Plate IX; (15).
. ANONYMOUS, ALEPPO, 71O H.
*238. On both sides: border of linear circle, in which linear hexagram.
J*.
(sic)

Munchen (19).
155
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
*239. Border missing. Hexagram.
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexa-
gram.
ANS (18, 2.88).
TRIPOLI, 741 H.
240. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear hexagram with slightly rounded
edges. Pellet in the external angles and the small tringles.
dkll
Ul
Gagarine 1368. ANS (19, 2.69). Balog (21) Plate IX.
Mihrab design
HAMAH, UNDATED
Border missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
3 Lull jJi tiW| oUUl
Circular line. Center: ;L^s
Mihrab (rounded arch placed on two
columns), a mosque-lamp hanging from
the arch.

Balog, two specimens: (16) Plate IX, 241a; (14) Plate IX, 241b.
156
242. Border: circular line.
ul diil
III. Heraldic Emblems
Napkin (<Jl)
CAIRO, 720 H.
Border: linear dodekalobe.
BR
BL
TL
TR
CO**
Linear square standing on edge. In center:
Li 146 Lavoix did not read the whole date and could not decide whether to attribute this
coin to al-Nasir Muhammad or al-Nasir Hasan. ANS, two specimens: (18, 2.77); (16,
2.53) date incomplete. Balog, eight specimens: (16); (17); (17); (18) Plate IX, 242a;
(18) Plate IX, 242b Rev. circular starts at top left side; (19); (20) Plate IX, 242c; (15)
and many other specimens.
Note: On all coins the reverse circular starts at top, right side, except on Balog (18), where
it starts at top left side.
721 H.
*243. As above.
Balog (17) Plate X.
As above, but circular legend, starting at

top, right hand side:
BR BL TL l TR
*244. As above.
Damascus, 720 H.
Border: linear dodekalobe. Counter-
clockwise circular legend, starting at
bottom left side:
TL
TR
BR
BL
^J0
The napkin is represented by a linear
rhombus, instead of the linear square.
Center:
Balog, four specimens: (14) Plate X; (14); (15); (15).
157
Fesse
NO MINT, UNDATED
245. Border on both sides: dotted circle between two linear circles.
Field: Shield divided by horizontal band into
dill three horizontal segments (fesse). The
central band is bendy of eleven pieces,
variety a.) to left, var. b.) to right. Upper
and lower segment'contains a floral ara-
besque.
BMC 528,k (18); 528,1 (17). ANS, four specimens: (2o, 2.52); (19, 2.52); (2o, 3.82);
(15, 1.n) Half-/a/s. Balog, three specimens: (2o Var. a) Plate X, 245a; (17 Var. b)
Plate X, 245b; (18 Var. b).
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
246. Border on both sides: circular line. Field on both sides divided by two horizontal
lines into three segments (fesse). In the upper and lower segment: undulated cable
to left. In the central segment:
Khediv. 1531. Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate X; (19). ANS (17, 2.78).
DAMASCUS, 732 H.
Field: Field divided by two horizontal lines into
three segments (fesse). In central seg-
ment, oval cartouche with small fleur-de-
j lis at both ends, pointing outwards.
In upper segment: ocl c~
In central cartouche:

In lower segment: ads3
ANS (21, 2.46); (21, 2.59). Jungfleisch (2o, 3.o1). Balog (18).
158
733 H.
*248. As above.
As above, but in upper
Jungfleisch (19, 2.62). Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate X; (19).
734 H.
249. As above.
As above, but in upper segment:
BMC 518 (17); 519 (18); 520 (20). L 825 (2.98); 826 (2.41); 827 (2.44).
HAMAH, UNDATED
250. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
Field on both sides divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: *jj+
Central segment: ^LJl dill
Lower segment: JL^
Upper and lower segment: ornament
Central segment: bendy of eleven pieces
to the left.
BMC 529J (20).
*251. Square flan. Border on both sides: square of dots in linear square. In it, circular line.

In the four corners small ornament.
159
Field:
ail
Field divided by two horizontal lines into
three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ;L*2
Central segment bendy of nine pieces to
to the left.
Lower segment: y j+
ANS (12, 2.24) Plate X, 251.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
Field divided by two horizontal
lines into three segments.
Upper and lower segment
contains an ornament.
Larger central segment:
Balog (22) Plate X.
Circular floral scroll, in which
circular line. Center: y
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
253. Border of small diamonds, in which Border: circular line. In it, linear
circular line. hexagram.
Field divided by two horizontal lines Center: ju*
into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: v">

Central segment: ^Lll dill
Lower segment: J\
Fonrobert 6559. Balog (20) Plate X.
i6o
Fleur-de-lis
NO MINT, UNDATED
254. Border: circular line
in circle of dots.
Field divided by horizontal flexed
cable to left.
Upper segment: ilill
Lower segment:
Border: circular line
in circle of dots.
In the field: stylized fleur-de-lis on pique"
ground.
Balog, two specimens: (14) Plate X; (13).
*255. As above.
Border: double circular line in circle of
dots.
In the field: stylized fleur-de-lis on plain
ground.
Balog (14) Plate X.
Rosette
Six-petaled, except the Damascus, 73o H. issue, on which the rosette has five petals only
NO MINT, UNDATED

Border: hexalobe of dots, in which double
IUJl
dill o
linear hexalobe.
Center: six-petaled rosette.
Ill
BMC 528,a (14) Plate X, 256a. Flagel. (15) Plate X, 256b. P.A.M.
161
Border circular line. In it, linear hexa-
gram composed of two interwoven tri-
angles. Pellet in the external angles.
Center: six-petaled rosette with central
pellet.
Balog, four specimens: (14) Plate X, 257a; (14) Plate X, 257b; (15); (13).
specimens: (14, 2.43); (14, 2.o8).
Hamah, undated
ANS, two
*258. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines
Upper segment: ^
Central segment: -Ûl dlili
Lower segment: ;Uss
ANS (16, 1.74). Balog (16) Plate X.
Border: thick circular line.
In center: six-petaled rosette, in linear
hexalobe. Between hexalobe and marginal
circle, six pellets.

N. B. The Sultan's name was difficult to identify on this coin and has been erroneously
read as al-Ndsir Muhammad. It belongs, correctly, to al-Sdlih Hajji. Cf. 527,
Plate XXI.
Field divided by horizontal line of
dots between two horizontal lines.
Upper segment: dill
Lower segment: }> ^
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
Border: circular line, in which linear hexa-
gram. Six flowerettes pointing inwards
from the external circle, between the
points of the hexagram.
Center: small six-petaled rosette with
central pellet.
BMC 528 (18). Miles, Antioch 172.
l62
aleppo, 717 H.
260. Border on both sides: Circle of small diamonds between two circular lines.
Center: six-petaled rosette with central
pellet, in linear hexalobe.
0lULJl;
A)
BMC 528,b (20). BM, J. Harrison-Ball 1938 5-13-29 (21) Plate X, 260a; Sir R.Burns
1949 8-3-417 (22) Plate X, 260b. L 1145 Lavoix did not attribute the coin to Nasir
Muhammad because of the invocation _r*_jc. Miles, Antioch 171,173. ANS, two speci-
mens: (23, 2.67); (22, 2.39).
This seems to be the earliest occurrence of j*..? on a Mamluk coin. Marcel
Jungfleisch believed that a dinar of al-Mansur 'Ala al-DIn 'Ali, struck in Cairo in
779 H., was the first Mamluk coin to present this invocation (BIE IX, 1927, pp.
51-55). As can be seen, the formula 'azza nasruhu was in use from 717 H., thus a full
sixty years before al-Mansur 'Ali's dinar was issued. Incidentally, coins with this
invocation in al-Nasir Hasan's and al-Ashraf Sha'ban's name also are known.
In the field: legend between two
horizontal floral-scroll ornaments
_ûl dill
DAMASCUS, 730 H.
Five-petaled rosette
Border: circular line in circle of dots.

Center: round shield, in which concave,
five-petaled rosette.
BMC 525 (17). White-King 2331. Miinchen (18) three specimens. Jungfleisch (20,
3.48) Plate X, 261a. Balog, two coins: (18) Plate X, 261b; (18). ANS, six specimens:
(22, 3.14); (20, 2.05); (20, 2.83); (18, 3.29); (18, 2.93); (17, 3.70).
Muhammad Third Reign 163
732 H.
262.
Fonrobert 6560. Welzl von Wellenheim.
Eagle
Eagle to left
Eagle with spread wings, tips downward,
_Ûl dill claws stretched toward the wing-tips.
v,Ja Head to left.
Balog (18) Plate X, 263.
Eagle to right
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
*264. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
Eagle as above, but head turned to right.
Ûl cilill Head flanked by pellet in front and three
J pellets behind. Underneath, a branch with
leaf.
Balog (19) Plate X, 264a. ANS (18, 2.10) Plate XI, 264b.
Double-headed eagle
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
j.) Double-headed eagle, wings spread, tips
_^.Ul dlill downward, claws spread to grasp the
wing-tips. Feathers and tail elaborately
designed.

Miinchen (20) Plate XI.
Although many undated fuliis do not carry al-Nasir Muhammad's full name, there
is no doubt about the attribution. Al-Nasir Hasan's copper issues already have a
different style of design.
11
AL-MANSUR SAYF AL-DlN ABU BAKR
741-742 H. = 1341 A.D.
Only one dinar is known of this sultan, no dirhems, and quite a number of copper
fulus.
Gold
Cairo, 742 H.
Broach p. 342 no. 6 (Pl. I, no. 5) (27, 7.39) Fig. Codrington.
(0
Xe Ml U 3
.u* <ul Vl <)l V
^jjl <L--,l <ul J^.j
J^l cw
DAMASCUS, 741 H.
267. Border on both sides: thick circular line. In it, linear hexagram; pellet in the ex-
ternal angles. In the center:
BMC 528,t (2o). ANS, four specimens: (19, 2.88); (2o, 3.21); (19, 2.71); (17, 2.69).
Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (19, 3.34) Plate X; (19, 3.22).

164
Abu Bakr
i65
742 H.
268. As above, but date:
As above.
BMC 528,v (19). Appel, Tafel II no. 10. Ashmol. ANS (18, 3.12). Balog, two speci-
mens: (18, 2.27) Plate XI; (19, 3.27).
Reverse of both the 741 and 742 H. issues have been put before the obverse on the
plate by mistake. In order to avoid confusion, the same order has been observed in

the above text.
AL-ASHRAF 'ALA AL-DIN KUJUK
742 H. = 1341-1342 A.D.
Dr. Abdelrahman Fahmy Muhammad of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo has
kindly permitted me to mention that two dirhems of this ruler exist in the col-
lection of that museum. No other coins are known.

166
AL-NASIR SHIHAB AL-DlN AHMAD
742-743 H. = 1342 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 742 H.
269. A unique dinar has been published by Codrington and another specimen has been
acquired recently by the Munich State Coin Collection.
Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
No marginal or circular legends.
_u* ^l Vl 4l ^
IS
Broach p. 342 (26, 6.96) Fig. Codrington. Miinchen (26, 6.39) Plate XLI.
Silver
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
270.
. . .' . Mt\
.. . <ul Vl 4)l V
Erman (22).

167
i68
HAMAH,742 H.
271. Ûl dill oU*Ul v>
a-Jl3 Uall -u* Vl <)i V
<L..)l illl J,j-j
.... jkl otjj cS.^.
Moritz, Additions a la Bibl. Khediv. p. 2o3, three specimens. Windisch-Graetz 199 (19,
3.43). Beyram 257.
Copper
ANONYMOUS
DAMASCUS, 743 H.
*272. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear hexagram with pellet in the external
angles. Center:
<^ 1*- <
ANS (19, 2.7o) Plate XI.
Although anonymous, the date leaves no doubt about the attribution to al-Nasir
Ahmad. Here too, the reverse has been placed at the left side and the obverse at the

right side. For additional specimen infra p. 395. Plate XLIV, A.
AL-$ALIH <IMAD AL-DIN ISMA'IL
743-746 H. = 1342-1345 A D.
The few existing gold coins are all from Cairo, except one coin with mint not
mentioned. Silver, which is a little less scarce, seems, on the contrary, to have been
struck in Syria only, and fulus in Cairo as well as in several Syrian mints.
Gold
CAIRO, 743 H.
273. Border on both sides: double circular line.
^ ^lkLjl ^ :< *A t
(sic!) j.U-l Wl-5 ^1^l^^
05b .u* _^tJ| dlll a| oj')
Broach p. 343 no. 8,b. White-King 2232 (8.50). ANS (28, 10.87).
744 H.
274. As above, but date: As above.
-, &
L 856 (25, 8.85) Plate XI.
745 H.
Broach p. 345 no. 8,a (26, 6.95). Khediv. 1519.
DATE MISSING
BMC 529 (25, 7.19). Cunha 1475.

169
170
no mint, 745 H.
J^~.l <ul
dUlolUJl X* Vl
s LJl s\S Ûl <al Vl 4)l M
Ûl dMl a ajJl mlj^jju*
Balog (25, 4.33). Nasir at the end of the fourth line on the obverse is written without the
final ra. Plate XI.
Silver
On all dirhems the border on both sides is a circular line in a circle of dots.
Damascus, 744 H.
277. y >
dill oUJl
jLJl s\S jJUl
dlll a j-^-l aJl
o ^ -u# Ûl
BMC 530 (23, 3.12) date missing, but this type; 536 (23, 4.34) date missing, but this type.
Khediv. 1521. Broach 33/1 (23, 2.85). ANS (20 1.61). Jungfleisch (21, 2.50). Balog,
three specimens: (23, 2.44) Plate XI, 277a; (21, 2.58) Plate XI, 277b; (21, 2.48. ANS
(22, 2.24) (15, 3.00) year missing, but the type is of this year only.
Vl Uj
<al Ml 4)l V
745 H.
278. J^l
<ul

dMl olLLJl
Xt^ Vl âJ| Uj
<ul Vl 4)| V
<ul Jy^jJ^S.
L 857 (2.27); L 858 (2.50); L 859 (2.04); Lavoix read at the top of the obverse:
but it is clearly: J.~-l. Erman B/311,5. Jungfleisch (24, 2.45). ANS (21, 1.86).
ISMA'IL
171
746 H.
279.
As above, but date: As above.
BMC 534 (22, 2.08); 535 (22, 2.07). Erman B/311,7.
DATE MISSING
280. <j .* * >j oJ* <ul
g)ul diil'oiujl v! jj'fY
J^l aJlj L Jl Jl>> juat <ul Ml 4)l V
J. ^-Ul dill jrl o-,l <ul J^-j
0,*
Erman (20) B/311,8.
MINT AND DATE MISSING (PROBABLY DAMASCUS)
281. )Ul dill oUJ\ <ul
dill a. J-J a_J| at* x* ^ Ml ^-Jl Uj
J. -u* Ûl <ul Vl V
4bl J_j-jju#
BMC 537 (22, 3.24).
HAMAH
744 H.
282. o&J. jU;
dill olkUl <ul Vl 4ll V
L 860 (20, 3.30) although mint missing, there is no doubt about the attribution to Hamah.
The calligraphy of J-cL-,l on the obverse is characteristic for Hamah in this series. Plate
XI, 182 a.
DATE MISSING

Erman B/311,9 and B/311,10 (both 15). BM 1949/671; no number (23, 2.27). Ashmol.,
two specimens. ANS (20, 2.87). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (19, 1.52); (20, 2.85).
Balog, two specimens: (19, 1.52); (20, 2.85) Plate XII, 282b. ANS, two specimens:
(20, 2.99); (20, 2.81).
172
Bl
1 OfJ 1
. ... < |
ALEPPO, DATE INCOMPLETE
-u* R
eUll olkLJl
jLJlBÛ cater;
'"ul dill" ^ ^ Jl
oo
BMC 531 (23, 5.25). ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.99); (20, 2.81). Jungfleisch, two speci-
mens: (20, 2.19); (20, 3.09). Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.50) Plate XII; (21).
*284. The emission of dirhem-fractions on unheated (or insufficiently heated) irregular flan
continued under al-Salih Isma'il as before. See the section on minting technique.
The small flan contains so few legends that it is mostly impossible to establish the
coin-type. Mint and date are, of course, always missing.
BM 1955 1-51 (1.72). Balog, three specimens: (11, 1.70); (10 13, 1.02) Plate XII, 284a;
(9 15, 0,73) Plate XII, 284b.
Copper
Cairo, 745 H.
Cross-shaped cartouche, Linear square standing on edge.
flanked by four pellets. Arabesque knot in the corners.

A floral scroll on each side.
In the cartouche: In center:
j ,Jr (sic!) _yli)l
l dill lkUl
c!
Qahirah written without final ha.
Jungfleisch BIE XXXIV, 1952, pp. 98-100. Photographs but no description. Balog,
190 specimens: mostly from the 1959 hoard. Diameter from 18 to 23, weight 2.50 to 3.40;
no. 3. (20, 3.14) Plate XI, 285a; no. 5 (23, 2.95); Plate XI, 285b. ANS, two speci-
mens: (21, 3.59); (22, 2.88).
ISMA'IL
173
746 H.
(sic!) >bli)L
Balog, three specimens: (20); (20); (21), these three specimens come from the 1959 hoard.
DAMASCUS, 743 H.
287. Border on both sides: circle of large dots.
Field on both sides divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
...',
IliiJJLUti fegifi]
BMC 539 (23). Khediv. 1524, 1525, 1526. Siouffi p. 18. Jungfleisch (22, 3.31); (21,
3.53). Balog, two specimens: (22, 3.47); (22).
744 H.
Cm
Fraehn, Recensio pp. 173-4 no5. Das Muhammedanische Munzkabinett d. Asiat. Mus. 1821.
Stickel, Die Sammlung Gemming nos. 46, 49. BMC 540 (22). Khediv. 1527. L. 863.
Siouffi p. 18. Karabacek, Die Kufischen Miinzen des .. .Joanneums in Graz no 23. Win-
disch-Graetz 182 (19). Miinchen. Balog, two specimens: (20, 3.61) Plate XI; (21, 3.67).
746 H.
289. Smaller flan.
As above. As above, but date:

Balog (18, 3.19).
174
Dirhem-type fals (Cairo ?)
290. dill olkUl al Ml 4 V
dill J. J^-l au"
BMC 541 (20).
ALEPPO, 743 H.
aJlj La)l al/ Ul dill oUUl iL-j j-jlj ^5fe c- wi^. y>
On both sides: circular line. Center: six-petaled rosette.
BMC 538 (21); 538a. L 865 (18, 3.25) Plate XII, 291a. Hamilton p. 52 no. 10.
Miinchen. Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.88) Plate XII, 291b; (20) Obv. Marginal legend
clockwise.
744 H.
Hamilton p. 51 no. 5. Miinchen. Balog, four specimens: (20); (20); (19); (20).
746 H.
DATE MISSING
Windisch-Graetz 183. Wien 791. Jungfleisch, five specimens: (19, 2.96); (18, 1.85);

(18, 2.81); (17,2.93); (18, 2.16).
ISMA'IL
175
Another type
746 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines (Fesse):
In upper (and probably in lower) Upper and lower segment
segment, ornament: v>OOcv obliterated.
In central segment: In central segment:
Ul dill
Lagumina p. 97 no. 18 (17, 1.90).
HAMAH, UNDATED
lines (fesse).
Upper (and probably lower)
segment: ornament
Central segment:
Ul dlll
Inverted linear dodekalobe, each point
of arch crowned with tiny fleur-de-lis.
Center:
BMC 540 m. Lagumina p. 96 no. 7 (17, 2.18).
746 H.
Border: circular line. In it, double linear
square.

In the segments, counter-clockwise
marginal legend:
RBL
In the square: o j+
BMC 540g (20) Plate XII; 540h (21). ANS (19, 2.79).

176
Tripoli, 744 H.
Anonymous
*297. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
l ^ Lion passant to right.
Balog (17, 1.12).
AL-KAMIL SAYF AL-DlN SHA'BAN I
746-747 H. = 1345-1346 A.D.
Al-Kamil Sha'ban's coins, especially the copper, are all scarce.
Gold
Cairo, 747 H.
TO*
J.lOl dill ILLJl
^ Ûi dill
<ul
-u* I ^l <Jl l V
4-jl Oll Jy.J
Johnston, Muh. Coins. Broach p. 343 no. 9/2; no. 11/3. Cunha 1476. White-King
2234. BM, Dr. F. Burgess 86-4-7-6, (26, 6.66) Plate XII. Thorburn (4.83). Broach
p. 343 no. 11/2 belongs to al-Ashraf Sha'ban; the date is clearly 768 H.
DAMASCUS, 746 H.
J. ISOl dill IkLJl
ju* Jlui dill a
< Lu J
ju* l Vl <ll V
aL-ji <ul J^j
Broach p. 343 no. 9/1 (25,5.5o) p. 343 no. 11/2. Fig. Codrington. Ex -King Faruk collection,
Kubbah palace, Cairo.

177
178
Silver
Only dirhems of the Syrian mints are known.
DAMASCUS, 746 H.
dinlkLJl ^vlir^
BMC 544 (23, 3.26) Plate Xir, 300a; 545 (20, 2.37). L 866 (2.74); 867 (2.06). ANS
(20, 3.02). Balog (17) Half-dirhem. Plate XII, 300 b.
747 H.
301. ol* As above.
dill lkUl
Iff
Broach p. 366 no. 34 (20, 1.75).
ALEPPO, DATE MISSING
*302. Border on both sides: circular line (in circle of dots).
... ol-^ a.4"

Balog (21) Plate XII.
Sha'ban I 179
Copper
DAMASCUS, 746 H.
303. Border on both sides: circle of large dots. Field on both sides divided by two hori-
zontal lines of dots.
j-WCJi dill
I.l,- -j
L 868 (19, 2.83) Plate XII.
747 H.

Blau. Balog, date missing. Windisch-Graetz 184, date missing (15).
AL-MUZAFFAR SAYF AL-DlN HAJJI I
747-748 H. = 1346-1347 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 747 H.
Profession of faith formula to: .jjî ... crf.^3 (r" Vj.**^
Center: Center:
^jl- ^l aii u j
J J(j L-Jl -^ - ^ ^
Note that the word year = t~ is omitted in the date formula.
L 869 (25, 5.21). BMC 546d (23, 5.77). Johnston, Muh. Coins. Thorborn (5.82).
Balog (24, 7.33) Plate XII.
Damascus, 747 H.
iklidlliUJi *
oL-i j ÔJi dill j. i*.Wk. ^j' J^-j
BMC 546 (27, 7.18) year preceded by the month: Sha'ban = White-King 2235
(6.3o) year preceded by the month: Dhu al-Hijjah = h*L\ ji. Cunha 1477 no particulars.
Balog (24, 5.51) year preceded by the month: Sha'ban = oLjt Plate XII.

18o
Hajji I
181
Silver
Damascus, 747 H.
307. (Border missing, but probably circular line in circle of dots).
j Lull <_-. ykll
dill a\ ajJ|
BMC 547 (23, 2.65).
al
411l Ml 4)l
*308. As above, but date:
Thorburn.
748 H.
As above.
309.
dill oIkul
DAMASCUS, VARIETY
DATE MISSING
As above.
MINT MISSING
PROBABLY DAMASCUS
310. dlll oUJl As above.
j Lull iju* îlill
BMC 548 (22, 4.15). Balog (19, 2.72).
Probably Damascus, because of the reverse legend, which is similar to the Damascus

dirhems.
182
PROBABLY ILAMAH
UNDATED
v>
al Ml Jl M
al J3~j ju*
Balog (19, 1.56) Plate XII.
oUJl
JL. j&\ all
-Ul ail "a
PROBABLY ALEPPO. (FLOWERET IN CENTER OF obv.)
747 H.
312.
ail olUJl al Ml <)i M
r^r> al J^-j a**.
L-Jl >JL- jitll (S^y ^jI
&\ a. (orM
BMC 549 (2o, 3.36); 55o (2o, 2.47) date missing. Balog (15) Half-dirhem, date missing
Plate XII.
Undeterminate fraction
313.
Balog (n) Plate XII.
Copper
ALEPPO, UNDATED
314. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of large dots.

Field divided by two horizontal lines Stylized fleur-de-lis flanked by four
into a broad central segment and pellets.
two smaller ones (Fesse).
Upper segment: yj+
Central segment: ./Jill ail
Lower segment: J^.
L 87o (19, 2.33) Plate XII; 871 (2.5o) same, but on both sides cable-border.
Hajji I
183
ijamAh, undated
Field divided by two horizontal lines Inverted linear endekalobe, with small
(Fesse). In upper and lower segment, fleur-de-lis on each point,
ornament. In central segment:
jitll dill In center: ^>
L 872 (19, 2.16) Plate XII. BMC 550c (20). Thorburn. L 873, 874, 875 belong to
al-Salib Hajji.
} OfJ CT
Linear hexalobe. Center:
<a) H\ <)| H
Oil JJ*.
"316. Scalloped border.
ail
olUJl

ANS (20, 2.28) Plate XII.
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DlN HASAN
1ST REIGN : 748-752 H. = 1347-1351 A.D.
2ND REIGN :755-762 H. = 1354-1361 A.D.
Although al-Nasir Hasan's gold coins are not frequent, we have a good represen-
tative series, including both reigns. During the first period, he seems to have issued
dinars only from Cairo and Damascus; from the second reign we know gold from
Alexandria also, but none from Aleppo, Tripoli or Hamah. Coins with y in the
protocol seem to belong to the first period, gold as well as silver.
The few existing dirhems are poorly preserved and the date, as a rule, is missing.
Only Syrian copper is known from the first reign, whereas a new type of epigraphic
fulus has come down to us from the Cairo mint, issued during the second period.
This prototype was maintained at Cairo by al-Nasir Hasan's successors nearly to
the end of the Bahri sultanate.
1 ST REIGN : 748-752 = H. 1347-1351 A.D.
Gold
Cairo, 749 H.
317. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
aybljll v_> J+ Oil
a 0- ^Ji3 LJi jji ju* <ui *i\ M
c- jJti\ dill *L.ji .ml j^-j
L 878 (7.o1). BMC 55of (23,7.71) Rev. Profession of faith formula ends: ji.l. BM 19o3
Bomb. Br.-n, R.A.S.-4.
75o H.
318. As above, but last two lines:
C- AS. jwUl dill JUl
G3
JU5i <ul Ml <ll H

v ^ "&r
BMC 55oh (25, 6.74).
184
Hasan First Reign
185
751 H.
319. As above, but last two lines: As above.
J5MC 55o,k (26, 8.81). Broach 14/2, 4 and 6. Jungfleisch (25, 11.9). Balog (27, 6.81)
Plate XIII.
752 H.
320. As above, but last two lines: As above.
^lLjjt ^*Ul dill
BMC 550,111 (26, 6.35). Cunha 1482. Broach 14/6, 8. Balog (28, 6.59) Plate XIII.
DAMASCUS
On all the Damascus dinars of the first reign the name of al-Nasir Muhammad
al-Nasir Hasan's father, is preceded by the title LMyt, mawlana, "our lord."
Z\ Ml 4)l M
^J^l 4Ujl 4*l J)-j
4irajjl
Broach 17/1 (26, 10.30).
749 H.
322. As above, but date at the end of As above,
the fifth line: <-
BMC 550g (24, 5.05) Plate XIII. L 877 (6.41)
750 H.
321.
Ûl dlll lkiJl
ikUl tM^.
323.

748 H.
Johnston, no particulars.
i86
DATE MISSING
BMC 562 (24, 3.97) can be ascribed to the first reign through the word My in the pro-
tocol.
Silver
Only one dirhem with complete date is known:
CAIRO, 748 H.
324. ;yy[l y>]
L Jl ^ ju* <ul H\ 4)l M
jf.^ o(lc" ) jil a?3
At î-
BMC 551 (20, 2.95).
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
325. i0^
LJl _ûl <a&\ ju* *nl Sri 4)l M
BMC 564 (24,3.87) should belong to the first reign, because of the title k V^. in the protocol.
326. >. e>
LJl j+\ <ai Ml 4l H
tS^ll
Broach 35/1 (22, 2.20) note the title in the protocol.
Copper
On the basis of similarity, the undated fuliis of Tripoli have also been listed under
the first reign. All the copper coins of this period have the fesse, al-Nasir Hasan's

blazon, on their obverse.
Hasan First Reign
187
DAMASCUS, 749 H.
into three segments:
Upper segment: a
Central segment: Ûl dill
Lower segment: c- ji*jo/
Two interwoven tetralobes with pointed
arches; between and outside the two
arches, pellets.
Center:
BMC 552 (20). BM, A.N. Clemenger 1936 8-5-29. Khediv. 1530. Karabacek, Zur
Oriental. Milnzkunde no. 7. Windisch-Graetz 185 (18). Ashmol., four specimens. ANS,
ten specimens: (19, 3.12); (16, 2.58); (16, 2.04); (18, 2.70); (20, 2.78); (19, 2.76); (19, 2.73);
(20, 2.40); (18, 2.32); (18, 2.89). Miinchen. Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.03); (19)
Plate XIII.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
Upper segment: -u^ a cr"
Central segment: Ûl dlll
Field divided by two rigid cables to right
into three horizontal segments. In upper
and lower segment, ornament. In central

segment: (sic!)
Lower segment: je
Welzl von Wellenheim 12378. Ashmol.
Tripoli, 750 H.
Field divided by two horizontal lines As Damascus 749 H., but date:
into three segments: ^
Upper segment: -u* a Cxr*
Central segment
Lower segment:
BMC 553 (19). ANS (20, 2.26); (17, 1.17). Balog (18) Plate XIII, 329a. L 884
(2.31) Plate XIII, 329b; 887 (3.65).
AL-ALIH SALAH AL-DlN SALIH
752-755 H. = I35I-I354 A.D.
Gold
We have dinars of each regnal year from the Cairo mint, but only one coin, date
missing, of Damascus.
Cairo, 752 H.
ju*. Z\ Ml *i\ M
CAD
-JUl dill oULJl
^l CJ^ uJi dui # *Y
^v v
BAfC 555 (27, 7.18) Plate XIII, 33oa. Broach p. 346 no. 2o. ANS (28, 6.71). Balog
(26, 7.47) Plate XIII, 33ob.
The small ornaments of the reverse legend are slightly different on the BM and
Balog specimens, as can be noted from the illustrations.
753 H.
331. As above, but date at the end of the As above.
fourth line: ^
BMC 555,d (26,6.87). Broach p. 346 no. 2o (27,7.19) and three more specimens mentioned.
754 H.
331. a.
As above, but date at the end of the As above.
fourth line: jl
BMC 555,a (27, 6.2o). L 889 (8.74). Broach p. 346 no. 2o, three specimens; no par-
ticulars. Cunha 1485. White-King 2237 (8.5o). Thorburn (5.6o).

188
Salih
189
755 H.
*332. Border on both sides: double linear hexalobe.
. -. . v . As above.
~JUl dill ULJuJl
Balog (28, 5.27) Plate XIII.
The digit of the date, clear on the coin, is not very conspicuous on the photograph.
333.
Broach p. 347 no. 21 (24, 5.08).
PROBABLY SYRIAN?
o As above, but formula ends at ji.l and
jJUl dill lkLJl <^-)
CfU c*- ornament above J^j
dill a^l ILUl a
Or"*".* Or*'
L 890 (25, 8.73). Wien 7969 (27, 5.75).
Silver
Only three dirhems are known to belong without any doubt to al-Salih Salih;
nos. 265 and 266 of Beyram, not being described, may belong to either al-Salih
Isma'il or al-Salih Hajji.
HAMAH
MINT AT TOP OF OBVERSE, 755 H.

335. jL^, y^jjt <l_
dill olUJl *ul Ml 4)l M
(U Jl) >U ^lU)l *ul J_^-j j**
(... U) J.jJlj iSj^)\ ^-j'
<Lr-.j (<^r-")
BMC 556 (22, 3.20).
MINT AT TOP OF REVERSE, DATE MISSING
336. oU>.. <->jUa
dill oUAJl <ul "i\ 4)l M
(LjJl)>U)Ul *ulj^j^
(."..jJUjjj)lj
Broach p. 367 no. 36 (17, 2.14).
UNCERTAIN MINT, DATE MISSING
337. .... <-j ji <*l
l ju* Ûl (dlil a) *l_jl <ul [J^-j]
Erman no. 17. For additional specimen infra p. 396, Plate XLIV, B.
Copper
aleppo, 755 H.
into three segments.
Border: circle of scrolls (or on some speci-
mens a circular cable?) between two
circular lines.
In center: bird walking to right, head
turned straight back. Above the bird's
back, swan-like body, so far unidentified.
Upper segment: ^ ii-
Central segment: Ull dill
Lower segment: jy-i.j
On top of the name, jJU)l, is an ornament; on some specimens it is: ^JUll

(P M-5823), on others: ^JU)l (L 890, b and L 940).
L 890,b (18) Plate XIII, 338a; 940 (18, 2.80). P M-5823 (20) Plate XIII, 338. BMC
542 (20); 543 (21); 543,a. BM F-5-70-7-15980. Lagumina p. 96 no. 6. Blau no. 300
a, b. Wien 774. ANS, three specimens: (21, 2.94); (19, 2.56); (19, 2.14). Thorburn.
Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.99); (20); (20).
SALItf
igi
Only a few specimens were known to Lavoix, who attributed them to al-Salih
Hajji, but read the mint-name Aleppo correctly: Lane-Poole ascribed the coin to
al-Salih Isma'il and read the upper and lower segments as: ju^ ~J and
We have now several fulus of this issue, on which the mint, Aleppo, and the date,
755 H., are clear. There can be no doubt about the attribution to al-Salih Salih.
The heraldic bird of the reverse has been described as a duck, to which especi-
ally on poorly preserved specimens it has a certain resemblance. Mayer, in his
Saracenic Heraldry (p. 7 and notes p. 3, 1o and 26), points out, however, that there
is no evidence that the duck was ever used as heraldic emblem on a Mamluk blazon.
On closer examination of the coins, the bird does not resemble a duck but rather
any walking bird with short legs, and could be an eagle, a raven or even a sparrow.
Until we have further clearer evidence, we should like to suggest the eagle.
UNCERTAIN MINT, 755 H.
*339. Border: circular line in circle of dots. Border: a circle of ten, pointed arches.
^jJr "< In it, a rosette of ten rhomboidal petals
Ull dill around a central pellet.
Balog (15) Plate XIII. Wien 775.
The only other Bahri sultan who could have struck this fals would be al-Salih
Ismail (743-746 H.), because the digit of the date, 5, is included only in his regnal
years. Al-Salih Hajji reigned between 783 and 784 H. and a second time between
791 and 792 H. Therefore it must belong to al-Salih Salih: 752-755 H. Al Salih

Isma'il is, on stylistic grounds, less likely.
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DIN HASAN
2ND REIGN :755-762 H. = 1354-1361 A.D.
Gold
Cairo, 756 H.
<-iJ* *u|
\> <ul H\ 4\ *5l
illl J. a aJlj Ull /-t V Gi Tftf
L 879 (6.81). BMC 556,k (28, 7.52). Broach 16/1, 17.
757 H.
first line: c.
BMC 556,p (26, 6.87); 556(q (26, 6.09). Broach 16/13,16/15, 16/24,16/28.
758 H.
first line: olc
L 880 (8.28). Broach 16/2.
343. As above.
ûl dlll ^lujl
.u* Ûl dill a
BMC 557 (26, 5.10).

192
Hasan Second Reign
193
759 H.
344. As var. A.) of 758 H., but date at the As above.
end of the first line:
L 881 (10.18). Broach (15/26). Beyram 264 (8.30). Siouffi p. 18 (10.25).
760 H.
first line:
and the last line:
BMC 56o,f (26, 5.64). Broach (number?). Cunha 1483.
*346. Si. As above.
sJdi dlll lwljl
J. uiullj LJl _^,k
dill J. .u* ^.Ul
;^ it**j
Balog (28, 7.30) Plate XIV.
761 H.
first line: <-
and the last line: iU-^j
Horovitz (6.60).
762 H.
348.
Broach 16/12 no particulars.

'3
194
ALEXANDRIA, 756 H.
As above, but mint and date at the As above.
first line: t- ijuJCML ^J
and the last line: i L*-.} ^Jt
BMC 556.n1 (26, 7.39). Broach 16/33.
758 H.
350. As above, but date at the end of As above.
first line: olc
Last line: decade missing.
L876 (7.10) although the decade is missing, the type is that of the coins of the second reign.
759 H.
first line:
and the last line: i_U-.j j->
BMC 558 (26, 5.37). Horovitz. Cunha 1484.
DATE MISSING
BMC 559 (24, 5.08); 562,d (26, 8.10) date 76- H. P. de Vogu6 coll. 1548 (29) date 75- H.
White-King 2236 (10.0).
DAMASCUS, 756 H.
j> As above.
jÛl dill lLLJl
Vu

Or-" tt-dl.j L'aJl jjl
*Ljj or**".*
BMC 556,n (25, 5.18). Broach 15/8. ANS (25, 8.91).
Hasan Second Reign
r95
757 H.
first line: -
BMC 556,0 (25, 9.59). Broach 15/10, 16.
758 H.
354. *j As above.
ail olujl
BMC 557.d (25, 6.93).
355. j^j. yAs above.
olc' Ûl ail a
BMC 557,e (25, 6.67). Broach 15/1 (24, 6.02). ...
759 H.
356. <- As above.
Ûl an oIkJ|
-u# ûl ail a
BMC 559,d (25, 5.96).
760 H.
357. y>* As above.
ûl ail oUul
-w* _^.Ul ail a
j_^jl ailot o
BMC 56o,a (24, 5.96) Plate XIV. Broach 15/2, 3, 4, 6. Balog (24, 6.65).

13*
196
358. As above.
dm'oiuji
vu
.u* dill # o
4 (mumJ
BMC 56o (25, 8.38) Plate XIV. ANS (24, 6.32).
359. As above.
ÂJl dill olUJl
Vb
-u* dill #
ill dill j.
ev
Jungfleisch (25, 8.4o) Plate XIV.
360. As above.
dili'olUJi
dill o:
Broach 18/1, 2, 3.
761 H.
361. J^** v> As above.
ûi dili oiuji
a-lÛl dill

BMC 561 (23, 8.63). ANS (24, 9.39). Balog, two specimens: (24, 9.27) Plate XIV,
361a; (24, 8.6o) Obv. fourth line: .ul c- ju* -Ûl dill Plate XIV, 361b.
Hasan Second Reign
197
762 H.
-3l As above.
^.Ui dill IkUi
d&ll J. u..jJlj LJl j^l;
j^-jl dill jr o^'Ûl
BMC 56i,c (26, 6.35). Balog (25, 4.68) Plate XIV.
CAIRO (?), DATE MISSING
dill olUJi . ," .
3 U j}\ jji Ûl ji-l â^ll
dill a\ j^. j j\
Jungfleisch (22, 2.56) Plate XIV.
DAMASCUS, 76o H.
364. j*'cS\ dill ollUl Counter-clockwise circular legend:
J.Jlj L-Jll jji R B L T
-uit -*L!l dill J. iL--. j Or- ^ (T*-J^0 J^Vj-*
jj-dldlla" Center:
i *ft 4n *i
BMC 563 (22, 3.o5). ANS (22, 2.88)
365. k-Ul dill oULUi) Ji*a. y>

BMC 566 (24, 2.44).
MINT AND DATE MISSING (76- H.)
366. iU-,^ nil ^Ml M
dill olUJi <ul J>->
BMC 565 (22, 3.o). ANS (21, 3.31); (21, 2.81). Balog (2o, 2.16).
HAMAH, DATE MISSING
367. <fllil oIUJl v>
LJl jji Ûl l 'tfl <ll M
<L.jl
Soret 26-e /e#re no. 167. L 882 (2.78); 883 (3.o2) Probably Hamah. Lavoix's reading:
^-Ull j.l is to be corrected: (.r. aa"j. Broach 35/3. Balog (16) Plate XIV.
368. Border: circular line. Border missing,
dill oiui
L-Jl jji
Cr- iX^'j
Balog (22, 3.59) Plate XIV. Rev. the small cartouche in a border of dots, with the name
Hasan (.r, is engraved on the die, not a countermark. The owner of the name is un-
known; it is probably that of a mint-official (Plate XIV., ad: 368). Broach 35/2 no car-
touche on rev.
<ul Ml <ll ^
a>3
MINT AND DATE MISSING, NO PARTICULARS

Cunha 15o7, 15o8, 15o9. Beyram 262, 263, six specimens.
Hasan Second Reign
199
Copper
Cairo, 759 H.
369. Border: linear dodekalobe in circle
of dots.
Center:
dill Iwu|
dill a. -u*
0)%
% 4
Eight-pointed star in a circular line sur-
rounded by a circle of dots. Flowerets
pointing inwards from the circle, in the
segments.
Center:
6b
'99
.*.
<*
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 95 no. 5,a; Einige Berichtigungen p. 35. BMC 567 (23); 567,a
(20). ANS, six specimens: (21); (25); (25); (26); (22); (25). Jungfieisch, five specimens:
(21, 2.61); (24, 4.45); (25, 4.33; (25, 4.31; (26, 3.80). Balog, four specimens: (21);
(22) Plate XIV. Rev. ornament:
<5>
-, (22), Rev. ornament:
; (25).

760 H.
370. As above.
As above, but date:
BMC 568 (28). L 885 (3.96). Siouffi p. 18. Dorn (& Gamazoff) p. 74 no. 2. Jung-
fieisch, five specimens: (25, 4.20); (25, 3.85); (25, 3.73); (26, 4.20); (26, 4.32). ANS (23);
(24); (25). Balog, four specimens: (20); (21); (24); (25).
761 H.
371. As above.
As above, but date: oc-j tSu' <-
Lagumina p. 97 no. 9 (22, 3.95). Bern. Munchen. Jungfieisch (25). ANS (26); (22).
Balog (22) Rev. ornament; (25).
372. As above.
Balog (27).
762 H.
As above, but date: uc-j js\ <-
2oo
Damascus, 756 H.
jji jm>Ui dill oUaiJl i>_>J C> J.l* >->jit
Gothic shield, resembling an inverted drop, on both sides.
Center: Center: 3
Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XIV; (15) badly worn.
762 H.
The field is divided by a triangle with interwoven sides, into three peripherial
segments and a small central area.
In the segments, clockwise: In the segments, clockwise:
Center: j Center: ^
BMC j69,f (2o, 2.26) Plate XIV. ANS, three specimens: (18, 2.91); (19, 2.31); (18, 2.51).

Balog (2o).
AL-MANSUR SALAH AL-DlN MUHAMMAD
762-764 H.=1361-1363 A.D.
Gold
Cairo, 762 H.
375.
al
dill aju# aJlj U-Jl j-jL.
îdi dili#^L >ii
^^Jt All-jl <0l J
Jc jll ajj
BMC 569,n1 (25, 9.33). Broach 22/1 (27, 8.o4); 22/4. Munchen. ANS (28, 8.91).
first line:
Broach 22/3. Gotha 1o47 (7.62). Schulman; list no. 19 (7.62) Schulman; Cat. March
1929 (7.62) the three are probably one and the same coin. Wien 7961 (7.4o). Munchen,
two specimens.
BMC 57o (27, 6.93) . L 891 (7.38); 892 (6.14). Khediv. 1533. Broach 22/6, 9, 1o.
Miinzen und Medallien A.G., Basel, List 185, Nov/Dec. 1958 no. 483.
DATE MISSING
Gotha 1o48 (7.68). Broach 22/2, 5, 7, 8.
ALEXANDRIA, 762 H.
378. As above, but first line: As above.
BMC 569,0 (24, 6.87). Broach 22/17.
763 H.
764 H.
377. As above, but date at the end of the

first line: jl
As above.
2o1
202
764 H.
BMC 570,d (28, 5,83). Khediv. 1534. Broach 22/13, 14, 16. White-King 2238 (6.60).
Thorburn (9.42).
DATE MISSING
Broach 22/15. ANS (25, 6.87).
DAMASCUS, 763 H.
dlll lkLJl
jitll dill
BMC s6g,t (24, 6.87). Broach 22/11, 12. Munchen.
DATE MISSING
381. ti^**: As above.
dill olUJl
dill j. Jill dill
Broach 23 (24, 5.70). Cunha i486, 1487.
MINT MISSING
Siouffi p. 18 (8.50) 764 H. Broach 22/18 date missing.
Silver
Only four dirhems have come down to us so far.
al
xs^Ml JljlUj
-u* ^l Ml 4)l "5l

Horovitz (25, 6.15) Plate XIV.
Muhammad
2o3
MINT MISSING (PROBABLY CAIRO), 762 H.
*382. Border missing on both sides.
d]Ul IWL.pl
ail IkUl a aJ.
ÂJl ail u ...
ANS (21, 4.41) Plate XIV.
Center:
L1T
(^Jjl <1
al Ml <ll M
Although the mint is missing, the coin is almost certainly from Cairo. The style
of writing is exactly the same as that on al-Ashraf Sha'ban's Cairo dirhems.
MINT MISSING (PROBABLY ALEPPO), 763 H.
383. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
RBLT
Center:
aii oU^ji
orally UaJl C5U
l all a ju#
Beyram 268.
Counter-clockwise circular legend in Tur-
koman Kufic:

(sic) y.
J*
Center, in Turkoman Kufic:
al
Ml _JlM
al J j
384. Traces of profession of faith formula.
aii j. ...
BMC 571 (18, 4.37).
MINT MISSING, 764 H.?
Miles, Antioch 181, lump fragment, mint obscure.
204
Copper
Cairo, 762 H.
385. Border linear dodekalobe in circle Border: circular line. In it, eight-pointed
of dots. linear star. A floweret in each segment
iini) between circle and star, pointing inward
aJlj UJl jOU from the ckcle.
jitll dill J. aJ. Center: <$?
BMC 572 (24); 571,w (21). L 893 (375); 894 (4.14). Fonrobert 6562 (23). ANS (20,
3.30). Munchen. Jungfleisch (23, 3.99); (24, 3.33). Balog (21, 3.69).
763 H.
BMC 573 (22). Khediv. 1535. Stickel, Coll. v. Gemming no 63. Beyram 267. Mery,
Tocchi no. 33. Fonrobert 6563 (22); 6564 1. (23) 2. (25). ANS (22, 4.14); (24, 3.90).
Ashmol. Wien. Jungfleisch, four specimens: (25, 4.47); (23, 3.83); (25, 4.18); (23,
3.87). Balog, four specimens: (23, 3.81); (25, 4.50); (23, 4.52); (24, 4.56) Plate XIV.
Munchen.
764 H.
387. As above. As above, but date: o^-j jl
BMC 573,e (28). L 895 (3 60). Fonrobert 6565, four specimens. Stickel, Coll. v. Gem-
ming no. 64. Mery, Tocchi no. 34. Munter 304 not quite clear whether al Mansur Mu-
hammad or al-Ashraf Sha'ban. ANS, five specimens: (21, 4.22); (20, 3.89); (25, 4.09)
24, 4.06); (23, 3.97). Jungfleisch, three specimens: (25, 4.25); (22, 4.18); (24,4.71). Ash-
mol. Wien. Balog, four specimens: (23, 3.68); (25,4.50); (23,4.52); (24,4.96) Plate XV.
Damascus, 762 H.

The field is divided by a triangle with interwoven sides, into three peripheric
segments and a small central area.
In the segments, clockwise: In the segments, clockwise:
Center: .u# Center:
Balog (20) Plate XV.
Muhammad
205
763 H.
389. As above.
BMC 574 (19.5) Plate XV. Miinchen.
764 H
As above, but date in the second
segment: iX-j
390. As above.
ANS (18, 1.84). Thorburn. Balog (18, 2.28).
PROBABLY DAMASCUS, 762 H.
As above, but date in the second
segment: <jc-j gj\
*391. Border: undulated circular line in
circle of dots.
iy*\ dill
Madrid, National Museum (17) Plate XV.
Border: circle of dots. In it, triangle with
broken sides and looped angles. In the
segments, counter-clockwise legend:
Center:
HAMAH, UNDATED
392. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots
JyA\ dill olkJl

Center: chalice in circular line
Lion passant to left with tail curled back.
A human-faced sun with flame-like rays,
rising behind the lion. Underneath:
L 928 (16,1.59) Plate XV. Miles, Antioch 180 probably this type. ANS Antioch hoard,
two specimens. BM, T. W. Armitage 1936 5-17-15. Balog, three specimens in poor con-
dition.
This is an example of a composite blazon occurring on two sides of the same coin.
2o6
393. Border on both sides: circle of dots between two circular lines.
double lines into three segments
(fesse).
Upper segment: ;L*2
Central segment: jy*A\
Lower segment: y
Horse trotting to left. On its back a
"qubbah" or ceremonial baldaquin (?)
with two streamers floating from the top.
Mayer SH pi. XX, no. 3. Beirut (16) Plate XV, 393a. ANS (16). Balog (16)
Plate XV, 393 b.
In the central section of the field:
At top and underneath, six-petaled
rosette flanked by flowerets.
Field divided into three horizontal seg-
ments (fesse), the central segment bendy
with eleven pieces (to left).
Upper segment: ;L^.
Lower segment
ANS, two specimens: Antioch hoard (2o) Plate XV, 394a; (2o) Plate XV, 394b; three
more specimens.
The royal protocol on the three types of Hamah copper is simply "al-Malik al-

Mansur," without the name proper. The coins are undated; their attribution to al-
Mansur Muhammad, therefore, is conjectural. They can, however, be safely ascribed
to this ruler because the style and types of fuliis of those other Bahri sultans whose
title also is al-Mansur, is quite different from the copper coins just described.
MUIJAMMAD
207
NO MINT, UNDATED
*395. Border: circular line in circle of
dots. Clockwise circular legend:
In central circle: wheel with six
spokes (simplified rosette?).
Border: circular line. Large, naturalisti-
cally designed eagle, standing, facing left.
Breast ornamented. Over the eagle's
back, crescent.
Balog (17) Plate XV, 395a; (15) Plate XV, 395b on this specimen, the eagle's breast is
not ornamented. The crescent has a stem, like a chalice, and resembles design No. 26, on

page 8 of Mayer, SH. ANS (15, 2.94).
AL-ASHRAF NAIR AL-DlN SHA'BAN II
764-778 H. = 1363-1377 A D.
Al-Ashraf Sha'ban's coinage is well represented in modern collections. We have
dinars of the Cairo mint of nearly every year and many coins of Alexandria and
Damascus, although much fewer of Aleppo. Less is known about his silver issues,
but copper is abundant and very varied, especially the numerous types of Syrian
fuliis.
Gold
CAIRO, 764 H.
Cunha 1488; his reading of the mint: al-Mansuriyat al-Mahrusa is certainly incorrect and
must be al-Qahirat al-Mahrflsa. Balog (31, 9.5o).
765 H.
397. As above, but date at the end of the As above, but ornaments:
first line: 9s U>
and no ornament above the v (B XV
letter /a of Ashraf. L.jl <ul J>->
Broach 24/15. Balog, two specimens: (29, 6.32); (28, 1o.66) Plate XV.
766 H.
398. As above, but date: o- As above.
BMC 576 (28, 9.o7). L 9o2 (n.12). Broach 24/1, 8, 17. Gotha (7.8o.)

2o8
Sha'ban II
209
767 H.
399. As above, but date: - As above.
Broach 24/13, 23.
769 H.
400. As above, but date: i^. As above.
BMC 576,h (28, 6.61). Horovitz (7.07). Thorburn (7.26).
771 H. .
401. As above, but date at the end of the As above, but ornaments as on the 764 H.
first line: o. issue.
and the last line: iLj
BMC 576,m (28, 11.40). Broach 24/5, 16, 18, 31. White-King 2239 (6.10). Balog
(29, 9.75) Plate XV.
772 H.
first line: ^l i-
BMC 576,p (27, 8.03). Broach 24/10. Cunha 1492. ANS (31, 9.72). Jungfleisch (29,
10.15). Horovitz (6.80).
773 H.
403. As above, but date: i^. As above.
BMC 576.x (28, 7.32). Soret 3e lettre, no. 168 (10.20).
774 H.
*404. As above, but date: mj\ As above.
ANS, two specimens: (28, 8.80); 27, 5.15).
775 H.

*405. As above, but date: ^jJ- As above, but ornaments:
Balog, three specimens: (27, 8.01) 4L->l *ul J^-,; (27, 9.50) Plate XV *Ujl <ul Jj-y, (25,
UJ
6.14) 4U,l <sl Jj-j.
14
210
776 H.
406. As above, but date: ^ <-
BMC 577 (25, 5.31).
As above.
777 H.
407. As above, but date:
BMC 577,f (26, 7.78).
nn 1- Cm
As above.
778 H.
408. As above, but date: olc" <~
BMC 577,k (26, 10.17). Broach 24/4, (28).
As above.
DATE MISSING
L 903 (11.05). Broach 24/thirty-one specimens. Gotha 1050 (5.28); 1051 (8.98). Bey-
ram 269 (5.30). Schulman List 19, no. 41 (7.62); 42 (8.98) probably identical with Gotha
1051. Schulman 1929 no. 1203 probably identical with Gotha 1050; 1204 probably iden-
tical with Gotha 1051. ANS, two spec1mens: (29, 6.01); (27, 6.59).
ALEXANDRIA, 765 H.
409. Border on both sides: double circular line.
v. - As above.
o^Ml dill LWLJl
Balog (29, 11.33) Plate XV.
766 H.
410. As above, but date at the first line:

As above.
Johnston. Jungfleisch (26, 6.22).
767 H.
411. As above, but date at the first line:
As above.
Broach 24/64, 69. Wien (8.50).
Sha'ban II
211
412.
dlll lUiJl
769 H.
As above.
773 H.
As above.
413. As above, but first line:
and last line: *L--j ^r"3
BMC 576,t (26, 8.16).
775 H.
414. As above, but date at the first line: As above.
BMC 576.cc (27, 5.90).
777 H.
BMC 577,h (25, 5.96). Broach 24/62, 66, 70, 75, 76. Balog (25, 5.96) Plate XV.
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1537. Broach 24/ six specimens. Balog (25, 5.92).
DAMASCUS, 765 H.
iMl dill ua-Jl
jOJl dill a
<\.m, mj ....
Balog (28, 6.99) Plate XV.
41)l

ju# ml "fl 4)l M
J6 J^-l c>.JJ
^J.Jl
4*
Although the decade is missing, there is no doubt that the date must be 765 H.
On the 775 and 776 H. issues the legend starts with v . . on both sides
and the mint and date formula is relegated to the last line of the obverse. Note
the powerful, thick-set style of writing on the Damascus dinars, as compared with
the Egyptian coins.
766 H.
417. Jâ; v'J+ As above.
j^Vl dill lULJl
BMC sy6,c (26, 9.2o).
768 H.
418. As above, but date at the last line: As above.
BMC 576,f (26, 1o.56). ANS (26, 9.8o) last line:
771 H.
419. Ja-\ As above.
dill lkLJi
ojSB J. ju# dill
BMC 576,n (27, 8.o3) Plate XVI. Broach 24/56.
772 H.
and the last line: L>~-j uw-
BMC 576,p (27, 8.23).
773 H.

BMC 576,v (24, 12.18).
Sha'ban II
213
774 H.
422. jl ... As above.
^_tjii\ <fUl lkul
Ûl all xcr- Cf.
BMC 576,z (24, 8.03); 576,aa (26, 8.29).
775 H.
423. <ul As above.
xc ^ Ml _^*Jl U j
o>Ml dl)ll ikLJl
o^tf Ju# Ûl dill
BMC 576,ff (25, 8.55); 576,gg (26, 8.29.) L 901 (12.35).
776 H.
BMC 577,b (27, 9.20) Plate XVI. Balog (26, 14.79).
DATE MISSING
L 900 (10.34). Broach 24/ nineteen specimens. Jungfleisch (24, 7.13). Horovitz, two
specimens (9.83).; (8.28) Obv. before 775 H. ANS, two specimens: (25, 9.62); (25, 10.31)
both coins are with mint and date missing; the legend starts, however, on both sides with
<ul jus j* Ml U y, they must, therefore, belong to the 775 or 776 H. Damascus issues.
Aleppo, 773 H.
*425. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in it linear circle and in this, linear multilobe
(dodeka-tetralobe). Pellets between the circle and multilobe.
c- y j+ As above.
^ Ml'ail olujl

oj*^ Ju*Ûl"dLll j.
Balog (25, 6.98) Plate XVI.
214
Coinage of the MamlOk Sultans
777 H.
*Vr*J CrTr r
L 898 (25, 8.88) Plate XVI; 899 (6.83). Khediv. 1536.
778 H.
Balog (24) Plate XVI. Horovitz.
Silver
Despite al-Ashraf Sha'ban's fourteen-year reign his dirhems are less than numer-
ous in modern collections. They are not even representative of his coinage as,
for example, the date is missing on all his known Cairo dirhems, and only ve1y few
silver coins of the Syrian mints have come down to us.
CAIRO
428. Date missing on all the known dirhems.
Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe in border of pellets.
The style of writing is characteristic, similar to that of the Cairo dinars, so that
coins with the mint missing are easily recognized as belonging here. This applies to
the "cut" dirhems and their fractions.
3 Lull jji o
r Cf. aJl
Balog, three specimens: (22, 5.0) Double-dirhem. Plate XVI, 428a; (23, 5.0) Double-
dirhem. Plate XVI, 248b; (22, 3.09). ANS, four specimens: (22, 3.88).; (21, 3.04);
(9x28, 4.97) Double-dirhem; (19, 1.63) Half-dirhem.
*ul Ml <Jl M
*429. "Cut" dirhems and fractions

ANS, four specimens: (10, 1.90); (10, 1.89); (10, 1.90); (10, 1.52). Balog, five specimens:
(15 2.45); (12x16 2.15) Plate XVI, 429a; (12x13 2.05); (13 1.79); (9x15 1.44)
Plate XVI, 429b.
Sha'ban II
DAMASCUS, 770 H.
olujl *<l Ml Jl M
jut & oL*i j._dlj 4L->l
DATE MISSING
431. oU^Jl
^1 o >Ml an ^ <al ml 4 M
oUi ^Jlj Lull <k>l J^-J
0!
BMC 585 (24, 2.70); 587 (24, 1.80).
ALEPPO, 767 H.
j^f. oj+ Counter-clockwise circular legend:
6BILIT
dill lWUl
... dill (J) oL-i Center.
l Dr-J r
al Ml <n
al J j ju#
âjl 4lu.jl
Balog (21) Plate XVI.
IJAMAH, 766 H.
dill"olLul al^lJlM

Udl j.k JjiMl oil J^-j ju*
BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8-3-412 (20).
768 H.
Erman no. 18.
2l6
77i H.
L 907 (14, 1.24).
778 H.
As above, but date at the end of As above,
the first line: ck" <-
and the last line: i^r-j
Balog (18) Plate XVI.
DATE MISSING
BMC 580 (21, 3.65).
BMC 581 (18, 3.50); 582 (22, 2.60); 583 (22, 3.30) 773 H.; 584 (23, 3.89); 586 (24, 4.42);
588 (22, 3.00); 589 (22, 3.99); 590 (23,3.68). L 906 (3.95) 770 H. (?). Erman nos. 19, 20,
ax, 22. ANS, six specimens: (21, 1.87); (20, 1.88); (20, 3.42); (20, 2.93); (19, 1.63); (18,
2.49).
Copper
Similar to al-Nasir Hasan's and al-Mansur Muhammad's fulus, the copper coins
issued by al-Ashraf Sha'ban in Cairo and Alexandria are purely epigraphical. The
Syrian issues, varied and numerous, are either heraldic or, at least, ornamented;
their diameter is smaller than that of the Egyptian coins. Also, very frequently the
fuliis from the Syrian mints are undated.
CAIRO
All the Cairo copper coins are of the same pattern, and present the same legends.

Only the date changes every year.
Sha'ban II
217
764 H.
437. Border of dots, in which linear
deka-hexalobe.
Center:
dill Iwul
Border of dots in which circular line. In
it, linear eight-pointed star, with floweret
in each segment between circle and eight-
pointed star.
Center:
At Ua*lM,
L 914 (3.91). Wien. Jungfleisch (25, 3.97). Balog, three specimens: (21); (21); (22).
438. As above.
765 H.
As above, but date: <i-
L 915 (3.91); 916 (4.05); 917 (4.05); 918 (4.10). BMC sgi.b (26). Khediv. 1538. Fon-
robert 6567. ANS, two specimens: (22, 3.97); (21, 3.95). Munchen. Wien. Balog,
three specimens: (23); (23); (21).
766 H.
439. As above.
As above, but date: ^3
BMC 592,q (25). Khediv. 1539. L 919 (4 01). Wien. Munchen. Jungfleisch, two

specimens: (25, 4.29); (23, 3.88). Balog, two specimens: (23); (22) Plate XVI.
440. As above.
767 H.
As above, but date: ^f-
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12381. BM, H. W. Harrison 1928 8-8-9; 8-8-10. Wien. Munchen.
Balog, two specimens: (23); (21).
768 H.
441. As above.
As above, but date: j
Khediv. 1541. Porn-Gamazoff p. 74 no. 3. Welzl v. Wellenheim 12382. Fonrobert
6568, three specimens. ANS, three specimens: (21, 4.31); (22, 4.21); (23, 4.18). Jung-
fleisch (26, 4.42). Balog (23) Plate XVI.
2l8
769 H.
442. As above. As above, but date: c.
L 920 (3.90); 921 (3.73). ANS (20, 4.09). Jungfleisch (25, 4.20). Balog, two specimens:
(22) (22) Plate XVI.
770 H.
443. As above. As above, but date: i^.
Khediv. 1542. Wien. Balog (25) Plate XVI.
773 H.
444. As above. As above, but date: j >j5fc
L 922 (4.15). Windisch-Graetz 187, (24). Schulman 1907 February. Wien. Balog,
two specimens: (24). (25).
775 H.
445. As above. As above, but date: l_ri.
BM, T. 0. Mabbott 1936 5-4-4. G. Fr. Clark 6-14-1-86.
776 H.
446. As above. As above, but date: i^-
Balog, three specimens: each (22) Plate XVI.
777 H.
447. As above. As above, but date: g-
Blau.
778 H.
448. As above. As above, but date: ^--j ck'

Wien.
Sha'ban II
219
ALEXANDRIA
Similar to the Cairo fulus, but the style of writing is less regular, not so harmonious.
449. olkUl
dill o! cf. oL*i
Balog (24).
77o H.
<t LanrfJ
*450. As above.
Balog (23) Plate XVII.
773 H.
<> jX >_>ji
451.
Mi aii oiuji
776 H.
Balog, two coins: (25); (22) Plate XVII.
452.
olUJl
o^^l all
dill a. oL-i
777 H.
i4
453. Ml dill ILLJl
As above.

220
DAMASCUS
Heraldic coins (fesse), dated
770 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines into a wider central segment
and two narrower, upper and lower, segments.
In upper and lower segments, Upper segment: o j+
arabesque ornament. , . A iL)
Central segment: " .
In central segment: T
0 Lower segment:
eUl
L 909 (17, 2.17) Plate XVII; 910 (17, 2.75). Soret 26-e lettre, no. 170, Soret read the
date as 776; it is 770. ANS (18, 2.12); (18, 2.33). Balog, five specimens: (16); (18);
(18); (18); (19).
771 H.
*455. As above. As above, but central
456. As above. As above, but central
L 911 (2.11). Balog (19) Plate XVII.
772 H.?
457.

BMC 600 (19); 601 (17) seem to belong to Var. A. of the 771 H. issue.
Sha'ban II
221
UNDATED
Clockwise circular legend:
In the center, spindle-shaped
cartouche with fleur-de-lis edges;
in it: ^-.
Concave-sided linear octolobe with flow-
eret on the edges. Pellets between the
flowerets. In the center: ^, j+
Pietraszewskip.45.no. 161. BMC567,a. BM, L. A. Lawrence; Parkes-Weber 11-3-1906
5396. Pertsch no. 19. Ashmol., three specimens. Thorburn. Jungfleisch, two speci-
mens: (19 2.42) Plate XVII, 458a; (17 2.15). Balog, seven specimens: (18); (18); (19);
(19); (19); (20); (20) Plate XVII, 458b. ANS, twelve specimens: (19, 2.65); (19, 2.46);
(21, 2.18); (21, 2.71); (20, 2.6l); (19, 3.78); (18, 2.39); (18, 2.38); (19, 2.96); (17, 3.O1);
(17, 2.35); (17. 2.35).
Linear square is square of dots.
In it:
In linear hexagram: u.
Fonrobert 6566 (16).
HAMAH
undated
460. Border on both sides: circular line

dill
In hexagram: :Lrf
ANS (18, 2.79). Ashmol. (16) Plate XVII. Thorburn. Balog (17).
222
461. Circular line in border of dots. In it,
oblong cartouche, lateral ends
pointed inwards, on upper and
lower sides, convexity.
Center: dili
No border.
Double circular line, connected with 12
spokes; on the external circle, 24 short
radiating rods, crowned with a pellet.
In center: ;L^.
ANS (2o, 2.16). Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XVII; (18).
Heraldic (fesse)
At top and bottom, arabesque
ornaments, between them:
Field divided into three horizontal seg-
ments, the central segment bendy with
seven pieces to right.
Upper segment:
Lower segment:

Balog (19) Plate XVII; (17).
Sha'ban II
223
Heraldic (lion to right)
463. Circular line in border of dots. Border: circular rigid cable to left be-
In it, linear square. Center: tween two linear circles.
Center: lion passant to right, with tail
'curled back, knot in the middle of the tail.
Upper segment: jL*s
Lower segment: ^
In the two lateral segments,
ornament.
Fraehn; Nova Suppl. p. 96 no. 11. L 1100 (2.17). ANS, four specimens: (20, 2.37);
(17. 2.05); (16, 1.98); (17, 1.16). Balog (18) Plate XVII.
Heraldic (lion to left)
464. As above, but lion on the reverse to left.
BMC 6o6,c (18) Plate XVII, 464a; 6o6,f (17). BM, L. A. Lawrence 1935 5-1-4; 5-1-5.
L 1099 (2.08). ANS (15) Plate XVII, 464b.
Heraldic (shark)
465. Border on both sides: thick circular line.
Clockwise circular legend: In field: shark, body bent downwards.
^"l dill olUJl
Center: 86 Above: :U^.
Underneath: ^
Blau 313. Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muhammadan States, p. 186 no. 2.

Valentine read: IjliC, but the mint is without any doubt Hamah ;L*>, and not Bukhara.
BM, no number (17) Plate XVII; L. A. Lawrence, knot on obverse center: ANS Antioch
hoard, five specimens. Balog (19).
Mayer (SH, pp. 10 and 26) does not consider the fish as a heraldic sign. In this
case, however, it occupies a prominent position, is well detached from the surround-
ings and stylized in design. We believe, therefore, that it has a heraldic value.
224
WITH DATE
764 H.
Heraldic (fleur-de-lis)
466. Border on both sides: rigid cable to left between two circular lines.
Center: Center: Fleur-de-lis with wide basis,
q\ between two small rings. Top flanked by
two pellets.
BMC 6o6,q (20) Plate XVII. ANS Antioch hoard (19, 1.66). Wien. Thorbum. Ba-
log(17); (18).
765 H.
Heraldic (fesse)
Field divided by two horizontal Field divided by a triple horizontal line,
Upper segment: Upper segment: j^j
Central segment: ^^"il dill Lower segment: ^

Lower segment: ^,ja
Sha'ban II
225
ALEPPO
ALL THE KNOWN COINS OF THIS MINT ARE UNDATED
Non-heraldic
Border of dots, in which circular line. In
center a large pellet, with three spindle-
shaped petals. Between the petals, around
the center, three oval pellets. In the seg-
ments between the petals:
468. Border of large dots, in which
double-linear square. On each side
of the square, a semi-circular
convexity. In the center:
ail
^l
BMC 603 (16) Plate XVII, 468a; 603,a (18). Dorn-Gamazoff p. 76 no. 2. ANS, four
specimens: (18, 1.64); (17, 1.70); (16, 1.97); (15, 1.78). Ashmol. Plate XVII, 468b.
Thorburn. Balog (18).
469. Border of dots, in which circular
line. In it, elongated tertalobe.
Center:
it, linear octolobe.
Center: fcJftfJ

Fraehn, Nova Suppl.p.96 nos. 8 and 9. BMC 601,a (17). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8-3-11.
ANS (16, 2.23). Balog, four specimens: (20) Plate XVII; (17) Half-fals; (17); (17).
Heraldic
Six-petaled rosette
lines into three segments:
Upper segment: v_.^
Central segment: all olUJl
Lower segment: J^,
out o jt?i\ ail
Six-petaled rosette in small central
hexalobe.
BMC 6o5,d (18) Plate XVIII. ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens. Jungfleisch (17).
15
226
Crescent and /esse
Upper segment:
Central segment:
Lower segment:
H\ dlll
TV-
Linear dodekalobe with flowerets looking
inwards. In it, linear hexagram with
central crescent.
BMC 6os,m (20). Soret 3-e lettre no. 169. ANS (19,1.51). Ashmol. (19) Plate XVIII.
Balog (18).
472. As above, but legend in central
segment inverted:
lB? \K^r
Balog (16) Plate XVIII.
As above.
TRIPOLI
Non-heraldic
473. Border:
circular line.
l dill olLLJl

776 H.
it, linear hexagram. Flowerets in the
spaces between border and hexagram.
Center: <jX\J*
Ashmol. (22) Plate XVIII.
S ha'ban II
227
UNDATED
Linear hexagon with looped edges,
and a floweret on each side.
Center: dill
^l
Triquetra composed of three linear spin-
dles, with floweret in each spindle and
three pellets in center.
In the segments: ^J.l | J*, | y^
BMC 602 (18) Plate XVIII; 602,b (20) Lane-Poole attributed both coins to Aleppo;
they belong to Tripoli. Miinchen. Thorburn. Balog (19).
Heraldic
Water-wheel
475. Circular line in border of dots. Field Linear wheel with eight, counter-clock-
divided by two horizontal lines into a wise curved spokes. Pellet in every second
wide central segment and two narrow space between the spokes.
(upper and lower) segments:
Upper segment: ^S)}>
Central segment: cts
Lower segment: y J*
Dorn-Gamazoff p. 74 no. 4. ANS Half-/a/s. Wien. Ashmol. Plate XVIII.
Six-petaled rosette
476. Border: circular line. Border: circular wavy cable to left,

Field divided by double horizontal between two circular lines. In it, six-
line. Central pellet between the two petaled rosette with central pellet,
lines.
Upper segment: .J^^l dill
Lower segment: ^Ja. ^ja
BMC 604 (17); 605 (16) Plate XVIII 476 b; 6o5,a (16). BM, A. N. Clemenger 1936 8-5-30.
L 912 (2.22); 913 (2.07). ANS (20, 2.0). Balog, four specimens: (16); (17); (18); (19)
no pellet between the lines on obv. Plate XVIII, 476 a.
228
Four-pointed concave-sided star. Eight-pointed star composed of two
in which small circle. In center, interwoven four-pointed stars.
six-petaled rosette with central pellet. In center: ^l Jo
In the segments between border
and star:
Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XVIII, 477a; (18) Plate XVIII, 477b.
478. As above. As above, but in center: counter-clock-
wise circular legend around central pellet:
Fleur-de-lis
dill olkUl
Border of dots, in which double linear
octolobe. In it, fleur-de-lis with wide
transverse band.
BM, F. 5-7-70 14201; Sir R. Burn 1949 8-3-414 (15); 8-3-415 at top of obv. i_r> but

no decade. ANS (18, 3.04); (17. 2.30). Ashmol. (17) Plate XVIII. Bern.
Sha'ban II
229
Lion passant
480. Border on both sides: circular line in border of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines Lion passant to left, with tail curled back,
of dots into three segments: The lion's body is adapted to the circular
1 . field.
dill
BMC 606 (18) Plate XVIII. BM, F. 5-7-70 15979. ANS, six specimens: (17,1.77);
(19, 2.31); (17, 2.25); (17, 2.25); (17, 1.86); (15, 2.25). Ashmol. (17). Balog, two speci-

mens: (16); (19).
AL-MANUR 'ALA AL-DlN <ALI
778-783 H. = 1377-1381 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 778 H.
dill U*LJl
Vl dill j, JpJ.Jlj LJlXc
al
x* ^ Ml _r*Jl L ^
ju# al Ml 4)l M
Jungfleisch B/ IX, 1926 (25, 7.90) Plate XVIII.
According to Jungfleisch, this is the first coin to show the invocation 'azza nasruhu,
jc. Apparently, he was not acquainted with al-Nasir Muhammad's and al-
Nasir Hasan's Aleppo fuliis (cf. above, pp. 162, 187). To our knowledge, the first
Mamluk coin with ^ je is a fals of al-Nasir Muhammad, dated 717 H., struck
61 years earlier than al-Mansur Muhammad's dinar.
482.
As above.
l dill j, Jo aJl} Lull ye
4, l^*.^^ yJU***J
(without a between Muhammad and Qala'un)
BMC 6o7,b (26, 10.82). Cunha 1494. Broach 30/4, 13.

230
'Ali
231
779 H.
the first line: -" L.
BMC 6oy,e (28, 7.58) Plate XVIII. L 923 (28, 10.55). Broach 30/2, 3, 4. Codrington
read 777 H., which must be corrected to 779 H. Balog (27, 7.94).
780 H.
and last line:
BMC 6o8,e (28, 7.84). Balog (26, 5.99) Plate XVIII.
781 H.
and last line:
BMC 609 (26, 9.60); 6o9,a (27, 7.65). Fonrobert 6569 (26, 4.30). ANS (27, 4.68). Jung-
fleisch (25, 7.90) Plate XVIII; (28, 7.17).
782 H.
486.
Karabacek: Zur Oriental. Miinzkunde no. 8. Horovitz (6.96) date at the end of the first
line: <yis *i
ALEXANDRIA
No dinars of Alexandria except two coins in the Broach hoard, have survived.
Unfortunately Codrington listed them without description.
77X H.
487.
Broach 30/17.
781 H.

488.
Broach 30/16.
232
Damascus, 778 H.
dill olLU| * 3
BMC 607 (24, 9.07). White-King 2240 (8.90). Broach 28/2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9. Balog (24,
8.79) Plate XIX.
779 H.
490.
Broach 30/15. Date read by Codrington 777 {^J) instead of (^j) yyg H.
780 H.
491. As above.
dMl oUJ|
BMC 6o8,c (26, 8.10); 6o8,d (25, 6.67) as dinar of 778 H., except the date. Broach 28.
781 H.
BMC 6o8,f (25, 7.97); 6o8,g (25, 5.51). Broach 29.
Silver
Only a handful of dirhems are known; the date is always missing and so is the mint,
except on two coins. As already recognized by Lavoix (III, p. 384, no. 924, foot-
note), the sultan's protocol is al-Mansur Nasir al-Din 'Ali Jo &jJ\ jji on the

dirhems. The legends are reconstructed:
'An 233
ALEXANDRIA
493. dill olWJl iy>
dill a J* aullj <u|J^ju#
jl-l '<
SMC 610 (24, 5.73) Lane-Poole did not read the mint, although it can be deciphered.
ALEPPO
494. As above. As above, but at top: _
Miles, Antioch no. 185. Miles read the title ... >b jâl\ with a query.
MINT MISSING
495.
BMC 611 (18, 2.07) Plate XIX, 495a; Ornaments on 06v.: _^>U j^ll 612 (24,3. 69);
613 (13, 1.75) Plate XIX, 495b; Ornaments obv.: jji j^ll rev.: dyy L 924 (2.35).
Balog (16) Plate XIX, 495 c.
Copper
The Cairo and Alexandria fulus are purely epigraphic and similar to the copper of
al-Nasir Hasan, al-Mansur Muhammad and al-Ashraf Sha'ban; the Syrian fulus
are nearly all heraldic. The copper coins struck at Tripoli do not have the sultan's
full name; they can, however, be safely attributed to al-Mansur 'Ali on stylistic
grounds. Al-Mansiir Muhammad's copper coins are of a different fabric.
CAIRO
Border and ornaments as on al-Nasir Hasan's Cairo fulus.
*496. l dill olUJl
a oL-a o_r.Vl dill a
^-ul dill j.
779 H.

Jungfleisch (20, 3.80). Balog (25) Plate XIX.
234
781 H.
497. As above. ;yttill _>
L 925 (3.8o). Jungfleisch (23, 4.26).
At UM<j
782 H.
498. As above. ;-Û)L o
Jungfleisch (23, 3,15).
ALEXANDRIA
Similar to the Cairo fulus, but the writing is much coarser and the linear dodeka-
lobe of the obverse border has become a simple undulant circle surrounded by large
dots. The coins are all undated.
499. all olUJl l o>
ail a j^-Jli xCV
Balog, four specimens: (22) Plate XIX, 499a; (22) Plate XIX, 499b; (24); (19).
500. all olUJl
j-U^ll
Balog (22) Plate XIX.
The mint is tentatively read <-j>*ll "Alexandria, the guarded." This
reading is by no means certain. It would also be unusual for Alexandria.
Damascus, 781 H.
501. Border on both sides: circular line; in it, clockwise marginal legend:
jyA\ ail oiUJi
Small circle, in which:
Small circle, in which fleur-de-lis with

triangular basis, flanked by two pellets.
Soret 3-e leltre, no. 172.
'Ali
235
782 H.
502. As above. As above, but marginal legend:
Soret, 3-e letlre, no. 173. L 927 (17, 2.19) Plate XIX, 502a. ANS (17, 2.34) and eight
more specimens from the Antioch hoard. Horovitz (16) no pellets on rev. Plate XIX,
502b. Jungfleisch (20, 1.72). Balog (16, 2.27).
783 H.
*503. As above. As above, but marginal legend:
ANS (16, 2.31) and three more specimens from the Antioch hoard.
DATE MISSING
BMC 6ig,a. BM, Sir R. Burn 1949; Chr. Blunt 1947. Ashmol. Bodl. 199, 200, 201.
Balog (20); (16).
TRIPOLI
Al-Mansur 'Ali's fuliis struck in Tripolis are all undated.
Heraldic
Fesse / Fleur-de-lis
504. Border of dots, in which circular
line. Field divided by two horizontal
Upper segment: Jo y>
Central segment: jyal\ dill
Lower segment: ^l
Border of dots in which circular line. In
it, a hexagon with concave sides. In the
segments formed by circle and hexagon,
annulets. In the field, fleur-de-lis with

rhomboidal basis.
L 930 (17, 2.09) Plate XIX; 931 (2.46); 932 (2.48). Windisch-Graetz 188. (16). Jung-
fleisch (16, 2.84). ANS (19, 2.44); (18, 1.85); (17, 1.95); (17, 2.2<0. Balog (16).
236
Lion
Lion passant to left; tail, with knot in the
middle, curled back.
lines of dots.
J0 f>
dill
L 929 (17, 2.27) Plate XIX, 505a. ANS (18, 2.35); (17, 2.16). Flagellation (18) Plate
XIX, 505b. Munchen, two specimens. Jungfleisch (22, 4.36).
Fesse / Crescent
Upper segment: ^-Ll J
Central segment: jcitll
Lower segment: y j+
Linear hexagram, with ringlets in the
angles between hexagram and circle. In
center, a crescent.
Balog (20) Plate XIX, 506a; (18, 2.32) Plate XIX, 506b.
(probably Tripoli) Crescent
Balog (17) Plate XIX.
Two interwoven linear tetralobes. In the

center, a crescent. Pellets in the free
237
Non heraldic
Field divided by horizontal cable to
right between two horizontal lines.
Upper segment: i tilill .
Lower segment: /TjULlVN
Linear octogram, with square center.
In it:
Balog (21) Plate XIX, 5o8a. ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens Plate XIX, 5o8b.
MINT : TRIPOLI?
lines of dots:
Six-petaled flower, resembling a lotus,
petals forming a counter-clockwise whorl.
dill
? trLl> v>?

ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens. Balog (18) Plate XX, 5o9a; (16) Plate XX, 5o9b.
AL-$ALIH ALAH AL-DIN HAJJI II
1ST REIGN: 783-784 H. = 1381-1382 A.D.
2ND REIGN: 791-792 H. = 1389-1390 A.D.
Al-Salih Hajji had not occupied the throne for more than a year, when he was
deposed by Barquq, the first Burji sultan. He was not reinstated to the sultanate
until eight years later, when the Mamluk nobles rebelled against Barquq. Hajji's
second reign did not, however, last any longer than his first, because the year 792 H.
saw the last of him and of Qala'un's House and the definite advent of Burji rule.
If we proceed in a strictly chronological order, al-Salih Hajji's coinage should be
followed by Barquq's first reign, then again by Salih Hajji's second emissions, and
finally by Barquq's second period.
Nevertheless, we want to emphasise that this is a turning-point in Mamluk
History. Al-Salih Hajji's two reigns are therefore discussed in this section. Barquq's
coins of his first as well as those of his second reign are, on the other hand, listed in
the first chapter of the Burji series.
On his second accession, al-Salih Hajji assumed a new title, namely that of al-
Mansur Hajji. On a unique dinar of Cairo he is styled: al-Mansur Salah al-Din
Hajji, JJ\ >U and on two other unique coins, a dinar of Aleppo
and a dirhem with mint missing, al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Hajji, au" jJ*
1ST REIGN: 783-784 H. = 1381-1382 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 783 H.
510. Border on both sides (on all the Cairo dinars): double linear dodekalobe.
t 4 (D
L 935 (28, 12.37). Balog (28, 5.63).

238
Hajji II First Reign
239
611. de As above.
t ''o
Ul dill IWUl
(.u#) j J, oUi odil
Balog (26, 9.07) Plate XX.
512. ^fc As above.
fJUl dill OJlJl
(sic) j^^- oUi .J^Vl dil
Ashmol. (26). Balog (28, 11.14) Plate XX.
784 H.
513. qj\ As above.
jOU Ul dill IU-Jl
o^MT dill aJlj LjJl
0j5B ^ (sic) oLA
Jungfleisch (28, 12.81) Plate XX.
DAMASCUS, 784 H.
3 q\ As above.
Ul dill olUJl Ornament: J^-j
4.Uw>J
BMC 615 (26, 9.40) date missing, but this variety. Balog (24, 9.34); 25, 10.49) Plate

XX, 514a; (26, 7.27) Plate XX, 514b.
240
UNCERTAIN DATE
515. (j^**. v> As above.
UJl dill oUJUi
L aJlj UJl >U
Ûl dill
BMC 616 (25,5.95) date missing, but this variety. L 936 (7.92) Lavoix read the date as 788H.
with a query. This would be impossible. But in reality the date is ." . = jl?
516. The dirhems are very scarce; they are difficult to read, with much of the legends
missing, the date always and the mint mostly vanished. After reconstruction of the
inscriptions, as well as possible from the scanty material, the coins probably belong
to one and the same variety. One dirhem positively shows the mint-name Aleppo,
another has the initial ha of Halab (but Hamah is not excluded); we believe, there-
fore, that they all may belong to Aleppo.
dill olkUl 'l Ml <Ji M
C iC 1!
jlkUl & aJlj .,
dill ^ ** J
BMC 617 (22,3.3o) Aleppo. 618 (18, 2.86). BM, C. H. Hexender 1937 8-18-1 Plate XX,
516a. L 937 (2.85) Aleppo (or Hamah); 938 (3.69); 939 (3.81). Balog (24) Plate XX,
516b.
Copper
CAIRO
Al-Salih Hajji issued a normal fals, similar to the Cairo emissions of al-Nasir
Hasan, al-Mansur Muhammad, al-Ashraf Sha'ban and al-Mansur 'Ali, and an un-
usual, heavy copper coin, which curiously corresponds with the wuqlyah-weight.

The latter also differs from the normal fals in type and style of the engraving.
241
Normal coinage
783 H.
517. dtitl lkJLJl
v.
ANS. Thorburn. Balog (20) Plate XX.
784 H.
*518. As above.
As above, but date:
ANS. Thorburn. Balog (21).
Heavy coinage
783 H.
Unusually heavy coins, struck on a wide, thick flan. Jungfleisch described two
denominations, the wuqiyah weight and the hali-wuqiyah.
Wuqiyah
519. Border on both sides: border of dots between two circular lines.
In it, linear square,
ornaments in the segments.
Center:
Ull dill
Vv
Concave-sided linear hexagon, three
pellets in each segment.
Center:
Jungfleisch BIE XXXI, Fig. Jungfleisch 39, 1948-9 (34, 34.62). Balog, four specimens:
(34. 36.05) Plate XX; (34, 32.96); (34, 35.40); (35, 32.87).

16
242
Half-wuqiyah
520. Border on both sides: border of pellets, then circular line.
In it, linear square, with three Concave-sided linear hexagon, three
pellets in each segment. pellets in each segment.
Center: "J^ Center: "^f
dlll ;ykldk j*
Jungfleisch BIE XXXI, Fig. Jungfleisch 39, 1948-9 (27, 17.17).
Jungfleisch, who discovered these unusual coins of one wuqiyah and hali-wuqiyah
weight, thought that they could either be a special issue of true copper coinage, or
weights in the form of coins, or else, again, coins which, in case of necessity could be
employed as weights.
At the time of the publication of Jungfleisch's paper only one specimen of the
wuqiyah-coin and one of the hali-wuqiyah coin were known. Today we have four
more wuqiyah-coins, but still only the one hali-wuqiyah observed by Jungfleisch.
As can be seen above, all the wuqiyah coins, though more or less deficient, neverthe-
less approximate the weight of the wuqiyah. Therefore his theory that they might
be true weights, or subsidiary weights, is not altogether excluded. It should be
mentioned, however, that the usual shape for a weight should be that of a small
barrel. The barrel-shape had been in use since the 'Abbasids (we have a weight of
this period) through the Fatimids (a rather large series from the second half of this
dynasty), also during the Mamluk reign (a iour-wuqiyah weight of al-Ashraf Sha'-
ban's, with date and mint) and right through the Turkish rule in Egypt.
Consequently it well may be that the large coins of this heavy series are nothing
but multiples of the fals.
ALEXANDRIA

*521. The border on both sides as well as the arrangement of the legends on all the Alex-
andria copper is similar to those of the Cairo fuliis, except that the style of writing
on the former is much cruder.
243
UNDATED
dill olkJl
xSL.
Balog (24) Plate XX.
783 H.
522.
iWJlJ|
Vl
\3
Balog, four specimens: (22); (22); (22) Plate XX, 522a; (23) Plate XXI, 522b.
784 H.
Balog, four specimens: (21) Plate XXI, 523a; (22); (23) Plate XXI, 523b; (25).
, - DAMASCUS, 783 H.
L 873 (18, 2.79). Hajji written with diacritical points. Plate XXI, 524a; 874 (1.85); 875
(2.65). Lavoix attributed these 3 coins to al-Muzaffar Hajji, but the marginal legends were
either missing or illegible. Windisch-Graetz 190. Karabacek, Zur Oriental. Munzkunde
9. Fonrobert 6570 (14). BM, T. B. Clarke-Thornhill 1929 5-7-6; A. N. Clemenger 1936
8-5-27. ANS, four specimens: (16); (15); (14); (14); and 17 more coins from the Antioch
hoard. Thorburn. Balog, four specimens: (15) Plate XXI, 514b; (15); (18); (19).
Hajji written without diacritical points on Balog's four coins.
*523. As above.
y, J\ L, jJUl dill olkJl

Inner circle; center:
Inner circle; center: fleur-de-lis.
244
TRIPOLI, UNDATED
Field divided by horizontal line into a
narrow upper segment and a large lower
segment:
Upper segment: ^-1l J*
Lower segment: large stylized fleur-de-lis.
L 933 (18, 3.48). Lavoix wrongly attributed this coin to al-Mansur *Ali, but his specimen
has incomplete legends. P Vogu6 1549. ANS, three specimens: (16, 3.04); (16, 2.46);
(17, 4.09). Balog (20) Plate XXI.
MINT MISSING (TRIPOLI ?)
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
gram. In the spaces between hexagram
and circle, flowerets. In the center, fleur-
de-lis.
*526. Border missing.
rigid cables to left; the cables are
enclosed between two lines.
Upper segment missing.
Central segment: ^ LJl dill
Lower segment effaced.
Though the sultan's proper name is missing, the style of the coin is indicative of

al-Salih Hajji's coinage. The fleur-de-lis in the hexagram might come from the
Tripoli mint.
ANS (17) Antioch hoard. Plate XXI.
HAMAH
Heraldic
Fesse j six-petaled rosette
Field divided by two horizontal In center six-petaled rosette, enclosed in
lines into three segments (fesse). linear hexalobe. Surrounded by six
pellets.
Hajji II Second Reign 245
Upper segment:
CO
Central segment: JU)l dill
Lower segment:
(;U. inverted)
ANS (17) Antioch hoard. Plate XXI. Two specimens.
On this coin also the sultan's name Hajji, is missing; the attribution to al-Salib.
Hajji, however, is doubtless correct. Cf. coin No. 258.
2ND REIGN: 791-792 H. = 1389-1390 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO, 791 H.
*528. Border missing. Border: traces of double linear dodeka-
lobe.
oil
Balog (25, 10.60). Plate XXI. Al-Hajji's title: ^Jl >U jj*cl\, and invocation .j^j*.
wl^, yj+ As above.
)yA\ dill lkLJl
olkLJl ^ aullj UJl _^L.
O 0Li J/^l ddl

Balog (28, 7.60). Al-Hajji's title is: ^l; and invocation: *SCU jU.
246
Silver
dill oUJl
Oi\ Ml All H
CO
L 941 (3.40) note that al-Hajji's title is here also as on the Aleppo dinar.
Copper
ALEXANDRIA, UNDATED
*531. Border on both sides, as on the Alexandria fulus of the first reign. The flan is smaller.
Balog (20) Plate XXI.
DAMASCUS, 791 H.
. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
lines (fesse):
Upper segment: j
Central segment: <iWil Ual_Jl
Lower segment: j*\>.
Linear hexagram, with a dot in each
small triangle.
In the external segments,
counter-clockwise:
Center: y
L 942 (2.29); 943 (2.81); 944 (2.66); 945 (3.22). BMC 619,a (17) Plate XXI, 532a;
619,b (17). Ashmol. (19) Plate XXI, 532b. Miinchen. Balog (17) Plate XXI, 532c.

633. As above.
792 H.
As above, but date:
Fonrobert 6572 (17). ANS, two specimens: (17,2.85) date missing; (17,2.47) date missing.
BURJI MAMLUKS
Al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Barquq, ist reign
2nd reign
Al-Nasir Abu al-Sa'adat Faraj, ist reign
Al-Mansur 'Izz al-Din 'Abd al-'Aziz
Faraj, 2nd reign
Al-Musta'in bi'llah Abu al-Fadl 'Abbas
Al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Nasr Shaykh
Al-Muzaffar Shihab al-Din Ahmad
Al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Tatar
Al-Salih Nasir al-Din Muhammad
Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Barsbay
Al-'Aziz Jama1 al-Din Yiisuf
Al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
Al-Mansur Fakhr al-Din 'Uthman
Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Ayna1
Al-Mu'ayyad Shihab al-Din Ahmad
Al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
Al-Zahir Sayf al-Din Bilbay
Al-Zahir Abu Sa'id Temirbugha
Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
Al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad
Al-Zahir Abu Sa'id Qansuh
Al-Ashraf Abu al-Nasr Janbalat
Al-'Adil Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri
Al-Ashraf Tumanbay
A.D.

A.H.
Page:
784-791
1382-1389I
792-801
1390-1399J
249-275
801-808
1399-1405
276
808-809
1405-1406
(No coins)
809-815
1406-1412
276-295
815
1412
296-298
815-824
1412-1421
299-306
824
1421
307-308
824
1421
309
824-825'
1421-1422
310
825-841
1422-1438
3"-318
841-842
1438
319
842-S57
1438-1453
320-327
857
1453

AL-ZAHIR SAYF AL-DlN BARQUQ
1ST REIGN: 784-791 H. = 1382-1389 A.D.
Cairo, 784 H.
ykUDl dUll lkLJi
L 953 (8.9o). Bak>g (28, 6.83). Plate XXII.
Although the decade of the date is missing, there is no doubt that the year is
784 H. The style of writing on the Cairo gold of the second reign is quite different,
and the accession formula jc does not occur in any other year but in 784. Note
also, that besides >r* jc, there is a second invocation in favor of the sultan: l j(U.
785 H.
535. Border as above.
As above.
786 H.
536. As above, but the date at the end
of the first line:
As above.

BMC 622 (25, 7.22).
250
787 H.
*537. As above, but date: As above.
Ashmol. (3.67). Horovitz.
788 H.
*538. As above, but date: i^- As above.
Horovitz (9.85).
789 H.
Beyram 273. Balog (26, 10.92). Plate XXII, 539 a.
DATE MISSING, BUT FIRST REIGN
539. a
Fonrobert 6573 (24, 13.10). ANS (26, 12.16). Balog (25, 1.37) Quarter dinar. Plate
XXII, 539b. *
ALEXANDRIA, 788 H.
*540. Border on both sides: double circular line.
. ^ As above.
lUl dill lWUl
Jungflcisch (28, 9.36) Plate XXII. ANS (26, 8.20).
Alexandria written: ij.uC.
791 H.
.<-*
SMC 626 (25, i1.14). Plate XXII.
Alexandria written: ixC. Although the last line of the obverse is missing, the

date is without doubt 791 H.
Barquq First Reign 251
Damascus, 785 H.
. ... cr> <- *u'
(jniU ~ Vi || l
BMC 621 (25, 9.49). Plate XXII; 627 (24, 7.19). Balog (25, 10.90).
Note the unique invocation jUl <ul jc on the obverse.
787 H.
543. Border on both sides: circular line in double linear dodekalobe.
*ul <ul Ml All M
^Jlj Lu)l ^* ji.l ^.jj
J^v
L 950 (24, 11.75). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (26, 9.74). Plate XXII, 543a; (23, 6.56).
Balog, three specimens: (25, 10.78). Plate XXII, 543b; (25, 8.06); (23).
790 H.
--1 <u|Ml4)|M
544. u J
olWU| 4 M| 4M4,l JrJ
j.l J Jlj UJl iU-o 01*
L 951 (8.76). ANS (23, 7.17).

Balog (25, 6.58) Plate XXII.
252
aleppo, 784 H.
545. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, with pellet in the external angles.
_1^ >->j*> *a\
ytiy'i ciini ouji xc # *i\ 3
y. a.Jlj \*" <i Ml * **
jJiJ ji-i aJj
L 946 (8.42). BMC 62o (25, 8.75); 62o,a (26, 1o.43).
Note the invocation: ^JCL. nil aU..
786 H.
546. >->As above.
l dill oIWJl
orJlS UJl î-- .yklU
BMC 623 (24, 5.71).
787 H.
Jl oAs above.
\Uiii diii ikLJi
l aU. ^.
BMC 624 (25, 8.94). Plate XXII. L 947^ 7.83); (948, 6.88). Jungfleisch (27, 11.58).
788 H.
548. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, with pellet in each external angle.
^ ^jj+ As above.
lUl dill lLUl
o.A\3 luJl

Jungfleisch (24, 6.25) Plate XXII. Balog (27, 11.o).
Barquq First Reign
253
79o H.
BMC 625 (25, 7.74).
Lead coins
550. In 1933 L. A. Mayer published a hoard of 36 curious lead coins, acquired in 1931
from a dealer by the Department of Antiquities of Palestine. The same dealer had
two more specimens and Mayer saw four other coins in the hands of another anti-
quarian in 1928. Five specimens are in the collection of the ANS, but there is no
record to show whether these coins belong to the same hoard or not.
The obverse of all coins is the same; the legends of the reverse, however, are of
two different types.
Obv.:
QkJl cUUllUJl
A:
<ul ^l ^l U j
-u# <ul Ml <1lM
Va
i4/i/ at the beginning of
last line: <_5" instead of: i
Rev. B:
l <)l M <ul
(Mayer's reading)
Mayer pointed out several mistakes in the legend. There are minor errors and
irregularities in the obverse and type A of the reverse; nevertheless, in our opinion

the inscriptions are clear and similar to those of the regular gold issues. The legend
on the reverse B, though pleasing to the eye, really shows manifest defects, even
signs that the original may been copied, more or less faithfully, by an artisan who
could not read the text he copied.
It has been suggested by Mayer that the lead coins might be identical with Maq-
rizi's black dirhems (cf. Qalqashandi, $ubh al-ashd, III, 442). Since the publication
of Mayer's article, the Ayyubid and Fatimid black dirhems have been identified by
us (BIE XXXIII, 1951, pp. 1-41 and XXXV, 1952, pp. 4o1-429 Actes du Congres
Intern. Num., Paris, 1953, pp. 555-56). They have nothing in common with Barquq's
lead coins, but are small silver coins of very base alloy (less than 3o % silver content),
struck on unheated square or irregular flan. They ceased to circulate with the
Ayyubid rule.
It was furthermore proposed by Mayer, that the lead coins could be contemporary
counterfeit money, not yet finished. In our experience, counterfeit Islamic coins are
always fourri coins, covered with a thin gold or silver pellicle and containing an inner
copper core. No counterfeit dinars or dirhems with a lead core have ever been found.
Besides, there is another argument against this theory. The counterfeiter of Islamic
coins in the Middle Ages applied the pellicle of precious metal on the copper flan,
then proceded to heat it and struck the red-hot piece with the dies. In the case of
Mayer's coins, the naked lead disc had already been struck, thus precluding the
subsequent application of the silver or gold pellicle.
With regard to the faulty and partly illegible writing, the possibility of forgery
should, however, not be completely discarded. We have no satisfactory explanation
to offer.
Type A
Mayer, thirty-eight specimens: @D,4P 1933, pp. 20-23(32,16.83); (33, 1701); (35. i3.5<>);
(24, 5.44); (30, 12.91); (35, 8.67); (35, 15 39); (28, 14 29); (30, 10.52); (41, 10.32); (40,
21.88); (30, 13.69); (27, 11.86); (29, 13.27); (33, 12.22); (33, 18.18); (30, 4.89); (34, 13.49);
(34, 7.48); (26, 10.89); (44. 13.21); (25, 9 21); (28, 11.12); (31, 16.83); (31, 14.87); (31,
12.10); (30, 12.49); (26, 9 81); (34. 22.01); (33, 14.77): (25. 9 96); (33. 10.32); (30, 18.20).
ANS, five specimens: (45, 20.05); (37. 27."); (25. 16.93); (32, 22.37); (30. H.77).
Type B
Mayer, five specimens: loc. cit. (33, 18.40); (27, 7.77); (31, 16.09); (3. 10.66); (32, 10.43).
Silver
CAIRO
There is no numismatic evidence to show whether or not Barquq issued silver in
Cairo during the early years of his reign. The dirhems preserved in modern collec-
tions are all of the same year, 789 H., and of a new coin-type, designed differently
from any dirhem struck previously. The new dirhem has a marginal legend and a
central legend enclosed in a circle, on the obverse; the reverse shows the usual

profession of faith formula written in horizontal lines.
The coins confirm the medieval chronicler, Ibn Furat, who tells us that "in 789 H.
Jarkas al-Khalili received orders to strike coins of a new type, the coins to show
two circles with a legend between them, in the innermost circle on the one side a
legend, on the other the name of Barquq." (Cit. from Mayer, Lead coins of Barquq,
p. 22, 2nd paragraph: and footnote 2, of the same page: Ibn Furat, MS. Vienna,
Vol. IX, fo. 4V, 11. 4-3 from bottom). "The final legend was different, as Ibn Furat
tells us; in the circle the text read 'Barquq 'azza nasrahu , on the margin round it
'al-Malik al-zahir'."
Barquq First Reign
255
Clockwise circular legend: <ul Ml <M V
Inner circle, center: f"^r3,U\
^yj J-J'
Khediv. 1549. Erman no. 5 (17). White-King 2242 Half-dirhem. Balog, seven speci-
mens: (23, 3.57) Plate XXII, 551a; (22, 3.96); (2o, 3.42) Plate XXII, 551b; (16, 1.33)
Plate XXII, 551c; (13, 1.o7); (14, o.64) Quarter-dirhem; (16). ANS, seven specimens:
(24, 4.36); (17, 2.26); (16, 1.29); (15, 2.16); (16, 1.98); (15, 2.19); (14, 1.98).
ALEPPO
552. Of the handful of Aleppo dirhems which are extant, only one has the date 784 H.;
on the others it is incomplete or missing.
Border on both sides missing.
l (ilLll olkUl uil Vl <)l M
A <J.33 <S">J\
BMC 628 (18, 2.55), no ornament above J^-j on the reverse. Plate XXIII, 552a;
629 (22, 2.46); 63o (22, 3.43); 631 (22, 3.15); 632 (22, 3.21). Khediv. 1545, 1546, 1547,
1548. L955 (18, 2.39) Plate XXIII, 552b; 956 (21, 1.47) ,.957 (2.o9). Erman, three
specimens: (21) date: 7-7; (22); (2o). Blau 3o6. Noury 379 date: 784 H.. Miles,
Antioch 187, 188. Balog, five specimens: (18, 3.oo). Plate XXIII, 552c; (18, 2.78);
(19, 2.79); (18, 2.45); (1o, 17, o.7). Quarter dirhem. End-piece of the ribbon-shaped thin
ingot, from which the flan was cut off. Plate XXIII, 552d.
HAMAH
653. As the Aleppo dirhem, but the mint, Hamah, at top of the obverse: yj
Erman no. 4. Thorburn. ANS, four specimens: (19,2.88); (17,o.85); (12,1.24); (14,2.14).
Mint and date missing on some, but this type; therefore, they belong either to
Aleppo or to Hamah.

Copper
Here are listed the dated fulus of the first reign. The undated copper will follow
under the second rule.
256
*554. Border: linear dodekalobe in
dodekalobe of pellets.
Center:
dill lia-Jl
CAIRO, 785 H.
Border: circular line; in it, linear octo-
gram, with flowerets in the peripheric
segments.
Center:
Thorburn. Abu Sa'id written: Bii Sa'id.
786 H.
*555. As above.
As above, but date:
Balog, three specimens: (24) Plate XXIII; (20); (20).
791 H.
*555.a As above.
ANS (19, 4.24).
As above, but date: <_$.* l
ALEXANDRIA
We read in Mayer's Lead coins of Barquq, p. 21: "His (Barquq's) major-domo
Mahmud b. 'Ali al-Ustadar, bought copper from Europe and struck many fulus
establishing in A.H. 794 a mint at Alexandria for the purpose." In a footnote
Mayer continues: "It is curious that in none of the well-known collections of Mamluk
coins (British Museum; Bodleian Library; Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; Egyptian

Library, Cairo) do there appear to be any of the copper coins struck by Barquq at
Alexandria (cf. the catalogues of Lavoix and Lane-Poole). Still, they do exist and
will be published in the forthcoming catalogue of Mamluk coins of the Palestine
Archaeological Museum." Unfortunately, Mayer did not publish his projected cata-
logue of Mamluk coins. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the discovery of
Barquq's Alexandria fuliis belongs to him.
Barquq First Reign
257
There is, however, a marked discrepancy between the written records and the
testimony of the coins. We do have a fals of the Alexandria mint dated 784 H. and
another of the year 785 H. There can, therefore, be no doubt whatsoever that fulus
were struck there at that time. Moreover, the table of minting sequence at the end
of our Mint Notes (p. 52, above) proves that copper was issued in Alexandria with-
out interruption from Ashraf Sha'ban's reign on. Consequently there was no necessity
for Barquq to create a new mint in Alexandria for the special purpose of issuing
copper coins.
The flan of the Alexandria fulus is smaller than that of the Cairo copper; other-
wise border and the octogram of the reverse are similar.
784 H.
556. IkJUl
Balog (19) Plate XXIIL
557. As above.
Balog (21).
0?^ >
JL*. y \ jftlkll dill otkUl
Circular line; center:
785 H.
As above, but date: ^Jr
DAMASCUS, 784 H.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis

Border missing.
Fleur-de-lis on triangular basis, flanked
by four pellets.
L 968 (14, 1.79). Plate XXIII. Balog (18, 2.02). ANS, seven specimens: (19, 2.17);
(17, 2.11); (18, 1.88); (16, 2.06); (16, 1.26); (16, 2.07); (15, 2.05).
Cf. the legends with the arrangement of the inscriptions on the 789 H. Cairo
dirhems (Ibn Furat, loc. cit. in Mayer, Lead coins of Barquq).
17
258
*559. Remaining border: circular line.
lines: fesse.
Upper segment: Jjt/.
Central segment: i
Lower segment: ^ j
Heraldic
Fesse
786 H.
Border: linear circle in circle of dots. In
it, linear hexagram, in the small triangles,
pellets.
Center:
ANS (18, 3.19). Balog (17) Plate XXIII.
787 H.
*560. As above.
ANS (18, 2.58).
As above, but date:
561. Remaining border: circular line.
79o H.
Border: circular line in circle of dots. In
Field divided by two horizontal lines. it, linear hexagram.
Upper segment:
Central segment: dill ikUl
Lower segment: Jy/

Segments:
Center: _>
3 tlr"-j
L 963 (2.37). Khediv. 1551. ANS (15, 2.58). Plate XXIII. Ashmol., two specimens.
Barquq First Reign
259
Non-heraldic
790 H.
j>M dlll
Circle of big dots.
center: jya
L 964 (3.05); 965 (2.82) Plate XXIII. Blau 307. BM, A. N. Clemenger 8-5-1936.
Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (17); (19).
ALEPPO
Egyptian style
*663. Remaining border on both sides: circular line.
(Jjy.)
|lLJUl
jkM <ll
(.4 y))
In it, linear octogram, with flowerets in
the segments.
Center:
J*
Balog (20, 3.52).
Date: only the year, six c-, is engraved on the coin, but the style is that of
the early issues; we attribute it to 786 H.
Syrian style
Heraldic

Fesse
788 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines (fesse).
1t*
26o
Upper segment: Jyj,
Central segment: âIUi dill
Lower segment:
Upper segment: i L~~.j
Central segment: in it, hexagonal car-
touche, ending to left and right in a
floweret. Center: y
J*
Lower segment: Îcj ok"
BMC 322 (17) erroneously listed under the Ayyubid al-Zahir Ghazi. L 958 (17,1.91).
Miles, Antioch 191. ANS (19, 2.2o). Balog (15, 2.45). Plate XXIII.
789 H.
*565. As above.
ANS (19, 2.18).
As above, but date in the lower segment:
2ND REIGN: 792-8o1 H. = 139o-1399 A.D.
Gold
Cairo, 792 H.
Writing coarse, unartistic.
J*P -V- ju# ^l Vl <)l M
(j. sic) a-~ ji J.jJlj L;-Jl (D'^rtT*
<;IU- l ali oy/. i*-^l*. *l Jj
L 954 (18.16).
794 H.

*567. As above, but date at the end of As above.
first line: gj\
Horovitz (11.56).
Barquq Second Reign
261
797 H.
first line:
ANS (26, 10.83) (holed).
798 H.
*569. As above, but date at the end of As above.
first line:
ANS (30, 15.22). Horovitz (11.20).
800 H.
* 570. As above, but first line: j As above.
and last line: \U olc
Balog (29, 10.09) Plate XXIII.
801 H.
first line: *ul
Khediv. 1544. Balog (29, 9.74) Plate XXIII. Horovitz.
DAMASCUS, 793 H.
572.
Horovitz (11.13) no description.
795 H.
*573. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe; at each intersection, an arabesque
floweret pointed inwards.
^> c- J.
dill IkJLJl f^^lk ^ \f*
J.ullj Lull ^L- ^lUl J> <ul Ml 4)l M

lip J, * y\ ^ff
Horovitz (22, 10.60) Plate XXIII.
262
798 H.
*574. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, arabesque knot at each intersection.
As above.
dlill ILUi
aJlj L-Jl .JL- .^kll
Vog. 155o (25).
8oo H.
*575. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
(sic) a super-^ ^
fluous <wc/
ij* ^j+
CO o>
<Ul Ml ill ^
J.J J
ALEPPO, 793 H.
J*
IUl dill IkLiDl
o'b' 81 u

.A* J^l ajj
Barquq Second Reign 263
798 H.
577. Remaining border on both sides: linear dodekalobe (double?)
diii ikui yy fii <ul Vi Ji M
*' -V > fiuSTST
L 949 (26, 9.15). Horovitz (26, 8.19). Thorburn (1o.69). Balog, two specimens: (28,
1o.46) Plate XXIII; (26, 7.19).
Stiver
The silver coinage has been discussed under the first reign, as no dirhem can be
safely attributed to the second rule.
Copper
Cairo, 792 H.
*578. The fulus are similar to those of the first reign. The style of writing is, however,
coarse and plain. The flan, nearly always too narrow for the die, contains only part
of the legend and the border is very often missing. The inscriptions can easily be
reconstructed from various specimens, as this series of coins has been found in great
numbers, sometimes in very large hoards.
Border on the obverse: undulating
linear circle (on the fulus of the first
reign it was a linear dodekalobe in
a dodekalobe of dots).
Center: a
Border on the reverse: circular line. In
it, linear octogram.
Center: ;^ls)l, yj

Balog (2o).
793 H.
*579. As above. As above, but date: o>j 5fc
Balog (18).
794 H.
580. As above. As above, but date: o^J
s ****
Balog, two specimens: (18); (19).
795 H.
"581. As above. As above, but date: <>-." ^Jt.
Balog, four specimens: (23) Plate XXIV; (22); (21); (20).
796 H.
*582. As above. As above, but date: cj" j
ANS (20, 4.42). Thorburn. Balog (20) Plate XXIV.
798 H.
*583. As above. As above, but date: .
ANS, two specimens: (20, 4.16); (17, 4.56). Thorburn.
799 H.
BMC 638 (24) the date is: 799. Beyram 272. Thorburn.
UNCERTAIN DATES
BMC 637, 638 and 639. L 966. Windisch-Graetz 191.

Barquq Second Reign
265
Al-Qdhirat al-Mahrusa,
DATE MISSING (OR UNDATED)
586. all lkLJl ;jJd\ y>
Lu)l . ..i-jyJl
Balog (23) Plate XXIV.
ALEXANDRIA, UNDATED
Jl
yjii)l dill
Balog, two specimens: (19); (21) Plate XXIV.
"Skandarlya"
*587. Jj/.
<dUl lWLJl
yiUl
BM 5-70-F-7 14206; 1-5-4 1955 Balog pres. Balog, six specimens; (27) Plate XXIV,
587a; (22) Plate XXIV, 587b; (21); (20) Plate XXIV, 587c; (20); (18). ANS, eleven
specimens.
See p. 50, above on the mint.
DAMASCUS
Non-heraldic
796 H. mint:
jM dill c- y>
At\*mi

BMC 636 (17) date incomplete, but mint: JZ+J. L. 959 (4.0); 960 (2.96); 961 (2.64)
date incomplete, but mint: ;962 (3.54) date incomplete, but mint: jl**. ANS, two
specimens: (15, 2.68); (17, 2.71). Balog, four specimens: (17, 250); (19, 2.82) Plate
XXIV, 588a; (18); (25), 3.03 Plate XXIV, 588b.
266
797 H. mint
589. As above.
Windisch-Graetz (192, 23) the date (799 H.) read by Zambaur is not possible; this emission
ended in 797 H. BaJog (19, 3.15) Plate XXIV.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis chalice
798 H.
580. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
U sic) ^ j\W ji->
Miles, Anlioch 192. ANS (21, 4.46) mint: Dimishq al-Mahrusa: i_,_rail ^Lj*jl.;
(21, 4.10). Miinchen. Thorburn. Balog, three specimens: (18, 4.20); (23); (25, 4.58)
Plate XXIV.
799 H.
oD
BMC 633 (25) the date must be: 799; 634 (25). Welzl v. Wellenheim 12386. ANS, two
specimens: (21, 4.92); (20, 4.23). Miles, Anlioch 193. Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog,
eight specimens: (20, 3.37) Plate XXIV; (21, 4.75); (21, 4.13); (21, 4.60); (22, 4.35);

(22, 507); (22, 5.17); (22, 4.67).
Barquq Second Reign
267
The fleur-de-lis chalice is not an imaginary charge; on the contrary, it was in-
spired by the chalice or cup with cuspidated rim, fashionable in Mamluk times. The
small cup, belonging to our collection, is illustrated here as an example:
>klUl dlll
jyV.
Balog (23, 4.68) Plate XXIV.
ALEPPO
Non-heraldic
DATE MISSING
Field divided into two segments by a
horizontal double line.
Note the word "months," preceding the missing date. The formula <- JJ4i,
was in traditional use on the coins of the Dehli sultans. It was probably borrowed
from there.
T jJU\ dill olUJl
'
Heraldic
Fleur de lis
793 H.!
Border: rigid circular cable to left, be-
tween two circular lines. In center fleur-
de-lis flanked by four pellets.
J.

Inner circle. Center:
L 967 (14, 1.78) Plate XXIV, 593a. Jungfleisch (17, 1.78).
(14, 2.15) Plate XXIV, 593b; (14, 2.20).
Balog, two specimens:
The date is tJ: i^., probably 793 H,
Heraldic
Lion passant in Jesse
UNDATED
three segments.
Upper segment: ^.U;
Central segment: lion passant to right,
tail curled back.
Lower segment: y>
Miles, Antioch 19o.
Heraldic
Central segment: dlill
Fesse | Lion passant and cup
Field divided by two double horizontal
Upper segment: y j+ Lion passant to left, long tail curled back,
ending in a tuft. Above the lion, a chalice,
flanked on the left by leaf-shaped orna-
Lower segment: j*>jc ment and on the right, by the tuft of the
tail.
Although there is no proper name or date on the coin, it most certainly belongs to
Barquq. The lakab does not occur in a sultan's name until much later, when

the style of the coins has changed considerably; the composite blazon (lion and
chalice) is also that of Barquq.
BM, T. R. Stewart 1946 (16) Plate XXIV, 595a; Sir R. Burn 1949 8-3-421. ANS, two
specimens: (16, 2.42) Plate XXIV, 595b; (16, 2.13); Antioch hoard, 53 coins (diam. from
15 to 19 mm.) Munchen. PAM. Balog, two specimens: (16) Plate XXIV, 595c;
(15) Plate XXIV, 595 d.
Barquq Second Reign
269
HAMAH
Non-heraldic
799 H.
oIkul
jtM dill
Field divided into segments by three
horizontal lines.
;L*? >-, j+
This is an unusual coin, with the "memento mori" = Ctej o^lL jfon the reverse.
It would not be surprising if it were an allusion to the danger of Mongol invasion,
which was avoided only because of Timur's military campaign against Toqtamish,
khan of the Golden Horde, a campaign which fully occupied Timur's armies.
BM, A. N.Clemenger 8-5-1936; no number. Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, seven specimens:
(27, 5.13) Plate XXV, 596a; (23, 4.58) Plate XXV, 596b; (22, 4.30) Plate XXV, 596c;
(23. 4.51); (a1. 3 i3); (24. 5 08); (22, 4.20).
Heraldic
Lion in fesse
undated
597. Border on both sides: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into
j - three segments (fesse).
dllloUJl Upper segment: jU
(j. sic) a y ytlkll
Central segment: lion passant to left, tail

curled back.
Lower segment: y
Balog, four specimens: (25,4.52) long tail; (23, 4.02) long tail; (22,4.82) short tail, Plate
XXV, 597a; (21,4.36) long tail, small bush behind the lion; Plate XXV, 597b. Miles,
Aniioch 189. is in the upper segment, Hamah (not quite fully preserved) 1n the lower
segment.
Heraldic
Composite blazon
undated
27o
diill) olkUl
Inner circle. Center:
Upper segment:
Central segment: wide chalice between
two polosticks (?); in left upper corner
small crescent.
Lower segment: iLtf
Balog (19, 3.4o) Plate XXV.
Heraldic
Fesse, bendy / Eagle
Field divided by horizontal bar,
into three segments, bendy to left
with eleven pieces.
Upper segment: dill
Lower segment: yklk)l
Eagle with head turned to right, wings
inverted. On the breast:
Only contours drawn, design rather
primitive.
ANS (14, o.9o) Plate XXV; Antioch hoard (17); (17); (19).
Heraldic

Waterwheel / Fesse
UNDATED
600. Border: circular line in border of dots. Waterwheel (whirling rosette) with eight
, . , ,.. sickle-shaped spokes curved clockwise.
Field divided by two honzontal lines
Upper segment: iL*s
Central segment: -ykUkJi dill
Lower segment: >->
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 282, no. 3. Balog, three specimens: (17) Plate XXV, 6ooa; (16);
(14) Plate XXV, 6oo b.
Barquq Second Reign
271
Non-heraldic
UNDATED
601. Border: on both sides circular line in circle of large dots.
Field on both sides, divided into two halves by horizontal line.
dlll
ANS (17, 2.60) Plate XXV, 601 a; Antioch hoard; (18) Plate XXV, 601 b: Five more
specimens, diam. between 16 and 18 mm.
TRIPOLI
Heraldic
Lion passant
789 H.
Part of clockwise marginal legend
(reconstructed):
j>M dill cAUUl
Inner circle, in which large lion
passant to left, knotted tail curled
back.
Field divided by horizontal line:
Balog (23, 6.23) Plate XXV.
Heraldic
Fesse / Fleur-de-lis
UNDATED
Border of dots, in which circular cable to
left, between two circular lines.

Center: fleur-de-lis, flanked by two pellets.
603. Border of dots, in which circular line.
into three segments.
Upper segment: }> ^^>
Central segment: ^lWl dill
Lower segment: Âl
L 969 (14, 1.79) Plate XXV, 603 a. BMC 321 (20) erroneously listed under the Ayyubid
al-Zahir Ghazi. Plate XXV, 603b.
272
Non-heraldic
DATE MISSING OR UNDATED
ykltll dill ^JLl>
Ashmol. (14) Plate XXV.
Heraldic
Fesse
UNDATED
605. Border on both sides: circular line, in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines In the field, arabesque knot,
Upper segment: 0 j+
Central segment: yM\ dill
Lower segment: ^-Ll J
Balog (20) Plate XXV, 605 a; (15) Plate XXV, 605 b.
Heraldic
Fesse | Waterwheel
undated
Field divided by two horizontal lines Waterwheel with eight sickle-shaped
into three segments. spokes, curved clockwise.
Upper segment: ^-1l J
Central segment: j0k!l dill
Lower segment: o J*

ANS (13). This coin is similar to the Hamah fals with waterwheel, except the mint.
Barquq Second Reign
273
MINT MISSING
Heraldic
Fesse / Lion passant
Field divided by two horizontal lines Lion passant to right, with tail curled
into three segments. back, knot at the end.
Upper segment: ._ija
Central segment: l olUJl (sic)
Lower segment: writing effaced.
Munchen (14, 1.85).
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Fesse, (bendy) I Eagle
Field divided by horizontal bar, bendy Eagle of primitive design, head turned to
of eleven pieces to left, into three seg- right, wings inverted,
ments.
Lower segment:
Upper segment: dlill
ANS, Antioch hoard, two specimens: (18) Plate XXV, 608a; (18) Plate XXV, 608b and
eight more specimens, diam. between 15 and 19 mm. Balog (15) eagle probably double-
headed; not certain, as this part of the coin is much effaced Plate XXV, 608c.
Heraldic
Six-petaled rosette

Var. a) No pellets around the rosette
*609. Border on both sides: circular line in border of pellets.
Field divided by horizontal line: In the field, six-petaled rosette.
dill
ANS (20,1.84) Plate XXV; Antioch hoard (20, 1.84); seven more specimens, diam. be-
tween 15 and 22 mm.
IS
274
Var. b) Six pellets around the rosette
*610. As above. As above, but six large pellets around the
rosette.
ANS, Antioch hoard. (15) Plate XXV; more specimens, diam. between 15 and 18 mm.
Miinchen (18, 1.61).
Heraldic
Lion passant
Field divided by double horizontal Lion passant to left, tail curled back,
line into two segments:
dill
Miinchen (18, 1.61).
Non-heraldic
612. Border on both sides: circular line in border of dots.
Field divided by horizontal line: Two pairs of parallel lines, arranged cross-
^ wise. Pellets in the center and the corners.
Bicuspid ends to the cross.
dill
ANS, Antioch hoard, two specimens: (16) Plate XXVI, 612a; (16) Plate XXVI, 612b;
14 more specimens, diam. between 16 and 18 mm. Balog (18) Plate XXVI, 612 c.
A whole series of small copper coins, either with or without mint do not have the
sultan's proper name, only his laqab, al-Zahir. None of them is dated. Nevertheless
we attribute them without hesitation to Barqiiq, for the following reasons: as we
have already pointed out for the Aleppo fals type D), with fesse and lion passant with
cup above it, the style of the legends, the composite blazons and the general appear-

ance of the coins suggest Barquq's period. Since Baybars I, no other Bahri sultan had
Barquq, Second Reign
275
the same laqab, and after him al-Zahir Tatar, who reigned a very short time, left no
copper coins. The next al-Zahir was Jaqmaq, and at his time the style and fabric of
the copper coins had already changed to such an extent that mistaking the coins of
the one for those of the other is quite unlikely. Finally, most of the coins in question
are represented in the "Antioch hoard" of the American Numismatic Society. This
hoard contains coins of a period not earlier than al-Ashraf Sha'ban and not later
than Barquq. Therefore, coins with the laqab al-Zahir, which are similar to those of

the Antioch hoard, can be attributed to Barquq without any doubt.
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DIN ABU AL-SA'ADAT FARAJ
iST REIGN: 801-808 H. = 1399-1405 A.D.
AL-MANSUR <IZZ AL-DlN 'ABD AL-'AZlZ 808-809 H. = 1405-1406 A.D.
No coins.
AL-NAIR NAIR AL-DlN ABC AL-SA'ADAT FARAJ
2ND REIGN: 809-815 H. = 1406-1412 A.D.
Faraj had ruled for seven years when he was overthrown by his brother, al-Mansur
'Abd al-'Aziz, who in turn became sultan. The latter was, however, deposed after two
months and Faraj once again occupied the throne until his assassination in 815 H.
Although Faraj's reign was cut in two by 'Abd al-'Aziz's revolt, the interregnum lasted
two months only and caused no interruption in Faraj's coinage. We have dinars of
808 as well as of 809 H., and we believe, therefore, that it is not necessary to list the
coins in two different series.
Faraj's reign is distinguished by two attempts at radical monetary reforms. The
first was to reinstate the ancient gold dinar to its former position as the monetary
standard, the second, to create a new gold coin based on the weight of the Venetian
sequin. The first reform, introduced in 804, lasted only two years and ended in
complete failure. It is noteworthy that even during these two years (804-5 H.), the
emission of the accustomed coin-ingots of irregular weight was not discontinued, as
if the authorities had, from the beginning, some misgivings as to the effect of the
reform.
The second reform was, at least at its face value, more lasting, as the sequin-type
gold coin was adopted by Faraj's successors and was maintained to the very end of
the dynasty.
Gold
CAIRO, 801 H.
large flan
276

Faraj
277
dlm lkul <
(j, sic) > cbUl _y aj)\s Lull ^ *u' 4" V
BMC 641 (25,6.91). L 971 (5.55) date incomplete, but this variety occurs only in 801 H.
Johnston, "Mohammedan Coins."
614. Border as above, on both sides.
. As above.
,\ j*U\ dill lkUl
"jjj, dill
L 976 (11.40) date incomplete, but belongs to this variety. Balog (30, 7.75) Plate XXVI.
803 H.
615. . ... As above.
_^LJ| dlll lkUl
Balog (26, 9.50) Plate XXVI. Horovitz.
804 H.
*616. ;yilill As above.

Balog (27, 11.13) Plate XXVI.
278
805 H.
617. As 803 H., but date at the end of
As above.
first line: aJf
BMC 643 (25, 16.85).
806 H.
*618. As 803 H., but date at the end of As above.
first line: o-
Balog, four specimens: (30,10. 21) Plate XXVI; (25, 5.27); (27,10.29); (25, 9 52).
two specimens: (25, 9.43); (26, 11.71) holed.
807 H.
619. As 803 H., but date at the first line: As above.
Khediv. 1552. Ashmol. Horovitz (1.62) Quarter-dinar. Thorburn (11.30).
808 H.
620. As 803 H., but date at the first line:
CM"
ANS (25, 6.21). Horovitz (8.20).
As above.
809 H
621. As 801 H. Var. A.), but date at the
end of first line:
As above.
Balog (24, 7.87). Horovitz (30, 13.60).
810 H.

622. As 803 H. but date at the end of
first line:
As above.
Balog (26, 5.93) Plate XXVI. Horovitz (9.78).
Faraj
279
and last line:
Khediv. 1553.
DATE MISSING
BMC (24, 10.69). Horovitz, six specimens: (9.40); (10.70); (8.65); (11.60); (25, 2.70)
Half-dinar; (10.60).
CAIRO, 1ST REFORM (MITHQAL-sTANDARD), 804-805 H.
The coins of this series belong to the traditional dinar or monetary-mithqal system;
the weight is 4.25 grm., with only a few centigrams margin for error; in fact, only
the Umayyad dinars surpass them in accuracy. The reform was introduced by the
governing amir (ustadar) Sayf al-Din Ilbugha b. 'Abdullah al-Salimi al-Zahiri. The
new dinars were called dinar al-Salimi by contemporary sources. Although Maqrizi
puts the date of the reform in the year 803 H., the earliest coins are dated 804 H.;
we also have dinars of 805 H., but not from any subsequent year.
As mentioned above, the unit was the dinar, but we have the double and triple
dinar also.
804 H.
Border missing.
*624. Border circular line.
jkM dill j, _Ûl dlll IkUl
Double inner circle; center:
Balog (20, 4.29) Plate XXVI.
(<ul omitted) ua> Ml ^Jl L j
ju* *ul Ml Jl V

J^)L 4!u.jl 41)l Jj-J
JC .jjij jLl Cfj')
805 H.
*625. Border: circular line, to which is
attached an external linear deka-
hexalobe.
Linear deka-hexalobe.
As above.
Jja Cr. dIll lUUl
Inner circle; center: gj
Balog, two specimens: (21,4.35) PlateXXVI,625 a; (24,12.90) Triple-dinar. PlateXXVI,
625b. Horovitz, two specimens: (22, 8.46) Double-dinar; (22, 8.55) Double-dinar.
280
*626. Border: only circular line on the flan. As above.
Jyj JLfl}\ j, jM\ dill UJl
Inner circle; center: _>
Horovitz, two specimens: (20, 4.24) Plate XXVI; (20, 4.27).
DATE MISSING
Clockwise marginal legend: As above.
Jya jM & jJd\ dill lUJl
.... ; * Ul I o
Inner circle (a little wider); center:
Balog (18, 2.17) Half-dinar Plate XXVI.
CAIRO, 2ND REFORM (SEQUIN-sTANDARD), 810-814 H.
According to Maqrizi, the sequin-type gold coin of 3.50 grm. was introduced in
811 H., yet we have several specimens of 810 H., which fixes the date of the second
reform a year earlier. Contemporary with the new dinar Ndsiri, the striking of the
old type coin-ingots was discontinued, the last emission being that of 810 H.
810 H.
628. Border: dotted circle. Border: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal *^ *'4" *
lines (fesse): **' J^-j.4**
Upper segment: r_> <$> *L*.>l
Central segment: Ûl dill olWLJl ^ y>

Lower segment: Jjj. j, *.V & s
BMC 645 (20, 3.54). Khediv. 1556, 1557. L 973 (3.52). Munchen. Balog, three
specimens: (18,3.45) Qahirah: *li)k Plate XXVI, 628a;(17, 3.47); (19, 3.50) Qahirah:
;ÛJl Plate XXVI, 628b.
Faraj
281
812 H.
629. As above. As above, but date at the last line:
L 974 (3.32). Khediv. 1558. Balog (17, 3.36) date at the last line on the rev.: 3 ^l
813 H.
630. As above. As above, but last two lines:
BMC 646 (17, 3.43). Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.43); (17, 3.42) Three written: O5fe
814 H.
631. As above. As above, but last two lines:
<1- ^ - . J-
BMC 647 (17, 3.37). Khediv. 1555.
NO MINT, BUT PROBABLY STRUCK IN CAIRO
81o H.
632. As above. .il Vl <)l M
Balog (19, 3.47). ANS, two coins.
814 H.
633. Border on both sides: dotted circle.
J> > ^ Ull Ml <ll M
-ui dm oiwui Jr-|'uf
. /..>> - -

Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo.
282
ALEXANDRIA
Large flan
81o H.
ûi diii iuji
i *J)i X* Ml ^l U J
aîblMUlM
jy^. îui dill
Balog, two specimens: (26, 1o.18) Plate XXVII, 634a; (25, 7.62) Plate XXVII, 634b.
The mint-name Port of Alexandria, i jxL ji, occurs only on these two coins and
on a dinar of al-AshrafKhalil. See the introduction, p. 5o. Horovitz (1o.o2) as above,
but the mint is ijxC only, without js.
Large flan
635. dill lUJl ji* j. v>
^> JrjJl 3 L.jJi <ul Ml' <)l V
yklUl dill olUJl J *\ Jj->.U*
BMC 647,1c (22, 7.26). Horovitz.
Large flan
636. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
Ml ^Jl Uj
i <ui Ml <)i M il
aii a. ^ 0l j ui j;i ^' ^

^ al ji
Khediv. 1554. Balog (25, 9.78) Plate XXVII, 636a. Horovitz (26,1o.o) Plate XXVII,
636 b.
Faraj
283
Large flan
637. Border missing. Border: circular line.
u.\\J*. *70** As above.
dill UJ\
IUl <ill| olUJl a rj
<ul uli. ^_ y
Horovitz (28, 8.10) Plate XXVII.
Large flan
638. Ûl dill olLUl As above, but last line:
... l dill oujl ...
BMC 642 (25, 7.32).
Silver
PROBABLY CAIRO
The few existing coins of this category are all cut dirhems, with only a fraction of
the legends on the flan, the mint and date always missing. The arrangement of the
legends and style of writing are, however, similar to the Cairo silver emissions.
The coins are, therefore, provisionally listed here, although one or the other might
belong to some other mint. Future finds may give more precise information.
ul H\ 4)l V
....*]! oLJl jsp .... <^-9
^ CrfJC'M

L 1143 7 (13, 2.83) Plate XXVII.
284
dill olkUl
r> nil VUM V
nil al J
Miinchen, date 804 or 814 H.,as the decade is missing. Damascus, date at the last line
of reverse: ilc'lcj jtej js\ o. =8i2H.; date missing, 2 specimens of 10mm. diam. each.
Thorburn.
... l jl jjt ^.u| <ul vl 4n v
U sic) ... ui. ,. ... {i
Balog (9,13) Plate XXVII.
DAMASCUS
Only a handful of coins belong to this series, some with the date 810 or 811 H. On
the majority, however, the date is missing. The arrangement of the legends is similar
to the 789 H. emission of Jarkass al-Khalili struck in Barquq's name.
810 H.
Clockwise marginal legend: yJ*
a Jl 3 L Jl jji jJU\ cUll olUJl al Vl 4,l ^
Inner circle; center: i W lc* j
Balog, two specimens: (19, 2.28) Plate XXVII, 642a; (16, 2.47) Plate XXVII, 642b.
Damascus (15) cut dirhem.
811 H.
*643 As above. As above, but date at the last line:

ilc'lc j jHe. ul
Balog (18, 3.12).
Faraj
285
DATE MISSING
Balog, eight specimens: (17,4.30) Double dirhem; (16, 2.50); (16, 2.60); (16, 2.35); (16,
2.80); (17, 2.41); (19, 2.52); (11, 1.65) Half dirhem (cut dirhem). Damascus, eleven cut
dirhems, one round dirhem.
644. Border missing. Linear dodekalobe.
<sJM U-iiJl *ul Vl 4ll M
... JLiJl ^Ûl w^y*
ml
Balog (17, 2.65) Plate XXVII.
Although the date and the sultan's proper name are missing, there is no doubt
about the attribution to Faraj. The last Bahri sultan with the laqab al-Nasir was
al-Nasir Hasan, the next Burji, al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qa'itbay. The silver of
both is known and quite different in style and arrangement of legends.
Uncertain dirhems
Soret, 26 lettre, 174 no details. Beyram 276 no details.
Copper
There are no fulus of Cairo.
ALEXANDRIA
803 H.?
645. On a small flan, similar to the Alexandria copper of the later Bahri sultans or those
of Barquq. The date is not certain, as the last word on the reverse is only partly
preserved and difficult to read.
Border missing.
Ûl dill

ol]jl*Jl]^l
gram, with trefoil in each small segment
between border and hexagram.
Center:
286
807 H.
646. Border missing. Border: linear dekalobe.
Inner circle; center: rj
ANS (22, 2.96) Plate XXVII, 646a; (16, 2.83) square Ban. Plate XXVII, 646b.
Center: \jjJL, j+
4.U JU JM
647. Reconstructed border:
linear tetralobe.
dill olUJl
DAMASCUS
801 H.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis chalice
Border missing, but probably linear mul-
tilobe, similar to Barquq's Damascus coins.
In center, fleur-de-lis chalice, around
which legend:
For specimen dated 802 H. cf. infra p. 397.
648. As above.
803 H.
As above, but digit of the date at left:

649. As above.
806 H.
As above, but digit of the date at left:
Faraj
287
DATE MISSING
Munchen. Balog, three specimens: (19, 3.05); (19, 4.05); (22, 4.10).
810 H.
Non-heraldic
Field divided by two thick horizontal Linear triangle with undulated sides,
cables to left. Around it, partly preserved clockwise
Only central segment on the flan: marginal legend.
In the triangle: IU olc'j
PAM (16) Plate XXVII. Thorburn.
811 H.
Non-heraldic
Clockwise marginal legend: ji* J> î
ajJlj LJl jji dill 0lUJl vl V
Inner circle; center: <ul J^.ja^
L 978 (15, 1.08) Plate XXVII, 651a. ANS (19, 2.63) Plate XXVII, 651b.
DATE MISSING
652. Border? Border?
Field divided by two horizontal Marginal legend missing,
lines into three segments: In linear square:
ul an

Thorburn.
288
ALEPPO
802 H.
Non-heraldic
Obv.: Rev.
Miles var. A.
jkVS dill JS
j3O
(sic) i-.lc"bl
Miles var. B:
iJi
(sic) L.W* b|
Miles, Antioch 196Var. A, 43 specimens; 197Var. B, 12 specimens; 198 undetermined var.,
30 specimens. Beyram, two specimens, undetermined var. Dorn-Gamazoff p. 77, no. 4
ANS (24, 3.43). BM, Sir. R. Burn 1949 8-3-422. Miinchen. Balog, four specimens:
(23) Miles Var. B. Plate XXVII, 653a; (21, 4.40) Plate XXVII, 653b; (22); (21).
Obv.
ISP
Rev. A.
Rev. B.
803 H.
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis

of dots:
olLUl
Inner circle; center: fleur-de-lis
BM, John Walker pres. Miinchen. Balog, six specimens: (18,3.85) Plate XXVIII,
654a; (19, 2.73) Plate XXVIII, 654b; (19, 2.55); (22, 2.75) Plate XXVIII, 654c; (21,
3.55); (21).
Faraj
289
8o4 H.
Six-petaled rosette
dti\ olUJl
Inner circle; in center, six-petaled
rosette, with bicuspid petals.
Balog, two specimens: (21, 3.47) Plate XXVIII, 655a; (19, 3.17) Plate XXVIII, 655b.
UNDATED
Lion passant in /esse
*656. Mint missing on all four specimens, the coins are, however, similar to the Aleppo
fulus of Barquq, and we have attributed them, therefore to this mint.
Border missing on both sides.
_Ûi dill oUJi
Upper segment:
Central segment: lion passant to left.
Lower segment: _J*
Miles, Antioch 2oo, 2o1 and 2o2. Balog (2o, 2.57) Plate XXVIII.
HAMAH
UNDATED
Heraldic

Fesse
657. Very poorly preserved, this coin had to be reconstructed from seven specimens.
19
29o Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans
Upper segment: y <y
Central segment: dill IWi-Ji
Lower segment:
Four intersecting semi-circles produce a
sort of cross-shaped design. In the seg-
ments, spindles, in the two horizontal
branches wedge-like ornaments, in the
upper branch: o j+
and in the lower branch:
BMC 256 (19) probably this coin. Balog, seven specimens: (21) Plate XXVIII, 657a;
(22) Plate XXVIII, 657b; (23) Plate XXVIII, 657c; (17); (19); (22); (22).
(hamah al-mahrusa) undated
Non-heraldic
658. Border: circular line. Border missing.
Clockwise marginal legend: v>*
k> (jÛi dill) oULJl Jj*1I?
Inner circle; center: Jc
L 977 (18, 3.27) Plate XXVIII.
This is a puzzling legend. We do not know who 'Ali, J, in the obverse center, is.
The reading Hamah al-mahrusa is not absolutely certain.
undated
Heraldic

Composite blazon
*659. This unique little fals of irregular shape and roughly cut flan has exactly the same
composite blazon, as the corresponding copper coin of Barquq, struck at Hamah.
It is, therefore, although the mint is missing, listed under the Hamawi series. The
blazon, on the reverse, is a wide cup, flanked by a polo-stick (?) at right, by the end
of a polo-stick (?) at left, above which a crescent, the whole in the central segment of
the three-segmented field (fesse).
Faraj
291
Border missing on both sides. Upper segment: legend missing.
Field divided by two horizontal rows
of dots. Central segment:
Ul dill
Lower segment: legend missing.
Balog (12x19, 177) Plate XXVIII.
TRIPOLI
804 H.
Non-heraldic
*660. Border on both sides: circular line. Linear octogram, small trefoils in the seg-
. . ments between border and hexagram.
dtt&Jl Center:
Balog, five specimens: (23, 3.62) Plate XXVIII,660a; (24,3.80) Plate XXVIII, 660b;
(23. 3.25); (22,3.26); (21,3.85).
(Tarablus al-mahrusa) undated
Non-heraldic
*661. Border on both sides: thick circular line in 24-lobe.
LJl dill
Balog, two specimens: (22, 4.30) Plate XXVIII, 661 a; (21, 4.60) Plate XXVIII, 661 b.

9*
2g2
DATE MISSING
Heraldic
Fesse j Fleur-de-lis in fesse
Border missing.
Upper segment: legend missing: (gj)
Central segment: Ûl tilill
Lower segment: Jy/. (a.)
Upper segment: ÎjU <-jj*
Central segment: small fleur-de-lis in circle,
flanked right and left by floweret.
Lower segment: legend missing.
Balog (17, 2.28) Plate XXVIII.
*663. Border: linear circle.
DATE MISSING
Non-heraldic
Scalloped border.
In it, linear square, divided by hori-
zontal cable to left.
Upper oblong:
Lower oblong:

Left segment:
Right segment:
ObL-Jl y \
dill olUJl a
Balog (22, 4.99) Plate XXVIII.
DATE MISSING
Heraldic
Lion passant
Border missing.
Faraj
293
In the field, lion passant to left, tail curled
back, looped. Above:
Clockwise marginal legend:dill oUJi
Inner circle; center: six petaled
rosette.
ANS (16, 2.34). Balog (14) Plate XXVIII.
This coin may belong to Faraj as well as to Barquq, as the lion and the six-petaled
rosette are charges of father and son. The sultan's name or laqab are missing on both
specimens.
MINT MISSING
Non-heraldic
DATE MISSING
obLJi j.l jjd\ dill olUJi
Linear pentagon with ornamented edges.
Center: <a\
<ul
Peripheric segments: legends missing.
Windisch-Graetz 194 (20).
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
DATE MISSING

In it, linear hexagram with pellets in the
external angles and the small triangles. In
the center, fleur-de-lis.
cables to right, but only the lower
is on the flan.
Upper segment: missing.
Central segment: Ûl dill
Lower segment:
ANS (17, 2.85) the fleur-de-lis in the hexagram is often used at the Tripoli mint.
294
UNDATED
"667. Border missing on both sides.
twisted cables.
Large fleur-de-lis, top petal flanked by
ornaments.
Central segment: l dill \T3j^/
Lower segment: Jyj.a
Jungfleisch (16, 1.67) Plate XXIX.
Lion passant
DATE MISSING
Field divided by two horizontal rows Illegible traces of clockwise marginal
of dots. legend.
BMC 649 (22) Plate XXIX, 668a (Damascus?). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8-3-421. L1138
(3.87); 1139(4.14) Lavoix listed them as uncertain Mamluks; 1140 (4.05). ANS (20, 4.38).
Jungfleisch (22, 4.36) Plate XXIX, 668 b. Balog (18).
.... c> ....
Inner circle. In it, lion passant to left,
tail curled back.
dill
808 H.
Legends written in three horizontal

rows. Faraj's name enclosed in a
small central circle:
i lc \cj olc ....
dill oiUJl
Undulated inner circle; in it, lion passant
to left, tail curled back.
L 979 (20, 4.71) Plate XXIX, 669a; 980 (19) 4.13, Plate XXIX, 669b.

Faraj
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Fleur-de-lis
*670. Border:? Border: circular cable to left.
Clockwise marginal legend: In it, fleur-de-lis.
ol jLJl y\ Ûl dill ollJJl
Inner circle: Center:
ANS.
ABU AL-FADL AL-' ABBAS AL-MUSTA'IN BI'LLAH
815 H. = 1412 A.D.
Although he struck coins only because of his election to the sultanate, al-Mustaln
bi'llah styled himself amir al-mii'minin or al-imam al-a'zam on all his coins, except
the Cairo dirhems.
Gold
Cairo, 815 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
671. Border on both sides: circular line. il Ml <)l M
Field divided by two horizontal lines , ....
into three segments (fesse): _ ^
Upper ÛL ^J**..
segment: .....
Central cslJl ,Ji#Ml fL.Ml
segment: Jiill j.l <uli
? <ul ali?
Lower
segment:
(Traces of legend)
M. Hartmann, "Drei unedierte Silberstiicke..." mentions a dinar of this type in the Berlin
Museum. Damascus 59o6. Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.6o) Plate XXIX, 671a; (18,
3.48) Plate XXIX, 671b.
Regal title: the powerful imam, ^L.Vl.
Damascus, 815 H.
Heraldic
Fesse

672. Border on both sides: circular line. ji..*. v j+
Field divided by two horizontal l Ml <ll M
lines into three segments (fesse): <ul .
Upper segment: u-Ul - ^
'. ilcVj -ripj(->
Central segment: <ul
Lower segment: JiiJl l
L 981 (17, 3.38) Plate XXIX, 672a. Horovitz, two specimens: (17) Plate XXIX,
672b; (17, 3.4o) date missing. Moritz, "Additions au Catalogue de la Bibliotheque
KMdiviale," mentions the acquisition of a specimen.
Regal title: amir al-mii'minin, oo^ll
296
Al-Musta'In
297
Silver
MINT MISSING, BUT MUST BE CAIRO; 815 H.
Non-heraldic
Clockwise marginal legend: Field halved by horizontal line:
.->JC Ûl Jiill y \ Oll CUlJl <ittll oUUl Ml AJl M
Inner circle; center: *o*
L 982 (17, 1.48) Plate XXIX.
MINT MISSING, BUT MUST BE CAIRO; DATE MISSING
Non-heraldic
oca}\ jj-ui dill oUJi
Dotted circle; center:
ANS (16, 1.o2).
Field divided by a central horizontal
twisted cable and two horizontal lines;
only the central part on the flan:
<ul Ml Jl
Regal title on both Cairo dirhems: al-sultdn al-malik but on var. A.) with date
preserved, it is followed by the caliphal title, amir al-miPminin.
Damascus, 815 H.
Heraldic
Buqjah

298
Linear diamond, with concave sides.
In the peripheric segments:
Large linear square. In the peripheric
segments:
LTR
iilc'lc i
BLT
In the diamond:
In the square:
M. Hartmann, "Drei unedierte Silberstucke.
(18,1.448). Balog (15) Plate XXIX.
three specimens: (23, 1.49); (19, 1.335);
*676. As above, but segments:
As above.

AU Beirut. Plate XXIX.
AL-MIPAYYAD SAYF AL-DIN ABU AL-NASR SHAYKH
815-824 H. = 1412-1421 A.D.
Striking of gold was confined to Egypt during this reign; in 815 and 816 H. Cairo
continued to issue the new, sequin-weight gold coins, but we do not know for how
long, because no dinars have been found from the subsequent years. Then, in 821 H.
a fresh attempt was made at the revival of the classical mithqal-weight dinar, a futile
attempt which was discontinued at the death of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh. Contempor-
ary, however, with the emission of mithqal-type dinars, the Alexandria mint issued
large, Bahri-type coins (ingots) of undetermined weight, just as if the sultan could
not decide on the measures to be taken to meet the economic crisis.
It is to be noted that after al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's death, the Alexandria mint
ceased to function altogether.
Gold
CAIRO
Sequin-Type Issues
815 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: ^^Jl 3, (sic)
Oil Ml All
Central segment: *J.\ dill olUJl
Lower segment: -di
BMC 65o (17, 3.43) Shaykh written: ^t.. Khediv. 1559. Balog (17, 3.2o) Plate XXIX,
Shaykh written: î..

299
3oo
816 H.
Heraldic
Fesse
Field divided by two horizontal lines As above, but date:
Upper segment: jwi_rJl y, (sic) c
Central segment: j^l dUll olUUl
Lower segment: j
Bergmann, Shaykh written: Wien 743 (17, 3.50) Shaykh written: BM, Ebeian
1938 6-5-2 (17) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: î. Horovitz, two specimens: (17, 3 40)
Shaykh written: (18, 3.50) Shaykh written: î. Fonrobert 6575 (18,3.40) same type.
Mithqal-Weight Emission
821 H.
Non-heraldic
Clockwise marginal legend: *ul
L. ;jOL y> ^ y.) dill olUJl ^ UJ
Inner circle; centertftfwtftf
Khediv. 1560.
823 H.

JLll,
Balog (18, 4.37) Plate XXIX.
Shaykh
Half-mithqal, 823 H.
as above
L 1142 (15, 2.o6) Plate XXIX, listed by Lavoix as uncertain Mamluk.
ALEXANDRIA
Large-flan gold
818 H.
682. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
a. .^l dill olkLJl juii ill Ml <ll M
BMC 651 (15, 9.16) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: ^
*683. olc* - e As above, but ending at:
j,^1l dill oikui
aii Oiîl j f*-Ml
(ilcVj îc <Cl* nil)

Balog (24, 6.85) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: î.
3o2
823 H.
*684. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
i jxC ^1 jo As above, but ending at: j &
j, jli dill olkui
XX XX
l aU. OuL_Ii 3 pL.
Ashmol. (27, 7.65) Plate XXX, Shaykh written:
MINT MISSING, BUT ALEXANDRIA TYPE
DIGIT OF DATE MISSING: 82- H.
U]Jl a- jojIi dill olki[Ji As above.
l ol^L. j^Ji j;l ^-Jlfj
ilcY
BMC 652 (23, 7.2o).
Until recently al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's silver was scarce. Only about thirty coins
were known, to which number may be added another score in the Horovitz collection,
which, however, for the time being is not available for examination.
The coin material consisted of specimens struck in Cairo, Damascus and Aleppo
between 817 and 819 H., and one of the year 815. Most of the coins weigh between
o.9o and 1.36 grams, three are somewhat heavier (1.61,1.62 and 1.67) and one in the
Thorburn collection approaches the full dirhem (2.6o). One small piece seems to be
a quarter dirhem (o.65). The number of coins is too small to determine the denomin-
ation on which the bulk of the emissions was based.
A lot of 222 silver coins, struck in the name of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, turned up
recently and was purchased by us. This important lot, evidently a hoard, completes

to a large extent our knowledge of this sultan's coinage. The manuscript of the
present work was, however, already deposited for publication at the American
Numismatic Society in New York at that time, so that it was not possible to include
the newly acquired coins in the catalogue at their proper place, without completely
upsetting the numbering of the entire work. The description of the hoard has there-
fore been added at the end of the catalogue as a supplement and the illustrations are
reproduced on Plates XLII and XLIII.
Shaykh
3o3
CAIRO
815 H.
*686. Border on both sides: linear multilobe in circle of dots.
Small central square medallion with
rounded corners. The sides are con-
nected with the border by a straight
line.
Clockwise legend in the segments
(reconstructed):
l 1\ <Jl l -i
L.L.
L.R.
U.R.
U.L.
oikui
Center:
Balog (15, o.98) Plate XXX.
About one third broken off; even so, there is no doubt that the original weight was
around 1.3o when intact, therefore, the coin is a half-dirhem.
817 H.
This emission, as well as all the subsequent issues of Cairo are of one and the same
type.
Border on both sides: two festooned, scalloped intersecting ribbons; each ribbon
consists of a line of dots between two parallel simple lines.
Thorburn, two specimens: (2.6o); (1.3o). Balog, four specimens: (18, 1.67); (15, 1.34)

Plate XXX, (15, 1.35); (14, o.65).
(cf. Balog, hoard infra p. 387, nos. A, B, C, Plate XLII).
304
DATE WITH DECADE
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 388, no. D, Plate XLII.)
818 H.
DATE WITH DECADE, BUT WITHOUT CENTURY
688. As above, but last line:
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.29); (16, 1.35).
DATE WITH DECADE AND CENTURY, THE LATTER IN DIVERSE STAGES OF COMPLETION
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 388, nos. E, F, Plate XLII.)
819 H.
*689. As above, but last line: As above.
ANS (15,1.31). Balog, six specimens: (16,1.33) PlateXXX,689a; (15,1.35) Plate XXX,
689b; (14, 1.30) Plate XXX, 689c; (13, 1.27); (13, 0.91); (12, 1.10).
All half dirhems. ilc'W in different stages of completion, (cf. Balog, hoard, infra
p. 389, nos. G, H, Plate XLII.)
BMC 653 (15. 1.23). ANS (13).
For dated 820 H., 821 H., and undated cf. Balog, hoard, infra pp. 389-390, nos. I, J,
K,L,M, Plates XLII and XLIII.
DAMASCUS
690. All coins issued in Damascus are half-dirhems.
Border: as on the Cairo coins.
tlclc* jt* ** syWl
DATE MISSING
817 H?
j.J\ dill

J** .
al Ml All'
iWWJ(?)>u(?)G-
L 984 (1.21).
Shaykh
3o5
818 H.
DATE WITH DECADE AND CENTURY
ANS, two specimens: (13,1.35); (13, 1.36). Balog, two specimens: (13,1.o6) Plate XXX,
691a; (13, 1.28) Plate XXX, 691b.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. N, Plate XLIII).
DATE WITH CENTURY BUT WITHOUT DECADE
Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.3o) Plate XXX, 692a; (15, 1.21) Plate XXX, 692b.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. O, Plate XLIII).
819 H.
DATE WITH DECADE BUT WITHOUT CENTURY
692. a (cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. P, Plate XLIII).
693. As above; but last line: As above.
Khediv. 1561. Balog (13, 1.28) Plate XXX.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. Q, Plate XLIII). For specimens dated 82o H. and
undated cf. Balog, hoard, infra pp. 391-392, nos. R, S, Plate XLIII).
ALEPPO
817 H.
Digit of date only, on first line of reverse
694.
^l y} <ul -Sun H
a,-jii diiii <^>

Balog (13, 1.36) Plate XXX, 694a.
(cf. Balog, hoard, for additional specimens, infra, p. 392, nos. T, U, Plate XLIII).
3o6
818 H.
Date on last line of rev.
*695. As above. As above, but last line: o ,
Balog (13, 1.62) Plate XXX.
(__ on the right of oW" of the date is not clear; it may stand for <~, year?
(cf. Balog, hoard, for additional specimens undated infra, pp. 392-393, nos. V,W, Z,
Plate XLIII).
Copper
Marcel Jungfleisch published a fals which he attributed to al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
(BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45-5o). His attribution seems to be due to an error of reading
and the coin belongs to a Burji sultan whose title is al-Ashraf. There are no copper

coins of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh.
AL-MUZAFFAR SHIHAB AL-DlN ABU AL-SA'ADAT AHMAD
824 H. = 1421 A.D.
Only one large flan dinar, two dirhems and a unique fals exist of this sultan who
reigned about six months.
Gold
CAIRO, 824 H.
*696. Border on both sides: linear deka-hexalobe, each small arch pointed outwards.
^ J,-j-u# <al Ml 4)l M
ObLJl y\ J\ dill lkLJl
Damascus 10857 (27) Plate XXX.
Ringed, holed. Note the invocation: 4! <ul uli and additional title: oU*l-
OwL-llJf%.M|.
Silver
Hamah, 824 H.
697. Border on both sides: two festooned, entwined ribbons, composed of two parallel
lines, between them a line of dots. Similar to the border of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's
dirhems.
jjt\ V ;U;y>
^ <ul Ml 4)ll M
cUill olLLJl Jj-j-u*
*698. Border as above.
ml at <ul Ml 4ll M
>lldill

307
Copper
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
Heraldic
Lion passant
699. Border not recorded.
Clockwise marginal legend: In the field: lion passant to left.
obLJi 3,\ aJl jitll dill oUJl Above: v>
Inner circle; center: aa-l Underneath: J-**

Karabacek, "Zur Orientalischen Miinzkunde" No. 1o.
AL-ZAHIR ABU AL-FATH SAYF AL-DlN TATAR
824 H. 1421 A.D.
Silver
700. JA> Profession of faith formula.
^blUl dill
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12389 unique, the author gives no detailed description and no illustra-
tion of the coin. Mint and date are not recorded.

309
AL-$ALIH NASIR AL-DlN MUHAMMAD
824-825 H. = 1421-1422 A.D.
Silver
Border as on al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's and al-Muzaffar Ahmad's silver.
701. JUldUl ....
y a) J^-ja^
702. jJUl dill .J*
al **l i)l M
vwO a' J^-j-^

310
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR SAYF AL-DlN BARSBAY
825-841 H. = 1422-1438 A.D.
4>l J
Gold
The sequin-weight has been definitely adopted for the gold issues, and a new
arrangement of the legends, in four rows between horizontal cables, is also an in-
novation.
CAIRO
829 H.
703. Border on both sides: Circle of small diamonds alternating with pellets.
Field on both sides divided by three horizontal rigid cables to left.
<w 2?
v*"
ilt lc } 3 ^j^)L
BMC 655 (19, 3.43); 656 (19, 3.41). Khediv. 1563, 1564. Vog. 1551 (20). Erman
no. 6 (18). Balog, four specimens: (21,3.40) Plate XXXI, 703a; (19, 3.41); (19, 3.38)
Plate XXXI, 703b; (19, 3.41).
For additional specimen infra p. 398, Plate XLIV, C.
830 H.
704.
Thorburn. Possibly the digit of the date is missing: 83 H.
For additional specimen infra p. 398, Plate XLIV, D.
831 H.
Balog (18, 3.34) Plate XXXI, (holed).

3"
312
834 H.
Beyram 278. ANS (18, 3.40); (16, 3.41). Balog (20, 3.40) Plate XXXI.
835 H.
L 986 (17, 3.41). BMC 656, m (17, 3.41). Windisch-Graetz 195 (17, 3.39).
836 H.
L 987 (3.42). Jungfleisch (19, 3.35).
837 H.
Siouffi p. 19. ANS (17, 3.40). Balog (18, 3.40) Plate XXXI.
838 H.
L988 (3.41); 989 (3.41).
840 H.
*711. As above, but date: As above.
y*'^ Crr.Jl J*
841 H.

ANS (17, 3.40).
BarsbAy
313
DATE MISSING
Fraehn, Bericht... 1840; Nova Suppl. p. 95, no. 7.aa. Two specimens. Cunha 1510,1511.
White-King 2243 (3.30). Schulman Nov. 1907, no. 911. BMC 657, 658 and 659. ANS,
six specimens. Bern, two specimens. Wien 7529 (3.42); 7971 (3.90); 7972 (3.35).
DAMASCUS
713. Border on both sides: linear multilobe.
As above, but first line: As above.
Last line with date missing.
BMC 659, d (17, 3.43). Balog (19, 3.40). Thorburn 840 H. personal communication.
Silver
Barsbay's silver coins belong to two types: the early issues of Damascus (and a
solitary coin of Hamah) have a marginal legend and a central inscription on the
obverse, whereas the later emissions of Damascus, Aleppo and Hamah are inscribed
with horizontal legends on both sides. In view of the marked differences, the coins
will be listed according to types.
Type I. Early Emissions
On all coins, border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend;
inner circle, central legend.
DAMASCUS
UNDATED
Without indication of value
714. Clockwise marginal legend:
.^je. j,| o dill 3lUJl Ji J.

BMC, two specimens: 661 (13, 0.90). Blau 310. ANS (14, 2.26); (12, 1.05). Balog,
nine specimens: (15, 2.10) Rev.: y j+ Plate XXXI, 714 a;
(15, 2.22) as above Plate XXXI, 714b; (15,1.96) as above Plate XXXI, 714c; (17, 1.85)
as above; (16, 2.00) as above; (15, 2.04) as above; (12, 1.02) as above; (16, 2.00) Rev.:
(16. 2.06) as above Plate XXXI, 7146!.
With indication of value
*715. Clockwise marginal legend:
.' >! Ml 4i ^
ANS, three specimens: (16, 2.20); (16,2.24); (13,1.00). BM, J.-Harrison Ball 1938 5-13-
26 (14, 1.06). Jungfleisch (15, 2.05). Balog (15, 1.94) Plate XXXI.
i + i c/3 qj
*716. Clockwise marginal legend as above. As above.
Balog, seven specimens: (13, 1.02) Plate XXXI, 716a; (13, 1.00) Plate XXXI, 716b;
(14, 1.02); (14, 1.00); (13, 1.06); (12, 1.06); (12, 1.01).
with date
i+i
825 H.
717. Clockwise marginal legend: As above.
^Jr .1* ^L.^ cSUl olkUl
itclcj CjJ^3
0s j
L 1001 (12, 1.08); 1002(12,1.08) Lavoix's reading of the obverse center as \ dirhem, ^jj^j

is to be corrected. ANS (13, 0.95). Ashmol. (Bodl.) (14) Plate XXXI. ^
Barsbay
315
827 H.
*718. Marginal legend as above, but date: As above.
5.1c* lc* j r"
Center as above.
BM, J.-Harrison Ball 1938 5-13-25 (13, 1.09); John Walker pres. 1951 (12, 0.64). Balog
(13, 1.06) Plate XXXI.
HAMAH
Clockwise marginal legend: As above, but first line:
ANS (16, 2.07) date missing. Plate XXXI.
Type II. Late Emissions
DAMASCUS
832 H.
Non-heraldic
<al Ml 4ll
L 1000(1.97). ANS, four specimens: (16,2.05); (16,2.38); (16,2.03); (1.43) date missing;
four more specimens with date missing. BMC 660 (17, 1.95). BM, Rotlin 7-3-84-276
(17, 1.90). Balog, two specimens: (16, 2.20) Plate XXXI; (16, 2.12).
Heraldic
Chalice
*721. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
dill
*>

Oi^ 3 or1'
Balog (16, 2.10) Plate XXXI.
Ml Ml 4l M
316
835 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*722. As above, but last line: jS"*s ^Jt" As above.
Balog, two specimens: (16, 2.06) Plate XXXI; (16, 2.08).
836 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*723. As above, but last line: j^yej - As above.
ANS (14, 2.07). Balog, two specimens: (15, 2.06) Plate XXXI, 723a; (16, 2.03) Plate
XXXI, 723b.
837 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*724. As above, but last line: Ode - *i- As above.
ANS (15, 2.03). Balog (15) Plate XXXI.
839 H.
Heraldic
Chalice
*725. As above, but last line: oci: i- As above.
BM, Juliet Reeve pres. 1950 3-4-1. Ashmol., three specimens. ANS (16, 2.02).
date missing
Heraldic
Chalice

ANS (12, 1.02) Half-dirhem.
Barsbay
ALEPPO
Non-heraldic
838 H.
L 1003 (2.08); 1004 (2.13). Balog (16, 2.08) Plate XXXI.
oil Ml 4)l M
839 H.
*727. As above. As above, but last line: ..
Balog, three specimens: (18, 2.20) Plate XXXI; (17, 2.09); (15, 2.03).
Noury 379.
DATE MISSING
728. Border: circle of dots.
eWl 0UJl
;l*._,i*Je
Balog (15, 1.60) Plate XXXI.
HAMAH
827 H.
Border missing.
*ul Vl Al| V
*729. As above, but last two lines:
830 H.
As above.

Balog, two specimens: (14, 2.00) Plate XXXII; (15, 2.04).
3i8
Copper
Balog (15) Plate XXXII.
CAIRO, 83- H.
Non-heraldic
Border of dots. In the center, small square,
with illegible inscription. Around, four
petal-shaped segments. In the segments:
Heraldic
Fesse / Lion passant
731. Border: traces of circular line.
Upper segment: "ill dill
Central segment:?
Lower segment:
Circular line.
p^^.^l ,\ an
Inner circle, in which lion passant to left,
tail curled back.
i-J.
Balog (23, 2.65) Plate XXXII.
This is a puzzling coin. The second line of the obverse is not legible, though it would

seem quite clear. The marginal legend on the reverse also is read conjecturally and
the attribution to Barsbay is made with reserve.
AL-AZIZ JAMAL AL-DIN ABU AL-MAHASIN YUSUF
841 H. = 1438 A.D.
This boy-king of fourteen sat on the throne for 94 days only. Accordingly his coins
are scarce and only a few dinars and one dirhem are known.
Gold
CAIRO
732. Border: small diamonds alternating with pellets. Field on both sides divided by three
horizontal cables to left.
j,jJl dill oUJl
BMC 662 (15, 3.60). L 1005 (17, 3.40). Khediv. 1569. Balog (17, 3.40) Plate XXXII,
732a. Damascus 5061. (16) Plate XXXII, 732b. Horovitz (17, 3.40). Bajocchi (17,
3.45).
Silver
733. A unique dirhem was published by Karabacek; although his description of the coin
is not detailed and there is no mint or date, the piece can be attributed to Aleppo
through the profession of faith formula on the reverse, engraved in Turcoman Kufic,
characteristic of this mint.
Marginal legend: Profession of faith formula in Turcoman
U*-Ull .... oUaL
Inner circle, in which:
C~U1I ,) olLUl Kufic.

319
AL-ZAHIR ABU SA'ID JAQMAQ
842-857 H. = 1438-1453 A.D.
Gold
A large number of dinars have come down to us, of which about fifty are recorded
in the literature. The mint, always Cairo, is preserved on 19 coins only and the date
is missing more often than not. All coins with date were struck in the early years of
Jaqmaq's reign (842,843 and 846 H.); only one dinar of 854 H. was published by Fraehn.
As mentioned above, gold was issued at the Cairo mint only. The dinars nos. 1006,
1007 and 1008 of Lavoix belong to Khushqadam and not to Jaqmaq.
There is only one type: the border consists on both sides of a circle of small
diamonds alternating with pellets, and the field is divided by three horizontal
cables to left, into four segments.
CAIRO
842 H.
734. ;jM\
lUl dkll oIUJl
al "il <ll ^
<al J
L 1015 (3.42). Schulman list 19, no. 44. Schulman attributed (with a query) this coin to
Damascus.
843 H.
735. As above, but last line: ... Oj-jl ^5fe ^ As above.
L 1009 (3.42); 1016 (3.43). Khediv. 1570.
846 H.
736. As above, but last line: ^>
I,WW* Cs-jlj c- -
and ornament above at ^

third line. u^j.l <alJ^j.ju#
L 1017 (15, 3.43) Plate XXXII, 736a; 1018 (15, 3.43) but no ornament on obv.; ringlet
above 4)| on rev.; 1019 (15, 3.42) as 1019. BMC 663 (15, 3.43) Plate XXXII, 736b.
Gotha 1053 (3 43.) Schulman List 1929, no. 1205. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog (15, 3.40)
Plate XXXII, 736c.
320
Jaqmaq
321
854 H.
737.
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7.000, no details.
INCOMPLETE
The date is missing on all coins. When the mint is present, it is recorded, as well as
the small variations in the ornamentation.
L 1010 (3.43) Cairo; io1 1 (3.42) Cairo; 1012 (3.43) Cairo; 1013 (3.43) Cairo; 1014 (3.41)
Cairo; 1020 (3.42) Obv.: ^'jc without ha; 1021 (3.42) As 1021; 1022 (3.42) Rev.
gj^l 1023 (3.42) as 1022. 1024 (3.42) Obv.: ^ Rev.: *^*J^ :1025
<ul ^l *}\ H
(3.42); 1026 (3.37) Obv.: ^^JJ; 1027 (3.40) as 1026. BMC 664 (15, 3.40) Cairo;
665 (15, 3.39) Cairo; 666 (15, 3.42). Khediv. 1571-1577. Rogers, Catalogue Calcutta
Mus. 7979. Gotha 1054 (3.37). Schulman List 1929, no. 1206 (probably the same speci-
men). Schulman List 19, no. 45. White King 2244 (3.20). Beyram 279 (3.30). Cunha
1512-1513. ANS, twelve incomplete specimens. Wien 7161, 7301, 7302, 7428. Bern,
two specimens. Ashmol., two specimens. Balog (16, 3.40) Plate XXXII, 737a.
Silver
The Cairo dirhems are non-heraldic, but the Syrian silver coins often cany Jaq-
maq's heraldic devices, the chalice and buqjah.
CAIRO
844 H.
Small central lozenge with wavy
sides, angles connected with the
border.

In the segments:
cj\ (sic) *U)l I JJU -4y I l_^lt)l I dill
In the central lozenge:
*u dlll
<ul 1\ <)l
ANS (15, 0.81) Plate XXXII.
21
322
845 H.
739. Border: linear octolobe. Border missing.
In the segments: As above.
*"r jju l >ikn dlll
In the centra lozenge:
(sic)
L 1030 (12, 1.27) Plate XXXII; 1031 (14, 1.62); 1032 (12, 1.47). Jungfleisch (12, 1.70).
Balog (12, 1.30).
846 H.
740. As above, but marginal legend starts As above.
at the left-hand segment and the
date is: <-
BMC 667 (14, 1.58) Plate XXXII. Balog (13, 1.42).
DAMASCUS
Non-heraldic
845 H.
Clockwise marginal legend: Field divided by three horizontal lines:
4JL.J.l j*M dill oUUl Ji** y>
Inner circle; center: <ul Ml 4)l M
L 1033 (15, 1.77) Plate XXXII. ANS (14, 1.73).
847 H.
742. As above. As above, but last line: g- i-

Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.64) Plate XXXII; (13, 1.60).
Jaqmaq
323
848 H.
743. As above.
Balog (15, 1.47).
*744. As above.
Balog (15, 1.56).
As above, but last line: Ca*,j\s o\e o
849 H.
As above, but last line: u*, jl c-
DATE MISSING
L 1028 (1.57); 1029 (15, 1.77); 1029 bis (17); 1034 (15, 1.78); 1035 (1.75); 1036 (1.60);
1037(1.46). Khediv. 1578, 1579, 1580. Blau 312. Soret, je lettre 176. Wien 4723.
Jungfleisch (16, 1.62). Balog, four specimens: (15, 1.54); (14, 1.10) Plate XXXII, 744a;
(15, 1.57); (12, 0.80).
DATE MISSING
JU.-J.l yAkll dill olUJl
Inner circle, in which written
clockwise:
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
J^4; (*r\>)
<al *5i 4ll
Balog (16) Plate XXXII.
Heraldic

845 H.
.ykltll dlll oUJ|
Inner circle; in center, small chalice.
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
Balog (15, 1.87) Plate XXXII.
Another specimen was seen in the Damascus bazaar in 1956.
324
ALEPPO
ALL ALEPPO DIRHEMS ARE UNDATED
Heraldic
Buqjah
In the field, concave-sided diamond Field divided by three horizontal rigid
standing on edge (buqjah). In it, on cables to left:
all specimens, Jaqmaq's name:
<s| Sll 4ll St
Jim
In the segments, clockwise marginal
legend, slightly different for the
following varieties:
a) Legend starts in bottom left seg-
ment:
BR
1 TR
1 TL
1 BL
4$CU 41)l J0>
- | Jû" y)
dlll
L 1042 (15, 1.80) Plate XXXII, 747 a.
b) Legend starts in bottom left seg-
ment:
TR
TL 1

BR
BMC 666, k (17, 1.75) Plate XXXII, 747b; 666, m (17, 1.81) Plate XXXII, 747c.
c) Legend starts in bottom right seg-
ment:
TR
TL
BL
XXbr
Balog, two specimens. (17, 1.84) Plate XXXII, 747d; (17, 1.80). ANS (14,1.59) buqjah
with straight sides.
JAQMAQ
325
Non-heraldic
Field on both sides divided by three horizontal cables to left.
L 1038 (16, 1.89) Plate XXXII, 748a; 1939 (17, 1.83); 1040 (16, 1.88) Plate XXXII,
748b. BMC 667 (c 13). ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.75); (16, 1.77). Balog (16,1.83).
Hamah, undated
Field on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
._. *U\ Jj-.jJu#
TO*
L 1041 (1.86) mint missing, but this type: 4Ljl at top of rev. Balog (18, 1.83) Plate
XXXII.
UNCERTAIN MINT (ALEPPO?)
849 H.
750. Border missing. Border: double linear dodekalobe.
,\ jM dill oIUJl
Spindle-shaped central cartouche; <ul Ml *3\ M
in it:;

L1043 (16,1.75) Plate XXXII date incomplete. Balog (15,1.66) date 849 H., ca.j| ^_r.
326
*751. Border: circular line (and circle of
dots?).
chains:
Copper
ALEPPO
846 H. and 848 H.?
Heraldic
Buqjah + Rosette
Border: circular line in circle of dots.
yJUl dill
In the field, lozenge with concave sides
(buqjah), in which five-petaled rosette.
In the segments:
cs-.jl I .... I J* I
Beirut (17) Plate XXXIII, 751 a. Balog (17) Plate XXXIII, 751 b. Date 848 H.?
845 H.
Non-heraldic
Linear hexagram, in which: Field divided by horizontal lines (only
two on the flan, may have been more):

Ashmol. (19, 2.59) Plate XXXIII.
JAQMAQ
327
TRIPOLI, DATE INCOMPLETE I 85 X H.
Heraldic
Buqjah
chains:
yklttl dill
Border missing.
In field, lozenge with concave sides
(buqjah).
In the segments:
L 97o (17, 2.62) Plate XXXIII.
Lavoix listed this fals under Barquq; it belongs to Jaqmaq.
NO MINT,
Only the upper part of the field is
on the flan, but the legends may be
reconstructed.
A central spindle-shaped segment is
capped above and below by two
crescent-shaped segments:
Upper segment: jju-
Central spindle: j,l
Lower segment: dWl)
Munchen (18) Plate XXXIII.

UNDATED
Border: missing (circular line?).
Eight small fleur-de-lis pointing inwards
from the periphery.
Inner circle, in which a wide, squat
chalice.
AL-MANSUR FAKHR AL-DlN ABC AL-SAADAT 'UTHMAN
857 H. = 1453 A.D.
The coins of this sultan, who reigned less than three months, are of the greatest
rarity.
Gold
CAIRO
DATE MISSING
Field on both sides divided by horizontal double lines of dots; only two lines visible,
but one may be off flan.
o <al Ml 4)l ^
dill olUJl
Damascus 4256 (15) Plate XXXIII.
*756. Border: circle of annulets.
oblJl y\dill olUJl
Inner circle of dots, in which:
MINT MISSING
857 H.
Border missing.
Field divided by horizontal rows of dots
(two visible, one off flan).
11l Jj-j-u#
Damascus 2177 (16) Plate XXXIII, 756a. ANS (16, 3.41) Plate XXXIII, 756b. I.
Artuk, V. Turk Tarih Kongresi, p. 223 (19, 3.99).
A similar specimen was shown to us in 1947 by Hussein bey Rashed, then director
328

of the Museum of Arabic Art, Cairo.
'Uthman
Copper
ALEPPO UNDATED
Clockwise marginal legend: Clockwise marginal legend:
obLJi j.l dill oUJi j-r j&b dill oUJi
Inner circle; center: Inner circle; center:
o J*.

BM, J. R. Stewart 1946 (21) Plate XXXIII.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR AYNAL
857-865 H. = 1453-1461 A.D.
Few gold coins have come down to us and the legends are, on most of them, in-
complete. There are several types; the first, although not all specimens have the
mint, is safe to attribute entirely to Cairo: the other types are uncertain.
Gold
CAIRO
857 H.
Field divided by three horizontal Field divided by three horizontal lines:
cables to left. ^ a| ^
2 jtih? 3
- L__l_ *ul Ml 4)ll M
odill oIwul
AVfU
ANS (15, 3.42). Balog (16, 3.39) Plate XXXIII.
This is the first time that the date of a Mamluk coin appears in Arabic numerals.
Field divided by three horizontal Field divided by three horizontal lines of
cables to left. dots.
j^Ml dill olUJl <ul Ml Jl M
JU ^l ,l al Jj-j.w*
L 1044 (16,3.41) Cairo, date missing; 1045 (16,3.41) mint missing, 857 H. PlateXXXIII;
1046 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 857 H.; 1049 (16, 3.41) mint and date missing. Khediv. 1581

mint missing, 857 H.; 1582 mint and date missing. BMC 667, t (15, 3 37). Ashmol. (16,
3.41). ANS (16, 3.41) cables on obverse to right.
330
Aynal 331
mint missing, 863 h.
cables to right. dots.
Vl iUll ... <ul Ml *ll M
JU jaj\ y\ 4ll J_^j-u#
m if*)
L 1047 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 863 H. Balog, two specimens: (12) mint and date missing;
(16) mint missing, 86x H.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
BMC 667, s (15, 3.37). L 1048 (3.41); 1050 (3.39); 1051 (3.39); 1052 (3.41); 1053 (3.41);
1054 (3.41). Balog (16, 3.41) Plate XXXIII, 761.
Linear dekagram; in the external Field divided by horizontal lines of dots
angles, small six-pointed stars. (two lines visible).
The field divided by two horizontal
lines of dots.
JU ^*J| y\
4ll J yj
dIll oIujl

Balog (16, 3.04) Plate XXXIII, (16,3.40) Obv. last line: tJA;jc
332
Silver
CAIRO
861 H.
Linear pentalobe; center:
*ul j^-j.u* | ol H\ *}\ y
Square linear cartouche with a convexity
on each side. The left and right corners
are flowering into arabesques. Center:
Ashmol. (15).
*764. As above, but date at the end
of the circular legend: a"W
862 H.
As above.
Jungfleisch (16,1.45). Balog, three specimens: (14,0.75) Plate XXXIII, 764a; (16,1.20)
Plate XXXIII, 764b; (16, 1.45).
863 H.
*765. As above, but date: K\r
As above.
AU Beirut. Balog, three specimens: (14, 1.47); (16, 1.54) Plate XXXIII; (15, 1.48).
864 H.
766.a
As above, but date: Ait

Balog (15, 1.48).
As above.
Aynal
333
DAMASCUS
860 H.
f766. Border on both sides: linear circle.
.jÂVl elll olLUl
Linear nono-lobe; center:
JU
Field divided by three horizontal lines.
In the center, square cartouche standing
on edge, a convexity on each side:
1st segment:
2nd segment:
3rd segment:
4th segment:
In the cartouche:
4ul I <ll V
*ul I J^-j ju*
ANS (15, 1.42). Ashmol. Jungfleisch (14, 1.42). Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (15,
1.48) Plate XXXIII; (15, 1.48).
861 H.
767. As above.
As above, but in the cartouche:
and last line: oc-3 ul c- j

L 1060 (1.48); 1061 (1.48). Noury 379. Jungfleisch (15, 1.45). Balog, three specimens:
(16, 1.48); (16, 1.48); (15, 1.47).
862 H.
768. As above. As above, but in the cartouche:
It
and last line: u-j - j
L1062 (1.48). Fonrobert 6579 (14,1.30). BM, J. Harrison Ball 5-13-23 two specimens.
VVien 4724. ANS, four specimens: (15,1.47); (15,1.50); (15,1.47); (15,1.48). Jungfleisch,
two specimens: (15, 1.43); (16, 1.40). Balog, three specimens: (16, 1.48) Plate XXXIII,
768a: (17, 146) Plate XXXIII, 768b; (15, 1.42).
UNDATED
Clockwise marginal legend as above. Clockwise marginal legend:
Inner circle; center: Jbl Cartouche: as above. In the center: j.
Balog (16, 1.40) Plate XXXIII, 769. ANS, two specimens: (15,1.42) Dimishq written: ,
I in linear hexalobe; (15, 1.44) Dimishq in rhomboidal cartouche:
ALEPPO
Few of the Aleppo dirhems have the mint name. They are, however, easy to
attribute to this town from the religious legend on the reverse, written in character-
istic Turcoman Kufic style.
862 H.
DATE ON OBVERSE
Clockwise marginal legend: *i\ *}\ M
Inner circle; center: JL, I
Balog (16, 1.48) Plate XXXIV, 770a. Jungfleisch (16, 1.47) as above, but border on
both sides: circular line and inner circle on obverse surrounded by linear multilobe.
Plate XXXIV, 770b.
DATE ON THE REVERSE
862 H.
771. The date on this group of coins is in the exergue of the reverse. Whenever the
lower part of the reverse is illegible or off flan, the date is missing, but the coin
belongs to this year.

Aynal
335
Clockwise marginal legend: As above, but under the last line: "W
Inner circle; center: Jb l
L 1056 (1.34); 1057 (1.54); 105& (1.47) Lavoix mistook the date for ^J. BMC 668 (15,
1.53). Lagumina p. 99, no. 12 (15,1.45); 13 (15,1.52). Balog, four specimens: (16,1.49)
Plate XXXIV, 771a; (16, 1.47); (16, 1.50); (16, 1.54). ANS, two specimens: (16,1.44);
(16, 1.43) "Halab, _J, at top of rev. Plate XXXIV, 771b. Thorburn.
UNDATED
*772. Visible border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend: Ml 4ll M
Jtl I j-t^l I dill olUJl -u#<ul
1 1 <ul J>-j
Oblong cartouche with four spike- . ~ ~
? r 1n Turcoman Kunc.
shaped ornaments.
In center: JLl
BM, Ebeian 1938 7-4-30, (15, 1.22) Plate XXXIV.
Copfer
no mint, undated
In the field, arabesque.
l-Vl -
Balog (14) Plate XXXIV.
Marcel Jungfleisch (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45-50) published two copper coins; he
attributed the first to al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, the second to al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad.
We have already explained (p. 306) that the attribution of the first feds to Shaykh

is not convincing, and we believe that the second coin also is to be re-examined.
We cannot read the legend as "al-Mu'ayyad"; on the contrary, there is little doubt
that the correct reading is "al-Ashraf", The ornamentation on the reverse
is very similar to that on Aynal's Cairo copper, and it is, therefore, listed under
this sultan.
336
CAIRO
Heraldic
Fesse
For specimen dated 85- H. infra p. 399.
863 H.
Clockwise circular legend: Field divided by two horizontal lines
JL| j+A ,\ dill olUJl into three segme1*5 (fesse)
Arabesque knot. Upper segment: v*^.
Central segment: o^-j iJs ^
Lower segment: i It lc" s
BMC669, a (ex- Petraszewski 134) (15) Plate XXXIV. Ashmol. (16) date: 86-H. Balog
(13).
For additional specimen infra p. 399.
864 H.
775. As above. As above, but date at the second line:
ANS (18, 2.23) Plate XXXIV.
Heraldic
Fesse
DATE MISSING
776. Border on both sides: missing.
Field divided by two horizontal Clockwise marginal legend:
lines into three segments: traces of religious legend?
Upper segment: J^Jî^ Circular central medallion with three
tube-like prolongation towards the

Central segment: Ml dlill
marg1n.
Lower segment: j\ r
~" Center:
ld.
P. 134 (21) Plate XXXIV, 776a. Balog (17) Plate XXXIV, 776b.
Aynal
337
Heraldic
Lion
Linear square, divided by
horizontal line:
JU
dill
Balog (20) Plate XXXIV.
(_iâMl) dill olUJl
Linear hexalobe; center:
JU
Traces of clockwise marginal legend.
Inner circle, in it lion passant to left.
ALEPPO
Field divided by a horizontal line, in the
center of which a spindle-shaped cart-
ouche.
Upper segment: (o^rO ^
Spindle:
Lower segment illegible, mostly off flan.

ANS (14, 2.0) Plate XXXIV.
AL-MIPAYYAD ABU AL-FATH AHMAD
865 H. = 1461 A.D.
Gold
Three varieties of the very scarce gold coins are known.
CAIRO, 865 H.
779. Border: traces of dotted circle.
cables to right. dots:
ail olU-Ji <ul <Il N
L 1o67 (17, 3.41) Plate XXXIV, 779a; 1o67 bis (16) Plate XXXIV, 779b.
Balog (18, 3.4o) Rev. date w9
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
jjjll dill oiuiTJi "i** "
L 1o68 (15, 3.39) Plate XXXIV.

338
Ahmad 339
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
diil olUJl <ul Ml <lll ^
L 983 (14, 3.41) Plate XXXIV. Lavoix wrongly attributed this coin to al-Mu'ayyad
Shaikh. Wien 7423 (3.35); 7424 (3.35).
Silver
NO MINT, UNDATED
Clockwise marginal legend: Profession of faith formula written in
^l y\ jujXl dill olLUl Turcoman Kufic:
Inner circle; center: *
-wl nil J
BM, Ebeian 1938 7-3o-5 (17) Plate XXXIV, 782a. AU Beirut (15) Plate XXXIV,
782 b.
Although without mint, this coin is no doubt from Aleppo, because of the Turco-
man Kufic of the reverse legend.
Copper
There are no copper coins extant of this sultan. See our comment on Marcel

Jungfleisch's article (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45-5o), on p. 3o6, above.
AL-ZAHIR ABU-SA'ID KHUSHQADAM
865-872 H. = 1461-1467 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO
865 H.
783. Border: dotted circular line.
Field divided by horizontal cables Field divided by horizontal rows of beads,
to right. _^
Fraehn, iVova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7c.
866 H.
784. As above. As above, but date: aw
L 1077 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXV, 784a. Horovitz.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME VARIETY; THEREFORE, PROBABLY ALSO 866 H.
L 1070 (15, 3.42) Plate XXXV, 784b. Wien 744 (3.42). Thorburn.
867 H.
785. Border: dotted circular line. Horizontal row of flowerets placed on
TT . . . ,, ... horizontal row of tiny arches, concave
Hor1zontal cables to right. ., ''
side up.
As above.
Legends as above, but date: aiv
L 1076 (16, 3.41) Plate XXXV, 785a. BMC 670 (15, 3.38) Plate XXXV, 785b; 672
(16, 3.37). Balog (18, 3.42), date (ai)v.
Lane-Poole read the date as 870 with query. It is more likely 867 H.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME VARIETY; POSSIBLY THE SAME DATE 867 H.
L 1071, (3.39); 1072, (3.41). BMC 672. k (15, 3.37). Khediv. (1589, 1590).

340
Khushqadam 341
DATE MISSING
Khushqadam's name with all teeth of the letters clearly written.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal
rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
jM dal oIwul <ul ^l 4n n
<dlill?
L 1073 (15, 3.39) Plate XXXV; 1074 (15, 3.40). ANS (16, 3.40).
CAIRO, DATE MISSING
With unusual protocol
Field divided, on both sides, by rigid cables to right.
"
f ~. <ul H\ jlrM
BMC 673 (16, 3.35). ANS (14, 3.16). Plate XXXV.
The title of all Mamluk sultans was: al-sultdn al-malik. This is the only example
in which the two regal titles are separated from each other: al-sultan Khushqadam
Abu al-Nasr, malik al-Zahir (malik without the article). Khushqadam written:
ûSiwith waw.
DAMASCUS
DATE MISSING
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
jM dill 0lUJl *bl Sll 4)l Si
. '-*^ Oil J_j_u
'J^j{ ,!

&xj\.
L 1069 (3.41); 1075 (3.38). Beirut, nine specimens. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog, five sped-
mens: (13,3.35) Rev.: 4)n (15,3.37) Rot. : xll M Plate XXXV, 788a; (15,3.38) Rev.: 4)| M
Plate XXXV, 788b; (15, 3.38) Rev.: 4)| (14, 3.39).
342
789. Field divided, on both sides, by horizontal rigid cables.
âiii. ^4? . . . . j
ÛJl dill oUJl (a!)<* A?
^f) (<il)l J^-j
iWi
L 1078 (3.40).
UNCERTAIN VARIETIES
Bergmann, 2VZ 1876, p. 41 (3.42). White-King 2248 (3.30). Beyram 281. Cunha 15i5.
Wien 6362, 7430, 7462.
Silver
CAIRO
866 H.
.s*!?. ^lfcll dill oUxUl
Linear hexalobe, with small heart-
shaped arabesque at six o'clock.
Center: *
into three segments, the central segment
wider than the others.
<al Ml <fl M
L 1079 (16, 1.45) Plate XXXV, 790a. Balog (14, 1.43) Plate XXXV, 790b.
868 H.

791.
Thorburn, no details.
Field divided, on both sides, by three horizontal lines.
al Ml 4n M
Fraehn, Nona Suppl. p. 96, no. 7b. BM, Ebeian 1938 7-30-1 (16, 1.43) Plate XXXV,
792a. Ashmol. (15). Jungfleisch (15, 1.52) Plate XXXV, 792b.
Khushqadam
343
Traces of the clockwise Field divided by three horizontal lines:
marginal legend:
Rhomboid medallion formed by four
linear arches, each arch looped. (A"1)"1 (*c
Center:
Balog (15, 1.39) Plate XXXV.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
There is no mint, but the characteristic Turcoman Kufic of the profession of faith
formula on the reverse leaves no doubt about the attribution.
Inner circle; center: '*" .
BMC 674 (16, 1.49). BM, L. A. Lawrence 1939 7-L-9 (15). Khediv. 1591, 1592, 1593,
1596. Ashmol. Bodl. 214, 215 and another specimen. PAM H. 21. 24. ANS, two
specimens: (15, 1.44); (15, 1.44). Thorburn. Balog (15, 1.44) Plate XXXV, 794a;
(15, 1.37) Plate XXXV, 794b; (16) 1.41).
795. As above, but clockwise marginal As above.
legend:

Ashmol. (16) Plate XXXV. Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.5o); (17, 1.51).
344
Coinage of the Mamluk sultans
796. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
s>m dm ouji As above.
Inner circle in linear dodekalobe;
center: .
Khediv. 1594, 1595. Jungfleisch (18, 1.48). Balog (16, 1.44) Plate XXXV.
Copper
Khushqadam's fulus are rare and mostly in a poor state of preservation.
CAIRO, DATE MISSING?
Heraldic
Rosette
Clockwise marginal legend: Marginal legend double-struck, illegible.
ytUJi dill Inner circle, in it a five-petaled rosette.
li)l
Jungfleisch (19, 2.71). Thorburn, no details.
ALEPPO
UNDATED
Non-heraldic
ju^l >Dl dill oIUUl (ju~y\) jkM dill olWUl
Inner circle; center: Inner circle; center:

BM, no number (21). BMC 575 (18) Plate XXXV. This specimen was listed under al-
Mansur Muhammad, but the correct attribution is no doubt to Khushqadam. Balog (2o,
4.2o). Thorburn.
Khushqadam
345
UNDATED
Non-heraldic
Inner circle; center: J^.
Balog (20, 2.09) Plate XXXV.
In the field, linear hexagram, surrounded
by a second, external star attached to the
margin.
Center:
865 H.
Heraldic
Rosette
.U y,l yltll dill 0U*U| AlO wArf. y>
Inner circle; center: Inner circle; in it five-petaled rosette.
Balog, three specimens: (20, 1.62) Plate XXXV; (18, 2.06); (18, 1.90).
For specimen with central linear rhomboid on rev. infra p. 400, Plate XLIV, E.
AL-ZAHIR $AYF AL-DIN BILBAY
872 H. = 1467 A.D.

No coins
AL-ZAHIR ABU SA'ID TEMIRBUGHA
872-873 H. = 1467-1468 A.D.
Temirbugha's coins are all very rare: only four dinars, a unique dirhem and half
a dozen copper coins are known.
Gold
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal
rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
jw dlll oIu-p , y "j, y
L 1081 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXV. Beyram 282.
MINT MISSING, 872 OR 873 H.
dill oUJl 4il] H\ 4)| M
AVr|t?
Wien 745 (14, 3.40) Plate XXXV.
The digit of the date is not fully on the flan; it may be either a two (t) or a three (r).
803. Uncertain variety; mint missing, 872 H.
July1 dili oiwLJl Profession of faith formula.
Bergmann, NZ 1876, p. 41 (3.40).

346
Temirbugha
347
Silver
*804. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
.y\ jM dIil! olWUl
Inner circle; center: J
PAM H. 21.20 (16) Plate XXXV.
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman
Kufic:
ju <ul
Though there is no mint, the reverse legend in Turcoman Kufic is characteristic
of Aleppo.
Copper
Heraldic
Chalice
u/ din oUljl
Inner circle; in it, wide chalice
(or cup) flanked by pellets.
Linear hexagram with pellets in the
spaces and v-shaped ornaments in the
external segments; in the center, six-
petaled rosette.
BM, F 70-5-7-14206 (Freudenthal coll.) (20) Plate XXXVI, 805a. Munchen (20)

Plate XXXVI, 805 b. Wien 738, 739.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Chalice
Field divided by horizontal lines
of dots.
ltJ| dill
Traces of clockwise marginal legend,
interrupted by arabesque knot at left and
right. In center circular shield divided by
two horizontal lines into three segments,
a wider central and an upper and lower
narrow segment. In the central segment,
wide chalice.
Ashmol. Plate XXXVI. This specimen was published by Mayer in Saracenic Heraldry
(PIate XX, 5) but he read the title of the sultan as "al-Nasir". We believe that there is no
doubt about the attribution to Temirbugha. Blau 308. Balog (17).
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR QA'ITBAY
873-9o1 H. = 1468-1496 A.D.
As might be expected in view of Qa'itbay's exceptionally long reign (28 years),
his coins are quite common and display a wide variety of design.
Gold
Although occurring in great enough numbers (in a single Beirut hoard there were
over two hundred dinars), the gold coins are not easily listed according to mints.
The reason is that the diameter of the coins being too small for the die engraving,
the mint and date are mostly off flan.
A certain provisional order can be reached, nevertheless, by describing the coins
in groups of different types. At the same time, one or two types or varieties appear
to be characteristic for Cairo on the one hand and Aleppo on the other. When more
coins turn up, of varieties presently with mint missing, further types may be at-
tributed to specific mints.
Type I
Field divided into horizontal sections; no arabesque knots.
On all coins of this type, border, whenever present: linear multilobe or wavy
circular line.
807. Field divided by horizontal lines of Field divided by horizontal cables to left,
flowerets, placed on horizontal lines V<L. lV
of tiny arches, concave side up.
Mil *i\ <Ji ^
L 1o83 (3.41); 1o86 (15, 3.4o). Balog (15, 3.39) Plate XXXVI.
Last two letters of Qaitbay: 4

348
Qa'itbay 349
808. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
o ail ou^jl .^1.
* j^y^ Li j.*-^ y)
.oil JrJu^
P. Vog. 1552 (16). Balog, three specimens: (16, 3.34) Plate XXXVI, 808a, Rev.: 4)|;
(15, 3.40) Plate XXXVI, 808b, Rev.: *}\; (15, 3.38) Rev.: ANS, four specimens: (15,
3.41); (13, 3.40); (15, 3.40); (16, 3.41) Obv.: ail Iklill
ALEPPO
809. Field, on both sides, divided by cables to right.
The writing is smaller than on the precedent coins and Qa'itbay's name written
with the final yd attached to the last alif:
H\ dUll oVUJl <u| H\ 4)| ^
? ^ji'J/
4L,l
J*
BMC 676 (14, 3.37) date missing; 675 (15,3.36) mint missing, 879 H. rev. exergue: (a)\^ 9;
679 (15, 3.36) date missing. L 1089 (3 40) date missing; 1090 (3 39) date missing. Beirut
(15) 892 H. date rev. exergue <^.. ANS (15, 3.41); (15, 3.44) Rev. cables to left;
(15,3.33). Balog, four specimens: (15,3.40) date missing Plate XXXVI, 809a; (15, 3.41)
date missing; (14, 3.37) mint and date missing Plate XXXVI, 809b; (15, 3.39) mint and
date missing Plate XXXVI, 809c. Whenever the date is in the last line of the reverse,

is at the end of the third line.
350
CAIRO
810. Qa'itbay's name in decorative arrangement, with large characters.
Var. 1. Field on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
ti
LsB ....
BMC 677 (16. 3.41). L 1084 (3.39). ANS (15, 3.40). Wien 7320. Bajocchi (15,340)
886 H. date: obv. exergue AA"\ Balog, three specimens: (15,3.38) floweret above yd in
Qa'itbay: Plate XXXVI, 810a; (14.3.40) Floweret as above. Plate XXXVI, 810b;
(15, 3.37). BM, No number (15) date: 889 H., in rev. exergue: (k)a\ Je Plate XXXVI,
810c. Third line of obv. written: fjjBSfe)\\
811. Var. 2. Field on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
Legends as above. Three pellets above yd in Qa'itbay: j
L 1085 (3.40) date: 886 H. in rev. exergue (a)a"V; 1087 (3.39) date missing. ANS, two
specimens: (16, 3.41) mint and date missing; (16, 3.42) date missing. Balog (15, 3.40)
Plate XXXVI.
*812. Var. 3. Obv.: cables to right. Rev.: horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal
lines of tiny arches, concave side up.
Legends as above.
ANS, two specimens: (14, 3.40) date: S97 H., in rev. exergue AVffW; (15, 3.39) date:
897 H., in rev. exergue: aw
Type II
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables. In the center, arabesque knot.
MINT MISSING ON ALL VARIETIES
813. Arabesque knot, on obv. only. Cables to right.
al "fl Jl *i

iVl dUl j\U_Jl
ANS (14, 3.37). Balog (15. 3 38) Plate XXXVI.
QA'ITBAY 351
814. Arabesque knot, //dftpffl, on obv. only. Cables to right.
AV\ J As above.
dill oiujl
MAM
SMC 680 (14, 3.37); 681 (15, 3.34) Plate XXXVI, 814a; 682 (15,3.34). L 1082 (3.40)
date at top of obv.: 896 H., aV\ j. Lavoix read it erroneously as Halab. ANS (15,3.40).
Balog (15, 3.37) date at top of obv.: 896 H., aw j. Plate XXXVI, 814b.
815. Arabesque knot on both sides. Cables to right.
o al H l 4n M
diil oIkul ftfyi
s-
L 1093 (3.40). Wien 7433 (3.35). Thorburn, date: 88- H. Balog (15,3.39) Plate
XXXVI.
Type III
ALEPPO. PROBABLY UNDATED
816. Scalloped border. Border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend: Field divided by horizontal cables to left,
(sic) .j* odill] oU*Ul al Ml <ll *tf
Inner circle; center: alj^-usi
BMC 683 (13, 3.37) Plate XXXVI.
Silver
CAIRO
886 H.
. > j* --dl -l o -i*5ft dill lkO '

'al "tt 4)n "tf
Linear octolobe; center:
if
Li
ANS (15, 1.41). Balog (16, 1.50) Plate XXXVI
Li IS AAi flc
352
887 H.
*818. As above. As above, but date at the last line:
AAV
Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.46) Plate XXXVI; (16, 1.47); (14, 142).
DATE MISSING
L 1096 (1.55); 1097 (0.72) Half-dirhem. Khediv. 1611-1614. Ashmol., two specimens.
Thorburn. Balog, four specimens: (16,1.52); (14,1.47) Plate XXXVI, 818a; (14, 1.38);
(17,1.50) Plate XXXVI, 818b. ANS, four specimens: (17,1.41); (14, 129); (15, 1.29);
(16. 1N-
UNDATED
"Nisf"
^Jl^lj âMl dlll olUJl nil Jj^jJufi <al Ml 4)l M
Linear octolobe. Center: Diamond standing on edge, at each side
a convexity. Arabesque flower at right
and left. Center:
BMC 684 (12,1.55); 684a (13, 2.00). Khediv. 1608-1610 the reading of rev. center is:
and not _r*. Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.45) Plate XXXVI; (15, 1.45); (12, 0.75).
The denomination is clearly "half-dirhem", >Ju, which is the full weight of the
current silver pieces of the period.
NO MINT. BUT CAIRO
886 H.

Clockwise marginal legend: Clockwise marginal legend: as above
iA"i y) .-i^Ml dill olUUl Central cartouche as above, but upper
Linear octolobe; center: and lower side rounded. Center:
Balog, two specimens: (13, 1.45) Plate XXXVI. The date, 686, "wi, is an engraver's error;
it must read 886, AA"V (16, 1.52) Oh). marginal legend ends with incomplete date 3,
(a...)t. Khediv. 1607 as above, but marginal legend ends with incomplete date4, sic.
jl <-. ANS, two specimens:(13, 1.44); (17, 144).
QA'ITBAY
353
Nisf"
Clockwise marginal legend illegible on both sides.
Undulated linear circle; center:
Balog (16, 1.39) Plate XXXVI.
The attribution of this coin is uncertain, as all the inscriptions, except those in the
center, are effaced. It is listed here mainly because of the obverse which is similar to
the previous dirhems.
DAMASCUS
UNDATED
j+Ji ,) o^Ml dill olUJl
4ul J^-j-u* oil Ml *Jl M
L 1095 (1.52). ANS (16, 1.28).
DATE MISSING
al Ml d M
4L.jl
ANS (15, 1.40).

23
354
ALEPPO
Type I
881 H.
824. Border on both sides (when preserved), dotted circle.
Field divided by three horizontal
lines. In center, diamond standing
on edge, on each side a convexity.
<@5V
*ri Jj-J-u* | Oil Ml 4)l M
Spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-de-
lis ,
Center:
PAM H-21-62 (16) Plate XXXVI, 824 a. Balog, two specimens: (16,1.38) Plate XXXVI,
824b; (16, 1.39).
*825. Arrangement as above:
4 Ml 4fl *i
Balog (16, 1.34) badly worn.
Inner circle; center: ^1^>S
Kbediv. 1616 probabtv this
XXXVII: (17. 1.36).
Tm 1I

UNDATED
Qockwise marginal legend:
Balog, two specimens: (17, 1-40) chipped
Plate
QA'ITBAY
355
Half-dirhem, "Nisf"
NO MINT, BUT ALEPPO
Clockwise marginal legend: Profession of faith formula in Turcoman
T . , Kufic. In center, rhomboidal cartouche,
Inner circle; center: ^ ,. ,
. , in wh1ch: .
Li l
PAM H-21-43 (17) Plate XXXVII.
NO MINT, BUT ALEPPO
As above.
Balog (15, 1.46) Plate XXXVII.
829. As above, but inner circle
enclosed in linear multilobe.
*830. As above, but no multilobe
around the inner circle.
PAM H-21-45 Plate XXXVII.
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman
Kufic:
<al J>-j
As above.
Rev. legend in Naskhi:
(<ul) H\ 4Jl

(oil) J^-ju^t
Type III
On the few coins of this type, the mint and date, as well as the border on both
sides, are missing.
*831. Field divided by horizontal Field divided by horizontal lines:
cables to left:
<ul H\ <)l ^
ml J
Ashmol. Balog (16, 1.36) Plate XXXVII.
*832. As above, but no dividing cables. As above, but no dividing lines.
Balog (16, 1.38).
*3*
356
Copper
Two distinct groups of fulus are encountered: the more frequent large and small,
non-heraldic coppers of Cairo, and the scarcer small, non-heraldic and heraldic
coins of Syria. We may safely include in the Cairo group the large flan coins which
have no mint name, but belong to the same type.
CAIRO
886 H.
Large flan
Clockwise marginal legend::
diiilkUl ilcV,
Oblong cartouche, with arabesque
knot at the two extremities.
Center: iS
L no1 (7.32). BMC 685 (25); 685 a (25); 686 (18). BM, Sir R. Burton 1949 8-3-429.
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12392. ANS (22, 8.95). Wien 747, 748. Balog, two specimens:
(24) Plate XXXVII, 833a; (25, 8.81) Plate XXXVII, 833b.
Small flan, with checkerboard
*834. Border missing on both sides, except traces of circular line.
dip
Field divided by checkerboard, of which
only seven squares are on the flan. The
date, 886 H., is inscribed in the squares in
Arabic numerals. A recumbent 6 in the
top central square, 886 normally written

in the next row, and again in reverse at
the third row:
ANS (17, 2.5o) Plate XXXVII.
QA'ITBAY
357
Small flan, undated or date missing
Traces of illegible clockwise
marginal legend (royal protocol).
Linear rhomboid, lateral edges
probably ending in arabesque.
Center: &
bii
Linear hexagram.
Center:
(sic) lill
L 11o2 (18, 2.33) Plate XXXVII. ANS (17, 2.44).
Small flan, undated
*836. Border: traces of circular line.
Linear hexagram, pellets in the
spaces. Center: ^
Linear hexagram, pellets in the spaces.
Center: Ul
ANS (16, o.97) Plate XXXVII.
Wide flan. All legends missing except the sultan's name
Linear hexagram; center: 4 Only a small central circle visible.
Lib
Balog (22) Plate XXXVII.
Large flan

NO MINT, BUT CAIRO TYPE
891 H.
838. This type occurs in three varieties of the reverse, whereas the obverse is always
the same.
358
Border: circularly arranged six
small circles, in which:
Center: tS
Li U
Three rigid horizontal cables, each com-
posed of two, zig-zagging double lines,
interwoven with each other.
Anepigraph.
L 1106 (24, 9.92) Plate XXXVII, 838a. BMC 686f (24); 686g (25). Jungfleisch (25)
Plate XXXVII, 838b. ANS, six specimens: (24, 6.63); (24, 9.53); (22, 8.09); (23, 7.23);
(22, 8.00); (21, 10.00).
839. As above.
Two pairs of triple horizontal, zig-zagging
wavelines, meeting in a horizontal row of
rhomboids. Pellet in each rhomboid.
Anepigraph.
Fonrobert 6582. ANS, seven specimens: (21, 2.78); (21, 6.96); (23, 8.54); (20, 8.43); (20,
7.12); (23, 6.31); (22, 6.93). Wien 749, 750, 751, 753. Balog (21) Plate XXXVII.
*840. As above, but only the center As above, but the date 891 H., written
legible: & in central row of rhomboids, in Arabic
Lil; numerals:

Small flan
no mint, undated; PROBABLY SYRIAN
Field divided by three horizontal Linear square, in which:
lines: ^
L.6
y)
BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8-3 (20) Plate XXXVII.
Qa'itbay 359
no mint, undated (or missing)
Heraldic
Rosette
Marginal legend effaced.
Inner circle, in which six-petaled
primitive rosette.
L 1105 (17, 0.98) Plate XXXVII.
NO MINT, UNDATED
Heraldic
Lion passant
Linear square in square of dots. Lion passant to left, tail curled back, a
In center: large knot at the end.
Lib
L 1104 (18, 4.75). BM, no number (18) Plate XXXVII.
844. As above, but legend inverted: As above.
iS
Lili
Miinchen (20) Plate XXXVII.
Marginal legend (if any), effaced. In linear
square:
tS

Lali
360
NO MINT AND DATE (OR MISSING)
Heraldic
Eagle walking
Field divided by three horizontal Clockwise marginal legend, effaced.
lines (only two on the flan):
Inner circle, in which eagle walking to
(j right. Above, a sprig with three leaves.
PAM 302 (19) Plate XXXVII. Thorbum. Coll. Salomon Barukh, Cairo (poor specimen).

Munchen.
AL-NAIR ABO AL-SA ADAT MUHAMMAD
901-904 H. = 1496-1498 A.D.
Gold
CAIRO
(whenever the date is preserved, it is 904 H.)
(Sometimes a circular line)
846. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
dill oUJl .
z, <ul *i\ il
ju*bLJljj|
40l Jy-j JU*
iS
Litter. S-^Sfr1.
L 1109 (16, 3.42) Plate XXXVIII. Beirut, four specimens. Khediv. 1617.
847. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
As above, but Abu al-Sa'adat written: As above.
ObL_Jl y\
L 1108 (16, 3.37). Beirut, four specimens. Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.34) Plate
XXXVIII. (15, 3.37).

361
362
DAMASCUS
(whenever the date is preserved, it is 902 H.)
848. Border missing on both sides, Sometimes circular line.
dill olWUl v>
tfeija! (sic!) <ai "* *l
6 *u| Jj-J
Note the unusual formula of filial piety, *ul <rj U, "may God have mercy
upon Qa'itbay!"
BMC 686p (15, 3.37); 686v (15, 3.37). L 1107 (16, 3.35). P H-3214 (18, 3.38) Plate
XXXVIII, 848a. Beirut, several; Plate XXXVIII, 848b. ANS (15, 3.40). Wien 7327
(3.35). Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.38) Plate XXXVIII, 848c; (16, 3.38); (16, 3.39);
U5. 3.37). Munchen.
Silver
Only a few dirhems of the Cairo mint are known. Whenever the date is preserved,
it is 902 H.
Cairo, 902 H.
Clockwise marginal legend: Field divided by horizontal cables to left:
^LiU J. obUJl ,\ dlill olWUl ljisl\
Linear hexalobe, in which: *ul Ml *}\ M
' 4*l J^j -u*
JU^
Balog, two specimens: (15,1.47) Plate XXXVIII, 849a; (13,1.40). ANS, three specimens:
(15, 1.34); (16,1.47) Plate XXXVIII, 849b; (16,1.43) as above, but reverse field divided

by horizontal lines. For specimen with mint missing and specimen with mint and date
missing cf. infra p. 401, Plate XLIV, F, G.
Muhammad
363
Copper
Non-heraldic
With j*>p on obverse
NO MINT, UNDATED
oULJl j.l j*Ul dill oUUl
Square of dots between two linear squares.
Center:
ANS, three specimens: (22, 5.33) Plate XXXVIII; (23, 5.86); (27, 7.07).
*851. As above, but instead of inner As above.
circle, linear tetralobe:
ANS (17, 2.00). Wien 780. Thorburn. Balog (19, 8.80) Plate XXXVIII.
*852. As above.
As above, but between the two linear
squares, flowerets in the corners, ringlets
in each side, flanked by pellets;
Center: ju#

ANS (21, 9.04). Balog (19, 9.50) Plate XXXVIII.
364
Non-heraldic
With circular rows of pellets
853. Border, whenever preserved, circular line.
oLJl x\ Ûl dUll olUJl
Between two circles, 8 pellets.
In center, pellet.
Double linear square, one pellet between
the lines on each side.
Expedition d'Egypte, plates. Fonrobert 6586 (23); 6587 (20). Balog (22, 8.50) Plate
XXXVIII.
*854. As above, but between the two
circles 9 pellets.
Square of pellets between two parallel
linear squares.
Geneva Museum. Jungfleisch, two specimens: (24, 10.32) Plate XXXVIII; (25, 6.67).
circles 10 pellets.
ANS (23, 6.88). Jungfleisch (24, 6.41).
As above.
circles 12 pellets.
Ashmol.

As above.
Muhammad
365
*857. Square of dots between two
parallel linear squares.
Center: .u#
(Rev. anepigraph)
Three concentric lines.
External band: 18 pellets.
Second band: 14 pellets.
Center: 1 pellet.
Jungfleisch (24, 7.72) Plate XXXVIII.
*858. As above.
ANS (22, 7.25).
As above, but in external band: 20 pellets,
in second band 6 pellets and in center 1
pellet.
Heraldic
Cairo, 902 H.
Waterwheel / Fesse
Spokes of waterwheel counter-clockwise
Central segment divided into a central
cartouche and two lateral compart-
ments by two entwined lines.
Legends:

Small inner circle, in which waterwheel
composed of 13 spokes, curved counter-
clockwise. The inner circle is connected
with the border by treble lines, on opposite
sides.
l LJl ,\
L 1110 (20, 5.40) Plate XXXVIII; 1111 (20, 4.96).
L. A. Mayer SH did not accept the waterwheel (or whirling rosette as he called it)
as a heraldic device. We feel, however, that it represents a blazon; it may not be so
clear on the above two specimens, as the engraver overdid his task and multiplied
the spokes to 13. On the following coins, however, the heraldic nature of the central
shield seems much more obvious.
366
Spokes of waterwheel clockwise
As above, but the design and writing much larger, so that only part of the engrav-
ing is on the flan. The spokes of the waterwheel on the reverse, less in number, are
curved clockwise.
BM, J. Walker presented 1951 (18) 7 spokes PlateXXXVIII, 860a. ANS, six specimens:
(16, 4.77) 10 spokes; (19, 3.64) 8 spokes Plate XXXVIII, 860b; (18, 4.31) 8 spokes;
(18, 5.07) 6 spokes; (18, 4.58) 6 spokes; (19, 3.01) 6 spokes. PAM (18) 6 spokes
Plate XXXVIII, 860c. Jungfleisch (19, 3.84) 6 spokes.
Conjectural attributions to this sultan
Six-petaled Rosette
861. No mint, undated (or both missing).
Border missing. Circular line in circle of dots
Field divided by horizontal chain.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Linear hexagram, in which small six-
petaled rosette.
Balog (15) Plate XXXVIII.
HAMAH
861. bis Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by horizontal
cable to right:
___

BMC 699 (15) listed under uncertain Mamluks. Probably al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qa'itbay.
AL-ZAHIR ABU SAID QANSUH
904-905 H. = 1498-1500 A.D.
Only a handful of dinars and a unique fals have come down to us, but no silver.
Gold
MINT AND DATE NOT MENTIONED (OR MISSING)
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
jM dlll a, J, ^
L 1112 (15. 3.36). Khediv. 1618. Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX,
862a; (15, 3.38) Plate XXXIX, 862b; (15, 3.34); (15. 3.37).
As above, but an additional alif between Abu and SaHd,
BMC 687 (15, 3.39). L 1113 (15, 3.38). Balog, two specimens: (14, 3.28) Plate XXXIX,
862c; (15, 3.30). Beirut, two specimens.
As above.
ail olUJl
*yAi&
L 1114 (15, 3.32) Plate XXXIX. BMC 687b (15, 3.30).
UNCERTAIN VARIETY
Cunha 1518, 1519.

367
368
Silver
For a unique dirhem with mint missing 9o4 H. cf. infra p. 4o2, Plate XLXV, H.
Copper
Heraldic
Lion passant
*864. Border missing. Border: circular line in circle of dots. Id
. . . ,, , the field, lion passant to left.
Clockwise marginal legend: r
Square medallion standing on edge,
a convexity on each side. Center:
. Li

Balog (17, 3.35) Plate XXXIX.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR JANBALAT
905-906 H. = 1500-1501 A.D.
*865. Until a few years ago there were no coins known of this ruler, who was assassinated
less than six months after he ascended the throne. During building-excavations a
large hoard of late Burji dinars was unearthed at the Lebanese town of Tripoli and
according to the law of this country the treasure was adjudged in equal shares to
the National Museum in Beirut and to those who found the coins. The treasure
which really deserves this name from the numismatic point of view as well as in
the sense of value in weight, because it contained several hundred gold coins
was composed mostly of Qa'itbay's dinars, but there were coins of Khushqadam,
al-Nasir Muhammad, al-Zahir Qansuh, al-'Adil Tumanbay, Qansuh al-Ghuri, and
last but not least, six gold coins of Janbalat.
The border is missing on all dinars of Janbalat, as well as the mint and date.
The field on both sides is divided by horizontal cables to right.
j^*_,\
Balog, three specimens: (15, 3.40) Plate XXXIX; (15, 3.31); (15, 3.40). Beirut, three
specimens.
<ul JJ*f.
*4

369
AL-'ADIL SAYF AL-DlN ABU AL-NAR TUMANBAY
9o6 H. = 15o1 A.D.
Very scarce; only five dinars were known in the literature, but the Tripoli hoard
increased their number to 13. No silver or copper is known to exist.
Gold
MINT MISSING (OR NO MINT), 9o6 H.
866. Border of dots. Border: circular line.
Field divided by horizontal cables to left on both sides.
JjU dill <ui <i\ Ji *i
nil
sic \.\
(Date written in rev.)
L 1115 (15, 3.4o) Rev.: *)\ X; 1116 (15, 3.36) Rev.: Jl X; 1117 (15, 3.36) Rev.: X\ JN
^>
Balog, three specimens: (17, 3.38) Plate XXXIX, 866a, Rev.: *i\ fi; (15, 3.34) Plate,
XXXIX, 866b, Rev.: Jl #M; (15, 3.35) Rev.: <JI M. Beirut, three specimens.
NO MINT OR MINT MISSING; DATE MISSING
oU*Ul As above.
JjUl dUl
BMC 687k (15, 3.37). Khediv. 1619. Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.34) Plate XXXIX;
(15. 3.35).

37o
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NAR QANSUH AL-GHURI
9o6-922 H. = 15o1-1516 A.D.
Although numerous dinars of al-Ghuri exist in modern collections and appear
not infrequently in the goldsmiths' bazaars, the gold coinage of this sultan is in-
completely known. Only mintless gold is known of the first few years, Aleppo is
represented by a dinar with date missing, Cairo started to issue in 913 H. only, and
Damascus began even later, in 917 H.
Silver, just as in the case of most other Burji sultans, is scarcer than gold and
the legends are nearly always partly missing.
Copper becomes more abundant once again and, simultaneously with it, bronze
makes its first (and last) appearance in Mamliik coinage.
Gold
The following two dinars, although the date is missing, are listed at the beginning
of this section, because the protocol contains al-Ghuri's patronymic, Abu al-Nasr,
written together with his name in the same way as was usual under his predecessors.
The style of writing also resembles that on the dinars of Qa'itbay, al-Nasir Mu-
hammad, al-Zahir Qansuh and Janbalat. We believe, therefore, that both coins
are probably early issues of al-Ghuri.
^-
Abu al-Nasr Qansuh al-Ghuri written:

Balog (16, 3.25) Plate XXXIX.
372
Field divided by three horizontal As above, but cables to left:
cables to left. In center, an -
arabesque knot. ^ ^
ANS (16, 3.33) Plate XXXIX.
Abu al-Nasr Qansuh al-Ghuri written: -pJkjJyK,,!)
no mint, 908 H.
dlll <ul in <al
v*> (sic)
BMC 688 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXIX.
Numerals reversed: Qansuh written ^3
no mint, 909 H.
Legends as above. Legends as above, but date:
L 1122 (14, 3.39) Plate XXXIX.
no mint, 910 H.
872. As above. As above, but date: \\>
L 1123 (3.36). BMC 689 (15, 3.39). Balog (15, 3.29) Plate XXXIX.
no mint, 911 H.
873. As above. As above, but date: r\>

BMC 690 (15, 3.38).
Qanuh al-Ghuri
373
*874. As above. As above, but at top:
ANS (14, 3.38).
CAIRO
On all coins Qansuh al-Ghuri written: t^lG^Jb
913 H.
olUJi ;^blill?
L 1124 (3.38); 1125 (3.39); 1126 (3.41); 1127 (3.39) Rev.: small âbove Khediv. 162o.
ANS (16, 3.41). Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.32) Plate XXXIX, 875a. Rev.: small ^
above <ll; Balog (16, 3.4o) Plate XXXIX, 875b. Obv.: ^between Qansuh and al Ghuri:
Rev.: small âbove <Jl.
914 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on
horizontal rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
;^
dill * ^
Note the tiny numeral 1 above
the letter fa of Ashraf; probably
the sign of officina No. 6?
BMC 692 (16, 3.37); 693 (16, 3.37) Plate XXXIX. L 1128 (3.29). Bergmann, NZ 1876

p. 42 (3.4o). P. Vog. 1553. ANS (17) 3.43. Thorburn.
374
915 H.
877. As above. As above, but date: \\
BMC 694 (16, 3.37) Plate XXXIX. Khediv. 1621. ANS (20, 3.33). Balog, two speci-
mens: (17, 3.40); (18, 3.33).
916 H.
878. As above, but no officina number. As above, but date:
BMC 695 (17, 3.36) Plate XXXIX. Balog (18, 3.40).
917 H.
879. As above. As above, but date: \\v
Cottevieille-Giraudet, RN 1934, (18 3.35). No description of cables and other
details.
918 H.
880. Border on both sides; circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by upper horizontal cable to left, central row of
flowerets placed on a row of tiny arches, concave side up and a lower horizontal
cable to left.
Legends as above: officina number: Legends as above, but date: ma
*WO' Floweret above: ^
4Jl
L H21 (3.43) Date missing, but officina number 2 seems to be restricted to the 918 H. issue.
Balog, two specimens: (17, 3.39); (18, 3,35) Plate XXXIX.
919 H.
881. As above, but no officina number. As above, but date: ^
L 1129 (3.32); 1130 (3.34) date missing; no officina number, therefore either 919 or 920 H.
Balog (18, 3.42).

920 H.
882. As above, no officina number. As above, but date: vr.
Balog (18, 3.42).
INSUFFICIENT DESCRIPTION
Khediv. 1622, 1623. Rogers; Calcutta Mus. Cat. 7980. Cunha 1520-23. Schulman
list 19, no. 46. Gotha 1057 (3.38); 1058.
Qanuh al-Ghuri
375
DAMASCUS
917 H.
Field divided by three horizontal
cables to left.
olUJl
L 1119 (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX.
Field divided by three horizontal cables
to left, but in the center, linear hexalobe,
intersecting the central cable.
(&)
Mint and date in the hexalobe:
918 H.
884. As above. As above but date: \\\
L 1120 (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX.
919 H.
885. As above.
As above, but date: ^
L 1118 (15, 3.40) Plate XL, 885a. BMC 6g5g (14, 3.24) Plate XL, 885b. Horovitz
(15, 3.30) Plate XL, 885c.
NO MINT, UNDATED
886. Border on both sides: wavy circular line.
Linear hexalobe; center:
y* lf

If
Field divided by three horizontal cables
to left.
a! H! <n H
L 1133 (15, 3.40) Plate XL, 886a. Beirut, two specimens. Balog, three specimens: (14,
3.34) Plate XL, 886b; (15, 3.32) Plate XL, 886c; (15, 3.25).
376
Silver
Type I
MINT AND DATE MISSING; POSSIBLY CAIRO
oluul? ^
^"^ll" "* ^
Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.06) Plate XL, 887a; (14, 1.11) Plate XL, 887b.
Type II
Linear hexalobe; center: <ij>Jl
ANS (15, 1.45).
Type III
DAMASCUS, UNDATED
y\ dill olUJl 4ul J^-ja^ <ul H\ 4)l l ^
Linear octolobe; center: Linear hexalobe; center:
Khediv. 1626, 1627, 1628. Siouffi p. 19. ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.17); (12, 0

Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.21) Plate XL, 889a; (16, 1.15) Plate XL, 889b.
Qanuh al-Ghuri
377
Traces of clockwise marginal legend: Traces of clockwise marginal legend:
(dill) oiuJi djli(oiuji)
Linear tetralobe; center: Linear rhomboid with convex sides, the
, - edges connected with the border. Center:
Beyram 284 probably belongs here. BM, R. M. Hodgson 1942 5-6-4 (15, 1.16) Plate
XL.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
891. Border and marginal legend missing on both sides.
Linear hexalobe; center: Linear hexalobe; center:
BMC 696 (n, o.4o) Plate XL. Siouffi p. 19. Balog (13, 1.o1).
no mint, undated
Linear octolobe with floweret Linear octolobe with floweret at the four
at top and bottom. Center: cardinal points; center:
.li *
L 1134 (1.23); 1135 (1.38). ANS (14, 1.24). Balog, two specimens: (14, 1.2o) Plate
XL; (13, 1.2o).
Copper and bronze
There are three types:
I. Epigraphic on both sides.
II. Obverse epigraphic, reverse anepigraphic.

HI. Obverse epigraphic, reverse heraldic.
378
Cairo, 905 H.?
Linear hexalobe with floweret
at top and bottom. Center:
?... fl*$ vB?$
Hexalobe with concave sides.
.li
Floweret at the four cardinal points.
Center:
L1136 (23, 8.22) Plate XL, 893a. ANS (24, 8.64). BM, Pietraszewski 4-53-6-478.
Balog, four specimens: (19, 7.65); (20, 8.42); (21, 8.67) Plate XL, 893b. bronze; (21,
7.65) bronze.
Cairo, 917 H.
Wien 756 (23) Plate XL.
Cairo, 918 H.
895. As above. As above, but date: \\k
BMC 697 (23) Plate XL. Balog (21, 6.15) bronze.
Same Type
date missing
Fraehn, Paralipomena p. 79. Tab. IV. No. 13. Fonrobert 6588, 6589. Wien 757, 758,759.

Jungfleisch (21, 8.24) bronze. Balog, two specimens: (21) bronze; (24) bronze.
Qanuh al-Ghuri
379
NO MINT (OR MISSING), 922 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by a thick horizontal cable to left:
\W
Jungfleisch, two specimens: (23,3.o5) bronze; (21, 7.25) bronze. The two coins are no longer
available for examination.
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR MINT AND DATE MISSING ?)
*897. Square flan; border missing on both sides.
Oblong cartouche, in which: Oblong cartouche, in which:
BM, no number (19, 5 mm. thickness) Plate XL.
Cf. Balog, NC 1963. It is not an oblong cartouche, but a fesse.
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR MINT AND DATE MISSING ?)
Field divided into small squares,
in each square a pellet. In center,
a prayer-niche shaped medallion,
in which:
.li
Medallion in the shape of a mosque-lamp.
In it:
1$

ANS (23, 8.8o). Munchen (21, 7.15). Balog (19, 8.72) Plate XL.
38o
NO MINT, UNDATED (OR
Linear square, connected with the
border. Center:
In right hand segment: (jc)
In left hand segment: .^
Balog (20, 6.78) Plate XL, bronze.
T AND DATE MISSING)
Border missing.
Marginal legend effaced.
Medallion in the shape of a mosque-lamp.
Center:
//
NO MINT, UNDATED
900. Border: linear hexalobe.
<S
Border missing.
The entire field is occupied by a compli-
cated arabesque star.
BMC 6o7d(2o). ANS (20,6.64). Ashmol., two specimens: (22) Plate XLI, 900a; (22).

Wien 765-771, seven specimens. Balog (21, 5.42) Plate XLI, 900b.
Qanuh al-Ghuri
381
NO MINT, UNDATED
In a circle of large dots, linear mihrab, in
which is suspended a mosque-lamp. Anepi-
graphic.
Balog, two specimens (20, 9.77) Plate XLI, bronze; (20, 9.99) bronze.
///
Heraldic
NO MINT OR MINT MISSING, 907 H.
(Fesse + Chalice)
Linear hexagram, with pellet in
each small triangle and flowerets
in the external segments; center:
Central segment: large chalice containing:
Lower segment: w
Flanking the chalice on the right: jo
and the left: ^
Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.90) Plate XLI, 902a; (21, 4.98) Plate XLI, 902b.

On the second coin, j*i on the reverse is written from left to right.
03. Border missing.
Field divided by a thick
horizontal cable to right:
NO MINT, UNDATED
Waterwheel
Border of large pellets.
Waterwheel with eight
counter-clockwise.
spokes curved

BM, F. W. Armitage 1929 i1-14-5 (22). Wien 763 (20) Plate XLI.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR TUMANBAY
922 H. = 1516 A.D.
Only two gold coins have been published, and so far neither silver nor copper
have been found.
Cairo, 922 H.
904. Border on both sides; circular line.
i,îsm _
<u| "tfl <)|
vnr
L 1141 (18, 3.25). Khediv. Additions p. 204. ANS (18, 3.25). Ashmol. (20) Plate
XLI, 904a. Balog, two specimens: (20, 3.30) Plate XLI, 904b; (17, 3.20). Horovitz,
three specimens.

383
UNCERTAIN ATTRIBUTIONS
BAHRI
HAMAH
905. Border of dots?
Round shield, divided by two
horizontal lines into three
segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ._>
Central bar bendy to left with 14 pieces.
Lower segment:
Border of dots.
Round shield, divided by two horizontal
lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: chandelier?
Central segment: chalice or table?
Lower segment: empty.
Mayer SH P1. XX, No. 6. Balog (19) Plate XLI.
This is an anonymous fals, struck at Hamah, undated. Probably Qala'un's House.
TRIPOLI
Linear square, in the segments
floral ornaments. Center:
Balog (18) Plate XLI.
Linear hexagram; small ornaments in the
triangles and the external segments.
Center: ^>
>

Anonymous. Tripoli, undated. The style and arrangement of legends and deco-
ration place this coin in the period of al-Ashraf Sha'ban or al-Salih Hajji. Tripoli
written without an alif.
384
Uncertain
385
INCOMPLETE
Field divided by flexed cable to left, Incuse impression of the obverse, caused
with pellets in the spaces. by a previously struck fals left by mistake
jitll or JyA\ dill in the die.
crJlj UJl
The sultan's title is either al-Mansur or al-Muzaffar; it is very difficult to read.
It is equally difficult to decide, whether it is a Bahri or a Burji coin. If the reading
is al-Mansur, we have to choose between the Bahri al-Mansur Muhammad and the
Burji 'Izz al- Din 'Abd al-'Aziz. Earlier and later coins with this title are different
in design and can be disregarded. On the other hand, if we should read al-Muzaffar,
then for the same reason al-Muzaffar Hajji (Bahri) and al-Muzaffar Ahmad are the
only sultans to consider. For the time being the attribution must remain undecided.
BURJI
INCOMPLETE
*908. Square flan. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: .... dill Upper segment missing
Central segment: fish to right Central segment: quadruped (lion?) pass-
!'. '. ant to right
Lower segment: missing _
Lower segment: missing
The whole fabric suggests Barquq's or Faraj's period. The lion as well as the

fesse are common to both sultans. The fish is a rare heraldic symbol.
INCOMPLETE
Field divided by horizontal chains. Clockwise circular legend: titlc" .... iy>\ii\
(j)lfc)l dlil
0000000000 000000
,l
In center three spindles in form of a
triquetra:
Jungfleisch (19, 2.27) Plate XLI.
Jungfleisch attributed this coin to Jaqmaq.
25
386
HAMAH, UNDATED
In the center small wheel with six spokes,
or rather the negative of a six-petaled
rosette; surrounded by a double zig-zag
circular line, forming lozenges all around.
Pellets in the spaces.
lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: :Las
Central segment: dlill
Lower segment: <ul aU.
BM, no number (18) Plate XXXXI. ANS (18, 1.49).
This coin has the appearance of a Burji fals. The title al-Zahir is common to
several sultans, but we can exclude the later period, as the fuliis of Jaqmaq, Kush-
qadam, Temirbugha and Qansuh, more or less known, are different in style. Tatar
and Bilbay are not likely prospects. Our best guess, therefore, is Barqiiq, with

whom the heraldic devices, fesse and six-petaled rosette, are also consistent.
SUPPLEMENT
A HOARD OF SILVER COINS STRUCK BY AL-MU'AYYAD SHAYKH
This hoard, as already mentioned in the chapter dealing with al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
(p. 302, above), came to light too late to be incorporated in the catalogue at its
proper place, and is fully described here as a supplement. Several varieties of the
coins appear in the catalogue as well as in this hoard; other varieties, however, are
represented either in the one or the other only and it is, therefore, necessary to
compare the details of both series.
Consisting of 222, mostly well preserved silver coins, these new pieces increase
the corpus of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's dirhem issues sevenfold. It contains 112 speci-
mens struck in Cairo (and one with no mint, but clearly of the Cairo type), 97 issued
in Damascus and 12 minted in Aleppo. In order of chronology, many are the speci-
mens of the years 817, 818 and 819 H. already known to us. Furthermore, the hoard
contains coins of 820 (Cairo and Damascus) and 821 H. (Cairo).
Probably the most important contribution of this hoard to our knowledge of al-
Mu'ayyad Shaykh's coinage, is in the field of metrology. The material formerly at
our disposal consisted of coins weighing between 0.90 and 1.36 gram, but most
specimens were around 1.30 gram. Only two coins weighed 1.62 and 1.67 re-
spectively and a third was 2.60. These figures gave the impression that the entire
issue was based on the 1.30 weight, which may or may not represent the half-dir-
hem.
Examination of our lot reveals that al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's silver belongs to
three well defined and clearly recognizable denominations belonging to the system
of the dirhem. Out of 222 coins, 23 are full dirhems, 189 half-dirhems and 10 quarter-
dirhems. The full dirhems all belong to the Cairo mint; none appears to have been
struck in Syria. Also, the bulk of the coins are half-dirhems (about 90%), which
explains their near exclusivity in the earlier material at our disposal.

The full dirhems weigh between 2.60 and 2.73, the half-dirhems between 1.20
and 1.43 (the overwhelming majority is around 1.30) and the quarters from 0.60
to 0.72. There is no doubt that the weight of the coins was deliberately reduced,
corresponding to a devaluation of about 10 % of the legal weight of the dirhem.
CAIRO
817 H.
DATE WITHOUT DECADE
Border on both sides: two festooned, scalloped, intertwining ribbons; each ribbon
consists of a line of dots between two simple lines
387
388
* 4 H
ettl wjl a, J>-JJU*
iWW in different stages of completeness.
Dirhems
fourteen specimens: (20, 2.70); (19, 2.66) Plate XLII A/2); (18) 2.68); (18, 2.80); (20,
2.60); (19, 2.70) Plate XLII A/6; (20, 2.68); (19, 2.61) Plate XLII A/8; (19, 2.65); (18,
2.63); (19, 2.72); (19, 2.72); (18, 2.70); (18, 2.72).
Half-dirhems
seven specimens: (17, 1 32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII B/2; (14, 1.34); (15,1.30) Plate XLII
B/4; (15, 1.31) Plate XLII B/5; (15, 1.31); (14, 1.20).
Quarter-dirhems
six specimens: (12, 0.65); (15, 0.64); (11, 0.69) Plate XLII, C3; (12, 0.63); (13, 0.65);
Plate XLII, C 5; (13, 0.60).
date with deCade
*D As above, but last line: As above.
Dirhems
three specimens: (20, 2.62) Plate XLII D/i; (18, 2.64) Plate XLII D/2; (17, 2.36) Plate
XLII D/3.
818 H.
(A. Date without decade: itc'lc oLc, cf. Shaykh's coins in Catalogue)
B date with deCade and century, the latter in different
stages of completeness

As above, but last line: As above.
Supplement Shaykh
389
Dirhems
six specimens: (19, 2.63) Plate XLII E/i; (18, 2.68); (19, 267) Plate XLII E/3; (19,
2.73) Plate XLII E/4; (19, 2.60); (18, 2.51).
Half-dirhems
twenty specimens: (13,1.11); (14,1.28) Plate XLII F/2; (14,1.34); (14,1.32) Plate XLII
F/4; (14, 1.36); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.37); (14, 1.33); (14. i.37); (15. 1.34) Plate XLII F/10;
(15, 1.30); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.37); (15, 1.31); (15, 1.28); (16, 1.38); (17, 1.27)
Plate XLII F/18; (17, 1.31); (18, 1.27).
819 H.
i, lc' lc jla _i 2jaUI
Half-dirhems
twenty-four specimens: (16, 1.27); (15, 1.43); (16, 1.14) Plate XLII G/3; (15, 1.36);
(15,1.36) Plate XLII G/5; (15, 1.27) Plate XLII G/6; (15, 1.26); (15, 1.30); (15, 1.34);
(15. i.34); (15.1.37); (15.1.40); (15.129); (15. 136); (14.136); (15.1.29); (15.1.22);
(16, 1.31); (14, 1.34); (14, 1.18); (14, 1.35); (14, 1.35); (13, 1.29); (14, 1.34).
Quarter-dirhem
(11, 0.69) Plate XLII H.
820 H.
Half-dirhems.
eight specimens: (16, 1.32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII I/2; (15, 1.24); (13, 1.34); (13, 1.04);

(13, 1.31); (12, 1.33); (12, 1.26).
39o
Quarter-dirhem
Quarter-dirhem
#J
(1o, o.72) Plate XLII J.
821 H.
(1i, o.63) Plate XLII K.
DATE MISSING
12 half-dirhems and 5 quarter-dirhems.
UNDATED
Half-dirhems
*L Ringlets in the intersections around the rev. border.
y \ As above.
*J\ dill lUJi
three specimens: (17, 1.32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLIII L/2; (14, 1.37).
NO MINT (BUT CAIRO TYPE), UNDATED
*M Ringlets in the intersections around the obv. border.
(sic) ^1l As above.
Half-dirhem
(15, 1.oo) Plate XLIII M.

At the first line of the obverse, engraver's error: instead of y\, jll.
Supplement Shaykh
391
DAMASCUS
All coins are half-dirhems
818 H.
N* Border on both sides: as on the Cairo issues.
tr
J.JIl <nill
thirty-one specimens: (15, 1.29); (15, 1.15); (13, 1.19); (13, 1.28) Plate XLIII N/4; (15,
1.26) Plate XLIII N/5; (15, 1.31); (15, 1.27); (15, 1.34); (15, 1.32); (15, 1.32); (14, 1.27);
(14, 1.30); (14, 1.24); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.32); (14, 1.31); (13, 1.25); (13, 1.30);
(13. i.33); (13. 130); (13. 124); (13. 1.30); (13. 1.28); (13, 1.30); (13, i.30); (13. 1.30);
(13. i.34); (13. 1.28); (13, 1.26).
DATE WITH CENTURY BUT WITHOUT DECADE
*0 As above, but last line: ilc'lc 0\c As above.
eight specimens: (13, 1.35); (16, 1.31); (14, 1.33) Plate XLIII O/3; (14, 1.28); (14, 1.27)
Plate XLIII 0/5; (14, 1.30); (13, 1.32); (13, 1.29).
819 H.
DATE WITH DECADE BUT WITHOUT CENTURY
*P As above, but last line: ji*" As above.
twelve specimens: (14,1.32) Plate XLIII P/i; (13, 1.30); (13, 1.29); (13, 1.33); (14, 1.30)
Plate XLIII P/5; (13,1.21); (13,1.29) Plate XLIII P/7; (13,1.29); (13,1.36); (13,1.36);
(13, 1.09); (13, 1.36).
*Q As above, but last line: llc'lc* ju. As above.
nine specimens: (14, 1.31) Plate XLIII Q/i; (13, 1.27); (13, 1.33); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.31);

(13, 1.32); (13, 1.29); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.40).
820 H.
*R As above, but last line: ilrtc* aj^t. As above.
three specimens: (14, 1.30); (12, 1.33) Plate XLIII R/2; (14, 1.26) Plate XLIII R/3.
al H All ^
41)l J yjJ*
392
DATE MISSING
twenty-nine specimens
New type, with j*> jc; date missing.
*S Border: linear multilobe Border: circular line
dill olUJl <ul Ml <)l M
âJl y\ O. jll Oll J-^j.U#
(15, 1.31) Plate XLIII S.
ALEPPO
817 H.
(A. Date: only digit, on first line of reverse.Cf. Shaykh's coins in catalogue.)
B DATE: ONLY DIGIT, ON LAST LINE OF REVERSE
*T Border as on the Cairo coins.
Cr
y \ nil Ml <Jl M
(14, 1.37) Plate XLITr T.
DATE: WITHOUT CENTURY, ON FIRST LINE OF REVERSE
*U As above. As above, but first line: jts> -
two specimens: (13, 1.39) Plate XLIII U/1; (13, 134).
818 H.
DATE DIGIT ONLY, ON LAST LINE OF REV.
*V As above. As above, but last line: oW* j (sic)

two specimens: (14, 1.25) Plate XLIII V/1; (14, 1.27).
Supplement Shaykh
393
DATE WITH CENTURY, BUT WITHOUT DECADE
*W As above. As above, but last line: <\ck olc*
(14, 1.32) Plate XLIII W.
SAME TYPE, DATE MISSING
four specimens: (17, 1.34); (15, 1.31); (13, 1.3o); (13, 1.26).
NEW TYPE, DATE MISSING
*Z Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend: Shahada double-struck, but first line
o legible: ^
Center, in circular line:

(16, 1.2o) Plate XLIII Z.
SECOND SUPPLEMENT
BAHRI MAMLUKS
AL-MANSOR SAYF AL-DlN QALA'UN
678-689 H. = 1279-1290 A.D.
Only three dirhems of Hamah are listed in the corpus, of the year 679 and one,
date missing.
Dr. George C. Miles has kindly informed me that a lot of 305 silver coins turned
up in the New York market recently. The mint, Hamah, is preserved on 147 speci-
mens and whenever the date is legible, it is 689 H., Qala'un's last year. Eight coins
appear to be half-dirhems. The complete legend has been kindly communicated by
Dr. Miles:
1 ijamAh, 689 H.
In the field: In the field:
Right Bottom Left Top
Counter-clockwise marginal
Right Bottom Left
legend:
Top
JR. ANS.

394
AL-NASIR SHIHAB AL-DIN AHMAD
742-743 H. = 1342 A.D.
2 DAMASCUS, 743 H.
In the field linear hexagram with small pellet in the external angles.
Center:
Cu. Balog, Plate XLIV, A.
This is the second known specimen of an exceedingly rare coin. It is anonymous;
there can, however, be no doubt about the attribution to al-Nasir Ahmad.
Center: ^Xf
(18, 3.2o).

395
AL-SALIH SALAH AL-DIN SALIH
752-755 H. = i35i-i354 A.D.
ALEPPO OR HAMAH, DATE MISSING
ju# Ml 4)l M
jJUl dlll lUJUl
4-jl <u|
jJU cc.Jl V-Jl r5U
.. _Ûl dlill (a)
M. Balog (20). Plate XLIV, B.
The legend of this dirhem is similar to that in the catalogue Erman No. 17. Whereas
the latter shows no trace of the mint, the present coin shows the first letter, a of
the mint name, which must be either Halab or Hamah.
Heretofore three dirhems of this sultan were known; the present coin is the fourth.

396
BURJI MAMLUKS
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DIN FARAJ
I. 8o1-8o8 H. = 1399-14o5 A.D.
II. 8o9-815 H. = 14o6-1412 A.D.
SS. 4 DAMASCUS, 8o2 H.
The present coin, of the Damascus issue with fleur-de-lis chalice, belongs to a
series of which the years 8o1, 8o3 and 8o6 are known. The emission was copied from
a similar one struck by Barquq, Faraj's father.
Border on both sides: linear hexalobe.
In the field: In the field fleur-de-lis chalice, around
dill olWUi which:
l tO*
licit 3
Cu. (22, 4.35). Balog.

397
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR BARSBAY
825-841 H. = 1422-1438 A.D.
SS.5
CAIRO, 829 H.
s0 b
dill IWJ-Jl
. - .i *
ju <ul *il <Jl M
A/-. (22, 4.925). Balog Plate XLIV, C.
SS. 6
CAIRO, 83o H.
As above, but last line:
As above.
A/. (24, 4.635). Balog Plate XLIV, D.
All the known gold coins of Barsbay belong to the reform type based on the
Venetian sequin, initiated in Egypt by al-Nasir Faraj. The sequin-type coins weigh
between 3.4o and 3.5o grams. They also show a new design and arrangement of the
legends.
The present two gold coins, on the contrary, do not belong to the dinar (mithqal)
or the sequin system and show the traditional design and arrangement of legends
of the Bahri gold issues. They were struck in 829 and 83o H., contemporary with
the earliest known sequin-type emissions of Barsbay. They give the impression
that the sultan at first was undecided whether to promote the new, sequin-type
coinage or to return to the old system in which the gold played the role of bullion
only. No Bahri type gold is known of later years, only the sequin-type, and this

latter in great numbers. We suppose therefore that the large-flan emissions were
discontinued.
398
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR AYNAL
857-865 H. - 1453-1461 A.D.
Although both issues are already known, the coins are more than scarce and new
specimens deserve mention.
SS. 7 CAIRO, 85... H.
Heraldic
Fesse
Border missing.
Traces of clockwise circular legend:
Os-i.j
Small circular medallion with three
tubular prolongations toward the margin.
Within: :^*
lilt
lines (fesse):
ill m
Cu. (18, 2.55). Balog.
SS. 8
Border: circle of dots between
two circular lines.
CAIRO, 863 H.
Heraldic
Fesse

In the center small arabesque knot.
(fesse):
.lclc
Cu. (18, 2.72). Balog.
399
AL-ZAHIR ABU-SA'ID KHUSHQADAM
865-872 H. = 1461-1467 A.D.
ALEPPO, UNDATED
Border missing.
Field divided by ornamented
horizontal ribbon:
In the field central linear rhomboid, con-
nected with the border.
Center:
In the segments:
IX LR
UR
UL
dill
Cn. (25, 3.83). Balog Plate XLIV, E.
The rhomboid on the reverse may represent a heraldic buqjah or "napkin", or
it may be a simple ornamental element.
I was unable to read the word in the lower right segment. It is part of the protocol,
but is neither Abu-Sa'id nor Sayf al-Din, both titles of Khushqadam.

400
AL-NASIR ABU AL-SA'ADAT MUHAMMAD
901-904 H. = 1496-1498 A.D.
SS. 10 MINT MISSING, 902 H.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal lines:
_^.U| dlll
JR. (15, 1.41). Balog Plate XLIV, F.
SS. 11 MINT AND DATE MISSING
As above, but last line missing. As above.
JR. (15, 1.41). Balog Plate XLIV, G.
These two issues are unpublished.
<u| "*| 4)l ^
26

401
AL-ZAHIR ABU-SA'ID QANSUH
9o4-9o5 H. = 1498-15oo A.D.
SS. 12 MINT MISSING, 9o4 H.
Border of dots in which counter- Border missing. Field divided by three
clockwise circular legend: horizontal lines:
In linear multilobe: il ^)
VP
jJi. (12, 1.46). Balog Plate XLIV, H.
This dirhem is unique.

4o2
INDEXES
All names are in alphabetical order disregarding the article al- (Jl).
The letter "a" after the catalogue number signifies either the current number (i.e., 2io.a), or
the group of coins immediately following it. This group "a" belongs to the variety described
under the said number, but, generally, with date missing.
The abbreviation "ref." after a catalogue number refers to the coin(s) cited in the references
following the said number.
SS. refers to the Second Supplement of the Catalogue.
Coins with date missing, or undated, are not recorded in the Index of Years.

403
INDEX OF MINTS
Date (ah) Metal Catalogue No. Page
Al-IskandarIyah (Alexandria)
AYBAK
654
I AT I 7 I
AL-MANSUR NUR AL-DfN 'ALI
76
762
655
A7
14
78
656
15
78
657
16,17
79
BAYBARSI
658
A7
27
85
A7
28
86
661
30
86
667
31
87
668
A7
32
87
673
33
87

659
Missing
33.a, 33.b
87
BARAKA QAN
676
104 | 107
qala'On
681
119
"3
684
128
116
Missing
119.a
"3
KHALIL
690
Index of Mints
405
FARAJ
803
Cu
645
285
807
Cu
646
286
810
634
282
SHAJAR AL-DURR
Al-
648
71
648
JR
71
AL-ASHRAF MUSA
73
650
73

649
Missing
JR
74
AYBAK
652
JR
76
653
JR
77
654
75
654
JR
10
77
655
JR
11,12
77
AL-MANSUR NUR AL-DIN *ALI
655
JR
19
80
657
18
79
657
406
Index of Mints
kitbughA
694
157
127
695
155
126
695
158
127
Missing
JR
158 ref.
127
lAjin
697
162
129
Missing
JR
130

164
AL-NASIR MUHAMMAD b. QALA'UN
(2nd reign)
69-
167
133
707
168
132
Missing
168.a
133
but
2nd reign.
(3rd reign)
710
Cu
232
152
711
176
137
713
177
137
720
Cu
242
156
721
Cu
243
156
724
180
138
Index of Mints
407
AL-ASHRAF SHA'BAN
764
jV
396
208
764
Cu
437
217
765
/V
397
208
765
Cu
438
217
766
A7
398
208
766
Cu
439
767
399
209
767
Cu
440
217
768
Cu
441
217
769
A7
400
209
769
Cu
442
218
770
Cu
443
218
771
401
209
772
402
209
773
403
209
773
Cu
444
218
774
404

217
408
Index of Mints
al-mu'ayyad shaykh
815
677
299
815
JR
686
303
816
678
300
817
JR
687, A, B
303. 388
818
JR
688, E, F
304. 389
819
JR
689, G, H
820
JR

304. 389
I.J
389. 390
821
678
300
821
JR
39
823
68o. 681
300, 301
Missing
JR
689.a, K.a
304. 390
AL-MUZAFFAR AHMAD
824
696
307
BARSBAY
829
703, SS.5
3". 398
830
704, SS.6
3".398
831
705
3"
834
706
312
Index of Mints
409
QANSUH AL-GHURI (cotlt.)
916
878
374
917
879
374
917
Cu
894
378
918
880
374
918
Cu
895
378
DlMISHQ
BAYBARSI
666
56
95
667
JR
57. 58
95.96
668
JR
59
96
669
JR

JR
60, 61, 62
96
670
JR
51
94
673
JR
52
94
674
JR
53.63
94.96
674
Cu
97
104
675
JR
54
94
Missing
JR
39. 47
89. 93.
54.a, 55
94. 95
Missing
Cu
4io
Index of Mints
AL-NASIR AHMAD
743 | Cu | 272, SS.2
al-sAlih ismA'il
Missing
168, 395
743
Cu
287
173
744
JR
277
170
744
Cu
288
173
745
JR
278
170
746
JR
171
746
Cu
289
173

279
Missing
JR
280
171
al-kAmil sha'bAn
746
A7
299
177
746
JR
300
179
746
Cu
303
179
747
JR
301
178
747
Cu
304
179
AL-MUZAFFAR HAjJI I
747
306
180
747
JR
3<>7
181
748
JR
308
Index of Mints
411
Dale (ah) Metal Catalogue No. Page
784
785
786
787
787
790
790
Missing
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
PB
BARQUQ
(1st reign)
558
542
559
543
560

544
561. 562
550
[2nd reign)
257
251
258
251
258
251
258, 259
253
793
572
26l
795
573
26l
796
Cu
588
265
797
Cu
589
266
798
574
262
798
Cu
590
266
799
Cu
59i
266
800
575
412
Index of Mints
Date (ah) Metal Catalogue No.
qalA'On
Missing | JR | 136 |
Halab (Aleppo)
Page
118
AL-NASIR MUHAMMAD b. QALA'UN
(2nd reign)
701
Cu
171
134
(3rd reign)
710
Cu
233. 238
153.154
717
Cu
260
162
730
JR
199
143
JR
200
143
733
JR
201
143
737
JR
202
143
739
JR
203
144

731
Missing
JR
203.a
144
Missing
Cu
228
151
Undated
Cu
236, 252
154.159
AL-SALIH ISMA'lL
743
744
746
Missing
Missing
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
291
292
293.294
283,284
Index of Mints
413
FARAJ
802
Cu
653
803
Cu
654
804
Cu
655
Missing
636
Missing
JR
644
Undated
Cu
656
288
288
289
282
285

289
AL-MANSUR 'UTHMAN
Undated
862
Undated
Missing
817
818
Missing
824
838
839
Missing
845
846
and
848 (?)
Undated
al-mu'ayyad shaykh
fR
JR
JR
694. T, U
695, V, W
305.392
306,392,292
393
AL-SALIH MUHAMMAD
JR I 701,702 I
BARSBAY
726
727
727.a
JR
JR
JR
Cu
Cu
Cu
JR
JAQMAQ
414
Index of Mints
AL-SALIH ISMA'IL
Page
744
JR
282
171
746
Cu
296
175
Missing
JR
282.a
171
Undated
Cu
295
175
Undated
Undated
755
Missing
(or
Aleppo ?)

AL-MUZAFFAR HAJJI
JR 3"
Cu 315
AL-SALIH sAlih
JR
JR
335. 336
SS.3
AL-NASIR HASAN
Missing \ JR \ 367
182
182
189, 190
396
198
AL-MANSOR MUHAMMAD
Undated | Cu 1392,393,394 | 205,306
AL-ASHRAF SHA'bAN
764
Cu
466
224
765
Cu
467
224
766
JR
433
215
768
JR
434
215
771
JR
435
216
778
JR
436
216
Missing
Index of Mints
4i5
AL-NASIR HASAN
750
Cu
JR
329
326
776
Undated
AL-ASHRAF SHA'bAN
Cu
Cu
473
474.475.476
477.478.479
480
Page
187
181
226
227
228
229
AL-MANSUR CALA AL-DlN 'ALI

Undated
Undated
Cu
504
505.506,507
508, 509
al-sAlih hAjji 11
Cu l 525
235
236
237
244
barqOq
789
Cu
602
271
Undated
Cu
603
271
604,605,606
272
FARAJ
804
Cu
660
291
Missing
637
283
Undated
Cu
66l
291
662, 663
292
JAQMAQ
85-
Cu
753
327
416 Index of Mints
Date (ah) Metal Catalogue No. Page Date (ah) Metal Catalogue No. Page
AL-NASIR HASAN
(2nd reign)
| JR | 366,368* I
AL-MANSUR MUHAMMAD
198
762
JR
382
203
763
JR
383
203
764
JR
384 a
203
Missing
381.a
202
Missing
JR
384
203
Cu
395
207

Undated
Missing | JR
AL-ASHRAF SHA'BAN
436 ref.
216
AL-MANSUR 'alA al-dIn 'ali
Missing
AL-SALIH HAJJI II
495
233
(1st reign)
Undated
Cu
526
244
(2nd reign)
Missing
JR
530
246
barquq
Undated
Cu
607,608,609
273
610,611,612
274
FARAJ
805
635
283
808
Cu
669
294
810
632
28l
Index of Mints
417
904
Missing
Undated
AL-ZAHIR QANSUH
JR SS.11
Pi 862
Cu 864
JANBALAT
Missing | N I 865
AL-'ADIL TUMANBAY
906
Missing
907
908
Pi
Pi
866
867
QANSUH AL-GHURI
Cu 902
Pi 870
402
367
368
370
370
381
372

369
Date (ah)
Metal Catalogue No.
Page
909
871
372
910
872
372
911
873
372
922
Br
896
379
Missing
868
37i
869
372
Missing
JR
887, 888
376
Missing
Cu
897. 898
379
Missing
Br
899
380
Undated
INDEX OF YEARS
Bahri MamlOks
Date (ah)
648
648
Metal
JR
Mint
SHAJAR AL DURR
Cairo
Cairo
Catalogue No.
Page
71
7i. 72
649
650
AL-ASHRAF MOSA
Cairo
Cairo
73
73. 74
652
654
654
654
655
JR
JR
JR
JR

653
AYBAK
Cairo
Cairo
Alexandria
Cairo
Cairo
Cairo
10
11
76
77
76
75
75
77
655
655
656
657
657
657
JR
JR
AL-MANSOR 'All b. AYBAK
Index of Years
419
Date (ah)
Metal
Mint
Catalogue No.
Page
BAYBARS I (C0fit.)
659
A/
Missing
37
89
660
Cairo
35
88
660
JR
Cairo
46, 72
92. 99
660
JR
Ham ah
48
661

93
Alexandria
30
86
661
Cairo
36
88
661
JR
Cairo
73
100
662
JR
Cairo
75. 78
100, 101
663
Cairo
29
86
663
JR
Cairo
74. 76. 79
100, 100, 101
664
JR
Cairo
77. 80
100,101
665
JR
Cairo
81
101
666
JR
420
Index of Years
Date (ah)
Metal
Mint
Catalogue No.
Page
677
677
678
678
678
678
BARAKA QAN (cont.)
JR
Cairo
106
JR
Damascus
11o
JR
Cairo
107
JR
Damascus
i1
JR
Cairo

SALAMISH
113."
JR
Damascus
qalA'Gn
JR
Cairo
121
Cu
Cairo
140
A/
Alexandria
119
JR
Cairo
122
JR
Damascus
128
Damascus
120
JR
Cairo
123
JR
Damascus
130
JR
Alexandria
129
JR
Cairo
"5
JR
Damascus
131
Cairo
Index of Years
421
Date (ah)
Metal
JR
Cu
Mint Catalogue No.
lAjin
Damascus
Cairo
Damascus (?)
AL-NASIR MUHAMMAD t>. QALA'UN
(2nd reign)
Cairo
Aleppo
Cairo
163
162
163
167
171
168
Page
129
129
132
134
132
JR
JR
JR
Cu

130
BAYBARS II
Tripoli
Missing
Missing
Tripoli
172
173
174
175
135
135
136
136
AL-NASIR MUHAMMAD b. QALA'ON
(3rd reign)
Cu Cairo 232
Cu Aleppo 233, 238
A7 Cairo 176
N Damascus 178
A7 Cairo 177
N Damascus 179
JR Hamah 204
Cu Aleppo 260
JR Hamah 205
Cu Cairo 242
Cu Damascus 244
Cu Cairo 243
N Cairo 180
Cu Tripoli 218
JR Damascus 194
Cu Damascus 261
JR Aleppo 199
JR Hamah 206
422 Index of Years
Date (ah) Metal Mint Catalogue No. Page
AL-NASIR MUHAMMAD b. QALA'UN (cottt.)
(3rd reign)
735
Cu
Damascus
222
150
736
Cu
Damascus
223
150
736
JR
Hamah
210
145
737
Cu
Damascus
224
150
737
JR
Aleppo
143
738
Cairo
182
139
738

202
Damascus
187
140
739
Cairo
183
139
739
Damascus
188
140
739
Cu
Damascus
225
150
739
JR
Aleppo
203
144
740
Cairo
185
139
740
Damascus
189
140
741
Index of Years
423
Date (ah)
Metal
Mint
Catalogue No.
Page
JR
Cu
JR
Cu
JR
JR
Cu
JR
ti
Cu
ti
ti
Cu
Cu
JR
Cu
Cu
ti

AL-KAMIL SHA'bAN I
Damascus
Damascus
Damascus
Cairo
Damascus
Damascus
AL-MUZAFFAR HAjJI I
Cairo
Damascus
Damascus
Aleppo
Missing
Damascus
AL-NASIR HASAN
(1st reign)
Cairo
Damascus
Cairo
Damascus
Damascus
Cairo
Damascus
Tripoli
Cairo
763
763
764
764
764
764
764
764
764
764
765
765
765
765
765
766
766
766
Metal
Cu
Cu
JR
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
JR
Cu

424
Index of Years
Dale (ah)
758
759
759
759
759
760
760
760
760
761
761
761
762
762
762
762
762
762
762
762
762
762
763
763
763
Index of Years
425
Date (ah) Metal Mint Catalogue No.
AL-ASHRAF SHA'BAN II (cottt.)
A7 Damascus 417
JR Hamah 433
A7 Alexandria 411
A7 Cairo 399
Cu Cairo 440
JR Aleppo 432
Cu Cairo 441
A7 Damascus 418
JR Hamah 434
A/ Alexandria 412
N Cairo 400
Cu Cairo 442
Cu Alexandria 449
Cu Cairo 443
JR Damascus 430
Cu Damascus 454
A7 Cairo 401
A7 Damascus 419
Cu Damascus 455,456
JR Hamah 435
A7 Cairo 402
A7 Damascus 420
Cu Damascus 457

A7 Alexandria 413
Cu Alexandria 450
A7 Cairo 403
Cu Cairo 444
A7 Damascus 421
A7 Aleppo 425
N Cairo 404
A7 Damascus 422
A7 Alexandria 414
A7 Cairo 405
Cu Cairo 445
A7 Damascus 423
Cu Alexandria 451
A7 Cairo 406
Cu Cairo 446
A7 Damascus 424
Cu Tripoli 473
A7 Alexandria 415
Cu Alexandria 452,453
A7 Cairo 407
Cu Cairo 447
A7 Aleppo 426
A7 Cairo 408
Cu Cairo 448
A7 Aleppo 427
JR Hamah 436
Page
212
215
210
209
217
215
217
212
215
211
209
218
219
218
215
220
791
792
784
784
784
784
784
785
785
785
785
786
Metal
Pi
ti
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu

426
Index of Years
Date (ah)
778
778
779
779
779
780
780
781
781
781
781
781
782
782
782
783
783
783
783
783
784
784
784
784
791
Index of Years
427
Date (ah)
786
786
786
786
787
787
787
787
788
788
788
788
789
789
789
789
790
790
790
791
791
792
792
793
793
793
794
794
795
795
796
796
797
797
798
798
798
798
798
799
799
799
800
800
801
Metal
Cu
Cu
A7
Cu
A7
Cu
A7
A7
A7
Cu
A7
Cu
Cu
A7
Cu
A7
A7

793
428
Index of Years
Date (AH)
Metal
Mint
Catalogue No.
Page
FARAJ
801
iV
Cairo
613, 614
276,277
801
Cu
Damascus
647
286
802
Cu
Damascus
SS.4
397
802
Cu
Aleppo
653
803
Cu

288
Alexandria
645
285
803
Cairo
615
277
803
Cu
Damascus
648
286
803
Cu
Aleppo
654
288
804
Cairo
616, 624
277, 279
804
Cu
Aleppo
655
289
804
Cu
Tripoli
660
291
805
Cairo
617, 625, 626
278, 279, 280
805
Index of Years 429
al-mu'ayyad shaykh (cont.)
818
JR
Aleppo
695. v, W
306, 392, 393
819
Cairo
689, G, H
304. 389
819
JR
Damascus
693, P. Q
305. 391
820
JR
Cairo
I.J
389. 390
820
JR
Damascus
821
Cairo
679
300
821
JR
Cairo

391
K, L
390
823
AT
Alexandria
684
302
823
Cairo
680, 681
300, 301
824
Alexandria
685
302
AL-MUZAFFAR AHMAD
824
Cairo
696
307
824
JR
Hamah
697
307
TATAR
824
JR
No dated coins known
430 Index of Years
Date (ah)
Metal
Mint
Catalogue No.
Page
JAQMAQ
842
A/
Cairo
734
320
843
Cairo
735
320
844
JR
Cairo
738
321
845
JR
Cairo
739
322
JR

845
Damascus
741. 746
322,323
845
Cu
Aleppo
752
326
846
Cairo
736
320
846
JR
Cairo
740
322
846
Cu
Aleppo
751
326
847
JR
Damascus
742
322
848
JR
Damascus
743
323
848?
Cu
Aleppo
75i
326
(846)?
849
JR
Index of Years 431
qa'itbAy
879
ti
Aleppo
809 ref.
349
881
JR
Aleppo
824
354
886
Cairo
810 ref., 811 ref.
350
886
JR
Cairo
817
351
886
Cu
Cairo
833. 834
886
JR

356
No mint
820
352
887
JR
Cairo
818
352
889
Cairo
810 ref.
350
891
Cu
Cairo
838
357
891
Cu
No mint
840
358
892
Aleppo
809 ref.
349
896
Cairo
814
35i
897
Cairo
812 ref.
35o
AL-NASIR MUHAMMAD b. QA'lTBAY
902
ARABIC INDEX
Page
164-165
276-295, 397
^<
361-366, 401
249-275
346-347
320-327
340-345
367-368
73-74
296-298
330-337
Jbl J^Vl
311-318, 398
369
383
348-360
370
299-306, 387-393
85
307-308
^^
338-339
167-168, 395
jjjdl vlfJ Ûl
50
335
73-74
369

169-176 jôJl
330-337
JUjl JjJl
311-318, 398
348-360
120-124
383
166
371-382
Page
208-229
223
II oUi
93-95. 97
73-74
89, 91, 92
(no proper name)
296-298
75-77
iiol
330-337
11O-111
JjU1 4 "A- ji.Jl ^
311-318, 398
249-275
at* -V jUn'
254
107-109
jjjOl a*Jl i 01*
15
15
345
Ju- j.UJ <. tfU
85-106
135-136
II jiJjl >U1l
JUu. ^jl j*UJl t Uj^c
346-347
50, 51, 282
Arabic Index
Page
129-131
184-187, 192-200
5i
51
5i
51. 290
Page
(JU-
JU-
283
<il oL
253
15, 125, 249, 250, 260 <JlU- .il ik
15,262, 263, 276,277,283, 296, *si. -il aL.
301,302,307,315,317, 324,325
15.307
245
61.
120-124
340-345,400
341
51
51,197, 266
16
iljULl jboll
314

180
85-106
135-136
II ^JJJ jilill
126-128
107-109
jli ^Trf ^.all OjJl
50,250
11O-111
15.307
14.341
Jill y\ fjiijj. JiUJl
14
Jill olUJl
15 ji oUi oj-dlÛ J^Vl Jill olUJl
Oj-X JuH Ûl Jill Ji
223
244
104-106
128
183
130,205
148,149,162
14
164-165
330-337
311-318,398
249-275
345
320-327
180-183
340-345
177-179
309
370
348-360
82-84
112-119
330-337
311-318, 398
348-360
249-275
434
Arabic Index
Page
307-308
338-339
167-168
267
267
299-306, 387-393
188-191, 396
238-246
188-191, 396
169-176
310
244
15, 86-88, 91, 92
105, 11o, 113-117
71-72
120-124
238-246
188-191, 396
201-207
383
370
309
268
249-275

345
85-106
346-347
320-327
340-345, 400
309
367-368
104-106
JU~l yU\
Al Ûl
II Û. JJ.dl ^^jL,
ju* jjall jÛ
(no proper name)
94,97-101, ^/Ul
. "9. 145
JU1l
Xl
_ÛJl
'SjM
346-347
367-368
85-106
249-275
(no proper name)
^lUl
* y} oi^
Page
320-327
340-345. 400
345
309
7a
11O-111
370
126-128
128
XI
(no proper name)
14, 311, 312, 314, 315, 330, 336, 342,
343, 350-352, 398, 399, 342
296-298
276
328-329
Arabic Index
435
Page
5o
50, 265, 277
348-360
15, 362
112-119
126-128
16, 269
129-131
17
84, 130
310
296-298
84
73-78, 80
71-72
296-298
135-136
180-183
82-84
307-308
183
75-77
14
Jy.Ull
J lit.

JÂll j alii I t jLi
jiall jJUll
tflAl*
Mi 5** i>! Ji.1"
ox>
I Û" oeoJl ^
.U*-l JjjJl jl^
(no proper name)
iLjl âJl jc >Il
Jill
74, 220-222, 224-227, 229, 335 ciri^l iJUJLl
73 &y u^Vl illil
175, 190, 191, 244, 245 jJUll jlll
72, 75-76 V>J cJ^ ^
91, 98, 104, 270-274, 322, 327, 386 ^.Uill Jlll
347. 385
128
16, 341
L-jjl Ûill Jill
JjUl jul
4)l ilil
Page
182-183 >Ull Jill
78, 80, 81, 205, 206, 235-237, 386 JJ^1\ Jlil
71 ^yil jm! JJU. illil
71-72 iJL
129-131 0rV Oi.*1l fl-*.
164-165 J^,.y) di^ <-*f
112-119 Oj^ JrfJU)
238, 241
201-207
276
230-237
328-329
238, 245, 246
232
78-81
130, 205
II
jj jll Jj* jâll Jc
uLic jjall >J
II^-U ^.jll
436
Arabic Index
Page
71-81
16,14o,142,171, 251
Vl Ju>s Uj
16, 137-14o, 142, 147, 4l x* Vl L.j
149, 15o, 164, 167, 169-171, 177, 178,
18o, 181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 19o, 192,
Page
2o1, 2o2, 2o8, 211, 213, 23o, 232, 238,
245. 249, 251-253, 26o, 262, 263, 277,
279, 282, 3oo, 3o1, 3o7
72
319

.illl uSj
GENERAL INDEX
'Abbas, al-Musta'in Bi'llah 296-298
'Abbasid(s) 17, 39, 242
'Abbasid Caliph 5, 78
'Abbasid Caliph of Cairo 9, 85
'Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad 6
'Abd al-'Aziz al-Mansur, 'Izz al-Din 276
'Abd al-Malik 39
Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad al-Hakim, 'Abbasid
Caliph of Egypt 85
Abu Bakr
al-Mansur Sayf al-Din 164-165
al-'Adil (Ayyflbid) 72
Abu al-Fadl 'Abbas al-Musta'in Bi'llah 296
to 298
Abu al-Fath, al-Ashraf Musa 73-74
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali b. Yiisuf al-Hakim 54
Abu al-Nasr 371
Abu al-Nasr
al-Ashraf Aynal 330-337
al-Ashraf Barsbay 311-318, 398
al-Ashraf Janbala^ 369
al-Ashraf Tumanbay 383
al-Ashraf Qa'itbay 348-360
al-'Adil Tumanbay 370
al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 299-306, 387-393
Abu al-Qasim Ahmad al-Mustansir bi'llah,

'Abbasid Caliph of Egypt 14, 85
Abu al-Sa'adat
al-Nasir Faraj 276-295, 397
al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qa'itbay 361-366
Abu Sa'id 400
Abu Sa'id
al-Zahir Barquq 249-275
al-Zahir Jaqmaq 320-327
al-Zahir Khushqadam 340-345
al-Zahir Temirbugha 346-347
al-Zahir Qansuh 367-368
al-'Adil
Abu Bakr I (Ayyubid) 72
Badr al-Din Salamish iio-i1
Sayf al-Din Tumanbay 369, 370
Zayn al-Din Kitbugha 126-128
al-Afdal 'Ali 12
Ahmad
Abu al-Qasim, the Caliph al-Mustansir
bi'llah 85
al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Fath 338-339
al-Muzaffar Shihab al-Din 307-308
al-Nasir Shihab al-Din 167-168, 395
Ahmed Zeki Pasha 27
'Akka 7
'Ala al-Din
al-Ashraf, Kujuk 166
al-Mansur, 'Ali 230-237
Albuquerque 11
Aleppo 7, 15-17, 26, 27, 48, 50, 51, 208, 230,
238, 240, 274,313,319, 344,348,371,387
Alexandria 15-17, 50, 51, 82, 208, 216, 233,
256, 257, 299
'Ali
al-Mansur Nur al-Din 78-81
al-Mansur 'Ala al-Din 230-237
'Ali Pasha 47
Almoravid (dinar of) 54
Amir at-mu'minin 296, 297
Annulets 21
Antioch 7
Antioch Hoard 1, 275
438
General Index
al-Ashraf (cont.)
Abu al-Nasr Aynal 330-337, 399
Abu al-Nasr Barsbay 311-318, 398
Abu al-Nasr Janbalat 369
Abu al-Nasr Qa'itbay 348-360
Abu al-Nasr Qansuh al-Ghuri 371-382
Abu al-Nasr Tumanbay 383
'Ala al-Din Kujuk 166
Muzaffar al-DIn Abu al-Fath Musi 73-74
Nasir al-DIn Sha'ban II 208-229
Salah al-Din Khalil 120-124
Ashrafi dinar 47
Ashrafi dirhem 47
Ashrafi silver 48
Asia Minor 7-10, 18
Assays (of silver) 45
Assiut 39
Aybak 6, 12, 13, 17, 41, 51, 52, 55, 73, 75-77
Aynal 14, 45, 53, 330-337
Ayn Jalut 6
Ayyubids 5, 12, 16, 40, 41, 54, 75, 76
Ayyubid Princes 7, 18
Ayyubids of the Yaman 73
Ayyubid style dirhem 12, 78, 79
Ayyubid type 85

al-'Aziz (Fatimid Caliph) 54
al-'Aziz Jamal al-DIn Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf
319
al-'Aziz Yusuf 53, 319
'Azza AU&h ansarahu 15
'Azza nasrahu 15, 162, 230
Badawi tribes 11
Badr al-Din Salamish 110-111
Bahri Mamluks 6, 25, 44, 52
Bahri type 13
Bar 20, 23, 26, 29, 30, 38, 384
Baraka Qan 12,14, 21,24,26,52,85,107-109
Barquq 1, 9,13,15,16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 33, 42,
5, 51. 53-55, 238, 249-275, 284, 290,
293. 386, 397
Barquq 'azza nasrahu 254
Barsbay 13-15, 17, 21, 22, 42, 43, 47, 48, 53,
54, 3"-318, 398
Bayazld II 10, 11
Baybars I 7, 12-15, 17, 2. 21. 24. 20, 44,
50-52, 85-106, 11o, 274
Baybars II 8, 12, 14, 15, 52, 135-136
Bedoukian, P. 147
Bend 30
Bendy 26, 29, 30, 38, 206, 222, 270, 273, 384
Beyram 189
Bilbay 345, 346
Bi-metallic system 39, 41, 42
Bird 19, 21, 29, 190
Bi'smillah 15
Bi'smillah al-rahmdn al-rahxm 15
Black dirhems 40, 45, 55, 146, 253
Blazon 13, 19, 20, 85, 290
Blessed dinar 16
Buqjah 13, 22, 26, 35, 36, 321, 322, 324, 327,
400
Burj 8
Burji Mamluks 8, 45, 52
Burji type 13
Byzantine(s) 41
Cairo 9, 12, 15-17, 22, 23, 37, 39, 40, 48, 50,
55, 75, 82, 84, 208, 216, 233, 238, 240,
249, 257, 299, 320, 321, 330, 348, 356,
General Index
439
Cup 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 34, 128, 205, 267, 268,
274, 29O
Currency reform of
Faraj 13, 42, 43, 46, 276, 279, 280
al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 43, 46, 47, 299, 300,
301
Cut dirhems 214
Cyprus 10
Damascus 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22,
26-28, 35, 40, 48, 50, 51, 89, 208, 212,
313. 37L 387. 397
Damascus the guarded 51
Damascus type 76, 79
Dehli sultans 267
Dekagram 331
Deka-hexagram 279, 307
al-Dhahabi 27
Dhu al-Qadr 11
Die(s) 54-56
Dimishq 51
Dimishq al-mahrusa 51, 266
Dinar 16, 17, 398
Dinar Nasiri 43, 280
Dinar al-Salimi 279
Dirhem 16, 45, 48, 49, 54

Dirhem-fals 45
Diyar Bakr 11
Dodekalobe 112-114, 127, 130, 184, 188, 189,
194, 208, 230, 238, 249, 251, 252, 260,
261-263, 265, 266, 276, 282, 322, 323
Double striking 56
Duck 21, 26
Eagle 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 33, 37, 163, 207,
27. 273, 360
Eagle, double headed 21, 27, 163
Egypt 5-11,13, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 398
Eight-pointed star 199, 204, 217-219, 241
Exchange rate 39-49
Exergue 57
Fakhr al-Din, al-Mansur 'Uthman 328-329
Fals (pi. fulus) 2,12-16,18-20, 22-24, 42, 44,
45, 48-51, 55, 216, 230, 233, 240, 256,
257, 263, 274, 290,307, 335, 356,384, 386
Faraj g, 13, 15, 16, 20-22, 24, 25, 42-44, 46,
51-55, 276-295, 397
Faraj's monetary reforms 13, 42, 43, 46, 276,
279, 280
Fatimid 17, 40, 41
Fatimids 12, 55, 242
Fatimid black dirhems 146
Fatimid Caliphate 40
Fatimid dinar 40
Fayyum 75
Fesse 13, 20, 22, 23, 26, 28-36, 38, 131, 157
to 159, 175, 187, 190, 206, 220, 223, 224,
226, 235, 236, 244-246, 258, 259, 268, 270
to 274, 280, 281, 289-292, 296, 299, 300,
318, 336, 365, 379, 384-386, 399
Fineness (of silver) 45
Fish 23, 31, 223, 385
Flan 54
Fleur-de-lis 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, 30-34, 36, 37,
160, 182, 224, 228, 234, 235, 243, 244,
257, 267, 268, 271, 288, 292-295
Fleur-de-lis Chalice 32, 266, 267, 268. 397
Floweret 18
Four-pointed star 228
Fourre coins 254
44o
General Index
Hasan (cf. al-Nasir Hasan) 184-187, 192-2oo
Heavy coinage (of al-Salih Hajji) 241-242
Hexagram 22, 1o5, 134, 154, 155, 164, 165,
221, 226, 236, 244, 246, 258, 293, 326,
345. 347. 357. 366, 384. 395
Hexagon 227, 235, 241, 242
Hexalobe 225, 244, 337, 377, 378, 38o, 397
Hims 7, 19
Hoard
Antioch hoard 64
of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 387-393
Horse 21, 29, 2o6
House of Qala'un 8, 24, 238, 384
Hulagu 6, 7, 85
Human faced Sun 2o5
Husain Mu'nis 54
Husam al-Dln Lajin 129-131
Ibn Ba'ra 54
Ibn Furat 254, 257
Ibn Taghri Birdi 47, 48
Ikhshldid 39
Ilbugha al-S&limi 279
Ilkhanids 7, 8
Ilkhanid Kufic 51
'Imad al-Din, al-Salih Isma'il 169-176

al-imam al-d'zam 296
Inali dirhem 48
Indian trade 1o, 11
Indication of value 16, 17
Inflation 42
Ingots 4o
'Iraq 7, 18
'Iraqi Jazirah 45
Iskandariyah, al-Iskandariyah 5o
Isma'il, al-Salih 'Imad al-Din 169-176
'Izz al-Din
'Abd al-'Aziz 385
Aybak 75-77
'Izz li-mawlana 15
Jamal al-Din, al-'Aziz Yusuf 319
Janbalat, al-Ashraf 53, 369, 371
Jaqmaq, al-Zahir 13, 15, 22, 43, 48, 53, 32o
to 327, 386
Jarkas al-Khalili 254, 284
Jazirah 18
Kaffa bfl-mawt wa'zzan 16
Kalima 15, 46
al-Kamil Muhammad (Ayyubid) 17, 4o, 71
al-Kamil Sayf al-Din Sha'ban 177-179
al-Kamil Sha'ban 14, 16, 44, 52
Karak 8, 9
Katib al-Wilaya Mosque 36
Khalil 51, 52
Khali ad a Allah mulkahu 15
Khallada Allah sultanahu 15
Khushqadam, al-Zahir 13, 14, 16, 53, 32o,
34o-345. 369. 386
Kitbugha, al-'Adil 14, 16, 22, 24, 27, 28, 52,
126-128
Kujuk, al-Ashraf 166
Lajin, al-Mansur 12, 14, 15, 25, 28, 52, 129
to 131
Laqab 274, 275, 285
Leon (Levon) IV of Armenia 42, 146, 147
Leopard 21, 38
Light-weight dirhems 43
Lion 19, 2o, 21, 24, 29, 223, 337
Lion
General Index
441
al-Mansur (cont.)
Sayf al-Din Abti-Bakr 164-165
Sayf al-Din Qala'un 112-119
Nasir al-Din Hajji II (2nd reign) 238, 245
Salah al-Din Hajji II (2nd reign) 238, 245
to 246
al-Mansur 'Abd al-'Aziz 276
al-Mansur Abu-Bakr 52, 164-165
al-Mansur 'Ali 52
al-Mansur 'Ali b. Aybak 1, 6, 12, 13, 16, 17,
52,' 82, 78-81
al-Mansur 'Ali b. Sha'ban II 21, 23, 25, 31,
52, 162, 230-237
al-Mansur Hajji 238
al-Mansur Lajin 129-131
al-Mansur Khalil 71
al-Mansur Muhammad 16, 21, 23-25, 29, 42,
50, 52, 201-207, 216, 233, 240, 385
al-Mansur Nasir al-Din 'Ali 232
al-Mansur Qala'un 112-119
al-Mansur Uthman 53, 328-329
al-Mansuri 15
al-Maqrizi 40, 43, 45,46, 54, 73, 253, 279-280
Marginal legend 57
Marj Dabiq 11, 44

Massisah 51
Mawlana 185
Mawlana al-sultan al-malik 14, 123
Mihrab 155
Mimbar 19
Mint 5off., 54ff.
Mithqal 16, 17, 43, 46, 48, 49, 277, 299, 300,
301, 398
Monetary standard 41
Monetary system 41
Money of account 45
Mongols 7
Mongols of Persia 8
Mongol Kufic 51
Mongol invasion (of the Mamluk Empire) 6,269
Mongol invasion of Armenia 146
Mosque lamp 379-381
al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Fath Ahmad 338-339
al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad 53, 335, 338-339
al-Mu'ayyad Sayf al-Din Abu al-Nasr Shaykh
299-306, 387-393
al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh 9, 10, 13,15-17, 35, 42,
43. 45-47. 5i. 53. 299-306, 335, 387-393
Mu'ayyadi 10, 47
al-Mughith 'Umar 6
Muhammad
al-Musta'in bi'llah, 'Abbasid Caliph of Cairo
296-298
al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qa'itbay 361-366,
401
al-Nasir Muhammad b. Qala'un 125,132 to
134. 137-1D3
al-Salih Muhammad b. Tatar 310
Muhammad b. Kitbugha 24
al-Mu'izz 'Izz al-Din Aybak 25, 75-77
al-Mulk WUahi 16
al-Muqtadir bi'llah 39
Musa, al-Ashraf Muzaffar al-Din Abu al-Fath
73-74
al-Musta'in, 'Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad 39
al-Musta'in, 'Abbasid Caliph of Cairo Abu al-
Fadl 'Abbas, 13, 22, 47, 53, 296-298
al-Mustansir, 'Abbasid Caliph of Cairo 14, 85
442
General Index
Nasir-al-Din (cont.)
Muhammad b. Qala'un, al-Nasir 125, 132
to 134. 137-163
Muhammad b. Tatar, al-Salih 31o
Nasir al-millat al-Muhammadiyah wa-muhl
al-Dawlat al-'Abbasiyah 14
al-Nasir Nasir al-Din
Abu al-Sa'adat Faraj 276-295, 397
Hasan 184-187, 192-2oo
Muhammad b. Qa'itbay 361-366, 4o1
Muhammad b. Qala'un 125, 132-134, 137
to 163
al-Nasir Shihab al-Din Ahmad 167-168, 395
Nasiri dinar 46
Naskhi 17, 75
Nawruz 9
Neo-Kufic 76
Nisi 43, 46
Nisi wa-rub' 17
Nuqrah 55
Nur al-Din <Ali 78-81
Obverse 13, 57
Octogram (cf. eight-pointed star) 237, 256,
259. 29l
Octolobe 221, 225, 228, 322, 353, 377

Orientation of axis 56
Oshin 147
Osmanli Turks 43
Ottoman conquest 51
Ottoman Sultans 1o
Ottoman Turks 11
Palanquin 21, 29
Parade saddle 21
Peacock 19
Pear-shaped shield 23, 29
Pegged dies 56
Pen box 36
Pentagon 293
Pentalobe 332
Pile 56
Pious invocations 15
Polo sticks 2o, 22, 24, 33, 34, 27o, 29o
Port of Alexandria 282
Portuguese 11, 41
Prayer niche 379, 381
Preparation of the die 55
Protocol 57
Pseudo-Ayyiibid 12, 17, 21, 54
al-Qahirah 5o
Qa'itbay 1o,14, 21-23, 37. 44. 45. 47. 49. 5o,
53, 55, 348-36o, 369. 37i
Qa'itbay rahimahu Allah 15
Qala'un 7, 15-17, 2o, 22, 26, 5o, 52, no, 112
to 119
Qalqashandi 46, 253
Qansuh 386
Qansuh (al-Zahir Qansuh) 367-368
Qansuh al-Ghuri 13, 15, 38, 43, 44, 48-50,
53. 55. 369. 371-382
Qaslm amir al-mu'minin 14
Qubbah 21, 29, 2o6
Queen (Shajar al-Durr) 71-72
Qutuz 7, 12, 15, 17, 52, 82-84
al-Radi bi'llah 39
Rasulid dynasty 19
Rate of exchange 39-49
Rising Sun 21, 24, 2o5
Rosette 19, 2o, 22, 24, 28-3o, 32, 34, 36, 37,
General Index
443
Sayf al-Din (cont.)
al-'Adil Tumanbay 370
Aynal 330-337
Barquq 249-275
Bilbay 345
Hajji I 180-183
Ilbugha b. 'Abdullah al-Salimi al-Zahiri 279
Khushqadam 340-345
Qa'itbay 348-360
Qala'un 112-119
Qutuz 82-84
Sha'ban I 177-179
Shaykh 299-306, 387-393
Tatar 309
Scroll (C^p) 18, 114-115, 117-119, 123,126,
127, 129, 130, 135-139. J44. 177, 188,
189, 211, 231, 255, 260-263, 297, 299
Selim I 11
Seljuks of Rum 16
Sequin 13, 46, 47, 54, 276, 280, 311
Sha'ban
al-Kamil Sayf al-Din I 177-179
al-Ashraf Nasir al-Din 208-229
Sha'ban and 'Ali 24
Sha'ban and Hajji 24

Shadda 18
Shajar al-Durr 6, 12, 17, 41, 52, 71-72, 73
Shark 23, 31, 223
Shaykh (al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Nasr) 22, 299
to 306, 335. 387-393
Shaykh al-Mahmudi 9
Shield 20, 22-24, 26, 28, 29,32,35, 36,38, 200
Shihab al Din
al-Muzaffar, Ahmad 307-308
al-Nasir, Ahmad 167-168
Silver 47
Silver-copper system 41
Silver content 47, 48
Sis 42, 146
Sitting prince 19
Six-petaled flower 237
Skandariyah 50
Square flan 55, 381
Square-in-the-circle 12, 76, 77, 79-81, 83, 84,
103, 104, 118, 221, 223, 225, 241, 242,
337. 359, 363-366, 380, 384
Standard of coinage 40
Striking 56
al-Sultan 14
Sultan al-Islam wa'l-Muslimin 15
al-Sultan Khushqadam abu al-Nasr malik al-
Zahir 14, 341
al-Sultan al-Malik 14, 297, 341
al-Sultan al-malik al-Ashraf Nasir al-dunya
wa'l-din Sha'ban b. Hasan b. al-malik al-
Nasir Muhammad b. Qala'un 15
Sun 23
Sword 19
Syria 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 40, 47, 50, 356, 387
Syrian Ayyubids 6
Syrian Marches 9
Table 384
Table of mint activity 52-53
Taghri Birdi 49
Tamgha 21, 25, 76
Tarablus 52
Tarablus al-Mahriisa 52
Tarsus 51
444
General Index
Venetians 41
Venetian sequin 43, 398
Walidat al-Malik al-Mansur 72
Walking eagle 21
Wa-ma al-nasr ilIa min 'ind alliih 16
Wa-ma lawfiqi ilIa bVUdhi 16
Water-wheel 23, 30, 33, 37, 38, 227, 270, 272,
365. 366, 382
Wheel 22, 29, 207, 386
Whirling rosette 23, 37
Wuqiyah-weight copper of al-SSlih Hajji II
240, 241, 242
Yashbak 9
Yemen 19
Yusuf (al-'Aziz Jamal al-Din) 319
al-Zahir 1, 33, 274, 275, 386
al-Zahir
Barquq (cf. Barquq) 8, 25, 32, 249-275
Baybars I (cf. Baybars I) 85-106
Bilbay 345
Jaqmaq (cf. Jaqmaq) 35, 275, 320-327
Khushqadam 340-345
Qansuh 21-23, 38, 53. 366. 367-368. 371
Tatar 275, 309
Temirbugha 36, 346-347

al-Zahir Abu al-Fath Sayf al-Din Tatar 309
al-Zahir Abu Sa'Id
Barquq 249-275
Jaqmaq 320-327
Khushqadam 340-345, 400
Temirbugha 346-347
al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars I 85-106
al-Zahir Sayf al-Din
Abu Sa'Id Barquq 249-275
Bilbay 345
Abu Sa'id Khushqadam 340-345
Zahiri dirhem 48
Zayn al-Din, al-'Adil, Kitbugha 126-128

PLATE S

SHAJAR AL-DURR 648 H.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-FATH MOSA 649-650 H.
AL-MANSUR NUR AL-DlN <AU 655-657 H.

il

Ill
AL-ZAHIR RUKN AL-DlN BAYBARS I 658-676 H.

IV
AL-ZAHIR RUKN AL-DlN BAYBARS I 658-676 H.
AL-SA'ID NASIR AL-DlN BARAKA QAN 676-678 H.

AL-MANSUR SAYF AL-DlN QALA'UN 678-689 H.

VI
V| t
AL-MANSUR HUSAM AL-DIN LAJlN 696-698 H.
l6S 169
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DlN MUHAMMAD (SECOND REIGN) 698-708 H.
175b
AL-MUZAFFAR RUKN AL-DlN BAYBARS II 708-709 H.

AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709-741 H.

AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DlN MUHAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709-741 H.

lX
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709-741 H.


Xi
264b
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DlN MUHAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709-741 H.
AL-MANSUR SAYF AL-DlN ABU BAKR AL-NASIR SHIHAB
741-742 H. AL-DlN AHMAD 742-743 H.
AL-SALIH TMAD AL-D1N ISMA'lL 743 746 H.

XlI
AL-MUZAFFAR SAYF AL-DlN HAJJI 747-748 H.

H SSL-ZSL HIALS NIDL-A HAALS HIALSL-A

XlV
AL-NASIR NASIR AL-DlN HASAN (SECOND REIGN) 755-762 H.
AL-MANSUR SALAH AL-DlN MUHAMMAD 762-764 H.

H 8LL-t9L II ANBA'HS NI-DAL HIASN AFHHASL-A
H f9L~Z9L aAKIVAHUK X1DL-A HAALS HaSXAlV-AL
AX

lAX

XVIl
AL-ASHRAF NASIR AL-DlN SHA'BAN II 764-778 H.


XlX
AL-MANSUR 'ALA AL-DlN 'ALI 778-783 H.

H WL-M (N0I3H ISHLtl) II if f AH NI-D'1A HAALS HOASL-A

XXl
AL-SALIH SALAH AL-DlN HAJJI 1I (FIRST REIGN) 783-784 H.
AL-SALIH SALAH AL-DIN HAJJI II (SECOND REIGN) 791-792 H.

XXll
AL-ZAH1R SAYF AL-DlN BARQL'Q (F1RST REIGX) 784-791 H.

XXlll
AL-ZAHIR SAYF AL-D1N BARQUQ (FIRST REIGN) 784-791 H.
AL-ZAHIR SAYF AL-DlN BARQUQ (SECOND REIGN) 792-801 H.

XXlV

XXV
AL-ZAHIR SAYF AL-DlN BARQCQ (SECOND REIGN) 792-801 H.

XXVl
AL-NASIR ABU AL-SA'ADAT FARAJ 801-808, 809-815 H.

XXVll
AL-NASIR ABU AL-SA'ADAT l.ARAJ 801-808, 809 815 H.

XXVlll


XXX

703a
703b
705
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DlN BARSBAY 825-841 H.

XXXll
AL-ASHKAF SAYF AL-DlN BARSBAY 825-841 H.
732a 732b
AL-'AZlZ JAMAL AL-DlN YCSUF 841-842 H.
^^^^
730 "tot-
3y 740 74|
738 740 741
AL-ZAH1R SAYF AL-DlN JAQ.MAQ 842-857 H.

XXXIll
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DlN AYNAL 857-865 H.

XXX|V
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DlN AYNAL 857-865 H
AL-MU'AYYAD SHIHAB AL-DlN AHMAD 865 H.

XXXV
AL-ZAHIR SAYF AL-DlN KHUSHQADAM 865-872 H
AL-ZAHIR ABU SA'lD TEMIRBUGHA 872 873 H

AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DlN QA'ITBAY 873-901 H.

XXXVll
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DlN QA'ITBAY 873-901 H.

XXXVlll
AL-XASIR NASIH AL.DlN MUHAMMAD 901.904 H

XXXIX
AL-ZAHIR ABU SA'lD AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NASR
QANSUH 904-905 H JANBALAT 905-906 H.
AL-'AD1L SAYF AL-DlN TUMANBAY 906 H.
AL-ASHRAF QANSUH AL-GHURI 906-922 H.


nx

A/2
A/6
A/8
SUPPLEMENT


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The Coinage of The Mamlūk Sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog

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The Coinage of The Mamlūk Sultans of Egypt and Syria / Paul Balog

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THE COINAGE OF THE MAMLUK

SULTANS OF EGYPT AND SYRIA

THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

Brief Survey of Mamluk History 5

Survey of the Coins

Notes on the Organization of the Catalogue 57

Transliteration of Arabic letters 58

Burji Mamluks 247

Uncertain Attributions 384

Second Supplement 394

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Mint Missing or No Mint 415

Bahri Mamluks 418

Burji Mamluks 426

Arabic Index 432

General Index 437

books for a long time to come.

at Broach" occupies a prominent place amongst these papers; he described an extremely

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sultan's name is clearly present.

king of this period with the title "al-Zahir."

Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans

contribution, but a comprehensive work containing the maximum of information. No

published and unpublished, that have come to our attention.

points and the ornaments which are used on the coins.

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the technique employed for the manufacture of the cuTrency.

At the end of the introduction is a bibliographical index and a list of abbreviations.

portant coins have been separately and fully described.

or where the mint is not mentioned. Consequently, it became necessary to compromise:

photographed many coins in the museum of that Society.

hundreds of casts they have made for me.

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of the Staatliche Munzsammlung, Miinchen; Drs. Holzmair and Komorzynski of the

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, the numismatic section of the Museo Arqueol6gico

Nacional, Madrid; M. Yusuf Sa'ad of the Palestine Archeological Museum, Jerusalem;

R.P.August Spijkerman of the Franciscan Convent of the Flagellation, Jerusalem;

obligingly permitted me to include their Mamluk coins in this volume.

examine the magnificent Mamluk series in that collection.

Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans

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script through the press.

A BRIEF SURVEY OF MAMLUK HISTORY

acquired by his Moslem master either by purchase or by capture in war or in a raid, he

guard, soldier, or even gentleman-at-arms.

towards their fellow Mamluks serving a common master.

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amirs and their retinue.

the hands of the most powerful amirs.

Coinage of the Mamluk Sultans

who could not tolerate a woman on Egypt's throne.

Ashraf Musa (II) b. al-Nasir Yiisuf, as nominal co-regent in Cairo.

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harim by order of Aybak's divorced wife.

statesman. He completely annihilated the remaining forces of the Ayyubid al-Mughith

Survey of Mamluk History

he swiftly defeated their formidable army.

and he was popular personally with his subjects.

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Egypt for over a hundred years.

the nobles conspired against him and had him assassinated.