CHAPTER

11

11.1
(i)

The waveforms of VT1 and VT2 in Fig 11.3 (b) reveals that the greatest forward or reverse
p
voltage would appear across either of the thyristor when a .
2
Magnitude of these voltages, Em =

2 Es
2 .230 = 325.27 V

=
(ii)

RMS value of the output voltage from Eq. (11.3) is given by

1
sin 2 a 1/ 2
Eorms = Es p a +

p
2

(a)

a = 120 / , Eorms = 135.10V

for

max forward or reverse voltage = 135.10 2 = 191 V.

\
(b)

for

a = 60 , Eorms = 188.616 V

maximum forward or reverse voltage

= 266.74 V.

(iii) From Eq. (11.8)

2 230 sin (5 + 1) p / 4 sin (5 1) p / 4

p
(5 + 1)
(5 1)

A5=

= 17.29
From (11.9).
2 230 cos (6) p 4 1 cos ( 4) p 4 - 1

6
4
p
= 34.48
From Eq. (11.10), peak amplitude of 5th harmons
B5 =

output voltage,

E5 =

A52 + B52 =

= 38.57
Phase

fn = tan

= tan

-1

B5
A5
34.48
- 17.29

= - 63.44

( - 17.29)2 + (34.48)

56

Power Electronics

11.2
(a)

For controlling the load, the minimum value of firing angle a = load phase angle,

f = tan -1

WL
R

= tan -1 4 3 = 53.13.
Maximum possible value of a is 180 .

Firing angle control range is 53.13 a 180 .

(b)

At a = f = 53.13 , the maximum value of rms load current occurs. But, at this value of firing
angle, the power circuit of ac voltage controller behaves as if load is directly connected to ac
source. Therefore, maximum value of rms load current is given by
230

I0 =
(c)

(d)

R 2 + (WL )2

230
32 + 42

Maximum power

= I 0 2 R = 462 3 = 6348 W .

Power factor

46 A.

I 0 2 R 462 3
=
= 0.6.
E5 I 0
230

when a = f, average thyristor current is maximum and conduction angle = p.

from Fig. 11.5 (c),we can write
ITavg =

1
2p

a +p

Em
sin (wt - f ) d (wt )
z

Em
2 230
=
= 20.707 A .
p . z. p 32 + 42
Similarly, maximum value of thyristor current is
ITM

1
=
2p

=
(e)

Maximum value of

a +p

Em
2 230
=
= 32.527 A.
2Z
25

dio
occurs when
dt

a = f. From eq. (11.25),

dio w. Em
cos (cot - f ) = 0 .
dt
z
Its value is maximum, when cos(w t f) = 1.

Em
sin (w t - a ) d wt
z

dio
2. 230. 2p . 50
=
= 2.0437 104 A / Sec.

dt max
5

Solution Manual 57

(f)

For a = 0, Fig 11.6 shows that conduction angle r is 180

For a = 120 and 53.13,
Fig 11.6 gives a conduction angle of about 95.

11.3 Given: R = 12 W, L = 24 mH,

Em =
Z =

2 240 = 339.41 V ., f = 50 Hz.

R 2 + (WL )2 = (12)2 + ( 2p 50 24 10-3 )

= 14.17 W

f = tan -1

( )=
WL
R

2p 50 24 10-1
tan -1

12

= 32.13 = 0.56 rad .

(a)

With zero firing delay, normal steady state theory applies.

Load impedance,

Z = 14.17 32.13W

Load current

Em
sin (wt - f )
z

339.41
sin ( 2p 50 t - 0.56)
14.17

= 23.95 sin ( 2 p 50 t - 0.56) A.

Load power

240 23.95
cos (32.13)
2

= 3441 W.
Note that a train of firing pulses will be required as the thyristor will not turn-on until after 32.13.
(b)

Taking t = 0 at the instant of firing (a - 90) then

i = 23.95sin 2p .50 t +

12
p
p
t
- 0.56 - 23.95 sin - 0.56 -
2
2
0.024

= 23.95 sin(2p.50.t + 1.01) 20.29 e500t A.

Current will cease when i = 0 at t = 7.33 ms/, that is, at an angle of 221.9 on the voltage wave.
Mean load power =

1
0.01

0.00733

240 2 sin 2p 50 t

= 1370 w
(c)

Similarly, for
mean load power

a = 120,
= 177.2 W.

p
500t
23.95sin ( 2p.50 t + 1.01) - 20.29e dt
2

58

Power Electronics

1
sin 2a
2p - a +
11.4 From Eq. (11.36), rms output voltage is given by E0 = Es
2p
2
(i)

a = 0
1
E0 = Es . ( 2p - 0 + 0)
2p

E0 = E s
If R is the resistance of heater element (load) and the maximum power or rating of heater, p = 1 kW.
Therefore,
R =

E 2 (230)2
=
= 52.9W
P 1 103

Output power or power dissipated by the heater element at a = 0,

Po =

E0 2 Es 2 2302
=
=
= 1kW .
k
k
52.9

a = 180

(ii)

1 2p - p + sin 2 p
Eo = Es
2p
2

= Es [0.5] 2 = 0.707 Es
Po =

Eo 2 (0.707 Es )2 (0.707 230)2

=
=
@ 500w
R
R
52.9

a = 70

(iii)

1 2p - 70 + sin 140
Eo = Es
2p

= 0.926 Es
Po =
11.5 (a) Rms live current=

(0.926 Es )2
R

(0.926 230)2

24000
= 33.39 A.
3 415

Hence, required triac rms current rating = 33.39 A.

(i)

For 16 kW,
16
(p - a + 12 sin 2 a )
=
p
24

Solving the above equation, we get

a = 74.49

\
(ii)

For 8 kW,

52.9

856.71w

Solution Manual 59

8
(p - a + 1 2 sin 2 a )
=
p
24
Solving the above equation
we get a = 105.29.
(b)

If thyristors were used, they would control for only one half-cycle of the sine wave, have their
required rms
current rating =

33.39
2

= 23.61 A.
The voltage requirement would be identical to that for the triac.
11.6 Given e1 = 110 V,

e2 = 110 V,

Ep = 220 V,

E6 = 170 V,

R = 8 W,

a = 72.
(a)

Rms current of thyristor T1 & T2 can be obtained from eq. (11.38), as

I1 =

110 + 110 1
sin 144
p - 72 +

2
p
2 8

= 16.19 A.
(b)

Rms current of thyristors T3 and T4 can be obtained from (Eq. 11.33), as

I2 =

110 1
sin 144
72

2
p
2 8

= 5.382 A.
(c)

The Rms current of second (top) secondary winding is Iw2 =

2 I1

= 22.90 A
Rms current of first (lower) secondary winding, which is the total
Rms current of thyristors T1, T2, T3 & T4 is
2
2
Iw1 = ( 2 I1 ) + ( 2 . I 2 )

2
2
= ( 2 16.91) + ( 2 5.382)

= [(571.896) + (57.931)]

= 25.095 A.
The volt-ampere rating of primary or secondary,
EA = e1 . Iw1 + e2 . Iw2
= 110 25.095 + 110 22.90
= 52.79.45
load power,

po =

Eo 2
R

60

Power Electronics

The power-factor,

pf =
=

(170)2
= 3612.5
8

po
EA
3612.5
5279.45

= 0.684 (lagging)