MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Physics Department
Physics 8.07: Electromagnetism II
November 21, 2012
Prof. Alan Guth

QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS
QUIZ DATE: NOVEMBER 15, 2012
PROBLEM 1: THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF A SPINNING, UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERE (25 points)
This problem is based on Problem 1 of Problem Set 8.
A uniformly charged solid sphere of radius R carries a total charge Q, and is set
spinning with angular velocity about the z axis.
(a) (10 points) What is the magnetic dipole moment of the sphere?
 r ) at large
(b) (5 points) Using the dipole approximation, what is the vector potential A(
 is a vector, so it is not enough to merely specify its
distances? (Remember that A
magnitude.)
(c) (10 points) Find the exact vector potential INSIDE the sphere. You may, if you wish,
make use of the result of Example 5.11 from Griths book. There he considered a
spherical shell, of radius R, carrying a uniform surface charge , spinning at angular
velocity
 directed along the z axis. He found the vector potential
R
0
r sin , (if r R)

3

A(r, , ) =
4

0 R sin , (if r R) .
r2
3

(1.1)

PROBLEM 1 SOLUTION:
(a) A uniformly charged solid sphere of radius R carries a total charge Q, hence it has
charge density = Q/( 43 R3 ). To nd the magnetic moment of sphere we can divide
the sphere into innitesimal charges. Using spherical polar coordinates, we can take
dq = d = r 2 dr sin d d, with the contribution to the dipole moment given by
dm
 = 12 r J d . One method would be to write down the volume integral directly,
using J = v =  r. We can, however, integrate over before we start, so we are
breaking the sphere into rings, where a given ring is indicated by its coordinates r
and , and its size dr and d. The volume of each ring is d = 2r 2 dr sin d. The
current dI in the ring is given by dq/T , where T = 2/ is the period, so
dI =

dq
d
=
= r 2 dr sin d .
T
2

(1.2)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 2

The magnetic dipole moment of each ring is then given by



1
1
dm
 ring =
r J d = dI
r d = dI(r 2 sin2 ) z .
2
2 ring
ring

(1.3)

The total magnetic dipole moment is then


m
 = r 2 sin (r 2 sin2 ) dr d z


r dr

=
0

(1 cos2 ) sin d z

Q R5 4
=
3 5 3
R
3

= 4

1
QR2 z .
5

(1.4)

(b) The vector potential in dipole approximation is,

 r
0 |m
 | sin
 = 0 m
A
=
=
3
4 r
4
r2

0 QR2 sin
.
4 5
r2

(1.5)

(c) To calculate the exact vector potential inside the sphere, we split the sphere into
shells. Let r
be the integration variable and the radius of a shell, moreover let
dr
denote the thickness of the shell. Then we can use the results of Example 5.11
(pp. 236-37) in Griths, if we replace by its value for this case. The value of is
found equating charges
Q
(4r
2) = 4
(4r
2 )dr

(1.6)
3
3 R
and therefore we must replace

dr
4
3
3 R

Making this replacement in Griths Eq. (5.67), quoted above as Eq. (1.1), we now
have

r
r if r < r

0
dA (r, , ) = 4 3 dr

sin r
4
(1.7)
2 if r > r
.
3
R
3
r
Note that the R of Griths has been replaced by r
, which is the radius of the
integration shell. Now we can calculate the vector potential inside the sphere at

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 3

some radius r < R. The integration will require two pieces, a piece where 0 < r
< r
and the other where r < r
< R, thus using the two options in Eq. (1.7):
0 Q
sin
A (r, , ) =
4 R3


0

r
4
dr
2 +
r


dr
rr

(1.8)

Doing the integrals one nds

 3r 3
rR2
0 Q
sin
+
.
A (r, , ) =
4 R3
10
2

(1.9)

PROBLEM 2: SPHERE WITH VARIABLE DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (35

points)
A dielectric sphere of radius R has variable permittivity, so the permittivity throughout
space is described by

0 (R/r)2 if r < R
(r) =
(2.1)
if r > R .
0 ,
There are no free charges anywhere in this problem. The sphere is embedded in a constant
 = E0 z, which means that V (r ) E0 r cos for r  R.
external electric eld E
(a) (9 points) Show that V (r ) obeys the dierential equation
2 V +

d ln  V
=0.
dr r

(2.2)

(b) (4 points) Explain why the solution can be written as

V (r, ) =

V (r){ zi1 . . . zi
} ri1 . . . ri
,

(2.3a)

=0

or equivalently (your choice)

V (r, ) =

V (r)P (cos ) ,

(2.3b)

=0

where { . . . } denotes the traceless symmetric part of . . . , and P (cos ) is the Legendre polynomial. (Your answer here should depend only on general mathematical
principles, and should not rely on the explicit solution that you will nd in parts (c)
and (d).)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 4

(c) (9 points) Derive the ordinary dierential equation obeyed by V (r) (separately for
r < R and r > R) and give its two independent solutions in each region. Hint: they
are powers of r. You may want to know that


d
dP (cos )
sin
= ( + 1) sin P (cos ) .
(2.4)
d
d
The relevant formulas for the traceless symmetric tensor formalism are in the formula
sheets.
(d) (9 points) Using appropriate boundary conditions on V (r, ) at r = 0, r = R, and
r , determine V (r, ) for r < R and r > R.
(e) (4 points) What is the net dipole moment of the polarized sphere?
PROBLEM 2 SOLUTION:
(a) Since we dont have free charges anywhere,
 D
 =
 (E),


 (
 ) + 
 E
 =0.
=E

(2.5)

  = d er . Then putting this

The permittivity only depends on r, so we can write
dr


result into Eq. (2.5) with E = V , we nd
 V ) er d + 2 V
0 = (
dr
V d 1
=
+ 2 V
r dr 
=

0=

V d ln 
+ 2 V .
r dr

(2.6)

(b) With an external eld along the z-axis, the problem has azimuthal symmetry, implying V / = 0, so V = V (r, ). The Legendre polynomials P (cos ) are a complete
set of functions of the polar angle for 0 , implying that at each value of
r, V (r, ) can be expanded in a Legendre series. In general, the coecients may be
functions of r, so we can write
V (r, ) =


=0

V (r)P (cos ) .

(2.7)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 5

The same argument holds for an expansion in { zi1 . . . zi
} ri1 . . . ri
, since these are
in fact the same functions, up to a multiplicative constant. Note that if  depended
on as well as r, then the completeness argument would still be valid, and it would
still be possible to write V (r, ) as in Eqs. (2.3). In that case, however, the equations
for the functions V (r) would become coupled to each other, making them much more
dicult to solve.
d ln 
2
(c) For r < R we have
= . Using the hint, Eq. (2.4) in the problem statement,
dr
r
we write







1
V d ln  
dV
2
( + 1)
2 V
V +
=
P (cos ) 2
r
+

V = 0 .

r dr
r2
r
dr
r
r r
=0
(2.8)
For this equation to hold for all r < R and for all , the term inside the square
brackets should be zero. (To show this, one would multiply by P
(cos ) sin and
then integrate from = 0 to = 2. By the orthonormality of the Legendre
polynomials, only the 
=  term would survive, so it would have to vanish for every

.) Thus,
2

1
r 2 r

2 V

dV
+
dr


2
( + 1)
( + 1)
d2 V

V
=

V = 0 .

2
2
r
r
dr
r2

(2.9)

The general solution to Eq. (2.9) is

V (r) = A r +1 +

B
.
r

(2.10)

(This can be veried by inspection, but it can also be found by assuming a trial
function in the form of a power, V r p . Inserting the trial function into the
dierential equation, one nds p(p 1) = ( + 1) . One might see by inspection that
this is solved by p =  + 1 or p = , or one can solve it as a quadratic equation,
nding
1 (2 + 1)
p=
=  + 1 or  .)
2
For r > R,

1  2 V  ( + 1)
r

V = 0.
r
r2
r 2 r

(2.11)

The general solution to Eq. (2.11) is,

V (r ) = C r  +

D
.
r +1

(2.12)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 6

(d) The coecients B are zero, B = 0, to avoid a singularity at r = 0. The potential

goes as V (r) = E0 r cos for r  R; this gives C = 0 except for C1 = E0 . The
potential V (r, ) is continuous at r = R, implying that

D

A R+1 = +1
for  = 1
R
(2.13)

A R2 = E R + D1
for  = 1 .
1
0
R2
In addition, the normal component of the displacement vector is continuous on the
boundary of the sphere. Since  is continuous at r = R, this means that Er =
V /r is continuous, which one could also have deduced from Eq. (2.2), since any
discontinuity in V /r would produce a -function in 2 V /r 2 . Setting V /r at
r = R equal to its value at r = R+ , we nd

( + 1)A R = ( + 1) D

for  = 1
R+2
(2.14)
D1

for  = 1 .
2A1 R = 2 3 E0
R
Solving Eq. (2.13) and Eq. (2.14) as two equations (for each ) for the two unknowns
A and D , we see that A = D = 0 for  = 1, and that
3E0
,
4R
Then we nd the potential as
A1 =

C1 = E0 ,

and D1 =

2
3E0 r cos

4R 

V (r, ) =
R3

E0 cos
r
4r2

E0 R 3
.
4

(2.15)

for r < R
(2.16)
for r < R .

(e) Eq. (2.16) tells us that for r > R, the potential is equal to that of the applied external
eld, Vext = E0 r cos , plus a term that we attribute to the sphere:
E0 R 3
cos .
4r 2
This has exactly the form of an electric dipole,
Vsphere (r, ) =

Vdip =

1 p r
,
40 r 2

(2.17)

(2.18)

if we identify
p = 0 R3 E0 z .

(2.19)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 7

PROBLEM 3: PAIR OF MAGNETIC DIPOLES (20 points)

Suppose there are two magnetic dipoles. One has dipole moment m
 1 = m0 z and
1
is located at r 1 = + 2 a z; the other has dipole moment m
 2 = m0 z, and is located at
r 2 = 12 a z.
(a) (10 points) For a point on the z axis at large z, nd the leading (in powers of 1/z)
 0, z) and the magnetic eld B(0,
 0, z).
behavior for the vector potential A(0,
(b) (3 points) In the language of monopole ( = 0), dipole ( = 1), quadrupole ( = 2),
octupole ( = 3), etc., what type of eld is produced at large distances by this
current conguration? In future parts, the answer to this question will be called a
whatapole.
(c) (3 points) We can construct an ideal whatapole a whatapole of zero size by
taking the limit as a 0, keeping m0 an xed, for some power n. What is the correct
value of n?
(d) (4 points) Given the formula for the current density of a dipole,
 r 3 (r r d ) ,
Jdip (r ) = m


(3.1)

where r d is the position of the dipole, nd an expression for the current density
of the whatapole constructed in part (c). Like the above equation, it should be
expressed in terms of -functions and/or derivatives of -functions, and maybe even
higher derivatives of -functions.
PROBLEM 3 SOLUTION:
(a) For the vector potential, we have from the formula sheet that
 r
 r ) = 0 m
A(
,
4 r 2

(3.2)

which vanishes on axis, since m

 = m0 z, and r = z on axis. Thus,
 0, z) = 0 .
A(0,

(3.3)

 = 0, however, since B depends on derivatives of A

 with
This does not mean that B
respect to x and y. From the formula sheet we have
 r)
rm

 dip (r ) = 0 3(m
,
B
4
r3

(3.4)

where we have dropped the -function because we are interested only in r =

 0.
Evaluating this expression on the positive z axis, where r = z, we nd
 dip (0, 0, z) = 0 2m0 z = 0 m0 z .
B
2 r 3
4 r 3

(3.5)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 8

For 2 dipoles, we have

 2 dip (0, 0, z) = 0 m0
B
2
0 m0
=
2z 3
0 m0

2z 3
0 m0
2z 3
0 m0

2z 3







1
z 12 a
1
1

3 
3
z + 12 a


1a 3
2z

1
1+

z



1a 3
2z


1
1

 z

1 32 az
1 + 32 az



3a
3a
1+
1
z
2z
2z
 a
3
z
z

30 m0 a
z .
4z 4

(3.6)


(b) Since it falls o as 1/z 4 , it is undoubtedly a quadrupole ( = 2) . For either the E
 elds, the monopole falls o as 1/r 2 , the dipole as 1/r 3 , and the quadrupole as
or B
1/r 4 .
(c) We wish to take the limit as a 0 in such a way that the eld at large z approaches
a constant, without blowing up or going to zero. From Eq. (3.6), we see that this
goal will be accomplished by keeping m0 a xed, which means n = 1 .
(d) For the two-dipole system we add together the two contributions to the current
density, using the appropriate values of r d and m
:
J2

r)
dip (





 r 3 r a z + m0 z
 r 3 r a z .
= m0 z
2
2

Rewriting,


J2

r)
dip (

 r
= m0 az

3 (r + a2 z) 3 (r a2 z)
a

(3.7)


.

(3.8)

Now we can dene Q m0 a, and if we take the limit a 0 with Q xed, the above
expression becomes
J2

r)
dip (

 r 3 (r ) .
= Qz
z

(3.9)

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 9

Since partial derivatives commute, this could alternatively be written as

J2

r)
dip (

= Qz

 3
r (r ) .
z

(3.10)

PROBLEM 4: UNIFORMLY MAGNETIZED INFINITE CYLINDER (10

points)
Consider a uniformly magnetized innite circular cylinder, of radius R, with its axis
 = M0 z.
coinciding with the z axis. The magnetization inside the cylinder is M
 r ) everywhere in space.
(a) (5 points) Find H(
 r ) everywhere in space.
(b) (5 points) Find B(
PROBLEM 4 SOLUTION:
 r ) eld is
 = M0 z. The curl of the H(
(a) The magnetization inside the cylinder is M
 H(
 r ) = Jfree = 0 ,

(4.1)

and the divergence is


 H
 (r) =


 r)
B(
 (r)
M
0


=

1    
BM =0 .
0

(4.2)

Note that for a nite length cylinder, the divergence would be nonzero because of the
 at the boundaries. Since H(
 r ) is divergenceless and curl-free,
abrupt change in M
we can say
 r) = 0
H(

everywhere in space.

(4.3)

 r ) = 0 everywhere in space, we can nd magnetic eld as

(b) Having H(

 (r ) = B(r ) M
 (r ) = 0
H
0

 r ) =
B(

0 M0 z for r < R ,
0
for r > R .

(4.4)

 M
 = 0 and
In this question we could alternatively nd the bound currents as Jb =



Kb = M n
= M0 . Then, using Amp`eres law as we did for a solenoid, we could nd
 obtaining the same answers as above.
the magnetic eld and then also H,

8.07 QUIZ 2 SOLUTIONS, FALL 2012

p. 10

PROBLEM 5: ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC UNIFORMLY POLARIZED

SPHERES (10 points)
Compare the electric eld of a uniformly polarized sphere with the magnetic eld of
a uniformly magnetized sphere; in each case the dipole moment per unit volume points
along z. Multiple choice: which of the following is true?
 and B
 eld lines point in the same direction both inside and outside the
(a) The E
spheres.
 and B
 eld lines point in the same direction inside the spheres but in opposite
(b) The E
directions outside.
 and B
 eld lines point in opposite directions inside the spheres but in the
(c) The E
same direction outside.
 and B
 eld lines point in opposite directions both inside and outside the
(d) The E
spheres.
PROBLEM 5 SOLUTION:

 eld of a uniformly
E
polarized sphere

 eld of a uniformly
B
magnetized sphere

 and B
 eld lines point in opposite directions inside the spheres but
The answer is (c), E
in the same direction outside, as shown in the diagrams, which were scanned from the
 E
 =
rst edition of Jackson. Note that the diagram on the left shows clearly that
 0

at the boundary of the sphere, so it could not possibly
be a picture of B. It is at least

 E
 = 0, or equivalently E
 d = 0 for any closed loop, as it
visually consistent with
must be to describe an electrostatic eld. The diagram on the right, on the other hand,
 B
 =
 d =
shows clearly that
 0, or equivalently B
 0, so it could not possibly be a
 B
 = 0, as
picture of an electrostatic eld. It is at least qualitatively consistent with
it must be.

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 11

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Physics Department
Physics 8.07: Electromagnetism II
November 13, 2012
Prof. Alan Guth

FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2

Exam Date: November 15, 2012

Some sections below are marked with asterisks, as this section is. The asterisks
indicate that you wont need this material for the quiz, and need not understand it. It is
included, however, for completeness, and because some people might want to make use
of it to solve problems by methods other than the intended ones.
Index Notation:
B
 = Ai Bi ,
A

B
 i = ijk Aj Bk ,
A
ijk pqk = ip jq iq jp
det A = i1 i2 in A1,i1 A2,i2 An,in

Rotation of a Vector:
A
i = Rij Aj ,

Orthogonality: Rij Rik = jk

j=1

Rotation about z-axis by : Rz ()ij

i=1 cos

= i=2

sin
i=3
0

(RT T = I)

j=2

j=3

sin
cos
0

0
0
1

Rotation about axis n

by :
R(
n, )ij = ij cos + n
in
j (1 cos ) ijk n
k sin .
Vector Calculus:

 )i = i ,
i
Gradient:
(
xi


Divergence:
A i A i
Curl:

 A)
 i = ijk j Ak
(

Laplacian:

 (
 ) =
=
2

2
xi xi

Fundamental Theorems of Vector Calculus:



Gradient:

 (a)
 d = (b)

 da
A

 A
d x=

Divergence:
V


Curl:
S

where S is the boundary of V




 d
( A) da =
A
P

where P is the boundary of S

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 12

Delta Functions:






(r ) 3 (r r
) d3 x = (r
)
(x)(x x ) dx = (x ) ,


d
d 


(x) (x x ) dx =
dx
dx x=x

 (x xi )
, g(xi ) = 0
(g(x)) =
|g
(xi )|
i




1

r


r

= 4 3 (r r
)

= 2


3
|r r
|
|r r |


x 
ri rj
4
1
ij 3
rj
j
=
+
ij 3 (r)
i
i 3 = i j
2
3
r
3
r
r
r

r d
8   3
 3(d r)

=
(d ) (r )

r3
3

r d
4
 3(d r)
 3 (r )

= d
3
3
r
Electrostatics:
 , where
F = qE

1
(r r
)
1  (r r
) qi

E(r ) =
=

) d3 x

3 (r


40 i |r r
|3
40
|r r |
0 =permittivity of free space = 8.854 1012 C2 /(Nm2 )
1
= 8.988 109 Nm2 /C2
40

 r
1
(r
) 3







E(r ) d =
d x
V (r ) = V (r 0 )
40
|r r
|

r0
 E
 = ,
 E

 = 0,
 = V

E
0

(Poissons Eq.) ,
= 0 = 2 V = 0 (Laplaces Eq.)
2 V =
0
Laplacian Mean Value Theorem (no generally accepted name): If 2 V = 0, then
the average value of V on a spherical surface equals its value at the center.
Energy:


1 1  qi qj
(r )(r
)
1 1
W =
=
d3 x d3 x

2 40
rij
2 40
|r r
|
1
W =
2

ij

i=j


1
d x(r )V (r ) = 0
2
3

 2 3
E
 d x

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 13

Conductors:
 = n
Just outside, E

0
Pressure on surface:

1

2 |E|outside

Two-conductor system with charges Q and Q: Q = CV , W = 12 CV 2

N isolated conductors:
Vi =

Pij Qj ,

Pij = elastance matrix, or reciprocal capacitance matrix

Cij Vj ,

Cij = capacitance matrix

Qi =

a
a2
Image charge in sphere of radius a: Image of Q at R is q = Q, r =
R
R
Separation of Variables for Laplaces Equation in Cartesian Coordinates:

V =

cos x
sin x

cos y
sin y

cosh z
sinh z


where 2 = 2 + 2

Separation of Variables for Laplaces Equation in Spherical Coordinates:

Traceless Symmetric Tensor expansion:


1
1
2
r
+ 2 2 = 0 ,
(r, , ) = 2
r
r
r r
where the angular part is given by


1

1 2
2
sin
+

sin

sin2 2
2

()

()

2 Ci1 i2 ...i
n
i1 n
i2 . . . n
i
= ( + 1)Ci1 i2 ...i
n
i1 n
i2 . . . n
i
,
()

where Ci1 i2 ...i
is a symmetric traceless tensor and

n
= sin cos e1 + sin sin e2 + cos e3 .
General solution to Laplaces equation:



()


C
()
i2 ...i

ri1 ri2 . . . ri
,
V (r ) =
Ci1 i2 ...i
r  + i1+1
r
=0

where r = rr

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 14

Azimuthal Symmetry:



B

A r + +1 { zi1 . . . zi
} ri1 . . . ri

V (r ) =
r
=0
where { . . . } denotes the traceless symmetric part of . . . .
Special cases:
{1} = 1
{ zi } = zi
{ zi zj } = zi zj 13 ij


zi jk + zj ik + zk ij

{ zi zj zk zm } = zi zj zk zm 71 zi zj km + zi zk mj + zi zm jk + zj zk im



1
ij km + ik jm + im jk
+ zj zm ik + zk zm ij + 35
{ zi zj zk } = zi zj zk

1
5

Legendre Polynomial / Spherical Harmonic expansion:

General solution to Laplaces equation:





Bm

V (r ) =
Am r + +1 Ym (, )
r
=0 m=

Orthonormality:
0

sin d Y
m
(, ) Ym (, ) = 
 m
m

Azimuthal Symmetry:



B

A r + +1 P (cos )
V (r ) =
r
=0

Electric Multipole Expansion:

First several terms:

1  Q p r 1 ri rj
Q
+

, where
V (r ) =
+ 2 +
ij
2 r3
40 r
r



3
3
Q = d x (r ) , pi = d x (r ) xi Qij = d3 x (r )(3xi xj ij |r |2 ) ,
 dip (r ) = 1

E
40
 E
 dip (r ) = 0 ,

p r
r2

1 3(p r)
r p
1

pi 3 (r )
3
40
r
30

 E
 dip (r ) = 1 dip (r ) = 1 p
 3 (r )

0
0

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 15

Traceless Symmetric Tensor version:

V (r ) =

1  1
()
Ci1 ...i
ri1 . . . ri
,

+1
r
40
=0

where
()
Ci1 ...i

(2 1)!!
=
!


(r ) { xi1 . . . xi
} d3 x

(r rr xi ei )

 (2 1)!! r

1
=
{ ri1 . . . ri
} ri
1 . . . ri

,
!
r +1
|r r
|

for r
< r

=0

(2 1)!! (2 1)(2 3)(2 5) . . . 1 =

(2)!
, with (1)!! 1 .
2 !

Reminder: { . . . } denotes the traceless symmetric part of . . . .

Griths version:


1  1

V (r ) =
r
(r
)P (cos
) d3 x
+1
40
r
=0

where = angle between r and r
.

 r
1
<
=
P (cos
) ,
+1 
|r r
|
r>
=0

1
P (x) = 
2 !

d
dx

=
 P (x)
2
1 2x +
=0


(x2 1) ,

(Rodrigues formula)


P (1) = 1

P (x) = (1) P (x)

dx P
(x)P (x) =

2


2 + 1

Spherical Harmonic version:


1   4 qm
V (r ) =
Ym (, )
2 + 1 r +1
40
=0 m=

where qm =


Ym
r (r
) d3 x




4 r



1
=
Y ( , )Ym (, ) ,
2 + 1 r +1 m
|r r
|
=0 m=

for r
< r

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 16

Electric Fields in Matter:

Electric Dipoles:

p = d3 x (r ) r
 r 3 (r r d ) , where r d = position of dipole
dip (r ) = p
 = (p
 )E
 =
 (p E)

F
(force on a dipole)

 = p E
(torque on a dipole)

U = p E
Electrically Polarizable Materials:
 (r ) = polarization = electric dipole moment per unit volume
P
 n
bound = P ,
bound = P

 0 E
 +P
 ,
D

 D
 = free ,

 E
 = 0 (for statics)

Boundary conditions:

Eab
ove Ebelow =

0



E
above Ebelow = 0

Dab
ove Dbelow = free





D
above Dbelow = Pabove Pbelow

Linear Dielectrics:
 = 0 e E,

P

e = electric susceptibility
 = E

 0 (1 + e ) = permittivity,
D

r =
= 1 + e = relative permittivity, or dielectric constant
0

N /0
, where N = number density of atoms
1 N
30

or (nonpolar) molecules, = atomic/molecular polarizability (P = E)

1
 E
 d3 x
(linear materials only)
Energy: W =
D
2
 W (Even if one or more potential dierences are
Force on a dielectric: F =
held xed, the force can be found by computing the gradient with the total
charge on each conductor xed.)
Clausius-Mossotti equation: e =

Magnetostatics:
Magnetic Force:
 = q (E
 + v B)
 = dp ,
F
dt

where p = m0v ,

1
= 
1

v2
c2

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012


 =
F

p. 17


 =
I d B

 d3 x
J B

Current Density:


J da

Current through a surface S: IS =

S

Charge conservation:

 J
=
t

Moving density of charge: J = v

Biot-Savart Law:
 

 

0
0
K(r ) (r r
)

d (r r
)

I
=
da
B(r ) =
4
|r r
|3
4
|r r
|3
 

0
J(r ) (r r
) 3
=
d x
4
|r r
|3
where 0 = permeability of free space 4 107 N/A2
Examples:
 = 0 I
Innitely long straight wire: B
2r
Inntely long tightly wound solenoid:
unit length
 0, z) =
Loop of current on axis: B(0,

 = 0 nI0 z , where n = turns per

B

0 IR2
z
2(z 2 + R2 )3/2

 r ) = 1 0 K
 n
Innite current sheet: B(
, n
= unit normal toward r
2
Vector Potential:
 (r )coul = 0
A
4

J(r
) 3

d x ,
|r r
|

 =
 A
,
B

 A
 coul = 0

 B
 = 0 (Subject to modication if magnetic monopoles are discovered)


(r ) = A(
 r ) + (
 r ) for any (r ). B
 =
 A
 is
Gauge Transformations: A
unchanged.
Amp`eres Law:


 d = 0 Ienc
B

 B
 = 0 J , or equivalently

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 18

Magnetic Multipole Expansion:

Traceless Symmetric Tensor version:

{ ri1 . . . ri
}
0  ()
Aj (r ) =
Mj;i1 i2 ...i

r +1
4
=0

(2 1)!!
()
where Mj;i1 i2 ...i
=
d3 xJj (r ){ xi1 . . . xi
}
!

Current conservation restriction:
d3 x Sym(xi1 . . . xi
1 Ji
) = 0
i1 ...i

where Sym means to symmetrize i.e. average over all

i1 ...i

orderings in the indices i1 . . . i

Special cases: 
 = 1:

d3 x Ji = 0
d3 x (Ji xj + Jj xi ) = 0

 = 2:

 r
 (r ) = 0 m
Leading term (dipole): A
,
4 r 2
where
1
(1)
mi = ijk Mj;k
2


1
1
m
 = I
r d =
d3 x r J = Ia ,
2
2 P

where a =
da for any surface S spanning P
S

 r
0 3(m
 r)
rm

20
 dip (r ) = 0
 m
m
 3 (r )
B
=
+
2
3
4
r
3
4
r
 B
 dip (r ) = 0 ,
 B
 dip (r ) = 0 Jdip (r ) = 0 m
 3 (r )


Griths version:

0 I  1

(r
) P (cos
)d

A(r ) =
r +1
4
=0

Magnetic Fields in Matter:

Magnetic Dipoles:


1
1

r d =
m
 = I
d3 x r J = Ia
2 P
2

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 19

 r 3 (r r d ), where r d = position of dipole


Jdip (r ) = m
 =
 (m

F
 B)
(force on a dipole)

=m
 B

U = m
 B

(torque on a dipole)

Magnetically Polarizable Materials:

 (r ) = magnetization = magnetic dipole moment per unit volume
M
 M
 ,
 bound = M
 n
K

Jbound =
 B
 =0
 1B
 M
 ,
 H
 = Jfree ,

0
Boundary conditions:

Hab
Bab
ove Bbelow = 0
ove Hbelow = (Mabove Mbelow )






)
H

B
above Bbelow = 0 (K n
above Hbelow = Kfree n
Linear Magnetic Materials:
 = m H,

m = magnetic susceptibility
M
 = H

B
= 0 (1 + m ) = permeability,
Magnetic Monopoles:
 (r ) = 0 qm r ;

B
Force on a static monopole: F = qm B
4 r 2
 = 0 qe qm r , where r points
Angular momentum of monopole/charge system: L
4
from qe to qm
0 qe qm
1
Dirac quantization condition:
= h integer
4
2
Connection Between Traceless Symmetric Tensors and Legendre Polynomials
or Spherical Harmonics:
(2)!
{ zi1 . . . zi
} n
i1 . . . n
i

P (cos ) = 
2 (!)2
For m 0,
(,m)

i1 . . . n
i
,
Ym (, ) = Ci1 ...i
n
(,m)

+
im+1 . . . zi
} ,
where Ci1 i2 ...i
= dm { u
+
i1 . . . u
im z

2m (2 + 1)
(1)m (2)!
,
with dm =
4 ( + m)! ( m)!
2  !
1
ex + iey )
and u
+ = (
2

Form m < 0, Y,m (, ) = (1)m Ym

(, )

8.07 FORMULA SHEET FOR QUIZ 2, V. 2, FALL 2012

p. 20

More Information about Spherical Harmonics:


2 + 1 ( m)! m
P (cos )eim
Ym (, ) =
4 ( + m)! 
where Pm (cos ) is the associated Legendre function, which can be dened by
Pm (x)

+m
(1)m
2 m/2 d
=
(1 x )
(x2 1)

+m
2 !
dx

Legendre Polynomials:

SPHERICAL HARMONICS Ylm( , )

l=0

Y00 =

4
3
sin ei
8

Y11 = l=1

3
cos
4

Y10 =

Y22 =

l=2

1
4

15
sin2 e2i
2
15
sin cosei
8

Y21 = -

Y20 =

5
( 32 cos2
4

1
)
2

35
sin3 e3i
4

Y33 = -

1
4

Y32 =

1
4

105
sin2 cos e2i
2

Y31 = -

1
4

21
sin (5cos2 -1)ei
4

l=3

Y30 =

7
( 5 cos3
4 2

3
2

cos )

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

8.07 Electromagnetism II
Fall 2012

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.