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1. Aims
The aim of this experiment is to observed and explain the physical force shown on the electronic
balance with respect to the bead and its position. From there we explained the relationship of
dV
mgkvB=m
beads motion in viscous medium - detergent.
dt - eq(1). From eq(1), we will
derive a new equation
VT=
mg B
k
k
movement at terminal velocity. We will get the measurement of the V T from displacement-time
graph and from eq(2), we will determine the value of detergent viscosity, .
2. Objectives of the Experiment
The objective of the experiment is to record down the physical force of R 1, R2 and R3 and
observed the reading of electronic balance at R4 and R5 of the experiment. After that discuss
about the reading above. Another objective is to determine the terminal velocity of each bead
size VT and calculate the viscosity of the detergent when using different bead size using eq(2),
l g v b
k = 6 r -eq(3). and buoyancy force, B =
-eq(4).
where :
m = mass of bead (g)
g = force of gravity, 981(cm/sec2)
= viscosity of liquid (cps or gcm-1sec-1-)
r = radius of bead (cm)
vb = volume of bead (cm3)
l
-3
= density of liquid (gcm )
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Figure.1 Plot of Displacement(cm) against Time(sec) Graph of Three Different Bead Size
Page 3
From the Figure.1, we can derive the VT of each bead size using the gradient of linear plot of
each bead size final 5 value. The final 5 Value is used as the bead most likely had reached VT. If
further prove is required, a velocity - time graph can be plotted. In the velocity - time graph, the
point where the graph is join with a straight horizontal line, with gradient = 1, the y-intercept will
be the VT which correspond to the gradient of linear line of displacement-time graph.
Therefore from figure.1:
VT for small beads =
VT for medium beads =
VT for large beads =
0.143 cm/sec
0.251 cm/sec
0.471 cm/sec
It is observed that as the size of the bead get bigger, the terminal velocity of the bead also get
larger. As the beads travels down the column of viscous liquid, both different beads actually
experience similar fluid resistance force. However as larger bead has a larger mass as compare to
the smaller bead, it experiences a greater downward force of gravity. The large bead accelerate
for a longer period of time before reaching the sufficient upward fluid resistance requires to
balance the downward force of gravity. Therefore the larger bead actually reached the terminal
velocity later thus it had a greater magnitude of terminal velocity.
From the Raw and Processed Data:
Small Bead
Terminal Velocity, VT
0.143
Mass, m
0.069
Radius, r
0.227
Volume, vb
0.0490
Buoyancy, B
58.0153
mg,
67.68900
k
67.65
Using eq(2),(3) and (4):
VT=
Medium Bead
0.251
0.178
0.315
0.131
155.0231
174.61800
78.07
mg B
k
k
Large Bead
0.471
0.945
0.550
0.697
825.1881
927.04500
216.26
- eq(2).
k = 6 r - eq(3).
B=
l g v b
g
4
(m
l r 3 )
------eq(5)
6 VTr
3
- eq(4).
15.8 gcm-1sec-1
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Unit
cmsec-1
g
cm
cm3
g cm sec-2
g cm sec-2
g sec
Viscosity,
Viscosity,
Page 5
1580 cps
ResultsReferece
x 100
%
Reference
Page 6
4. Error Analysis
The measurement error of time is taken from average delayed human reaction which is assume to
be 0.2sec + the precision error of the stopwatch which is (20/100)sec, therefore equate to
0.4sec. The diameter error of the bead is taken from the precision error of the vernier caliper,
0.002cm.The displacement error is taken from the radius of the bead with error + error from the
ruler reading. Therefore for a large bead of diameter 11.00mm, the max displacement error will
1.102
be
+ 0.05 0.6cm (round off to nearest instrument precision). The measurement
2
error of the electronic balance is taken to be the fluctuation of the reading 0.001g.
For the displacement error, the measurement error is
computed is found to be larger compared to measurement error. Example for large bead, at t =
135sec, the standard error is found to be 3.4cm as compare to measurement error to 0.6cm of
measurement. Therefore the std error is used in computing the errors bar for the displacementtime graph, figure.1.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, this experiment had helps us to visually the physical force of how bead motion
had on the liquid medium. It also help us to explain the relation between mg, B and f from
observation of reading R1 R2 R3 and R5. In addition, we had calculate the viscosity of detergent
using VT with three different bead sizes. Although equation 2 is not accurate for computing the
viscosity for large bead as the results deviation from references viscosity greatly, it had shown us
that we can get the approximate viscosity of the detergent using the small bead and medium
bead, in another words, when velocity is below certain limits. Therefore this experiment had
proved that f = kv is true at low speed
6. Reference(s)
[1] The University of Arizona, (N.D). Terminal Velocity. Retrieved from the University of Arizona
Website: http://www.physics.arizona.edu/physics/gdresources/documents/06_Terminal_Velocity.pdf.
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