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An Excursion Report
Submitted To Fulfill The Partial Requirement
of I.A. level (2nd Year) in Geography
in Tribhuvan University
By
Group 'B'
Rajendra K.C.
BSAM, Geography Deparment
Sallaghari, Bhaktapur
2006
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter - 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 4
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
Chapter - 2 Methodology
2.1 Selection of the Study Area 6
2.2 Rationale of the selection of the study 6
2.3 Sample size and method 6
2.4 Nature of the data and data production method 7
2.4.1 Primary data and source 7
2.4.2 Secondary data and source 7
2.5 Field experience 7
Appendix
Reference
Sample of Questionnaire
List of Plates
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
According to the T.U. syllabus of P.C.L. Arts Second Year Geography, our Mahavidyalaya had
managed geographical excursion to Shivapuri National Park and in its buffer zone namely
Tarebhir of Baluwa V.D.C. and Mulkharka of Sundarijal V.D.C.of Kathmandu district, in the
topic of Animal Husbandry. The Excursion was held from 2062/12/20 to 2062/12/23.
The present study would not have been successful without the support and guidance of our
respected geography teachers of our Mahavidyalaya Mr. Dal Prasad Pun & Mr. Ishwor Karki
without whose guidance excursion report would not have been successful and Mahavidyalaya
staffs, and specially the local people who provided necessary information during our field
survey/excursion. So, we would like to express our sincere thanks to the local villagers of
Tarebhir and Mulkharka villages. Similarly, we would like to present hearty gratitude to our
respective teachers House Master Kumar Gurung sir had also equally helped in conducting field
survey and had accompanied us for his proper observation and care.
At last, but not the least, we would like to express our regards to the Principal Ms. Indumani
Chemjong, Liaison Officer of our Mahavidyalaya / Pastoral vice Principal Lt. Col. Prayog Jung
Bahadur Rana, Department head of Arts and Management Mrs. Jyoti Thapa, Burser Officer
Major Jitendra Thapa, Mr. Binaya Shrestha (for computer setting) and other army personals,
cooks, warden and other army staff of Shivapuri National Park, specially Major Bhim Prasad
Lamichhane for managing necessary arrangement in every step at the excursion period.
Thank you.
ABSTRACT
This is a comparative study of the animal husbandry that prevails in Tarebhir of Baluwa VDC
and Mulkharka of SUNDARIJAL VDC, which are located outside and inside the Shivapuri
National Park respectively. This study explores how the animal husbandry is affected after the
establishment of the National Park which is based on primary as well as secondary data, collected
in the field. The primary data is obtained by observation and questionnaire method, direct
interaction with the locals and secondary data is obtained with the help of brochures, Ranger of
Shivapuri National Park, excursion report of 2061 prepared by BSAM students and the
population census of 2001. The study has revealed that the animal husbandry of both VDC is
affected by their landholding size, occupational base, location (inside and outside conservation
area), agricultural imports etc. Animal husbandry in both the villages is an important component
of their agricultural system and day-to-day livelihood. Animal husbandry is mostly done for
milk, meat, manure and economic reasons. The study also shows that the people there are facing
various problems in animal husbandry due to which they are not able to improve their standard of
living.
CHAPTER - ONE
1.1 Introduction
Nepal is a small country with an area of 147,181sq.km. between 800 4`E to 88012` E longitude
and 26022` N to 30027` N latitudes. It is surrounded by Tibet (China) in the North and India in
the South, East and the West. It approximate east to West length is 885km and average North to
South breadth is 192km.Nepal is a landlocked country with its nearest access to the sea at a
distance of about 1120km. from the border. It is a Himalayan country.
Since mountains and hills covers most of its land, Nepal is a mountainous country. The Terai
region covers 25,020sq.km.(17%) while Hills cover 100,083sq.km.(68%)and Himalayan region
covers 22,077sq.km.(15%) of the total land area of Nepal.
Thereafter, the Mahendra Kunja of wildlife sanctuary meant for game hunting was converted into
the National Park of Nepal, The Royal Chitwan National Park.
Such acts opened the door to establish a number of National Parks, wildlife reserves, hunting
reserves and conservation area in the country. These are also called protected areas. There are
various aims to designate protected areas such as prohibit illegal hunting, encroachment,
destruction of the natural habitats, to conserve flora and fauna and their habitats, protect
landscape with a certain degree of uniques such as cultural/religious to permit for scientific
study, to manage game animals for recreational and sustained hunting etc.
Shivapuri National Park
The Shivapuri National Park is located at 12 Km North from Ratnapark, the heart of Kathmandu.
Extending 20 Km in length from Chisapani in the East to Kakani in the West and 9 Km in
breadth from South to North. The National Park covers an area of 142 Sq Km. It adjoints 23
VDCs of Kathmandu, Nuwakot and Sindhupalchok districts. It is a unique National Park in the
world in the sense that no other National Parks in the world is so closely located to the capital
city of a nation. Situated in the middle mountain region of Nepal, The Shivapuri National Park
was recognized as the ninth or the latest National Park of Nepal.
The present study focus on the Animal husbandry in Tarebhir, Baluwa VDC and Mulkharka,
Sundarijal VDC that are located outside and inside the national park respectively.
The animal husbandry of Baluwa VDC is entirely subsistence type. According to the population
census of 2001 the total households in Baluwa VDC is 833. Most of the people are engaged in
animal husbandry and agricultural related activities as according to the population census of 2001
about 94.48% of the population is dependent on agriculture. Most of the locals are friendly and
cooperative and most of them belong to Tamang ethnic group. We have surveyed 34 households
and found that locals are poor with small land holdings.
The animal husbandry of Sundarijal VDC is also subsistence type. It is inside the national park.
Most of the people are engaged in agriculture or related activities. According to this population
census of 2001 the total household in Sundarijal are 491 and population is 2499. Most of the
locals are Tamang ethnic group. We have surveyed 36 households and found that locals are poor.
So within both VDCs forest is the most important elements of their day to day lives. After the
establishment of National Park some changes have occurred in agricultural system like fodder,
grazing area. Most of the people are illiterate and they don’t know how to manage livestock. So
they still use National Parks resources illegally.
Hence, animal husbandry is one of the main source of livehood, it is still far intensive and is
entirely based on subsistence. The major economy of local people is agro based. Due to the
restriction of using forest resource after the establishment of the National Park we can see direct
effect of it on animal husbandry system of these 2 VDCs.
Owing to illiteracy are other socio - economic factors most of the people of Nepal are dependent
upon agriculture but the outcome is not sufficient for the growing population. ‘The population
growth rate is 2.27% per annum according to 2001 concur. But the production has been
decreasing due to problems like famine, drought etc. The subsistence rural agro based economy
of Nepal depends almost entirely on animal husbandry. The rural people of the country depend
upon animal husbandry for manure, milk, meat, household purpose, raw materials etc.
These conditions are also found in the study area i.e. Sundarijal and Baluwa VDCs. According to
our field survey 88.89% of the population in Mulkharka of Sundarijal VDCs and about 79.41%
of the population in Tarebhir of Baluwa VDCs are largely based upon animal husbandry. Animal
husbandry has been one of the most important aspect of agriculture of their lives. So we have
conducted study on the animal husbandry of Baluwa VDCs and Sundarijal VDCs. This study
tries to find out how the animal husbandry of these VDCs are influenced after the establishment
of the national park. This study shows how the existence of National Park effects the locals in
these two VDCs.
Animal husbandry, as it is an important aspect of the agro based economy of these places, should
be developed to develop the living standard of local people, this study tries to find out the major
issues related with the animal husbandry, which will help to develop socioeconomic condition of
the locals through anima husbandry.
1.3 Objectives
The major objectives of study are as follows:
a. To study the animal husbandry in the study area.
b. To study the problems and prospects of animal husbandry in study area.
Tarebhir of Baluwa VDC and Mulkharka of Sundarijal VDC were the two sample villages
selected for this study.
a. Both villages are typical hilly villages of Nepal, which are in transition period of
modernization; animal husbandry is the main step of livelihood in the two villages. Tarebhir
is located adjacent to the National Park and Mulkharka is located inside the national park.
Hence, physical access to the National Park differs.
b. As the information obtained from the precious research, several programs had been
launched for villages to improve economic status, generate employment, to reduce firewood
consumption etc.
c. Although these two villages are not as for from the capital city Kathmandu, it is still far;
less developed and represents rural villages of Nepal.
As the students from our college have been repeatedly visiting the same area for research and
have been interacting with the same people, during our survey, we felt that they often get irritated
and don't respond positively. Time constraint was also one of the problem. If the time had been
sufficient, we would have been able to collect more information. Although we had to face some
difficulties during our excursion, it was memorable.
CHAPTER - THREE
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
3.1 Introduction
We had selected Mulkharka of Sundarijal VDC and Tarebhir of Baluwa VDC for our study. We
studied the animal husbandry of these two villages. There are many similarities in the way of
animal rearing in Tarebhir and Mulkharka. Since the economy of both places is agro based,
animal husbandry played a vital role in the day to day life of the local people. Animal husbandry
in these two places has been influenced to some extent by the establishment of national park. As
Tarebhir is located outside the boundary of National Park, 97% of the people depend on the
National Park for fodder. However 75% of the people of Mulkharka depend on the national park
for fodder management as it is located inside the national park. Although the national park has
restricted grazing of animals and getting fodder from inside the jungle, most of the people in both
the villages get fodder for their livestock from the jungle.
The local people of Tarebhir and Mulkharka depend very much on animals for their livelihood.
In both the villages, animals are the means of supporting their economic conditions. Animals are
the source of food, money as well as the means of manure and compost for them. As the cost of
chemical fertilizer is high, manure from the animals is only alternative. Thus animal rearing has
helped them a lot in their agro based economy. In both the villages, mostly animals like goat,
hen, buffalo, and cow are reared whereas ox and pigs are few in number. Almost every
household have reared animals. Among the other animals, goat is the most dominant animal. We
found that the more land the people have, the more animals they keep and vice versa.
Conclusion
From the above data of Tarebhir and Mulkharka, we can say that animal husbandry is given
emphasis mostly for economic reason and secondly for manure. In Tarebhir, 61.76% of the
people keep animals for economic reason, i.e. for selling animals, offspring, meat, milk and milk
products, etc. In Mulkharka, 75% of people rare animals for economic reason. The least
importance is given for milk. Very few people keep animals for other purposes like ploughing. It
may be because of lack of fodder which do not support large animals like cow and buffaloes.
Conclusion
From the above mentioned data of the way of managing animals in Tarebhir and Mulkharka, we
can say that, half of the people in both of the places manage their animals by stall feeding. In
both places, 50% of people manage their animals by stall feeding. In Tarebhir, 11.76% of people
graze their animals and 38.23% people manage their animals both by stall feeding and grazing. In
Mulkharka, 8.33% of the people graze their animals and 41.6% by both stall feeding and grazing.
We can also say that very few people manage their animals by grazing.
Conclusion
According to the above data, in Tarebhir 97% of the people depend on national park for fodder
management and in Mulkharka 75% of the people depend on national park for fodder
management, although it has been restricted. In Tarebhir, 20.6% of the people have planted
fodder tree in private land among which to 14.3%, it is sufficient and for the rest, it is not
sufficient. 79.4% of the people totally depend on the jungle for fodder. In Mulkharka, 50% of the
people have planted fodder trees and 50% depend on the jungle.
In Mulkharka 50% of the people have planted fodder trees among which for half of the people, it
is sufficient and insufficient for the remaining. So, the remaining people have to depend on the
jungle for fodder. 50% of the people totally depend on the jungle as they haven’t planted any
fodder tree in their private land.
In Tarebhir, the commonly grown fodder trees are Kafal, Katush, and Daleghans. In Mulkharka,
more species are found. They are Kutmiro, Dudhilo, Khasru, Daleghans, Falant, Paiyu, Mayal,
Pati, Babiyo, etc. In Tarebhir, less species are available due to lack of seeds or plants. All the
people have planted fodder trees in their private land, it is insufficient. So, they depend on the
jungle.
Conclusion
According to the above data, the number of goats have increased in both Tarebhir and
Mulkharka. In Tarebhir, in 35.29% of the household, the number of goats has increased and in
Mulkharka, in 27.78% of the household, the number of goats has increased. It is because due to
economic reason, for meat and because they require less fodder and labour. However, in
Tarebhir, in 32.35% of the household and in 13.8% of the household in Mulkharka, the number
of goats has decreased due to lack of fodder and animal diseases. The number of animals like
cows and buffaloes is less in both the places. In very few households, the number of cows and
buffaloes have increased but in rest, it has decreased because they require more fodder and labour
and also due to lack of grazing land. Poultry has also increased in 8.82% household in Tarebhir
and 30.56% in Mulkharka, the number of poultry has increased due to economic reasons.
Table 9: Relation between land holding size and animal husbandry in Tarebhir
Table 10: Relation between land holding size and animal husbandry in Mulkharka
Conclusion
From above data of Tarebhir and Mulkharka, we can say that there is a direct relationship
between the land holding size and animal husbandry in both the places.
The people are restricted to use fodder from inside the jungle. If they do so, they have to pay Rs.
500 as penalty. Establishment of national park has created problem in animal husbandry. People
in Mulkharka have more problem of wild animals as it lies inside the national park. Due to the
lack of animal service center, if any animal suffers from any kind of disease, there is less chance
of survival.
Conclusion
In Tarebhir, 79.41% people earn from their animals among which 64.7% of the income comes by
selling offspring, 11.76% by selling milk and milk products and 29.41% by selling animals.
In Mulkharka, 88.89% people earn from their animals among which 50% is earned by selling
offspring, 41.6% by selling milk and milk products and 38.89% by selling animals as a whole
combining both places about 84.15% of the people earn from their animals.
3.9 CONCLUSION
We can conclude from our survey that animals help a lot in economic progress of the people of
both VDCs. As a total production from the agriculture is not sufficient, they use their animals for
food also. Animals are the main source of income and manure as well. The main problems faced
by the people of both the VDCs are related with national park like encroachment of wild animals,
lack of fodder, lack of grazing area, etc. and the other problems are animal diseases, lack of
animal service center, etc. As the people depend on animal husbandry for livelihood, animal
husbandry should be developed to enhance the economic condition of the people of Tarebhir and
Mulkharka.
CHAPTER - FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusions
Animal husbandry is the chief source of income of the rural people of Tarebhir, Baluwa VDC
and Mulkharka, Sundarijal VDC. This study was carried on in order to understand the condition
and possibilities of animal husbandry of both VDCs based on both primary and secondary data.
Tabular method has been used in the study area.
Almost all the people of both VDCs are involved in animal husbandry. They depend on animal to
meet their day to day needs. Animal husbandry is the major source of income for the people. The
animals that are commonly raised in these VDCs are cow, goat, buffalo, hen, ox, pig etc. The
number and size of the animals depend on the landholding size. There is direct relationship
between number of animal and land holding size, i.e. larger the amount of land greater the
number of animals and vice-versa. The people manage their animals either by stall feeding or
grazing or both majority of the locals manage their animals by stall-feeding which accounts 50%
in Tarebhir and 50% in Mulkharka. The dominant animal is goat. Most of the people prefer to
keep goats as they require less fodder, land and labor. People can earn more from goat as well by
selling offspring or meat. Animal are also of great importance regarding the requirement of
manure.
People are facing different problems in animal husbandry. National park is the main obstacle for
them as they are restricted to take fodder from the jungle and graze the animals there. Lack of
fodder and animal disease is the major problem. Others common problems are – lack of labor,
attack by wild animals, lack of grazing land, lack of animal service centre, economic problem,
market facilities etc. The problem has increased further after the establishment of national park.
Even though the wild life of the national park affect a lot in animal husbandry of both VDCs, the
locals are not getting any kind of compensation. In fact, there is no good relationship between the
park and the people. Although there is restriction for the people to take fodder from the jungle,
people use it illegally as the fodder tree of their land is not sufficient.
4.2 Recommendations and Possibilities
The relationship between the park and the people is not so good. So it has an adverse effect on
the animal husbandry. So, in order to develop animal husbandry in both the VDCs, the park
authorities should co-operate with the locals and provide them certain trainings about animal
husbandry. The local people also should conserve the properties of national park. There is a high
possibility of goat rearing in both villages. So, they should be encouraged to keep more animals.
The local people should be allowed to take fodder from the jungle without hampering its
ecosystem. The national park should provide seeds of different fodder trees which they can plant
in their own land so that people would stop taking fodder from the forest. There should be proper
management of transportation and communication so that the local people can sell their product
in the market from which they can improve their standard of living. There is a greater possibility
of animal husbandry especially goat farming in Tarebhir and Mulkharka as the economy is agro
based but due to various problems the development is not so satisfactory. Apart from these, other
alternative employment opportunities should be provided so that dependency on agriculture can
be decreased.
Appendix
Reference
The purpose of this interview is strictly academic and will not be used for any other purposes.
Questions:
• How long have you been in this area? . . . . . . . . . . . . years.
• How much land do you have? . . . . . . . . . . . . ropanis.
Land Type Size (in Ropani)
Bari
Khet
• Do you have domestic animals? Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . No . . . . . . . . . . . .
If No, why?
If Yes,
Animals Co Ox Buff He. Pi She Go He Duc D Othe
w . buff g ep at n k og r
THANK YOU