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1201 1
PRESENTACIN
PRESENTATION
A century has passed since Chile invaded the Bolivia n littoral and ca used the War
among three brothern a tions, imprisoning Bolivia in a torce d geog raphic confinement.
Since then, seve ral Chilean Presidents and Chancellors understood that Bolivia could
not remain cloistered in the heart of America forever and undertook to negotiate
with Bolivia this latter's sovereig n access to the sea.
Today my country, as it has always done, asks far a peacefu l solution to its
confinement, and dueto that, it resorts to the lnternat iona l Co urt of Justice in arder
to settle this controve rsy, by law, which hampers integ rat ion in Lati n Amer ica.
The Book of the Sea translates the feelings of ali Bolivians and to let the international
community and all nations of the world know the rea so ns behind the invasion and the
war, the main undertakings assumed by Chile to negotiate with Bo livia a sovereign
access to the sea, the motives by which Bolivia has resorted to international
jurisdiction to find a solution to its confinement, and the damages and detriment
that Bolivia endures on account of its landlocked condition.
We are certain that history, the awarene ss of the international community, reason
and the applicable law endorse Bolivia's maritime c la im, and a long w ith the C hilean
people we s hall find a formu la that puts an end to t he confine me nt fo reve r and
allows us to have a sovereign access to the sea.
The sea far Bolivia will be a sea far the people, a sea of hope and reconciliation, open
to the convergence of all nations of the world as a testimony that brother countries
can settle their conflicts peacefully.
INDICE
INTRODUCCIN
15
17
17
18
18
21
21
21
21
26
27
29
30
El Tratado de 190L.j
31
2. LOS COMPROMISOS DE CHILE PARA NEGOCIAR CON BOLIVIA UN ACCESO SOBERANO AL MAR
Los Tratados de 1895
33
33
3q
35
36
36
37
37
38
Protesta boliviana por la suscripcin del Tratado de Lima de 1929 y su Protocolo Complementario
El Acuerdo emergente del intercambio de notas de 1950
38
39
q1
q2
%
q7
qg
qg
qg
Lj9
50
53
53
5Lj
5L
55
56
56
57
58
58
58
59
60
61
4 . LAS CONSECUENCIAS DEL ENCLAUSTRAMIENTO DE BOLIVIA
63
63
63
6Lj
65
66
66
66
67
67
68
69
69
69
72
72
72
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
15
17
17
18
18
21
21
21
21
26
27
29
30
31
2. THE CHILEAN UNDERTAKING S TO NEGOTIATE WITH BOLIVIA A SOVEREIGN ACCESS TO THE SEA
33
33
3Li
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
Lil
Li2
Li Li
Li6
Li7
Li8
Li8
72
72
73
5. CHRONOLOGY
75
6.
NEXES
AN
81
Annex 1: Treaty of Territorial Limits between Chile and Bolivia, signed on August 10, 1866
Annex 2: Treaty of Territorial Limits between Bolivia and Chile, 6 August 187L1
81
8Lj
Annex 3 : Treaty on Transfer of Territor ies, between Bolivia and Chile, 18 May 1895
86
Annex LJ: Treaty of Pace and Friendship between Chile and Bolivia signed on 20 October 190l1
88
95
97
98
100
102
lQLj
105
106
109
112
113
Annex 16: Press Release issued by the Foreign Ministers of Chile and Bolivia, 22 February 2DDD
lllj
Annex 11: Joint Declaration of Charaa, between Bolivian and Chile, 8 February 1975
Annex 17: Minutes of the XV Meeting of the Mechanism for Political Consultation Bolivia - Chile,
25 November 20D6
115
Annex 18: Application instituting Proceedings befare the lnternationa l Court of Justice
117
Annex 19: Speech issued by President Evo Morales on Day of the Sea, 23 March 201L1
125
7. f MAGE SOURCE
129
INTRODUCC IN
INTRODUCTION
/ 15
1
Antecedentes histricos de la prdida
del Litoral boliviano
Historical background of the loss
of Bo 1 ivia)s eo asta 1 te rrito ry
11
1 Ht llUUK Ut- 1 Ht SI
Mucho antes del Imperio del Tahuantinsuyo, Tiahuanacu, la metrpoli milenaria del macizo
andino. Haba impreso el sello de su civilizacin en aquellas costas. Luego, la dinasta de
Manco Capac y Mama Dello irradi desde esa misma meseta su cultura adm irable. Diversos
lugares del Litoral tienen nombres de origen incaico y conservan huellas de su presencia.
Se sabe que la palabra Atacama es de origen quechua y que ese territorio fue descubierto
durante el reinado del Inca Yupanqui quien lo Incorpor a su Imperio. ':"
Jorge Escobari Cusicanqu i. ex Canciller de Bolivia.
Long before the Empire of Tahuanti nsuyo, T iahuanacu, the millenary metropolis of the Andean
massif, had printed the hallmark of its civilization on those coasts . Subsequently, the dynasty
of Manco Capac and Mama Dello irradiated its admirable culture from that plateau. Plenty of
the names employed i n the littora l have an Inca origin and they keep treads of its presence. lt
is known that the word Atacama' has a Quechua origin and that that territory was discovered
during the rule of I nca Yupanqui who incorporated it to Inca Empire.
Jorge Escobari Cusicanqui. Former Foreign Minister of Bolivia.
'
J,l YE Nl.l A
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Figuro l: Virreinato del Per. Alto Per a Audiencia de Charcos y Virreinato del Rio de l o Ploto, Eduardo Ydioquez, 1810.
Figure .l: Vlceroyolty of Peru, Upper Peru or Audience of Charcos ond the Viceroyolty of Rio de lo Plata, Eduardo Ydioquez. 1810,
1s
Figuro 2: Chile, La Plata y Bolivia o Alto Per, a principios de lo Repblica. Autor: Hall, S. [Sidn ey), Fecho de creacin 1829.
Figure 2: Chile, Lo Plato ond Bolivia ar upper Peru, in the eorly yeors of the Republic, Mop by: Hall. S. [Sidney), creoted in 1829.
RECONOCIMIENTO A LA CONDICIN
MARTIMA DE BOLIVIA
El estatus territorial, as como la condicin martima de
Bolivia, nunca fueron objetados por la Repblica de Chile . Las
Constituciones Polticas chilenas de los aos 1822, 1823,
1828 y 1833 reconocieron que su lmite hacia el norte era el
desierto de Ata cama.
La soberana martima de Bolivia fue reconocida en diversos
instrumento s internacionales, entre los cuales se destaca e l
Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegacin de 1833 suscrito
con Chile.
l. Vas e An exo l.
l. See Annex l.
21
2. See Annex 2.
Figura 8: Bolivia extrado del mapa de Sudamrica publicado por Johnston, Estados Unidos, 1876.
Figure 8: Bolivia extracted from the Mop of South Americo published by Johnston. United States, 1876.
/ 25
/ 27
>.
,
'ft*:. f : .
'
Figuro ll: Boto/In chileno 3 de lneo desfilando frente o lo Plazo Coln poco despus de lo invasin o Antofogosto por el ejrcito chileno, 1879.
Figure ll : Chileon 3'd Bottolion, morching in Coln Squore soon ofter Chile's occupotion of Antofogosto by the Chileon Armvin 1879.
Figuro 13: Lo columna encomendado o Eduardo Aboroo poro lo defensa del Topoter. El hroe al centro del grupo con
sombrero y poncho al hombro. Todos murieron en combate .
Figure 13: The column entrusted to Eduardo Aboroo for the defence of Topter. The Bolivion notionol hero is in the
centre of the group weoring o hot ond o poncho on the shoulder . Al/ o( these heroic notionols died in combot.
.;,.
''The truce must contoin everything thot o Treoty of Peoce would contoin.
We moke truce becouse we connot discuss over Tocno ond Arico."
- Domingo Santo Mora, President o( Chile. in o letter oddressed to Patricio Lynch in 1884.
/ 29
1.. ,
....<.;.::-::
,: - ' ..
. ,-"':- r( :: -:.:: . ..
EL TRATADO DE 190Q
3. Vase Anexo 4.
3. See Annex 4.
"No olvidemos por un instante que no podemos ahogar a Bolivia ... Privada de Antofagasta y
de todo el Litoral que antes posea hasta el Loa, debemos proporcionarle por alguna parte un
puerto suyo, una puerta de calle, que l e permita entrar al interior sin zozobra, sin pedir venia.
No podemos ni debemos matar a Bolivia ..."
- Carta de Domingo Santa Mara, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile, a Rafael Sotomayor, 26 de noviembre de 1879.
let us not forget, not even foro moment, thot we connot suffocote Bolivia . Oeprived of
Antofogosto ond the whole of its coostol territory which previously stretched up to the Loo
[river], we must somehow provide it with its own port, o front door so it con enter inlond with
security, with out osking for permiss i on. We connot ond should not kill Bolivia ..."
- Letter oddressed by Domingo Sonto Moro, Foreign Minister of Chile, to Rofoef Sotomoyor, 26 November 1879.
1 31
2
Los compromisos de Chile para negociar
con Bolivia un acceso soberano al mar
The Chilea n u ndertakings to negotiat e a
soverein, g. access to the sea with Bo l ivi a
Bef are and after t he subscr iption of the 190LJ Treaty, Chile
undertook not to leave Bo livia lacking a sove reign access to the
Pacific Ocean through unilateral and bilateral undertakings.
4. Vase Anexo 3.
4. See Anne x 3.
E STAOO PLURINACIONAL
OE BOLIVIA
33
"Bolivia no puede vivir aislada del mar. Ahora y siempre, en la medida de sus fuerzas, har
cuanto le sea posible para llegar a poseer por lo menos un puerto cmodo sobre el Pacfico; y
no podr resignarse jams a la inaccin cada vez que se agite este asunto de Tacna y Arica que
comprometen las bases mismas de su existencia"
Memorndum Snchez Bustamante de 22 de abril de 1910, dirigido a los Ministros Plenipotenc_iario s de Chile y Per en La Paz.
"Bolivia cannot live isolated from the sea. Now and always, to th e exte nt of its abilities, it will do
as much as possible to possess at least one port on the Pacific, and will never resign itself to
inaction each time the Tacna and Arica question is raised, jeopardizing the very foundations of
its existence"
Memorandum addressed by Sanchez Bustamant e on 22 April 1910, to the Plenipotentiary Minister s of Chile and Peru in La Paz.
lt was before the 1919 Paris Conf e rence and the League
of Nations, held between 1920 and 1922, that Bolivia fir st
raised its c laim within the framework of a multilateral forum .
In reply, in the Session of the Assembly held on 28 September
1921, Chilean representative Agustin Edwards solemnly
offered to enter into direct negotiations with Bolivia in order
to address the issue concerning its maritime confinement. A
year later, the Chilean delegat e Manuel Rivas Vicua , through
a note of 19 September 1922 se nt to the League of Nations,
reaffirmed the Chilean undertaking to enter into direct
negot iations with Bolivia. See figures 17, 18 ond 19.
Figuro 17: Delegacin boliv i ana ante la Ligo de los Naciones, [izq. a der.].
Flix Avellna Aramoyo, Fronz Tamaya y F l orin Zomb rono.
Figure 7: Bolivion Oe/egotion befare the League of Notions, [from left to rightJ
Flix Avelino Aromaya. Franz Tamayo and Florin Zambrano
5 Vase Anexo S.
5 See Annex S.
135
"'( l
Ht bUUI'\
ur
ne
0CM
figure 22
Figura 25: El Canciller de Chile, Beltrn Mathieu y su Embajador en EEUU. Miguel Cruchogo. 1926.
Figure 25:Chiles Chance/lar. Beltrn Mathieu and Chil es Ambo ssador befare the US, Miguel Cruchaga, 1926.
1 37
! U"!l
6. Vase Anexo 6.
6. See Annex 6.
7. Vase Anexo 7.
7. See Annex 7.
that the Governments of Chile and Peru could not, without the
prior consent of their counterpart, cede a third power the entirety
or part of the territorie s that are subject to the first agreement.
de su contraparte,
The purpose of these notes was "to formally enter into a direct
negotiation aimed at seeking the formula that would make it
possible to grant Bolivia an own and sovereign access to the
Pacific Ocean and for Chile to obtain compensations that are
not territorial and that effectively consult its interests."
8. Vase Anexas B y 9.
1 39
r
Asimismo, Chile
confirm en las citadas notas
sus
compromisos previos y su predisposicin a estudiar en
gestiones directas con Bolivia la posibilidad de otorgarle un
acceso soberano al mar. Ver figuras 28 y 29.
.... consequent with the Chl eon Mini stry custom, ond rotfyin g my deep A merican spirit,
I hove never rejected discussin g the Bof i vion por t ospirotion. Thot i s whot I expressed in Son
Francisco on beholf of the Chil eon Govern ment when serving os Governmentol Delego te to
thot Conference. When toking off i ce, in 1946, Presdent Hertzog. from Bolivio, reminded me
obout the promise, ond /, i n occor d once with o never denied rule of the Foreign Ministry of the
Republic, replied to the Boli vio n Heo d of St ote thot I og reed on engogng n conversotions on
the point proposed.
- Stotement issued by Chileon President Gabriel Gonzlez Vide/o to Veo Mogozine, 19 Ju/y 1950.
Figuro 31: Gro/ . A ugusto Pinochet y Gro/ . Hugo Bonzer, o/ momento del Abra zo de Choroo, 1975.
Figure 31: Genero/ A ugusto Pinochet ond General Hugo Bonzer, ot the meeting they held in Choroo {known in Sponish os "Abra zo de Choroo" , 1975.
'
Rguro 32: Croquis del corr edor propu esto por Chil e o Bolivia, 1975.
Rgure 32: Sketch of the corridor p roposed by Chile to Bolivia, 1975.
Figuro 33: Corredor boliviano cortado por uno zona de soberana t ripartit o
compartido , sugerido por el Per, 1976.
Figur e 33: Bolivion corrido r cut by o zo ne of trip ortit e shored sovereignt y,
sugg ested by Peru, 1976.
in the context of Choroifo's negotiotion, the mem ber St otes of the DAS
recognized t hot the problem of Bolivia 's mo riti me confinement wos of
continentol concern ond expressed their willi ng ness to support Bolivia
to remove the d i fficulties coused by such condition.
[Resolution N 157 of 6 August 1975)
[1979-1983]
(1979 - 1983]
13
13 Vase A nexo 14
Figuro 34: El Presidente boliviano Wolter Guevoro Arze se dirige o lo Asamblea de lo Orgonizocin de Estados Americanos [OEA], reunido en Lo Paz, 1979.
Figure 34: Bolivion President Wo/ter Guevoro Arze oddressing to the Assemb/y of the Orgonizotion of American Sta tes [DAS] reunited in La Paz, 1979.
El.. U.:RU
u,,:_ MA f{
(1986-1987]
(1986-1987]
Figuro 35: El Canciller de Bolivia, Guillermo Bedregol [izq.)y el de Chile, Jaime del Vol/e [der.), en lo negociacin del
/lomado "Enfoque fresco", con el Presidente del Uruguay Enrique Iglesias [centro].
'.
Figure 35: Bolivia 's Choncellor, Guillermo Bedregal [left] ond Chiles Chance/lar, Jaime del Valle [ right}, during the
negotiation process known os the "Fresh Approach", along with Uruguay' s President Enrique /g/esios [centre]
1
EL LIBRO OEL MAR 1 TH E BOO K O F TH E S EA
r
CONVERSACIONES ENTRE LOS PRESIDENTES MESA Y
LAGOS [2003-2001.1]
'
En octubre de 2005,
durante la XIV reunin del
Mecanismo de Consultas
Polticas Bolivia - Chile, se
resolvi incluir en l a agenda
bilat eral e l tema martimo.
In October 2005, during
the XIV meeting of the
Mechonism of Poltico/
Consultotions Bolivia - Chile,
it wos ogreed to include
the moritime issue in the
biloterol Agenda.
:_
I
qg
50 1
'
EL LIBRO OEL MAR I THE BOOK OF THE SEA
Figuro 39: Canciller David Chaquehuonco de Bolivia reunido con el canciller chileno Alfredo Moreno.
Figure 39: Bolivion Chonceflor David Choquehuonco in o meeting with Chileon Choncellor Alfredo Moreno.
s1
3
La demanda martima ante la
Corte Internacional de Justicia
The Bolivian maritime claim befare
the 1 nternational Cou rt of J ustice
LA DECISIN DE ACUDIR A UN
TRIBUNAL INTERNACIONAL
En estas circunstancias en su discurso del 23 de marzo,
el Presidente Morales expres: "a pesar de 132 aos de
dilogo y esfuerzos, Bolivia no tiene una salida soberana
al Pacfico . Frente a esta realidad es necesario dar un paso
histrico... el Derecho Internacional, en estas ltimas dcadas
y particularmente estos ltimos aos, ha dado grandes
avances. ahora existen tribunales y cortes a los cuales pueden
llegar los Estados soberanos a reclamar y demandar lo que en
derecho les corresponde ... Por todo ello, la lucha por nuestra
reivindicacin martima. lucha que ha marcado nuestra
historia por 132 aos, ahora debe incluir otro elemento
fundamental: el de acudir ante los tribunales y organismos
internacionales, demandando en derecho y en justicia. una
salida libre y soberana al Ocano Pacifico" . Ver figuro L/O.
/ 53
Figura 40: Presidente del Estado Plurinocionol de Bolivia Evo Morales durante su
discurso pronunciado el 23 de marzo de 2011.
Figure 40: President of the Plurinotionol Stote of Bolivia Evo Moro/es during his
speech on 23 Morch 2011.
vindication,
la
Direccin
[DIREMAR)
Estratgica
como
entidad
de
Reivindicacin
especializada
Martima
encargada de
Strategic
Management for
2011, the
charge of
Maritime
of
Figuro 41:Presidente Mora/esjunto o /os ex- President es en primer plano y el ex-Cancilleres en segundo piona.
Figure 41:President Mora/es olong with former Presidents in the first row ond (ormer Choncel/ors in the second row.
In June that year, the Solivian Head of State met with eight
former Chancellors. who agreed on the fact that the Solivian
maritime c laim is a national and higher cause which stands
above any ideologica l difference . On that occasion, President
Morales invited them to contribute w ith docum ents, ideas
and viewpoints on the maritime issue to this end.
ELABORACIN DE LA DEMANDA
STAOO P LU R I NA C IONAL O E BO LI V IA
1ss
Figuro 43: Delegacin boliviano que present lo demando ante lo Corte lntemo cionol de Justicia, 24 de abril de 2013 .
Figure 43: Solivian delegotion thot fil/ed the Applicotion befare the lnt ernotionol
Court of Justice. 24 Apri/ 2Dl3
PRESENTACIN DE LA DEMANDA
Figuro 44: Palacio de lo Paz, sede de lo Corte Internacional de Justicio, en Lo Hoya, Pases Bajas.
Figure 44: The Peoce Polace, base af the lnternotianol Caurt of Ju stice, in the Hagu e, the Netherlands.
COMPETENCIA Y JURISDICCIN DE LA
CORTE INTERNACIONAL DE JUSTICIA
/ 57
----
PETITORIO DE LA DEMANDA
En el petitorio de la demanda, Bolivia solicita a la Corte
Internacional de Justicia que "juzgue" y "declare" que:
a] Chile tiene la obligacin de negociar con Bolivia con el fin
de alcanzar un acuerdo que otorgue a Bolivia una salida
plenamente soberana al Ocano Pacfico.
b) Chile ha incumplido dicha obligacin.
e) Chile debe cumplir dicha obligacin de buena fe, pronta y
formalmente, en un plazo razonable y de manera efectiva,
a fin de otorgar a Bolivia una salida plenamente soberana
al Ocano Pacfico.
581
Fig uro 46: Conferencio de prenso del Presidente Evo Moro/es despus de lo
presentacin de lo M emoria boliviano. 15 de abril de 2014.
Fig ure 46: Press Conference issued by President Evo Moro/es o er filing the
Solivian Memorial. IS April 2014.
sg
Figura L/7: Miles de chilenos reunidos en el teatro Coupo/icn reciben o/ Presidente Evo Moro/es, coreando "Mor poro Bolivia", Santiaga.12 de marza de 2011/.
Figure L/7: Thausands af Chi/ean pea ple gothered ot Coupalicon Theatre to receive President Evo Morales screoming "Sea far Bolivia", Santiago. 12 March 201L/.
En dos ocas iones [2006 y 201L1], con motivo de la visita del Presidente Evo .Mprnles a Santiago
para participar en la posesin de la presidenta chilena Michelle Bathelet, h.iriYportante nmero
de organizaciones sociales, as como intelectuales de ese pas, alzaron su voz para gritar y pedir
"mar para Bolivia". Son varios los sectores polticos progrnsistas chilenos que consideran que
debe encontrarse una solucin a la necesidad de Bolivia de contar con una salida al mar.
In two opportunities [2006 ond 201L/), on occossion of President Evo Moro/es' visit to Sontiogo
to porticipote in the investiture of Chileon President Michelle Boche/et, on importont number of
socio/ orgonizotions, os well os intellectuols from thot country, roised their volee to screom ond
cloim "seo for Bolivia". There ore vorious Chileon progressive politico/ sectors thot shore the view
thot o solution to the Bolivion need of hoving o sovereing occess to the seo must be found.
ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
Figuro 48: El Ex Presidente Carlos O. Meso es el representant e oficio! del Estado boliv iano, ante lo comunidad internocio nol, poro difundir /os motivos y
alcances de lo demando martimo boliviano.
Figure 48: Former President Cor/os O. Meso is the Officiol Representotive of the Bolivion Sto te, befare the intemotionol commu nit y, to discl ose the
motives ond scopes of the Bolivion Moritime cloim.
POSICIONAMIENTO INTERNACIONAL
DE LOS ALCANCES DE LA DEMANDA MARTIMA
El 28 de abril de 201LJ el ex Presidente Carlos D. Mesa
fue encomendado por el Presidente Evo Morales, como
Representante Oficia l del Estado boliviano para la demand a
mart ima, co n la misin de posicionar internacionalmente
los motivos de la demanda contra Chile ante la Corte
Internacional de Justicia. Esta decisin
presidencial
complementa la tarea internacional del propio Presidente,
de l Vice Presidente, del Ministro de Relaciones Exter iores y
del Agente de Bolivia ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia .
Ver figuro l/8.
INTERNATIONAL POSITIONING OF
T HE SCOPES OF THE MARITIME CLAIM
On 28 March 201LJ, farmer President Carlos Mesa was
appointed by President Evo Morales,as Official Representative
of the Bolivian State far the Maritime Claim - entr usting him
the mission of internationally positioning the motives of the
application that had been instituted against Chile befare
the lnternational Court of Justice. This presidential decision
s upports the international ta sk of the President. VicePresident, Minister of Foreign Affairs , and the Bolivian Agent
befare the lnternational Court of Justice . See figure l/8 .
61
q
Consec uencias del
enclaustramiento de Bolivia
Con sequences of the
Bolivian landlocked cond i tion
GUANO Y SALITR E
63
--
PLATA
SILVER
COBRE
CO PPER
/ 65
t..
ne OUUI\ ur
nr:
icM
LITIO
LITHIUM
Despite the fact that Bolivia also owns this valuable resource,
it cannot equitably benefit from it, because the lack of a
sovere ign access to the sea makes its international commer ce
expensive and consequently diminishes its competivene ss
against other countries that export this mineral.
RECURSOS MARINOS
MARINE RESOURCES
------
--------
-----------------
/ 67
ESTADO
PLURINACIONAL
D E BOLIVIA
NIVEL DE INGRESOS
I N COME LEVEL
FOREIGN COMMERCE
The higher log ist ics and transport costs that Bolivia must cope
with as a consequence of its being deprived of a sov ereign
access to the sea make its foreign trade far more ex pensive .
Hence, accord ing to the Ooing Business publication issued
by the Wor ld Ba nk (2012), Bolivian exports per container are
55,7% more ex pe ns ive t hat those of Chile and 60 % more
expensive than those of Peru.
-------- ------------ -
/ 69
.. RO UEL Ml..R
Entre el 25 y el 29 de noviembre de 2013, el personal aduanero de chile realizo una huelga en demanda
de mejoras salariales, paralizando sus actividades y con ello, la circulacin de camiones con carga en la
Frontera de Bolivia; dejando varados alrededor de 2000 camiones de transporte pesado, que formaron
una caravana de al menos 20 kilmetros en territorio boliviano. Este contratiempo afecto a las
exportaciones bolivianas, por el incumplimiento de tiempos, prdida de mercadera (productos
perecederos) e incremento de costos.
8C1tvvecn ?5 und 29 /\iovemlJer 2013, the customs personnel of Chile mode
u ::;1 rike in ciernonci f or wc1ge improvements, stopp ing the1r octivities, omi
wit11 them, thc possogc o trucks corrying corgo in the border with BoliviCJ,
lcCJv1nc obout 2 000 ht:ovv weight Uucks stronded forming o /ne of ot leosc
)O kilometrcs long in the Boliv1on tcrritory. This setbock offected the Bolivion
r;xpc)rwtions, on occount of their unwonted breoch of cJeodlines, o los::, of
Figuro 54 Camiones de cargo varados en lo frontero boliviano de Tambo Quemado. esperando ingresar o territorio chileno. 28 de noviembre de 2013.
Figure 54 Heovy weight trucks stronded in the Bolivion border of Tambo Quemado. woiting to enter into Chileon territory, 28 November 2013.
'
/ 71
COSTOS DE TRANSPORTE
TRANSPORTATION COSTS
INVERSIN EXTRANJERA
FOREIGN INVESTMENT
'
Estados Costeros
Estados Sin Litoral
2009
2010
2011
1169,8
28,0
1280,8
28,2
1LJ89,6
3LJ,8
Coastal States
Landlocked States
2009
2010
2011
1169,8
1280,8
28,0
28,2
1LJ89,6
3LJ,8
1; - '
or THE SEA
Por otra parte, Bolivia se vio impedida de desarro llar indust rias
y servicios vinculados a la act ividad naviera y portuaria. En esta
ltima por ejemp lo: astilleros, pilotaje, servic ios de remolque
de puerto, servicios de amarradores, almacena miento [silo s,
depsitos, patios, etctera ], empresas de estibadores,
terminales especia lizadas, terminales de fluidos, se rvicios
tcnicos martimos, servi cio s tu rsticos para terminal de
pasajeros, servicios de mantenimiento portuario como
seran balizaje, dragado, muelles, seguridad martima, etc.
impidindole percibir gananc ias econmicas por estas
actividades y la generacin de empleos .
1
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Cronologa
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6
Anexos
Annexes
ANEXO 1
TR ATADO DE LMITES ENTRE BOLIVIA Y CHILE DE 10 DE
A GOSTO DE 1866
ANNEX 1
s1
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1 L 1 1. ULM
Firmado
LVARO COVARRUBIAS
JUAN R. MUOZ CABRERA
/ 3
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A NEXO 2
TRATADO DE LMITES ENTRE BOLIVIA Y CHILE DE 6 DE
AGOSTO DE 187LI
ANNEX2
TREATY OF TE RRITORIAL LIMITS BETWEEN BOLIVIA
ANO CHILE, 6 AUGUST 187L!
[."]
[".]
Artculo 1
nr .:>el-\
Article 1
The 2L1th parallel from the sea to the continental divide of
the Andes is the boundar y line between the Republics of
Boliv ia and Chile.
A rtculo 2
Article 2
Artculo 3
Article 3
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Article 6
The Republic of Bolivia s hall make of Mejillones and
Antofagasta major ports of its littoral.
Artculo 6
La Repblica de Bolivia se ob liga la habilitacion permanente
de Mejillones i Antofagasta como puertos mayores de su
Litoral.
Article 7
As a compensat ion for t he waiver of the rights Chile had over
minera Is found in the territoria l a rea comprehended belween
parallels 23 and 2LJ , Bolivia undertakes to make a payment of
an amount fixed by an arb itration Tribunal to be appointed
to this end,
The Parties agree to appoint H.M, the emperor of Braz il to
Lhis end,
Artculo 7
En compensacion de la renuncia que Chile hace sus
derechos venideros sobre minerales en la zona territorial
formad a por los paralelos 23 i 2LJ. Bolivia se compromete
reconocer una obligacion determi11ada en una suma fijada
por un Tr ibunal de arbitraje nombrado con ste objeto.
Desde lueg o convienen las Partes contratantes en consignar
en este ca rcter a S M. el Emperador del Brasil.
Artculo 8
La Repblica de Bolivia entregar la Repblica de Chile,
previa / 1 qu i dacion efectuada por dos Comisionados que
nombrar n res pectivament e l as Pa rtes contratantes, la
ca ntidad que le correspor1de por la mitad de los derechos
de esportacion qu e se refiere el artculo 2 del Tratado
de 1866, i que se hayan percibido hasta la fecha en que se
ve rifique el canje de las ratificaciones del presente convenio,
Si la suma pagable parte de ella n fuese susceptible de
exacta liquidacion por falta de elementos bastantes para
la cuenta por otras dificultades, los mismos Comisionados
la fijarn completarn procediendo ex eguo ex bono. No
hallndose acordes el dirimente ser S, M. el Emperador del
Brasil.
Artculo 9
Queda desde sta fecha derogado en todas sus partes el
Tratado de 10 de Agosto de 1866.
Artculo 10
El presente Tratado ser ratificado por cada una de las
Repblicas contratantes, i canjeadas las ratificaciones en la
ciudad o e Sucre dentro del trmino de tres meses.
En f de lo cual, los infraescritos. Plenipotenciarios de las
R epublicas de Chile i de Bolivia, han firmado el presente
Protocolo i pustole sus rnspectivos sellos en Sucre los
seis dias del mes de Agosto de mil ochocientos setenta i
cuatro aos.
Article 8
The Bolivian Republic sha ll pay the Repub lic of Chile. after
settlement is conducted by two Commissioners that shall
be appointed by the contracting Parties; the amount is
equiva lent to half the rights of expo rtation to which Article 2
of the 1866 Treaty refers to and that may have been received
up to the date on which the exchange of ratifications of this
covenant is verified, lf the amount to be paid or part of it i s
not susceptible to exact sett lement or if there is a lack of
elements for the settle ment or if there are other difficulties.
the aforementioned Commissioners shal l fix it or complete it
ex eg uo ex, In the event of a disagreement H_M_ the Emperor
of Braz il_s hall decide_
Article 9
From this date on, the Treaty of 1866 in ali its parts is annulled,
Article 10
The present treaty shou ld be ratified by each of the
contract ing Repub l ics, and ratifications exchanged in the
city of Sucre within three months.
'In witness whereof, the undersigned plenipotentiaries of the
Repub lics of Chile and Bolivia have signed the present treaty
and place their respective seals, in Sucre on the Gth day of
August 187LJ,
Signed by
MAR IANO BAPTISTA
CAR LOS WALKER MARTNEZ
Firmado
MARIANO BAPTISTA
C . WALKER MARTINEZ
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/ 85
ANEXO 3
CONVENIO DE TRANSFERENCIA DE TERRITORIO SUSCRITO ENTRE BOLIVIA Y CHILE EL 18 DE MAYO DE 1895
ANNEX3
TREATY ON TRANSFER OF TERRITORIES, SIGNED
BETWEEN BOLIVIA ANO CHILE, 18 MAY 1895
l.
Si a consecuencia de l Plebiscito que haya de tener lugar
en conformidad al Tratado de Ancn o a virtud de arreglos
directos, adquiriese la Repblica de Chi le dominio i soberania
permanentes sobre los territorio s de Tacna i Arica, se obliga
a trasferirlos a la Repblica de Bolivia en la misma forma i
con la misma estension que los adquiera, sin perjuicio de lo
estab lecido en el artculo 11.
La Repblica de Bolivia abonar como indemnizacion por
dicha transferencia de territorio la suma de cinco millones[$
5.000.000] de pesos de plata, de ve inticinco gramos de peso
i nueve dcimos de fino, quedando especialmente afecto
para responder a este pago el cuarenta por ciento [LW%] del
rendimiento bruto de la Aduana de Arica.
11.
111.
A fin de realizar el propsito enunciado en los artculos
anteriores, el Gobierno de Chile se compromete a empear
lf the transfer stip ulated in the above Art icle take s place,
it is understood that the Republic of Chile sha ll extend its
northern border from Camarones to the Vtor ravine, from
the sea to the border which currently separates that region
from the Republic of Bolivia .
111.
So as to accomplish that set forth in the preceding Articles ,
the Government of Chile commits itself to engaging ali its
efforts, either jointly with Bolivia or on its own, to obtain the
defin itive title over the territories of Tacna and Arica .
v.
IV.
lf the Republic of Chile were not able to obtain, through
the plebiscite or through direct negotiations, definitive
sovere ignty over the territory in which the cities of Tacna
and Arica are found, it commits itself to cede to Bolivia from
the Vtor inlet up to the Camarones ravine, or an equivalent
territory, as well as the amount of five million si lver pesos
[5.000.000) of twenty five grams weight and nine tenths fino.
v.
A spec ial ag reeme nt sha ll determine the pr ecise boundaries
of the territory transferred pursuant to this Treaty.
VI.
lf a tra nsfer were to be made in conformity with Article IV, and
nitrate deposits then found or discovered in the transferred
zone in the future, they shall not be explo ited or transferred
except after all ot her nitrate deposits existing within the
territory of the Republic of Chile are exhausted, unless the two
Governments agree differently through a spec ial agreement.
VII.
This Treaty, which shall be signed at the same time as
those of Peace and Commerce concluded between the two
Republics, shall be confidential and shall not be published
without the agreement of the two High Contracting Parties.
VIII.
The instruments of rat ificatio n of this Treaty shall be
excha nged within a period of s ix months and the exchange
shall take place in the city of Santiago.
In witness whereof, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile
a nd the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of
Bolivia have signed and sea led with their respective seals
and in two copies this Special Treaty in the city of Santiago,
on eightee n May eighteen ninety five .
Signed by
LUIS BARROS BORGOO
HER IBERTO GUT IERREZ
Firmado
LUIS BARROS BORGOO
HERIBERTO GUT IERREZ
/ 7
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lllL ULM
ANEXO LI
TRATADO DE PAZ Y AMISTAD SUSCRITO EN SANTIAGO
EL 20 DE OCTUBRE DE 190LI
ANNEXLI
TREATY OF PEACE ANO FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN CHILE
ANO BOLIVIA SIGNED ON 20 OCTOBER 190LI
[...] who, having ex chang ed t heir full powers and having found
them in good and due form, have agreed on the following:
Article 1
The relations of peace and friendship between the Republic
of Bolivia a nd the Republic of Chile are re-estab lished,
the status established by the Truce Pact being thereby
terminated.
Artculo 11
Article 11
Artculo 1
From this point it s hall go in a stra ight line to the peak wh ich
appears in the middle of the group of the Inca or Barrancane
Hills [18], and, again takin g the watershed, shall keep on
northward by the ridge of Ascotan or Jardin Hill [19): from
the summit of this hill it shall go in a st raight line to the
summ it of Araral Hill [20) and by strai g ht line again to the
summ it of Ollage Volcano [21].
Hence in a st raight line to the highest peak of Chipapa Hill
[22), desce nding toward the west by a line of small hills until
it reaches the summit of Cosca Hill [23].
From this point it s hall be the watershed of the ridge w hich
joins it to Alconcha Hill (2Lj), and then ce it sha ll go to Olea
Volea no [25] by the divide. From this volea no it shal l cont inue
by the range of the Mallunu Hill [26), the Laguna Hill [27),
lrruputuncu Volcano [28]. Bofedal Hill [29], Chela Hill (30),
and, a fter a high knot of hills, shall reach the Milliri [31], and
then the Hualicani [32].
Hence it shall go t o Caiti Hill [33) and sha ll follow the divide
to Napa Hill (3Lj). From t he summit of th is hill it shall go in
a stra ight line to a point [35] situated ten kilometers to the
south of the eastern peak of Huailla Hill [36), whence it shall
go in a str a ight line to the hill named ; doubling immediately
toward the east, it shall keep on by the range of Laguna
[37], Correjidor [38], and Huaillaputun c u [39] hills to the
easternmost peak of Sillillica [LjO), and then ce by the ridge
that runs northwest to the s ummit of Piga Hill [LJl].
From this hill it shall go in a straight line to the highest point
of the Three Little Hills [LJ2), and thence in a st raight line
to Cha llacollo Hill [Lj3) and t he narrow part o f Sacay a Val ley
[L!Lj), front1ng Villacollo.
From Sacaya the boundary sha ll run in stra ight lines to the
summit of Cueva Colorada[LJS] and Santaile (Lj6), and thence
it will keep on to the northwest by l rruputuncu Hill (Lj7) and
Patalini Hill [Lj8).
ss
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W it hin the six months following the ratific ation of this treaty
the high co ntracting p ar tie s sha ll name a commi ssion of
eng ineers to proceed to mark out the boundary line, the
points of which, enume rated in this artic le, are indicat ed in
the appended plan, which s hall form an integral part of the
prese nt treaty, in conformity with the procedure and in the
period s which s ha ll be ag reed upon by a special arrangement
between the two foreign office s.
Artculo 111
Article 111
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Artculo VII.
La Repblica de Bolivia tendr el derecho de constituir
ajencias aduaneras en los puertos que designe para hacer
s u comercio. Por ahora seala por tales puertos habilitados
para su come rcio los de Antofagasta i Arica.
Las ajencias cuidarn de que las mercaderas destinadas
en trnsito, se dirijan del muelle a la estacin del ferrocarril
i se carguen i transporten hasta las Aduanas de Bolivia en
vagones cerrados i sellados i con guas que indiquen el
nmero de bultos, peso i marca, nmero i contenido, que
sern canjeados con tornaguas.
Artculo VIII
Mientras las Altas Partes Contratantes acuerdan celebrar
un Tratado especial de Comercio, el intercambio comercial
entre ambas Repblicas se rejir por las reglas de la ms
estricta igualdad con las aplicadas a las dems naciones i en
ningn caso se colocar a los productos de cualquiera de
las dos Partes en condiciones de inferioridad respecto de
las de un tercero. En consecuencia, tanto los productos
naturales i manufacturados de Bolivia como los de Chile,
quedarn sujetos en su internacin i consumo, en uno i otro
pas, al pago de los impuestos vijentes para los de las dems
naciones, i los favores, exenciones i privilejios que cualquiera
de las dos Partes otorgare a una Tercera podrn ser exijidos
en igualdad de condiciones por la otra.
Las Altas Partes Contratantes conv ienen en dar,
recprocamente, en todas las lneas frreas que crucen sus
respectivos territorio s, a los productos nacionales de uno i
otro pas, la tarifa que acuerden a la nacin ms f avorecida.
Artculo IX
Los productos naturales i manufacturados de Chile i las
mercaderas nacionalizadas, para internarse a Bolivia, se rn
despachadas con la respectiva factura consular i con las
guas de que habla la clusula s ptima. Los ganados de toda
especie i los productos naturales de poco va lor, podrn ser
internados sin ninguna formalidad i despachados con la
simple manifestacin escrita en las Aduanas.
Artculo X
Los productos naturales i manufacturados de Bolivia en trnsito
para el estranjero sern espartados con guas franqueadas por
las Aduanas de Bolivia o por los funcionarios encargados de este
objeto. Dichas guas sern entregadas a los agentes aduaneros
en los respectivos puertos i sin otra formalidad, embarcados
estos productos para los mercados extranjeros.
' 1, .... : ;,
Article VII.
The Republic of Bolivia shall have the right to establish customs
agencies in the ports which it may designate for its commerce.
For the present it indicates as suc h ports for its commerce
those of Antofagasta and Arica. The agencies shall tak e care
that the goods in transit sha ll go directly from the pier to
the railroad station and shall be loaded and transported to
the Bolivian custom-houses in wagons closed and sea led
and with freight schedu les whi ch shall indicate the number
of packages, their weight and marks, numbers and contents,
whic h shall be exchanged for receipts.
Article VIII
Until the high contracting parties s hall agree to celebrate
a spec ial commercial treaty the commercial interchang e
between the two Republics s hall be regulated by rules of the
st rictest equality with those applied to other nations, and
in no case shall any product of either of th e two parties be
placed under conditions inferior to tho se of a third party. Ali
the natural and manufactured products of Chile, therefor e,
as well as those of Bolivia, s hall be s ubject on their entry into
and their consumption in the other country, to the payment
of the imposts in force for those of other nations, and the
favours, exemptions, and privileges which either of the two
parties sha ll grant to a third may be demanded on equal
conditions by the other.
The high contract ing parties agree to accord reciprocally on
ali railroad lines which cross their respective territory the
sa me rates to the native products of the othe r country that
they accord to the most favoured nation.
Article IX
The natural and manuf actured products of Chile and the
nationa lized goods, in order to be taken into Bolivia, shall
be dispatched with the proper consular invoice and with t he
freight schedules spoken of in Article 7. Cattle of ali kinds and
natural products of little va lue may be introduced without any
formality and dispatched with the simple manifest written in
the custom-house.
Article X
The natural and manufactured products of Bo livia in transit
to f oreign count ries shall be exported with schedules issued
by the Bolivian custom- house s or by the officers charged
with this duty; these schedules s hall be delivered to the
customs agents in the respective ports and the products
embarked without other forma lity for foreign markets.
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Artculo XI
Artculo XII
ANEXO 5
ANNEX 5
11 .
1 11.
/ 95
IV. The situat ion created by the Treaty of 190LJ, the interests
in that region, and the security of its northern border
require Chile to keep an indispensable extension of
maritime coast . However, in arder to establish, under
so lid ground s, future ties between both co untries, Chile is
willing to make ali effort s for Bolivia to acquire an access
to the sea of its own, by ceding a significant part of the
a rea to the north of Arica a s well as the railway line that
is located within the territor ies subject to the plebiscite
estab lished by the Tr eaty of Ancn.
Firmado
CARLOS GUT IRREZ
EMILIO BELLO C ODEO S IO
[. ")
With the state ments made, the Minister of Foreign Affairs
of Bolivia and Plenipotentiary M inister of Chile stated on
behalf of their correspondent Governments, they agreed
on concluding this tirst meeting and recorded them in the
curren t minutes, which contains two copies of the same
wording, in La Paz, 10 Januar y 1920.
Signed by.
CARLOS GUTIERREZ
EMILIO BELLO CODESIDO
EL LIBRO OH MAR
ANEXO 6
ANNEX 6
[ ...]
[ ...]
V In the course of the negotiations 1 llave suggested for
[ ... ]
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FRANK B. KELLOGG.
Noviembre, 30 de 1926.
FRANK B. KELLOGG.
November 30. 1926
/ 97
ANEXO 7
,
MEMORNDUM DEL MINISTRO DE RELACIONES
EXTERIORES DE CHILE JORGE MATTE AL SECRETARIO
DE ESTADO NORTEAMERICANO FRANK KELLOGG DE LI
DE DICIEMBRE DE 1926
El Gobierno de Chile se ha impuesto con vivo inters del
"Memorndum" en que S. E. el Secretario de Estado de
los Estados Unidos somete a su consideracin las lneas
generales de un plan destinado a procurar una solucin
definitiva de la controversia sobre Tacna y Arica. Las
reflexiones que el Secretario de Estado hace, al exponer los
antecedentes que lo han inducido a propiciar aquella frmula,
determinan al Gobierno de Chi le a rememorar, aunque sea
brevemente, las principales fases histricas y diplomticas
de la cuestin.
["']
Aun ms; en el curso de las negociaciones proseguidas
durante el presente ao ante el Departamento de Estado,
y dentro de la frmula de divisin del territorio, el Gobierno
de Chile no ha rechazado la idea de conceder una faja de
territorio y un puerto a la Nacin Boliviana. Las proposiciones,
altamente inspiradas, que el Gobierno de Chile ha aceptado
sobre este particular, no han encontrado la acogida que
merecan de parte del Gobierno del Per y la cuestin ha
quedado pendiente hasta el momento actual.
Nuestro Gobierno se mantiene dentro de las estipulaciones
del Tratado de Ancn, siguiendo as su larga tradicin, jams
interrumpida, de respeto a la palabra empeada y de fiel y
exacto cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales.
Con el mismo criterio, ha acatado el Laudo del Presidente
Coolidge, y piensa que la mejor soluc in del problema es la
aplicacin del mtodo sealado en el artculo tercero del
Tratado de Ancn y confirmado por la sentencia del Arbitro.
Definida, conforme a estas disposiciones, la posesin
definitiva de los territorios entre Chile y el Per, el Gobierno de
Chile hara honor a sus declaraciones en orden a considerar
las aspiraciones Bolivianas.
La proposicin del Departamento de Estado v mucho
ms all de las concesiones que generosamente ha
podido otorgar el Gobierno de Chile. Ella envuelve la cesin
definitiva, a la Repblica de Bolivia, del territorio disputado,
y si bien, como el Secretario de Estado lo dice, esta so lucin
no hiere la dignidad de ninguno de los pases contendientes
ANNEX7
MEMORANDUM ISSUED BY THE CHANCELLOR OF CHILE
JORGE MATTE TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE FRANK B.
KELLOGG OF LI DECEMBER 1926
The Government of Chile has read with keen interest the
Memorandum in which His Excellency, the Secretary of State
of the United States of Ame rica, submits to its consideration
the general lines of a plan intended to procure a definitive
so lut ion of the controversy regarding Tacna and Arica. The
reflections which the Secretary makes in setting forth the
antecede nts wh ich have induced him to favour that formula,
move the Chilean Government to recall, although briefly. the
principal historical and diploma tic phases of the question .
["']
Furthermore, in the course of the negotiations conducted
during the present year befare the State Oepartment and
within the formula of territoria l division, the Government of
Chile has not rejected the idea of granting a strip of territory and
a port to the Solivian nation. The lofty and inspired proposals
which the Government of Chile has accepted in this particular
matter, did not encounter on the part of the Government of
Peru the reception which they deserved, and the question has
remained pending until the present moment.
Our Government remains within the stipulations of the Treaty
of Ancon, thus following its long and uninterrupted tradition
of respect for the pledged word and the faithful and exact
fulfilment of internationl ubligations.
With the same thought it has respected the Award of President
Coolidge and believes that the best solution of the problem
is the application of the method indicated in Article 3 of the
Treaty of Ancon and confirmed by the decision of the Arbitrator .
T he definitive possession of the territory as between Chile and
Peru, once determined in conformity with these provisions,
the Chilean Government would honour its declarations in
regard to the consideration of Solivian aspirations.
The proposal of the Department of State goes much farther
than the concessions which the Chilean Government has
generously been able to make. lt involves the definitive
cession, to the Republic of Bolivia, of the territory in dispute
and a lthough, as the Secretary of State says, this solution
does not wo und the dignity of the contending countries and
is in harmony with the desire, repeatedly shown by the Chilean
( ...]
En el curso de las negociaciones a que esta proposicin d
origen, presentaremos en forma definitiva las observaciones
anteriormente formuladas, someteremos todas aquellas que
contemplen nuestros intereses, y oiremos, con atencin, las que
las otras partes interesadas puedan, a su vez, sugerir. Las
proposiciones del Secretario de Estado y las sugestiones que
formulen las partes, las estimaremos como un solo todo
indivisible, que corresponde al elevado propsito del Gobierno
de los Estados Unidos, ampliamente compartido por el
Gobierno de C hile, de so lucionar d efinitiva mente la cuestin y
de afirmar la paz y la confra te rnida d entre to da s las naciones
de A m rica.
[' 'J
111 t he cour s e of t he negotiat ions to which this prop osa l may
give rise we shal l present in defi nitive f o rm the observat ions
hereinbefore formu lated, we shall submit a li those wh ic h may
involve our interests and we sha ll listen w i th attent ion to those
w hich the other interested parties may in their turn suggest.
The proposa ls of the Sec reta ry of State a nd the suggest io ns
w hic h the parties may formulat e w e sha ll c onsider as an
indivisibl e whole, w hic h corres ponds to the lofty a im of
t he G overnment of the United States, fully shared by the
Gove rnme nt of Chile, to salve definitively the question and to
insure pea ce and confratern ity among a li nat io ns of A merica .
/ 99
....
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ANEXO 8
NOTA DEL EMBAJADOR DE BOLIVIA N 529/21 DE 1DE
JUNIO DE 1950
ANNEXB
NOTE N 529/21 ISSUED BY BOLIVIA'S AMBASSADOR,
lJUNE 1950
... >(,..:.. . .
Ke llogg, for Chile and Peru to cede to Bolivia "any right. title
and i r1terest which either may have in the provinces of Tacna
and Arica", his Excellency Mr. Jorge Matte. Minister of Foreign
Affairs of Chile, stated that "the Government of Chile has not
rejected the idea of granting a strip of territory and a port
to the Solivian nation" and that it accepts "to consider . in
principie, the proposal".
At the start of his Government, His Excellency the President
of the Repub lic, Mr Gabriel Gonzlez Videla, demonstrated a
s imilar d isposition: during his c onver sa ti o ns with the Member
of la Junta and Minister of Foreign Affairs, His Excellency Mr.
Aniceto Solares, who attended the presidential inauguration,
in November 19LJ6; subsequently during his meetings with
the former President of Bolivia and current Ambassador in
Spain, His Excellency sir Enrique Hertzog, during his stay
in Santiago. in December 19LJ9; and. finally, during the
numerous hearings that were held to dea l with this issue.
With such important precedent s. that identify a clear policy
direction of the Chilean Republic, 1 have the honour of
proposing to His Excellency that the Governments of Bolivia
and Chile formally enter into direct 11egotiatio11s to satisfy
Bolivia's fundamental need to obtain its own sovereign
access to the Pacific Ocean, so lving the problem of Bolivia's
landlocked situation on terms that take into account the
mutual benefit and genuine interests of both nation s.
Certain of being able to rely upon the acceptance of the
Government of His Excellency, thus beginning a work of great
future possibilities for Bolivia and Chi le, 1 renew assurances
of my highest and most di stingui shed consideration .
Signed by
ALBERTO OSTRIA GUTIERREZ
ANEXO 9
NOTA N9 DEL MINISTRO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES
DE CHILE DE 20 DE JUNIO DE 1950
ANNEX 9
NOTEN 9 ISSUED BY CHILE 'S FOREIGN MINISTER ON
20JUNE1950
REPBLICA DE CHILE
MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES
REPUBLIC OF CHILE
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
DEPARTAMENTO DIPLOMATICO
CONFIDENCIAL
N 9
Santiago. 20 de Junio de 1950.Seor Embajador:
DIPLOMACY DEPARTMENT
CONFIDENTIAL
N 9
Sant iago, 20 June 1950.Exc el/ency:
El LIBRO OH MAR ,
l 11 :,, i'I 1 Ht :i : ,\
S igned by
HORAC IO WALKER LARRAIN
Minister of Foreign Affair s Republic of Chil e
<
ANEXO 10
MEMORNDUM DE CHILE DE 10 DE JULIO DE 1961
(EMBAJADOR MANUEL TRUCCO]
ANNEX 10
MEMORANDUM OF CHILE, 10JULY1961.
(AMBASSADOR MANUEL TRUCCO]
l.- Chile has always been willing, along with preserving the
legal situation established by the Treaty of Peace of
190li, to examine directly with Bolivia the possi bility of
satisfying the aspiration s of the latter and the interests
of Chile. Chile will always reject resorting, on Bolivia's
end, to organs which are not competent to sa lve an issue
settled by the Treaty, and which could only be modified
by direct negotiation betwElen the parties.
.
.
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ESTADO
PLURINACIONAL
DE BOLIVIA
ANEXO 11
ANNEX 11
10s
r
ANEXO 12
NOTAN 686 DEL MINISTERIO DE RELACIONES
EXTERIORES DE CHILE DE 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1975
ANNEX 12
NOTEN 686 ISIJED BY CH!LE'S FOR EIGN MINISTER ON
19 OECEMBER 1975
N 686
Santiago, 19 de Diciembre de 1975.
N 686
Sant iago, 19 Oecember 1975
SE OR EMBAJADOR:
Tengo el agrado de acusar recibo de la Nota N 681/108/75 de
fec ha 16 de diciembre en cur s i, por el c ual Vuestra Ex celencia
pone en mi conocimiento que el Ilustrado Gobierno de Bolivia
acepta los trminos generales de la respuesta del Gobierno
de Chile a la proposicin presentada mediante el Ayuda
Memoria del 26 de Agosto prx imo pasado, referente al
marco de la negociacin que permitira alcanzar una solucin
adecuada, total y definitiva a la mediterraneidad de Bolivia .
MR. AMBASSADOR:
1 am pleased to acknowledge receipt of Note N 681/108/75
dated 16 Decemb er t his year, t hrough which His Excellency
lets me know that the e nlightene d Government of Bolivia
accepts the general terms of Chilean Government 's respo nse
regarding the proposal p resentad through the Aide Memoire
o f last 26 August wit h respect to the negotiation that would
fi nd an adequate, total, and definitiva solution to Bolivian
landlocked s ituation.
[...J
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Lj,
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1) Producido el acuerdo
y Ll:t MAl
[".]
5. En atencin a que el Ilustrado Gobierno de Bolivia por la
Nota N681/108/75 de fecha ll.j de diciembre de 1975,
ha aceptado los trmino generales de la respuesta del
Gobierno de Chile, con esta fecha mi gobierno est
procediendo a formular al del Per la consulta referida
en la letra n) del prrafo precedente.
Signed by
PATRICIO CARVAJAL PRADO
Minister of Foreign Affairs.
..
[".]
Firmado
PATRICIO CARVAJAL PRADO
Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores
nom, Of
fH[ Sf A
ANEXO 13
COMUNICADO OFICIAL N 30-76 DEL MINISTERIO DE
RELACIONES EXTERIORES DE PER
Como es de conocimiento de la op1n1on pblica, el
Gobierno de Chile, mediante Nota N 685, de 19 de
diciembre de 1975, comunic al Gobierno del Per
que el Gobierno de Bolivia le haba formulado un
planteamiento para encontrar so lucin al problema de
la mediterraneidad Boliviana. Dicho planteamiento fue
puesto en conocimiento del Gobierno del Per en razn
de que el Artculo 1 del Protocolo Complementario
al Tratado de Lima de 1929, estip ula que cualquiera
cesin total o parcial del territorio de Arica a una ter cera
potencia, requiere del acuerdo previo entre el Per y
Chile.
2. El Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada, para
los efectos de estudiar est e complejo asu nto, design
por Resolucin Suprema N 0720, de fecha 26 de
diciembre de 1975, una Comisin Consu ltiva integrada
por destacadas persona lidades.
3. Asimismo, por iniciativa del Per, se llevaron a cabo entre
ambos Estados, a nivel de Representantes Especiales,
conversaciones sobre esta difcil y delicada materia.
LJ. Despus de analizar los valiosos informes emitidos
por la citada Comisin y de evaluar los resultados
de dichas conversaciones, el Gobierno del Per ha
tomado la decis in de formular al Gobierno de Chile un
planteamiento que ha sido puesto en conocimiento de l
Cancil ler de dicho pas, por intermedio del Secretario
General de Relaciones Exter iores, Embajad or Luis
Marchand Stens, quien en ca lidad de Representante
Especial del Gobierno del Per, viaj a Santiago de Chile
con tal objeto. El citado planteamiento est destinado
a preservar los altos intereses de la Nacin, asegurar
los derechos especficos que e l Per tiene en Arica
por virtud de co nvenios internacionales y afianzar la
ininterrump ida relac in socioeco nmica existente entre
Tacna y Arica.
5. Dicho planteamiento, consecuente con la profunda
vocacin latinoamericanista e integracionista del Per,
recoge tambin el espritu de comprensin que ha
animado a nuestro pas respecto de la mediterraneidad
de Bolivia, conforme qued ex presado, tanto en la
Declaracin de Ayacucho adoptada el 3 de diciembre de
1971.j, como en reiteradas manifestac iones ofic iales.
6. Dentro del marco de estos antecedentes, el
planteamiento que e l Gobierno del Per ha formulado a l
l.
ANNEX 13
COM MUNIQU N 30-76 OF THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN
AFFAI RS OF PERU
l.
2.
3.
lj,
5.
6.
f 109
7.
8.
9.
1101
,.
ANEXO 1q
RESOLUCIN DE LA OEA AG/R ES. q2S
ADOPTAD A EL 31 DE OCTUB R E DE 1979
ANNEX 1q
. OAS RESOLUTION AG/RES. q26, ADOPTED ON 31
OCTOBER 1979
LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL,
DECLARA:
DECLARES:
CONSIDERANDO:
CONSIDERING:
RESUELVE:
Sr
ANEXO 15
ANNEX 15
LA ASAMBLEA GENERAL,
VISTAS:
HAVING SEEN:
CONSIDERANDO:
CONSIDERING:
RESUELVE
RESOLVES :
: I l
1 l ; .
f : :'j,
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1 1 ! L IJ\..JUI'\, U !
1 1 H.. VL /"\
ANEXO 16
COMUNICADO DE PRENSA DE LOS CANCILLERES DE
BOLIVIA Y CHILE DE 22 DE FEBRERO DE 2000
ANNE X 16
PRESS RELEASE ISSUED BY THE FOREIGN MINISTERS
OF CHILE ANO BOLIVIA, 22 FEBRUARY 2000
2.
3.
Lj,
5.
.i. ..
ANEXO 17
ACTA DE LA XV REUNIN DEL MECA NISMO DE CONSULTAS POLTICAS BOLIVIA - CHILE SUSCRITA EL 25 DE
NO VIEMBRE DE 2006
ANNEX 17
2
3
Integracin Fronteriza
Libre Trnsito
L1
Integracin Fsica
5. Complementacin Econmica
6. Tema Martimo
7.
Silala y Recursos Hdricos
8. Instrumentos de Lucha contra la Pobreza
9. Seguridad y Defensa
10. Cooperacin para el Control y Trfico Ilcito de Drogas
y Productos Qumicos Esenciales y Precursores
ll. Educacin, Ciencia y Tecnologa
12. Culturas
13. Otro s Temas
En este contexto, ambas delegaciones prestaron principal
atencin a los siguientes temas:
[ 'J
Tema Martimo
En el espritu de esta agenda bilateral amplia y sin exclusiones,
ambas delegaciones intercambiaron cr iterios so bre e l tema
martimo y coincidieron en la importancia de continuar este
dilogo de manera constructiva.
[" ')
Maritime issue
In the spirit of the wide bilateral agenda with no exclusions,
both delegations exc hanged criteria on the maritime issue
and they agreed on the importance of continuing with this
dialog ue in constructive manner.
us
THE BOC!V
(JI-
fHf SEA
[. "]
[ ...]
en la presente reunin.
meeting.
[Firma ilegible]
Por la delegacin de Chile
[Firma ilegible]
Por la delegacin de Bolivia
[!Ilegible signature]
For the Chilean delegation
[!Ilegible signature]
For the Bolivian delegation
f:
U! Jlit :--....
ANEXO 18
ANNEX 18
l. La Disputa
l. The Dispute
Canciller
Morales . "Entre Chile y Bolivia no hoy controversia, sino que hoy trotados" ,
26 September 2012. ovoiloble o t:
http://www.lotercero.com/noticio/
politico/2012/09/674-485312-9-conciller-moreno-y-emplozomienta- de-
evo-moroles-entre-chile-y-bolivio-no-hoy.shtml
Speech by the Minister of For eign Affoirs of Chile, Mr. Alfredo Moreno
Chorme, during the 15th plenory meeting of the Six ty -seven th periad
A/67 /PV.15. Accesible en: http ://www.minre l .gob.cl/pro ntu s_m inrel/site/
artic/20120928/pags/20120928164005.php
1111-J I .\
Annex
2;
ond
someter a la Corte.
juridico/english/sigs/a-42.htm/#Bolivia
Annex 3.
Anexo 4.
ns
or THE ::iti\
20 Truce Pact between the Republics af Bolivia ond Chile, L./ April lBBL/ , Annex 5.
21. Agreement on the Transfer of Territaries between the Republics af
20. Pacto de Tregua entre los Repblica s de Bolivia Chile del L./ de abril de 1884,
Bolivia ond Chile, 18 Moy 1895. In the preomble to this Treoty, it is stoted
Anexo 5.
thot "o super ior need ond the future development ond commerciol
prosperity of Boliv i a require its free ond natural occess to the seo"; the
ar direct orrongements,
sovereig nty over the territories of Toeno ond Arico, it undertokes to tronsfer
dispuso [Bases 1 y 11) que si por el plebiscito a par arreglas directos, Chile
them to the Republic of Bolivia, except far the oreo from the Quebrado de
control. The Tr eoty o/so indi coted [Base I V) thot if Chile were unoble to
quedario poro Chile. El Tratado indicaba tambin [Base IV) que si Chile no
22. Treoty of Peoce ond Friendship entered into by Bolivia ond Chile, 20
22. Tratada de Paz y Amistad entre Bolivia y Chile, 20 de octubre de l90L/. Anexa 7
119
which had been created by Chile and which had survived the
signing of the tre aty of 1901.j. Chile reaffirmed its position in
a Protocol s igned with Bolivia Gn 10 January 19202 q
.
16. On the basis of these and other commitments, Bolivia and
Chi le entered into negotiations regarding an agreement that
is contained in the notes exchanged on 1and 20 June 1950.
17. The Bolivian note of 1June 1950, invoking the diffe rent
declarations and commitm e nts formulated by Chile, proposed:
"far the Government s of Boliv ia and C hile to f o rmally e nter
into a direct negotiation t o satisf.y Bolivia's f unda me ntal need
far obtaining an own a nd sove reign ac cess to the Pac ific
Ocean, thus resolving the proble rn of Bo livia's c o nfinement,
on the basis of mutual conve niences a nd the true inte rests
of both countries" 25 .
18. The Chilean note in response, dated 20 June 1950,states that:
"[ ...) my Government [...)it is willing to fo rma lly e nte r into a
direct negotiation aiming at finding the formul a whi c h would
make it possib\ e to grant Bolivia an own and sovereign a ccess
to the Pacific Ocean and far Chile to obtain compensat ions
that are not of a territorial nature and that effective ly tak e
into account its interests" 26 .
19. The content of this ag reement was reaffirmed through a
Memorandum which the Chilean Embassy forw a rded to the
Bolivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs o n 10 July 196l27.
20. On 8 February 1975, the Presidents of Bolivia a nd Chi le
sig ned the Joint Declaration of Ghar aa, in the fourth point
of which they agreed to contin.ue with the dialogu e, wi t hin a
spirit of mutual understanding and a const ruct ive mindset,
in arder to find formulas to salve the vital issues w hic h both
countries faced, such as the one relating t o the c o nfine ment
affect ing Bolivia 28 .
21. In the course of the Cha raa negotiations, through a note of
19 Oecember 1975, Chile once more declar ed itse\f to be "Chile
would be prepared to negotiate w ith Bolivia the cession of a strip
of land north of Ar ica up to the Lnea de la Concordia 29 .
22. When the dialogue between the pa rtieswa s re- esta blis
hed
Ap ri 11910. Annex 8.
24.
Protaco/ ["Acta
Protocolizada "]
signed by
the
of Foreign Affairs, Carlas Gutirrez. and the Ext roo r dinary Envoy ond
28. Oeclaracin Conjunta entre Bolivia y Chile, 8 de febrera de 1975. Anexo 13.
slo/docs/ag03793E01.pdf
ag03793 EOl.pdf
560
af
10/12/1981; AG/RES 602 af 20/11/1982; AG/RES 686 of 18111/1983.
pdfs/agres/ag03797E01.POF
EL
wmc
33. Minutes af the 2nd Meeting af the Warking Graup an Bilateral Affoirs
webmre/natasprensa/2010/2010julia/Acta%20final.pdf.
Annex
16.
2011, os quated in: Las Tiempos, Eva .pide a Chile entregar propuesto
febrera de 2011, cama fue recogida en: Las Tiempos, Eva pide a Chile
0217/evo-pide-a-chile-entregar
prapuesta-maritima-hasta-el-23-de-
nacianal/20110217 /eva-
available
ot.
D7l2/pags/2Dil
http://www.minrel.gab.cl/prantus_minrel/site/artic/20ll
0712144736 .php
Eva Morales Ayma, an the acca sian af the l3th plenary meeting af the
37. Discursa del Presidente del Estada Plu rinaciana l de Bolivia, Sr. Eva Morales
HE. '-JU.
31. The facts provided above [Sec t ion 1 11) show that, beyond
its general obligations under international law, Chile has
committed itse lf, more specifica lly through agreements,
dip lomatic practice and a series of declarations attributable
to its highest -level representatives, to negotiate a sovereign
access to the sea for Bolivia. Chile has not complied with this
obligat ion and, what is more, at the present date Chile denies
the very ex i st ence of its obligation.
V. Submissions
39. Speech by the President of the Plurinotionol Stote of Bolivia, Mr. Evo
Morales Aymo, during the llth plenory meeting of the Sixty- Seventh
un.org/doc/UNOOC/GEN/Nl2/522/l9/pdf/Nl2522l9.pdf?OpenElement
GEN/Nl2/522/l9/pdf /Nl2522l9.pdf?OpenEiement
40 See footnote l.
41 See footnote l.
ar
http//godebote.
123
Respetuosamente,
Firmado
Respectfully submitted,
Signed
IHI ,i/\
ANEXO 19
DISCURSO DEL PRESIDENTE EVO MORALES POR EL DA
DEL MAR. 23 DE MARZO DE 2014
ANNEX 19
SPEECH ISSUED BY PRESIDENT EVO MORALES ON THE
Today, 23 March, the date on which our peo ple remember the
Day of the Sea; on this day, 1 salute the struggle, rebellion,
resistance of our people, who for more than a century did
not resign or w ill not give up peace, integration, and our
sove reign return to t he Pacific Ocean.
Bolivia was born to independent life with a coast line 011 the
Pacific Ocean of LJOO kilometres of coast and 120 square
kilometres from the Loa River to Paposo; the possession of
that territory was given centuries ago when Tiahuanacota's
culture spread its inluence to the sea. On t he other hand, the
Republic of Chile was born to independent living with a smaller
territory, of course, w ith a different border from the one it
currently owns.
The first Chilea n constitutions clearly identified that the
northern boundary of t hat country was the Atacama Desert,
from which the Bolivian territory began. In the judgment
of the lnternation a l Court of Justice, the Peruvian -Chi lean
maritime dispute of 22 January 201LJ, th e following is
mentioned:
1::1i\)f.
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' - --.
Fuentes de imgenes
--
------
-- -- --------------------- --
lmage sources
Figura 1 Libro Azul, Ministerio de la Presidencia y Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores, 200Lj, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura2www.davidrumsey.com
Figura 3 Libro Azul, Ministerio de la Presiden.cia y Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores, 200Lj, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura Lj: Libro Azul, Ministerio de la Pres idenc ia y Ministe rio
de Relaciones Exteriores, 200Lj, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 5: Libro Historia Grfica de la Guerra del Pacfico,
Mariano Baptista Gumucio,1978, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 6: www commons.wikimedia.org
Figura 7 Libro El Vicepresidente La somb ra del Poder?,
2003, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 8: Libro Azul, Ministerio de la Presidencia y Ministerio
de Relaciones Exteriores, 200Lj, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 9: Archivo Claudia Arce Aguirre
Figura 10 Archivo Patricio Greve
Figura 11: Libro Historia Grfica de la Guerra del Pacfico,
Mariano Baptista Gumucio,1978, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 12 Libro Historia Grfica de la Guerra del Pacfico,
Mariano Baptista Gumucio,1978, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 13: Libro Historia Grfica de la Guerra del Pacfico,
Mariano Baptista Gumucio,1978, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura llj: wwwvicepresidencia.gob.bo
Figura 15 www.rree .gob.bo
Figura 16: www.democ raciadirecta.c l
Figura 17: www.indiana.edu
Figura 18: www. indiana.e du
Figura 19: www.indiana .edu
Figura 20: www.memoriachilena el
Figura 21 www.rree.gob.bo
Figura 22 http//historiapolitica.bcn el
Figura 23: www. biografia syv idas.com
Figura 2Lj: www.rei ntegracionmaritima.com
Figura 25 www.reinteg racionm arit ima com
Figura 26: www.senate.gov
Figura 27 Museo Histrico, disponible a travs de
Memoria Chi lena
Figura 28 Alberto Ostria Gutirrez, Guillermo
Francovich,197Lj, La Paz, Bolivia
Figura 29: Congreso Nacional de Chile
Figura 30: www.memoriachilena e l
129
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