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INTRODUCTION
The 220KV GSS is situated in VKIA ,Jaipur . In the GSS single main and auxiliary
scheme is used .there are total four feeders in which one for incoming from Heerapura ,one
interconnection for 220KV Kukas and two 132KV out going feeders from 100MVA capacity
transformer.
This GSS step down the voltage level from 220KV to 132KV .there are two bus bar
arrangement .main bus bar used at a time and auxiliary bus bar are connected through bus
coupler .in case of main bus or other equipment are out of order or other maintenance
purpose than supply should be given through auxiliary bus bar without interruption in supply.
1.1
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations
between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for
domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the
distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed.
1.2
History of G.S.S.
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations
between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps.
1
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current,
while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for
domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from the days before the
distribution system became a grid. The first substations were connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
1.3
Elements of a substation
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and
transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or
overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use
recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations
themselves do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation
nearby. Other devices such as capacitors and voltage regulators may also be located at a
substation
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded (UK: earthed) to
protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at
a substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a
fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a
person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution.
1.3.3
Collector substation
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be
substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can
also provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering and control of the wind farm. In
some special cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC static inverter plant.
Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants
of comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler
in Germany and Hradec in the Czech Republic, where power is collected from nearby lignitefired power plants. If no transformers are installed for increase of voltage to transmission
level, the substation is a switching station.
1.3.4
Switching substation
A switching substation is a substation which does not contain transformers and
operates only at a single voltage level. Switching substations are sometimes used as collector
and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current to back-up lines
or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure. Example herefore are the switching stations at
HVDC Inga-Shaba.
1.3.5
Layout
The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram
which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as
the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by
many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches,
circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would
be laid out in the actual station.
Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or
more buses. These are sets of bus bars, usually in multiples of three, since three-phase
electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world.
The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and
reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or so-called
"breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not
interrupt power to other circuits, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for
maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal
switching provisions, especially for small installations.
Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be
connected between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much like
transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a "short circuit").
.
1.4
Switching function
An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the
connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the
system. Switching events may be "planned" or "unplanned".
A transmission line or other component may need to be deenergized for maintenance
or for new construction, for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a
transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system
for maintenance.
CHAPTER : 2
POWER TRANSFORMER
The most common purpose of a power transformer is to convert alternating current
(A.C.) power from one A.C. voltage (or current) to another A.C. voltage (or current). Another
common purpose is to provide electrical isolation between electrical circuits. Power is the
product of voltage times current. Power transformers do not change power levels except for
parasitic losses. Input power minus parasitic power losses equals output power. Ideal power
transformers have no losses, hence output power equals input power. Increasing the output
voltage will decrease the output current. Electric utilities prefer to transmit electricity at low
current values to reduce resistive losses in the power transmission lines. Lower currents also
permit smaller size transmission cables. A power transformer is used between the generating
equipment and the power line(s) to step-up (increase) the transmission voltage (to high
voltage) and decrease the transmission current also again used to step-down (decrease) the
voltage to voltage levels needed for their purpose.
Power transformers may be classified by their power ratings (fractional VA to megaVA), 2their type of construction, and/or by their intended application. The same basic power
transformer may be suitable for multiple applications hence the same power transformer may
be classified under several overlapping category types. The common person associates power
transformers with the electric utilities.
The power transformer are classified as
1.Two winding Transformer
2.Three winding Transformer
3. Auto Transformer
The transformer used at 220KV GSS are Auto Transformer of Rating 100.
2.1.1
Buchholz relay
Buchholz relay is a gas- actuated relay installed in oil-immersed transformers for
protection against all kind of internal faults. It is used to gives an alarm in case of slow
developing faults or incipient faults in the transformer and to disconnect the transformer from
the supply in the event of severe internal faults. It is installed in the pipe between the
conservator and main tank as shown in fig. below. This relay is used in oil-immersed
transformers of rating above 750 kVA.
2.2 CONSTRUCTION:Fig shows the constructional details of buchholz relay. It consists of a domed vessel
placed in the pipe between the conservator and main tank of the transformer. The device has
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two elements. The upper element consists of a mercury type switch attached to a float. The
lower element contains a mercury switch mounted on a hinged type flap located on the direct
path of flow of oil from the transformer to the conservator. The upper element closes an alarm
circuit during slow developing faults whereas the lower element is arranged to trip the circuit
breaker in case of severe internal faults.
2.3 OPERATION:The operation of buchholz relay is as follows:In case of slow developing faults within the transformer, the heat due to the fault causes
decomposition of some transformer oil in the main tank. The products of decomposition
mainly contain 70 % of hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas being light tries to go into the
conservator and in the process gets trapped in the upper part of the relay chamber. When a
predetermined amount of gas gets accumulated, it exerts sufficient pressure on the float to
cause it to tilt and close the contacts of mercury switch attached to it. This completes the
alarm circuit to sound an alarm.If serious fault occur in the transformer, an enormous amount
of gas is generated in the main tank. The oil in the main tank rushes towards the conservator
via the buchholz relay and in doing so it tilts the flap to close the contacts of mercury switch.
This completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer.
2.4 Merits And Demerits
2.4.1 ADVANTAGES:
It detects the slow developing faults at a stage much earlier than other forms of
protection.
2.4.2 DISADVANTAGES:
1. It can only be used with oil immersed transformers equipped with conservators
2. The device can detect only faults below oil leveling the transformer. Therefore separate
protection is needed for connecting cables.
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2.5.4 FUNCTION
The protective relay is energized by an oil flow fromthe tap changer head to the oil
conservator only.The oil flow operates the flap valve , being tripped into the OFF position.
At that moment the reedcontactis actuated, the circuit breakers areoperated and the
transformer is switched off the line.The protective relay is not energised by thetapchanger
being subject to nominal load orpermissible overload.
Cooling Fans:-Cooling fans are installed on the radiator bank to push the atmospheric air on
the radiator to cool them.
Explosion Vent /PRV:-It is used for releasing the pressure built up in the transformer due to
arching and other internal faults.
MOCG:-Magnetic oil level gauge is provided on the conservator tank to indicate the oil level
in the transformer.
2.9 Other protection of Transformer:1.Differential Protection:-This is protection in which both HV and LV side current are
measured by CT and are feed to differential Relay,if there is some mismatching in the current
the relay gives trip signal to the controlling circuit breaker.
2.Back up Protection:-when main protection system is unable to trip the CB due to some
reason under abnormal condition then Back up Protection is used.
3.Over Flux Protection:-The voltage and frequency of the system are measured and both are
fed to a relay which is called over flux relay in which ratio of voltage and frequency is
calculated and if it is exceeds a pre set value ,the relay generate a trip signal.
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CHAPTER : 3
LIGHTENING ARRESTOR
A protective device for limiting surge voltages by discharging or bypassing surge
current, and it also prevents the flow of follow current while remaining capable of repeating
these functions.Surge protection has been a primary concern when connecting devices and
equipment to low-, medium-, or high-voltage electrical systems. As the use of products and
equipment with components and insulation systems vulnerable to voltage surges and spikes
continues to increase, the requirement for surge arresters to protect against the effects due to
lightning strikes, switching phenomenon, etc., continues to increase as well. From personal
computers to HV transmission and distribution systems, everything is susceptible to these
surges and their destructive effects. This subject is very broad with numerous conditions to
address, such that it is possible to treat only the basic aspects of selection and application in a
single article. Therefore, this article will concentrate on circuits/systems 1000V and greater
and is intended to provide the reader with some general guidelines for the appropriate
selection and application of lightning/surge arresters.
3.1 Types/Classifications
Originally, there were three types of surge arresters. They are:
Expulsion type
Station class
Intermediate class
nonlinear resistor type with gaps was utilized through the middle of the 1970s and is
currently being phased out. The conventional gap type with silicone-carbide blocks/discs are
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still being used and the gapless metal-oxide type are the most widely used today. We are not
addressing the secondary class in this article.
With respect to the four classes of surge arresters we are addressing as part of this article,
the station class surge arrester is the best because of its cost and overall protective quality and
durability. It has the lowest (best) available protection level and energy discharging capability
with successively higher (poorer) protection levels for the other classifications. As noted
above, the distribution class has several duty ratings, which are dependent upon the test
severity. Heavy-duty arresters are more durable and have lower protective characteristics. The
housing/enclosure construction of surge arresters can be of either polymer or porcelain.
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Temporary overvoltages
Switching surges (more often considered for transmission voltages of 345KV and
Lightning surges
magnitude of voltage that may be applied continuously. This is termed the Maximum
Continuous Operating Voltage (MCOV) of the arrester. The arrester rating must be selected
such that the maximum continuous power system voltage applied to the arrester is less than,
or equal to, the arresters MCOV rating. Consideration should be given to both the circuit
configuration (wye or delta) and arrester connection (Line-to-Ground or Line-to-Line). In
most cases the arresters are connected line-to-ground. If arresters are connected line-to-line,
then phase-to-phase voltage must be considered. In addition, in determining the arrester
rating, attention should be given to the grounding configuration of the system, either solidly
grounded or effectively ungrounded (impedance/resistance grounded, ungrounded, or
temporarily ungrounded). This is a key factor in the selection and application of an arrester. If
the system grounding configuration is unknown, the reader should assume the system is
ungrounded. This will result in choosing an arrester with a higher continuous system voltage
and/or MCOV rating. Also, attention should be given to special arrester applications such as
that on the delta tertiary winding of a transformer where one corner of the delta is
permanently grounded. In this instance, the normal voltage continuously applied to the
Switching Surges
The arresters ability to dissipate switching surges can be quantified to a large degree
in terms of energy. The unit used in quantifying the energy capability of metal-oxide arresters
is kilojoules/kilovolt (kj/kv).
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19
CHAPTER : 4
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an excellent gaseous dielectric for high voltage power
applications. It has been usedextensively in high voltage circuit breakers and other
switchgears employed by the power industry. Applicationsfor SF6 include gas insulated
transmission lines and'gas insulated power distributions. The combined electrical,physical,
chemical and thermal properties offer many advantages when used in power switchgears.
Some of theoutstanding properties of SF6 making it desirable to use in power applications
are:
i) High dielectric strength
ii) Unique arc-quenching ability
iii) Excellent thermal stability
iv) Good thermal conductivity
4.1 General Information
SF6 circuit breaker is equipped with separated poles each having its own gas. In all
types of the circuitbreakers, gas pressure is 2 bars (absolute 3 bars). Even if the pressure
drops to I bar, there will not be any changein the breaking properties of the circuit breaker
due to the superior features of SF6 and Elimsan's high safety factorfor the poles. During
arcing, the circuit breaker maintains a relatively low pressure (max 5-6 bars) inside the
chamberand there will be no danger of explosion and spilling of the gas around. Any leakage
from thechamber will not create a problem since SF6 can undergo considerable
decomposition, in which some of toxicproducts may stay inside the chamber in the form of
white dust. If the poles are dismantled for maintenance, it needs special attention during
removal of the parts of the pole. This type of maintenance should be carried out only by the
expertsof the manufacturer. (According to ELIMSAN Arcing Products and Safety Instruction
for Working on SF6 Circuit Breakers).
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21
4.3
4.4
Distribution system in many medium voltage switchgears. There are number of disadvantages
of using oil as quenching media in circuit breakers. Flammability and high maintenance cost
are two such disadvantages! Manufacturers and Users were forced to search for different
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medium of quenching. Air blast and Magnetic air circuit breakers were developed but could
not sustain in the market due to other disadvantages associated with such circuit breakers.
These new types of breakers are bulky and cumbersome. Further research were done and
simultaneously two types of breakers were developed with SF6 as quenching media in one
type and Vacuum as quenching media in the other. These two new types of breakgasers will
ultimately replace the other previous types completely shortly. There are a few disadvantages
in this type of breakers also. One major problem is that the user of the breakers are biased in
favour .
4.5 Reliability
In practice, an aspect of the utmost importance in the choice of a circuit-breaker is
reliability.
The reliability of a piece of equipment is defined by its mean time to failure (MTF),
i.e. the average interval of time between failures. Today, the SF6 and vacuum circuit-breakers
made use of the same operating mechanisms, so in this regard they can be considered
identical.
However, in relation to their interrupters the two circuit breakers exhibit a marked
difference. The number of moving parts is higher for the SF6 circuit-breaker than that for the
vacuum unit. However, a reliability comparison of the two technologies on the basis of an
analysis of the number of components are completely different in regards design, material
and function due to the different media. Reliability is dependent upon far too many factors,
amongst others, dimensioning, design, base material, manufacturing methods, testing and
quality control procedures, that it can be so simply analyzed.
In the meantime, sufficient service experience is available for both types of circuitbreakers to allow a valid practical comparison to be made.
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CHAPTER : 5
1. Definite time
2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
3. Very Inverse
4. Extremely Inverse
The torque of these relays is proportional to f1f2 Sina, where f1 and f2 are thetwo
fluxes and a is the angle between them. Where both the fluxes are produced bythe same
quantity (single quantity relays) as in the case of current or voltageoperated, the torque T is
proportional to I2, or T = K I2, for coil current belowsaturation. If the core is made to saturate
at very early stages such that with increaseof I, K decreases so that the time of operation
remains the same over the workingrange. The time -current characteristic obtained is known
as definite time characteristic. If the core is made to saturate at a later stage, the
characteristic obtained is known asIDMT. The time-current characteristic is inverse over
some range and then aftersaturation assumes the definite time form. In order to ensure
selectivity, it isessential that the time of operation of the relays should be dependent on the
severityof the fault in such a way that more severe the fault, the less is the time to operate,this
being called the inverse-time characteristic. This will also ensure that a relayshall not operate
under normal overload conditions of short duration.It is essential also that there shall be a
definite minimum time of operation, whichcan be adjusted to suit the requirements of the
particular installation. At low valuesof operating current the shape of the curve is determined
by the effect of therestraining force of the control spring.
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CHAPTER : 6
CAPACITOR BANK
Shunt capacitor banks are used to improve the quality of the electrical supply and
the efficient operation of the power system. Studies show that a flat voltage profile on the
system can significantly reduce line losses. Shunt capacitor banks are relatively inexpensive
and can be easily installed anywhere on the network. This paper reviews principles of shunt
capacitor bank design for substation installation and basic protection techniques. The
protection of shunt capacitor bank includes: a) protection against internal bank faults and
faults that occur inside the capacitor unit; and, b) protection of the bank against system
disturbances. Section 2 of the paper describes the capacitor unit and how they are connected
for different bank configurations. Section 3 discusses bank designs and grounding
connections. Bank protection schemes that initiate a shutdown of the bank in case of faults
within the bank that may lead to catastrophic failures are presented in Section 4. The paper
does not address the means (fuses)and strategies to protect individual elements or capacitor
units, nor the protection of capacitor filter banks.
.
Fig6.1: Capacitot Bank
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6.2
bank design and capacitor unit connections. Shunt capacitors banks are arrangements of
series/ paralleled connected units. Capacitor units connected in paralleled make up a group
and series connected groups form a single-phase capacitor bank. As a general rule, the
minimum number of units connected in parallel is such that isolation of one capacitor unit in
a group should not cause a voltage unbalance sufficient to place more than 110% of rated
voltage on the remaining capacitors of the group. Equally, the minimum number of series
connected groups is that in which the complete bypass of the group does not subject the
others remaining in service to a permanent overvoltage of more than 110%. The maximum
number of capacitor units that may be placed in parallel per group is governed by a different
consideration. When a capacitor bank unit fails, other capacitors in the same parallel group
contain some amount of charge. This charge will drain off as a high frequency transient
current that flows through the failed capacitor unit and its fuse. The fuse holder and the failed
capacitor unit should withstand this discharge transient. The discharge transient from a large
number of paralleled capacitors can be severe enough to rupture the failed capacitor unit or
the expulsion fuse holder, which may result in damage to adjacent units or cause a major bus
fault within the bank. To minimize the probability of failure of the expulsion fuse holder, or
rupture of the capacitor case, or both, the standards impose a limit to the total maximum
energy stored in a paralleled connected group to 4659 kVar. In order not to violate this limit,
more capacitor groups of a lower voltage rating connected in series with fewer units in
parallel per group may be a suitable solution. However, this may reduce the sensitivity of the
unbalance detection scheme.
6.3
CONCLUSIONS
The protection of shunt capacitor banks uses simple, well known relaying principles
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CHAPTER : 7
29
CHAPTER : 8
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
A current transformer (CT) is a measurement device designed to provide a current in its
secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary.
can safely isolate measurement and control circuitry from the high voltages typically
present on the circuit being measured.
are often constructed by passing a single primary turn (either an insulated cable or an
uninsulated bus bar) through a well-insulated toroidal core wrapped with many turns
of wire.
Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relaying in the electrical
power industry where they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in the
presence of high voltages.
Design specifications and upper limits of current transformers:
The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. For
example, a 400:5 CT would provide an output current of 5 amperes when the primary
was passing 400 amperes.
The secondary winding can be single ratio or have several tap points to provide a
range of ratios.
Care must be taken that the secondary winding is not disconnected from its load while
current flows in the primary, as this will produce a dangerously high voltage across
the open secondary and may permanently affect the accuracy of the transformer.
30
attempt to continue driving current across the effectively infinite impedance. This will
produce a high voltage across the open secondary (into the range of several kilovolts in some
cases).
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8.4 Accuracy
The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including:
Burden
Rating factor
Load
Temperature and
Physical configuration.
For the IEC standard, accuracy classes for various types of measurement are set out in IEC
60044-1, Classes 0.1, 0.2s, 0.2, 0.5, 0.5s, 1, and 3. The class designation is an approximate
measure of the CT's accuracy. The ratio (primary to secondary current) error of a Class 1 CT
is 1% at rated current; the ratio error of a Class 0.5 CT is 0.5% or less. Errors in phase are
also important especially in power measuring circuits, and each class has an allowable
maximum phase error for a specified load impedance. Current transformers used for
protective relaying also have accuracy requirements at overload currents in excess of the
normal rating to ensure accurate performance of relays during system faults.
8.5 Burden
The load, or burden, in a CT metering circuit is the (largely resistive) impedance
presented to its secondary winding. Typical burden ratings for IEC CTs are 1.5 VA, 3 VA, 5
VA, 10 VA, 15 VA, 20 VA, 30 VA, 45 VA & 60 VA. As for ANSI/IEEE burden ratings are B0.1, B-0.2, B-0.5, B-1.0, B-2.0 and B-4.0. This means a CT with a burden rating of B-0.2 can
tolerate up to 0.2 of impedance in the metering circuit before its output current is no longer
a fixed ratio to the primary current. Items that contribute to the burden of a current
measurement circuit are switch-blocks, meters and intermediate conductors. The most
common source of excess burden in a current measurement circuit is the conductor between
the meter and the CT. Often, substation meters are located significant distances from the
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meter cabinets and the excessive length of small gauge conductor creates a large resistance.
This problem can be solved by using CT with 1 ampere secondaries which will produce less
voltage drop between a CT and its metering devices.
8.6
Knee-point voltage
The knee-point voltage of a current transformer is the magnitude of the secondary
voltage after which the output current ceases to follow linearly the input current. In testing, if
a voltage is applied across the secondary terminals the magnitising current will increase in
proportion to the applied voltage up until the knee point. The knee point is defined as the
point at which an increase of applied voltage of 10% results in an increase in magnitising
current of 50%. From the knee point upwards, the magnitising current increases abruptly
even with small increments in the voltage across the secondary terminals. The knee-point
voltage is less applicable for metering current transformers as their accuracy is generally
much tighter but constrained within a very small bandwidth of the current transformer rating,
typically 1.2 to 1.5 times rated current.
CHAPTER:9
9.1 Principle of operation of PLC: In power line communication a speech signal is modulated with the carrier frequency
ranging from 35 kHz to 500 kHz before modulation the speech band is limited to 300 to 2400
Hz whereas 2.4 to 4.0 kHz frequency band is used for tele-metering tele-printing teleindication and tele-protection. The modulation signal is filters and amplified the it is
transmitted over the power lines through line matching unit protective devices and coupling
capacitor. At receiving end the HF carrier signal is protected from the HV power frequency
with the help of line trap and coupling capacitor through line matching unit carrier frequency
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signal is sent to the power line communication terminal. Where the speech signal is separated
from the carrier frequency and is sent to subscriber.
Equipment used in power line communication:
The following are the main equipment used in the power line carrier communication:
9.1.1
9.2 Coupling Capacitor:The coupling capacitor used for power line carrier communication has capacitance
ranging from 2200 pF to 1000 pF. It allows a low impedance path to high frequency carrier
signals and allows them to enter the line matching unit however it offers a high impedance
path to low frequency signals or wave and block it.
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9.3 Line matching unit:The carrier signal received from the high voltage transmission line through coupling
capacitor is given to the line matching unit 2 form here the signal is transferred to power line
communication terminal. On other hand the carrier signal generated in a high frequency
cubicle is transmitted via terminal 6 through a line matching unit 2.
9.4 Power line carrier communication terminal:It is just a cabinate which contain number of electronic circuit.
9.5 Switching equipment:The signal is fed to the switching system where it is used for any one operation i.e.
tele-metering, tele-printing, tele-control .300Hz to 2.4Hz band is used for tele-voice whereas
2.4 kHz to 4 kHz band is used for remaining operations.
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CHAPTER : 10
ISOLATOR
Centre rotating type High Tension Triple pole out door disconnecting switches is
adaptable to suit ANY switchyard. They provide DOUBLE BREAKS per pole, with centre
insulator support rotating the moving contacts assembly in horizontal plane. This design has
proved its worth over the conventional vertical single break, by:
Involving only one variety of standard insulators they are therefore ideally suitable for
Line - isolators as well as Bus Bar Isolators and /or couplers in High Voltage.
Isolators are having fixed & moving contacts made of HDHC copper & die forged fingers of
phosphor bronze having an inherent non-deteriorating spring quality at high temperature &
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corrosion proof . The assembly of fixed & moving contacts is based on self compensating
principle to withstand both the thermal & dynamic stresses of short circuit currents, & still
carry the continuous rated current, with plenty of margin under the maximum specified
temperature.
6.6KV to 400 KV. Operating handle is easy to operate by single person & conveniently
located for local operation in the switchyard. All ferrous parts are hot dip galvanised & nonferrous parts are heavily tin plated to provide protection against corrosion, current ratings are
silver plated.
Contact assemblies can be mounted on ANY standard or special insulators with suitable
CREEPAGE distance to take care of local pollution. Terminal connectors suitable for
standard cables can be provided according to user's specifications.
CHAPTER : 11
CONTROL ROOM
Control room is heart of any plant .control room is the palace where various
instruments for indicating, alarming, controlling and observation purpose are installed. Our
motive behind room is to protect personal form vicinity of high voltage.
Control room provides us opportunity to handle a larger plant alone place with less
human interaction thus control room benefits us in terms of labor and efficiency.
In control room of GSS lleerapura there are various cabinets which are setup on a
wooden floor. Faces of cabinet are provided with different indicating instrument and controls.
All controls shown with single line diagram, to showed the position of breaker and isolator. I
here are indieating instruments known as Semafore. Semafor is an indicating type device
provided to show the isolator or breaker. If isolator or breaker is on then related semafor
completes the line diagram.
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CONCLUSION
Practical training to technical aspirant has a great significance .as an engineering
student the short span of a time delivered for training teach a great a great knowledge of real
problem of the system .in the college students gets theoretical knowledge and its practical
application up to limit but in the training period, we learns all about installation, operation
and maintenance with economical issues related with it.
Electrical power system has three partitions that is generation, transmission
and distribution and last utilization. Transmission and distribution have a great significance
generally due to the great distance between loads and generating plants.
At last I would like to that the practical training taken at 220 KV G.S.S. teach
me a great and open the door of my thinking as a professional. Finally, wishing all the best to
220 KV G.S.S., VKIA, JAIPUR, their staff and power revolution in India.
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Control panels have alarm system and indicating panel to show the occurrence of
error. Whenever an error occurs then particular lights in dictates. There press alarm-reset
button so that alarm and spots and hight is on until the error is removed.
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REFERENCES
R. L. Witzke and J. S. William :Electrical Transmission and Distribution
E. L. Harder and J. C. Cunningham Electrical Transmission and Distribution
Badriram: Switch gear protection system
B. R. Gupta: Transmission & Distribution system
OTHERS:Wikipedia for Transmission & Distribution system
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