Bio January 2006 Edexcel AS Unit3

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Edexcel GCE
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Biology
Biology (Human)
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Advanced Subsidiary
Unit 3 Paper 03
Tuesday 10 January 2006 Morning
1
2
3
Time: 1 hour
Materials required for examination
Ruler
Items included with question papers

Nil
Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initial(s) and
signature.
The paper reference is shown above. Check that you have the correct question paper.
Answer ALL THREE questions in the spaces provided in this booklet.
Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used.
Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.
Information for Candidates

The marks for individual questions and parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2).
The total mark for this question paper is 38.
Advice to Candidates
You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and
arguments clearly and logically, taking account of your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling.
Total
This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with
Edexcel Limited copyright policy.
2006 Edexcel Limited.
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Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

1.
The diagram below shows the skull of a mammal.

Eye socket
(orbit)
Canine
teeth
Premolar
and molar teeth
(a) State the term that is used to describe the form of feeding shown by this mammal, in
which organic material is obtained from the bodies of other organisms.
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(1)
(b) Suggest what type of organic material probably formed the main part of the diet of
the mammal shown in the diagram.
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(c) For each of the labelled features, explain how the position, shape or structure
supports your answer to part (b).
Eye socket .....................................................................................................................

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Canine teeth ..................................................................................................................

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Premolar and molar teeth .............................................................................................

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(6)
Q1
(Total 8 marks)
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2.
After a crop has been harvested, the remains of the plants, known as residues, may be dug
into the soil to allow them to decompose. This process is called green manuring.
It has been shown that in as little as 10 weeks, in well-aerated soil, 70% of the organic
nitrogen compounds in the residues are converted into nitrates. It has been estimated that
0.3% of the fresh biomass in a residue will be available as nitrate for the next crop.
The table below shows the estimated potential yield of nitrate from the residues of
different crops.
Crop
Fresh biomass of residue

used for green manure
/kg per hectare
Estimated potential yield

of nitrate/kg per hectare
Brussels sprout
60 000
Cauliflower
40 000
120
Carrot
30 000
90
Leek
20 000
60
Radish
10 000
30
[Data adapted from Tremblay, N., Scharpf, H., Weier, U., Laurence, H. & Owen, J., Nitrogen Management in Field
Vegetables Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada]
(a) Explain what is meant by the term biomass.

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(1)
(b) Calculate the potential yield of nitrate for the Brussels sprout crop. Show your
working.
Answer ............................
(2)
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(c) The initial products of decomposition of the organic compounds in the residues are
ammonium compounds.
Name and describe the process by which ammonium compounds are converted into
nitrates in well-aerated soil.
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(d) In a study of the rate of decomposition of cauliflower residues the effect of soil
temperatures of 10, 15 and 25C on the rate of nitrate release was estimated.
The graph below shows the results of this study.
350
Nitrate
released
/ kg per
hectare
25 C
15 C
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10 C
6 8 10 12 14 16
Time / days
[Data adapted from Tremblay, N., Scharpf, H., Weier, U., Laurence, H. & Owen, J., Nitrogen Management in
Field Vegetables Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada]
(i) Compare the rate of nitrate release from cauliflower residues at 10 C with that
at 15C.
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(ii) Using the information in the graph, suggest why 15C is the best soil
temperature for sowing a crop after green manuring.
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(2)
Q2
(Total 12 marks)
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3.
A group of students carried out an investigation to determine the energy flow in a

rainforest food chain. They collected invertebrate animals from trees, identified them and
placed them in the appropriate trophic level.
For each trophic level the animals were counted, weighed and the energy content
determined. Using their data and other sources of information the students produced a
diagram to show the energy flow along the food chain. The diagram is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Sunlight
200 103 kJ m2 y1

Producers
140 103 kJ m2 y1
Respiration
7000 kJ m2 y1

Primary Consumers
700 kJ m2 y1

Secondary Consumers
24 103 kJ m2 y1
Decomposers
70 kJ m2 y1

Tertiary Consumers
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Some farmers clear plots of rainforest to use for crops. The trees are felled and then burnt.
This practice is called slash and burn. The soil is left covered in ash, which is rich in nutrients.
However, the nutrients are soon used up by the growing crops. Within two or three years the
plot is abandoned and the farmer moves on to a new plot.
The abandoned plot is colonised by tree species and eventually the land is covered by
secondary rainforest. The sequence of events is shown in Figure 2. This figure also shows
that the total biomass of the rainforest trees is made up of leaves, stems and branches, roots
and leaf litter. These components of the biomass change as the rainforest is cleared, farmed
and then abandoned.
Figure 2
Primary
rainforest
Secondary
rainforest
Farming
Plot 10 years
abandoned
Slash
and burn
25 years
Biomass
component
Leaves
50
10
50
50
Leaf litter
400
50
200
300
Branches
50
10
50
50
200
50
50
75
Roots
The biomass components are shown in million tonnes per hectare.
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(a) Define the term net primary production (NPP).

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(2)
(b) (i) Explain why only a small percentage of the light energy falling onto a leaf is
converted into chemical energy.
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(2)
(ii) Explain why only 10% of the energy locked up in the secondary consumers is
transferred to the tertiary consumers.
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(c) The energy shown entering the decomposers in Figure 1, is much greater than that
entering all of the consumers. Suggest an explanation for this difference.
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(1)
(d) (i) Using Figure 2, compare the components of the biomass of the primary rainforest
with those of the secondary rainforest after 25 years.
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(3)
(ii) Using all of the information provided, suggest why slash and burn farming is
considered to be unsustainable.
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(e) Suggest how the biodiversity of the surrounding rainforest could be changed by the
practice of slash and burn. Give reasons for your answer.
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(4)
Q3
(Total 18 marks)
TOTAL FOR PAPER: 38 MARKS
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Bio January 2006 Edexcel AS Unit3

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Surname

Examiners use only

Team Leaders use only

Items included with question papers

Information for Candidates

Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.

The diagram below shows the skull of a mammal.

Eye socket .....................................................................................................................

Canine teeth ..................................................................................................................

Premolar and molar teeth .............................................................................................

Fresh biomass of residue

Estimated potential yield

(a) Explain what is meant by the term biomass.

A group of students carried out an investigation to determine the energy flow in a

The biomass components are shown in million tonnes per hectare.

(a) Define the term net primary production (NPP).

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