BORDER SECURITY USING WINS

A technical seminar submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
SANTHOSH PATLOLLA (11211A04D0)
Under the esteemed guidance of
T.P.Kausalya Nandan
M.Tech, LMISTE, MIEEE
Assistant Professor,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.V.RAJU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

UGC-AUTONOMOUS
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA
and NAAC) (Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
Vishnupur, Narsapur, Medak DIST
502313 2014-2015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Projecttechnical seminar work entitled

BORDER SECURITY USING WINS is being submitted by Mr.SPATLOLLA
SANTHOSH in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
B.Tech. in Electronics & Communication Engineering, by Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad is a record of bonafide work carried out by him
under my guidance..

GUIDE
T.P.Kausalya Nandan

M.Tech, LMISTE, MIEEE

Assistant Professor

Dr.I.A.Pasha
HOD .Dept of ECE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ABSTRACT

Wireless IntegratedNetworkSensors(WINS)now provideanewmonitoringandcontrol

capabilityfortransportation,manufacturing,healthcareenvironmentalmonitoring,andsafety
and security. WINS combine sensing, signal processing, decision capability, and wireless
networkingcapabilityinacompact,lowpowersystem.WINSsystemscombinemicrosensor
technology with low power sensor interface, signal processing, and RF communication
circuits.Theneedforlowcostpresentsengineeringchallengesforimplementationofthese
systemsinconventionaldigitalCMOStechnology.Thispaperdescribesmicropowerdata
converter, digital signal processing systems, and weak inversion CMOS RF circuits. The
digitalsignalprocessingsystemreliesonacontinuouslyoperatingspectrumanalyzer.Finally,
the weak inversion CMOS RF systems are designed to exploit the properties of highQ
inductorstoenablelowpoweroperation.Thispaperreviewssystemarchitectureandlow
powercircuitsforWINS.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly,IwouldliketoacknowledgeT.P.Kausalya Nandan(TechnicalSeminarCoordinator)
forguidingusonhowtogoonwithtechnicalseminarwriting.Withouthisguidanceour
seminarreportwouldnotbeinthisstate.Moreover,mysincerethanksgoestomyseminar
guideMrT.P.KausalyaNandanforguidingandgivingtimelyfeedbackwhilewritingmydraft
seminarreportandhehasalsotippedmeonwhatshouldincludeingoodseminarwritingand
thisideahelpedmealotwhilewritingwholeofmydraftseminarreport.Iwouldalsoliketo
thankscollegeICTsectionforprovidinginternetaccessfor24*7whichhashelpedinfinding
sourcesforwritingmyseminarreport.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BORDERSECURITYUSING.............................................................................1
Abstract...........................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENt....................................................................................ii
TableofContents............................................................................................iii
ListofFigures.................................................................................................iv
ListofAbbreviations.........................................................................................v
1

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1

EXISTINGBORDERPATROLTECHNIQUES...........................................2

WINSSYSTEMARCHITECTUREANDBORDERSENSE...........................3

WINSNODEARCHITECTURE..............................................................4

BlockDiagramofWINS.................................................................................6
5

ROUTINGBETWEENNODESANDSHORTESTDISTANCEALGORITHM...7

WINS MICRO SENSORS AND WINS MICRO SENSOR INTERFACE

CIRCUITS8

REMOTEBATTLEFIELDSENSORSYSTEM(REMBASS):.......................11

WINSDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGANDPSDCOMPARISION............14

WINSCHARACTERISTICS&APPLICATIONS.......................................15

10

DESIGNCONSIDERATION.................................................................16

11

Conclusion..........................................................................................17

References.....................................................................................................18

iii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure1DistributedsensorsatBorder...................................................................2
Figure2Thewirelessintegratednetworksensor(WINS)architecture...........................3
Figure3(a)NodeConnections.(b)WINSnodes(shownasdisks)................................5
Figure4showstheblockdiagramofthewirelessintegratednetworksensor(WINS).This
blockdiagramshowstheworkingprincipleoftheWINS............................................ 6
Figure5NodaldistanceandTraffic......................................................................7
Figure6RoutingMatrix....................................................................................7
Figure7(a)Amicrographofthethermopilejunctionarrayin......................................9
Figure8WINS -ADC A block diagram of the pulse code modulator part of the -ADC

showingthelocationoftheinputanalogmodulatorandoutputdigitaldemodulatorchopping
blocks..........................................................................................................10
Figure9REMBASS.......................................................................................11
Figure10WINSmicropowerspectrumanalyzerarchitecture....................................14
Figure11Comparatorplot................................................................................15
Figure12Enclosure........................................................................................16

iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Terms
WINS
REMBASS
UGS
RSTA
IR
MAG
SA
SMS
PMS
SSS
FLOT

Descriptions
Wirelessintegratednetworksensors
Remotebattlefieldsensorsystem
UnattendedGroundSensors
Reconnaissance,surveillance,andtargetacquisition
Passiveinfraredsensor
Magneticsensor
Seismic/acousticsensor
SensorMonitoringSet
Portablemonitoringset
SensorSignalSimulator
Forwardlineofowntroops

1INTRODUCTION

WirelessIntegratedNetworkSensors(WINS)providedistributednetworkandInternetaccess
tosensors,controls,andprocessorsthataredeeplyembeddedinequipment,facilities,andthe
environment.TheWINSnetworkisanewmonitoringandcontrolcapabilityforapplications
in transportation, manufacturing, health care, environmental monitoring, and safety and
security.WINScombinemicrosensortechnology,lowpowersignalprocessing,lowpower
computation,andlowpower,lowcostwirelessnetworkingcapabilityinacompactsystem.
Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have enabled construction of far more
capablesensors,radios,andprocessorsatlowcost,allowingmassproductionofsophisticated
systemsthatlinkthephysicalworldtonetworks.Scaleswillrangefromlocaltoglobal,with
applicationsincludingmedicine,security,factoryautomation,environmentalmonitoring,and
conditionbasedmaintenance.CompactgeometryandlowcostallowsWINStobeembedded
anddistributedatasmallfractionofthecostofconventionalwirelinesensorandactuator
systems. Future applications of distributed embedded processors and sensors will require
massive numbers of devices. In this paper we have concentrated in the most important
application,BorderSecurity.

WINSInitiatedin1993underDefenceadvanceresearchprojectagency(DARPA)in
US.LWIM(Lowpowerwirelessintegratedmicrosensor)programbeganin1995forfurther
development of WINS sponsored by DARPA. In 1998, WINS NG introduced for wide
varietyofapplication.TheLWIMprojectformultihop,selfassembled,wirelessnetwork
algorithmsforoperatingatmicropowerlevels.

2EXISTINGBORDERPATROLTECHNIQUES
Borderpatrolhasextensivelybeenbasedonhumaninvolvement.However,therelativecostfor
the increasing number of personnel as well as the diminishing accuracy through humanonly
surveillancehasrequiredtheinvolvementofhightechdevicesinborderpatrol.Amongthese,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for aerial surveillance have recently been used to
automaticallydetectandtrackillegalbordercrossing.Duetothelargecoverageandhighmobility
oftheUAVs,theintensivehumaninvolvementinlowlevelsurveillanceactivitiescanbereduced.
However,similartotheConventionalborderpatrolsystems,UAVsalonecannotcoverthewhole
borderatanytime.Moreover,theUAVshavesignificantlyhighercostsandaccidentratesthan
thoseofmannedaircraftsandrequirelargehumanfootprinttocontroltheiractivities.Inaddition,
inclementweatherconditionscanalsoimpingeonthesurveillance

capabilityofUAVs.

[1]

Comparedwiththeexistingborderpatroltechniques,BorderSenseprovidesthefollowing
advantages:(1)themultimediasensorsprovideaccuratedetectionaswellaslargedetection
range;(2)thegroundsensorsprovideadditionalinformationthatcannotbedetectedbythe
multimediasensors,e.g.incaseswheretheintruderishiddenbehindanobstaclethatcannotbe
detectedbytheimagingsensor;(3)theundergroundsensorsguaranteethepropersystem
functionalitieswhereabovegroundvisibledevicesarenotpreferredforconcealmentpurposes;
(4)mobilesensorsprovideintrusiontrackingcapabilitytotracktheintrudersaftertheyhave
beendetected;and(5)byinnetworkprocessing,theheterogeneoussensorscooperativelydetect
theintrusionandreporttheresultstoaremoteadministrator.Accordingly,boththedeployment
andoperationalcostoftheborderpatrolsystemcansignificantlybedecreased.

Figure1DistributedsensorsatBorder

3WINSSYSTEMARCHITECTUREANDBORDERSENSE
Incontrasttoconventionalwirelessnetworks,theWINSnetworkmustsupportlargenumbers
ofsensorsinalocalareawithshortrangeandlowaveragebitratecommunication(lessthan1
100 kbps). The network design must consider the requirement to service dense sensor
distributionswithanemphasisonrecoveringenvironmentinformation.Weexploitthesmall
separation between WINS nodes to provide multi hop communication, with the power
advantages outlined earlier. Since for short hops the transceiver power consumption for
receptionisnearlyequaltothatoftransmission,theprotocolshouldbedesignedsothatradios
areoffasmuchofthetimeaspossible.Thatis,theMACshouldincludesomevariantof
TDMA.Thisrequiresthattheradiosperiodicallyexchangeshortmessagestomaintainlocal
synchronism.Theabundantbandwidththatresultsfromthespatialreuseoffrequenciesand
local processing ensures that relatively few conflicts will result in these requests, and so
simplemechanismscanbeused.Alowpowerprotocolsuitethatembodiestheseprinciples
has been developed, including bootup, MAC, energyaware routing, and interaction with
mobileunits.Itindicatesthefeasibilityofachievingdistributedlowpoweroperationinaflat
multihopnetwork.
Themultihopcommunicationhasbeenshowninthefigure2.Thefigurerepresents
thegeneralstructureofthewirelessintegratednetworksensors(WINS)arrangement.small
wins[2]

Figure2Thewirelessintegratednetworksensor(WINS)architecture

4WINSNODEARCHITECTURE
TheWINSnodearchitecture(Figure3)isdevelopedtoenablecontinuoussensing,event
detection,andeventidentificationatlowpower.Sincetheeventdetectionprocessmustoccur
continuously,thesensor,dataconverter,databuffer,andspectrumanalysermustalloperateat
micropowerlevels.Intheeventthataneventisdetected,thespectrumanalyseroutputmay
triggerthemicrocontroller.Themicrocontrollermaythenissuecommandsforadditionalsignal
processingoperationsforidentificationoftheeventsignal.Protocolsfornodeoperationthen
determinewhetheraremoteuserorneighbouringWINSnodeshouldbealerted.TheWINSnode
thensuppliesanattributeoftheidentifiedevent,forexample,theaddressoftheeventinanevent
lookuptablestoredinallnetworknodes.Totalaveragesystemsupplycurrentsmust

able,andefficientnetworkoperationisobtainedwith
intelligentsensornodesthatincludesensorsignalprocessing,control,andawirelessnetwork
interface. Distributed network sensor devices must continuously monitor multiple sensor
systems,processsensorsignals,andadapttochangingenvironmentsanduserrequirements,
whilecompletingdecisionsonmeasuredsignals.

Figure3(a)NodeConnections.(b)WINSnodes(shownasdisks).

TheabovefigureshowsthenodeconnectionsdeployedinWINS.Bythefigitcanbe
seenthatseveralnodesareconnectedtogetherandalsowiththeGatewaywhichisusedfor
Conventional Communication, Internet Connectivity and Remote Maintenance and Re
configurability.Thistypeofarchitecturewillbelowcost,consumeslowpower,multihop,
multiplyredundantandreconfigurable.

Fortheparticularapplicationsofmilitarysecurity,theWINSsensorsystemsmustoperateat
lowpower,samplingatlowfrequencyandwithenvironmentalbackgroundlimitedsensitivity.
The micro power interface circuits must sample at dc or low frequency where 1/f noise in

theseCMOSinterfacesislarge.
Themicropowersignalprocessingsystemmustbeimplementedatlowpowerand
withlimitedwordlength.Inparticular,WINSapplicationsaregenerallytoleranttolatency.
TheWINSnodeeventrecognitionmaybedelayedby10100msec,orlonger.[3]

BlockDiagramofWINS

Figure4showstheblockdiagramofthewirelessintegratednetworksensor(WINS).This
blockdiagramshowstheworkingprincipleoftheWINS.

5ROUTINGBETWEENNODESANDSHORTEST
DISTANCEALGORITHM

Thesensedsignalsarethenroutedtothemajornode.Thisroutingisdonebasedon
theshortestdistance.Thatisthedistancebetweenthenodesisnotconsidered,butthetraffic
betweenthenodesisconsidered.Thishasbeendepictedinthefigure5.Inthefigure,the
distancesbetweenthenodesandthetrafficbetweenthenodeshavebeenclearlyshown.For
example,ifwewanttoroutethesignalfromthenode2tonode4,theshortestdistanceroute
willbefromnode2vianode3tonode4.Butthetrafficthroughthispathishigherthanthe
pathnode2tonode4.Whereasthispathislongerindistance.

Figure5NodaldistanceandTraffic
Figure6RoutingMatrix

Inthisprocesswefindmeanpacketdelay,ifthecapacityandaverageflowareknown.From
themeandelaysonallthelines,wecalculateaflowweightedaveragetogetmeanpacket
delayforthewholesubnet.Theweightsonthearcsinthefigure5givecapacitiesineach
directionmeasuredinkbps.

Infigure6theroutesandthenumberofpackets/secsentfromsourcetodestinationare
shown.Forexample,theEBtrafficgives2packets/sectotheEFlineandalso2packets/sec
totheFBline.Themeandelayineachlineiscalculatedusingtheformula

Ti=1/(c
Ti=Timedelayinsec
C=CapacityofthepathinBps

=Meanflowinpackets/sec.

WINS MICRO SENSORS AND WINS MICRO SENSOR

INTERFACECIRCUITS

ManyimportantWINSapplicationsrequirethedetectionofsignalsourcesinthepresenceof
environmental noise. Source signals (seismic, infrared, acoustic, and others) all decay in
amplituderapidlywithradialdistancefromthesource.Tomaximizedetectionrange,sensor
sensitivitymustbeoptimized.Inaddition,duetothefundamentallimitsofbackgroundnoise,
amaximumdetectionrangeexistsforanysensor.Thus,itiscriticaltoobtainthegreatest
sensitivityandtodevelopcompactsensorsthatmaybewidelydistributed.Clearly,micro
electromechanicalsystems(MEMS)technologyprovidesanidealpathforimplementationof
thesehighlydistributedsystems.WINSsensorintegrationreliesonstructuresthatareflipchip
bondedtoalowtemperature,cofiredceramicsubstrate.Thissensorsubstratesensorstrate is

then a platform for support of interface, signal processing, and communication circuits.
ExamplesofWINSmicroseismometerandinfrareddetectordevicesareshowninFigure7.

Figure7(a)Amicrographofthethermopilejunctionarrayin
(b)Thisdualpixeldeviceprovidesobjectpresenceandmotionsensing.TheWINSthermopile
operateswithouttheneedforavoltageorcurrentbiasandprovidesanoiseequivalentpower
of1.8nW/(Hz)1/2(asensitivitylevellimitedbythermalnoise).

TheWINSmicrosensorsystemsmustbemonitoredcontinuouslybytheCMOSmicropower
analogtodigitalconverter(ADC).Aswasnotedabove,powerrequirementsconstrainthe
ADCdesigntopowerlevelsof30Worless.

ImplementationoflownoiseADCsystemsinCMOS encounters severe 1/f input noise

th

withinputnoisecornerfrequenciesexceeding100kHz.AnIFfrequencyof1/8 oftheADC
sampling frequency is chosen. The low thermopile sensor source impedance limits the
amplitudeofchargeinjectionnoisethatwouldresultfromsignalswitching.Therequired
demodulationoftheIFsignaltothedesiredbasebandisaccomplishedonthedigitalcode
modulatedsignal,ratherthanontheanalogsignals.Thisbothsimplifiesarchitectureandavoids
additionalinjectedswitchingnoise.Thearchitectureof the chopped -ADCisshownin

Figure8.

[3]

Figure8WINS -ADC A block diagram of the pulse code modulator part of the ADC showingthelocationoftheinputanalogmodulatorandoutputdigitaldemodulator
choppingblocks.

10

7REMOTE

BATTLE

FIELD

SENSOR

SYSTEM

(REMBASS):
WhatisUGS(UnattendedGroundSensors)?
Agroundsensorisdeployedpermanentlyonthegroundintheopen.Thedeploymentmode
varyingfromburied,tosurfacemounted.Anunattendedsensorworksautonomously,without
requiringhumanattentionforitsoperation
It uses remotely monitored sensors emplaced along likely enemy avenues of approach.
REMBASSisaUGSsystemthatdetects,classifies,anddeterminesdirectionofmovementof
personnel, wheeled vehicles, and tracked vehicles. It provides worldwide deployable,
day/night,allweather,earlywarningsurveillanceandtargetclassification.Unitsoperateupto
90days,orlonger,withoutmaintenance.
REMBASSsensorsarebuiltforanylevelofconflict,includingspecialoperations,lowintensity
conflict,andcounternarcoticsoperations.Thesensorsareplacedalonglikelyavenuesof

approachorintrusionandrespond toseismicandacousticdisturbances,infrared energy,

andmagneticfieldchanges.The

sensorinformationisincorporatedintoshort, digital

messagesandcommunicatedbyVHFradiobursttransmission.

Figure9REMBASS.

[4]

11

The system provides division, brigade, and battalion commanders with information from
beyondtheforwardlineofowntroops(FLOT),andenhancesrearareaprotection.Itcanbe
deployed anywhere in the world in a tactical environment in support of reconnaissance,
surveillance,andtargetacquisition(RSTA)operations.Thesystemconsistsofelevenmajor
components;
(1) MagneticSensor: Thisisahandemplaced,MAGsensor.TheMAGsensordetects
vehicles(trackedorwheeled)andpersonnelcarryingferrousmetal.Themonitoruses
two different (MAG and IR) sensors and their identification codes to determine
directionoftravel.
(2) Seismic Acoustic Sensor: This is a handemplaced SA classifying sensor. It detects
targetsandclassifiesthemasunknown,wheeledvehicle,trackedvehicle,orpersonnel.
(3) Passive Infrared Sensor: This is a handemplaced, IR detecting sensor. The senor
detectstrackedorwheeledvehiclesandpersonnel.Italsoprovidesinformationonwhichto
baseacountofobjectspassingthroughitsdetectionzoneandreportstheirdirectionoftravel
relativetoitslocation.
(4) Radio Repeater: This is an expendable/recoverable, digital/analog radio repeater used to
extendthebroadcastrangeofradiomessagesfromantiintrusionsensorstoamonitoringset.It

(5) SensorMonitoringSet: TheSMShasadualchannelreceiverwithapermanenthard

copyrecorderandatemporaryvisualdisplay(TVD).TheSMSreceivesprocesses,displays,
andrecordssensorinformationrelatingto60sensorIDcodes.Detectionsandclassification
aredisplayedas:dashes()forunknowntargets,(T)fortrackedvehicles,(W)forwheeled
vehicles,and(P)forpersonnel.TheTVDcansimultaneouslydisplayuptotensensorID
codeswithdetectionorclassificationinformation.Akeyboardallowstheoperatortoprogram
theSMSoperation:setradiofrequency(RF)channels,establishhardcopyrecorderformat,
initiatesystemoperationalchecksorbuiltintest(BIT),andcalculatetargetspeed.Aseparate
displayshowsthekeyboardfunctionsandcalculations.
(6) Radio Frequency Monitor: This is a singlechannel PMS with a TVD. The PMS
receives,processes,anddisplayssensorIDcodesanddetection/classificationmessages.

12

(7)CodeProgrammer: Theprogrammerisaportabledeviceusedtoprogramsensorsand
repeaterstothedesiredoperatingchannel,IDcode,missionlife,armmode,andgain.Itisalso
usedtoconditionnewlyinstalledbatteriesinsensorsandrepeaters.Ithasabuiltinvisualself
testtoensuretheproperinformationprogrammedintothesensororrepeater.
(8) AntennaGroup:TheantennagroupconsistsofanOmnidirectionalunitygainantenna,
a mastassembly,apreamplifiersuitableformastmountingandanRFmulticoupler.Itis
usedwiththeSMSandthePMS.Uptofourmonitoringdevicescanusetheantennagroup
simultaneously.
(9) PowerSupply: Thepowersupplyis a customflybacktype switchingregulatorthat
convertsexternalpowersources(24voltsdirectcurrent(dc),115or220voltsalternating
current)to12voltsdcnominalprimepower.Thepowersupplycanbeusedtopowerthe
SMS,repeaterorSSS.
(10) MountingRack: Themountingrackisanaluminumangleshockmountedrack.Itis
usedtomounttherepeatersinhelicopters.
(11) SensorSignalSimulator(SSS):TheSSSissimilarinappearancetotheSMS.Ithasthe
capabilitytoreceive,record,edit,copy,andretransmitanoperationalscenarioinvolvingany
two of the 599 REMBASS channels. It also has the capability to transmit prerecorded
scenarios.[4]

13

8WINSDIGITALSIGNALPROCESSINGANDPSD
COMPARISION

Ifastrangerenterstheborder,hisfootstepswillgenerateharmonicsignals.Itcanbedetectedas
a characteristic feature in a signal power spectrum. Thus, a spectrum analyser must be
implementedintheWINSdigitalsignalprocessingsystem.Thespectrumanalyserresolvesthe
WINS input data into a lowresolution power spectrum. Power spectral density (PSD) in each
frequency bins is computed with adjustable band location and width. Bandwidth and position

foreachpowerspectrumbinismatchedtothespecificdetectionproblem.TheWINSspectrum

andwirelessnetworkinterfacecomponents,achieveslowpoweroperationbymaintaining
only the micropower components in continuous operation. The WINS spectrum analyzer
system,showninFigure10containsasetofparallelfilters.

Figure10WINSmicropowerspectrumanalyzerarchitecture.
EachfilterisassignedacoefficientsetforPSDcomputation.Finally,PSDvaluesare
comparedwithbackgroundreferencevaluesIntheeventthatthemeasuredPSDspectrum
valuesexceedthatofthebackgroundreferencevalues,theoperationofamicrocontrolleris
triggeredThemicrocontrollersendsaHIGHsignal,ifthedifferenceishigh.ItsendsaLOW
signal,ifthedifferenceislow.Forareferencevalueof25db,thecomparisonoftheDFT
signalsisshowninthefigure11.[4]

14

Figure11Comparatorplot

9WINSCHARACTERISTICS&APPLICATIONS

Characteristics:
Supportlargenumbersofsensor.
Densesensordistributions.
ThesesensorarealsodevelopedtosupportshortdistanceRFcommunication
Internetaccesstosensors,controlsandprocessor

Applications:
Onaglobalscale,WINSwillpermitmonitoringofland,water,andairresources
forenvironmentalmonitoring.
Onanational scale,transportation systems,andborders will bemonitoredfor
efficiency,safety,andsecurity.
Onalocal,enterprisescale,WINSwillcreateamanufacturinginformationservice
forcostandqualitycontrol.[5]
15

10DESIGNCONSIDERATION
a. Reliability: Thesystemmustbereliablesothattheprobabilityoffailuresandfaulty
operationsmustbeveryless.
b. Energy:Therearefourwayinwhichnodeconsumesenergy.
Sensing: Choosingrightsensorforthejobcanimprovethesystemperformance
andtoconsumelesspower.
Computation:Thesensormustbechosensothatthespeedofcomputationcanbe
veryfastandlessfaults.
Storing:Thesensormusthavesufficientstoragetostorethesenseddatasothatit
canbecommunicated.
Communicating: Thecommunicatingbetweensensorsisveryimportantfactor
when it is used for border security. There must not be any faults during
communicatingthesenseddatabetweenvariousnodesandthegateway.

Thesensormustbedesigntominimizethelikelihoodofenvironmenteffectofwind,
rain,snowetc.Theenclosureismanufacturefromclearacrylicmaterial.Otherwisethesensor
maydamageduetoweathereffectsandmaygivefaultresults.

Figure12Enclosure

[6]

16

11Conclusion
Aseriesofinterface,signalprocessing,andcommunicationsystemshavebeenimplementedin
micropowerCMOScircuits.Amicropowerspectrumanalyzerhasbeendevelopedtoenablelow
poweroperationoftheentireWINSsystem.ThusWINSrequireaMicrowattofpower.Butitis
verycheaperwhencomparedtoothersecuritysystemssuchasRADARunderuse.Itisevenused
forshortdistancecommunicationlessthan1Km.itproducesalessamountofdelay.Henceitis
reasonably faster. On a global scale, WINS will permit monitoring of land, water, and air
resourcesforenvironmentalmonitoring.Onanationalscale,transportationsystems,andborders
willbemonitoredforefficiency,safety,andsecurity.

17

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[3] G. Asada, M. Dong, T. Lin, F. Newberg and ,. Pottie, Wireless Integrated Network
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[4] Z. HAIG, Networked unattended ground sensors for battlefield, AARMS,vol.3,

no.3,p. 387399,2004.
[5] S. Natkunanathan and J. Pham , IRELESS INTEGRATED NETWORKED SENSORS:,
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[6] W. Fang, An Adaptive Transmission Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks,
InternationalJournalofFutureGenerationCommunicationandNetworking,vol.6,no.
no.1,pp.4548,2013.

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