Uninterruptible Power Supply

Prepared By :
Tarek Hussien Mohamed

Consult Electrical Engineer
1/1/2014
Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN
MOHAMED
Uninterruptible Power Supply

(UPS) Systems
Operation and Maintenance
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

MOHAMED
This course is designed to give awareness knowledge and

general understanding of :
Battery Fundamentals
Type of Batteries
Basic principle and major components of UPS system
applications of UPS used in the process industry
safety measures when dealing with cell and batteries
Installation and testing of UPS system
Preventive Maintenance Procedure
Descriptions about DC and AC UPS systems etc.
1/1/2014
Welcome to the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Systems training module
The basic operation of cells and batteries

Classifications of cells and batteries
Understanding the basic need for UPS system
Understanding the Types of UPS system
Compare and contrast the benefits of the type of UPS system
How to maintain the UPS

MOHAMED
1/1/2014
After finish this course the trainees will be able to understand

the following:

MOHAMED
What is a UPS System?

Why UPS system is a critical Components ?
Whats the aim of using UPS system?
Whats the alternate names of UPS?
Application of UPS system
Major Components of UPS system
Battery fundamentals
Battery Cells classification
Lead-Acid Batteries
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
1/1/2014
Course Contents :
An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that has an

alternate source of energy that can provide power when the prime
power source is temporarily disabled (Power is not available)
is primarily used to provide a backup power source to the load and any
other device plugged in to the battery backup

MOHAMED
UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems are a critical device in our

daily Life (In home , Companies , Factories and sites) and (UPS) are
designed to automatically provide emergency power, without delay or
transients, to critical applications in case of an interruption to, or
unacceptable condition of the mains/utility supply. Some UPSs also
filter and/or regulate mains/utility power.
1/1/2014
1- What is a UPS?
When selecting a UPS System , youll have to choose among a

number of options, but if you can differentiate between the
various available configurations, youll be better able to choose
the right system to meet your needs.

MOHAMED
In addition to acting as a backup when the power goes out,

most battery backup devices also act as power "conditioners" by
ensuring that the electricity flowing to your loads is free from
drops or surges. If a load is not receiving a consistent flow of
electricity, damage can and often does occur.
1/1/2014
1- What is a UPS? Cont.
Not a very appealing scenario, is it? Now, imagine that the power
supply to your companys IT equipment failed, or if it sent large spikes
to your equipment.
Although this situation isnt as macabre as the metaphor of a heart, it
nonetheless spells trouble for your business.
Power is the lifeblood of your data center, and your IT equipment is
designed to be supplied with a steady flow.

MOHAMED
Imagine if your heart decided to quit beating for a while, of if it all of

the sudden slowed way down or sped up in a sharp burst.
1/1/2014
2-Why UPS system is critical components?

MOHAMED
Unfortunately, the power delivered from your utility isnt as

steady as youd like it to be. Brief power outages, power sags
and power surges/spikes can cause more than just a hassle
they can cause damage to your IT equipment. Although backup
power generators can supply your data center in the case of an
extended outage (hours or even days), they are no help when
youre faced with transient power fluctuations. For example, if
another utility customer starts a large inductive load, you may
feel the effects down the line in the form of a short lived, but
potentially harmful, power event. In such a case, you wouldnt
have any warninglet alone time to switch to a backup
generator.
1/1/2014
2-Why UPS system is critical components? cont.

MOHAMED
To deal with these short-lived power events, a UPS is critical.

These systems not only provide temporary backup power for
brief outages, but many also provide protection against
transient power events like spikes and sags, thereby supplying
your equipment with clean, high-quality power. Essentially, a
UPS is a power storage device that cleans your power supply or
takes over in the event of a power failure, giving you time to
switch to your backup generators if the outage is expected to
last more than some short period of time (like a minute or two,
depending on your UPSs capacity).
1/1/2014
2- Why UPS system is critical components? Cont.
Only device that protects against an outage (Power Goes out)

Offers protection against
Equipment not operation Properly
Damage
Data losses
Time and expense to recover back to where you were , if even
possible (Downtime)

MOHAMED
Protects against multiple types of power disturbances
1/1/2014
3- What the aims of using UPS ?

So we can conclusion the important for using UPS as the
following :
10
Data Loss: when power problems shut down equipment, valuable

data is often lost. UPS Systems feature battery backup power to
allow enough time for data to be saved manually or automatically

MOHAMED
Downtime: blackouts and brownouts (low voltage) shut down

equipment. UPS Systems supply battery backup power to support
equipment through blackouts. Select models feature automatic
voltage regulation to correct incoming power without relying on UPS
batteries.
Damage: surges and line noise can damage internal components in a

single devastating event or slowly over time. UPS Systems feature
surge suppression and line noise filtering to guard equipment
against potential damage.
1/1/2014
3- What the aims of using UPS ? Cont.
11

MOHAMED
UPS System
uninterruptible power supply System
uninterruptible power source System
battery backup System
1/1/2014
4- What the alternate names of UPS ?
12
Emergency lighting
Indoor escape lights
Ladder/ stair area

MOHAMED
There many application of usage of

UPS system in our life (Homes
,Companies ,Factories and Sites)
some of these application :
1/1/2014
5- Application of UPS System
Walk-ways
Fire and Gas alarm system
13

5- Application of UPS System.
cont.
Communications and
Telecommunication Equipments

MOHAMED
For Electrical protection system,

control systems, Indications .etc.
1/1/2014
Operation of electrical switchgear
14
Sure we will bring plastic cups, glass cups or bottles and fill it with
juice or water so now we keep it and we can use it when we need
so we need means and ways to keep the electrical energy and in fact
we can't store the electrical energy easily and the only means till
now are batteries
So the batteries is the major components to store the electrical
energy but the consummation electrical energy from batteries
depend on rated voltage and current hour of batteries (V Ah)

MOHAMED
Let us imagine we need to keep some of liquid like water, juice or

drinks, how we can keep it?
1/1/2014
6- Whats the Major Components of UPS system?
15

MOHAMED
So now , we need to fill the batteries with electrical energy and how
charging the batteries , the only means to fill it is known as charging
unit
There are many application and we already using it in our life like as
Dynamo : Dynamo is famous machine we using it in our daily life
which using to charge the car , bus or diesel engine batteries which
convert the mechanical energy to electrical energy
1/1/2014
6- Whats the Major Components of UPS system? Cont.
16

MOHAMED
Battery Charger : another type we using it in daily our life which

have three famous types one of it using it to charge the cell phone
batteries and lap top batteries and second type using to charge car
or track batteries and third using to charge the Batteries (AA or AAA)
which convert electrical energy (AC Home power source) to
electrical energy (DC)
1/1/2014
17

MOHAMED
Now we can imagine the major components for UPS system will be
as the following :
Batteries (Rechargeable)
Charging unit
1/1/2014
Batteries
Charging Unit
18
Batteries are composed of one or more

cells, each containing a positive
electrode, negative electrode,
separator, and electrolyte.

MOHAMED
Batteries operate by converting

chemical energy into electrical energy
through electrochemical discharge
reactions.
1/1/2014
7- Battery Fundamentals
19
Example
12V 50AH
18V 5AH
High rate cells, for example, are

designed specifically to have very low
internal impedance as required for
starting turbine engines and auxiliary
power units (APUs).

MOHAMED
Batteries are rated in terms of their

nominal voltage and ampere-hour
capacity , The maximum power
available from a battery depends on
its internal construction.
1/1/2014
7- Battery Fundamentals . Cont.
20
it is fully charged. By this definition, a fully charged battery has a state-ofcharge of 100% and a battery with 20% of its capacity removed has a stateof-charge of 80%.
The state-of-health of a battery is the percentage of its capacity available
when fully charged relative to its rated capacity.

MOHAMED
The state-of-charge of a battery is the percentage of its capacity available

relative to the capacity when
1/1/2014
7- Battery Fundamentals. cont.
Example
a battery rated at 30 Ah, but only capable of delivering 24 Ah when fully charged,
will have a state-of-health of 24/30 X 100 = 80%. Thus, the state-of-health takes
into account the loss of capacity as the battery ages.
21

8- Battery Cells Classification
sometimes also called single-use, or throw-away batteries because

they have to be discarded after they run empty as they cannot be
recharged for reuse
Secondary cells are rechargeable and require a DC charging source to

MOHAMED
Primary cells are not rechargeable and must be replaced once the
reactants are depleted
1/1/2014
Cells can be divided into two major classes: primary and secondary.
restore reactants to their fully charged state

mostly called rechargeable batteries because they can be recharged for
reuse.
22

8- Battery Cells Classification. Cont.
Alkaline -- The most commonly used primary cell (household) is the zincalkaline manganese dioxide battery. They provide more power-per-use than
Carbon-zinc and secondary batteries and have an excellent shelf life.
Lithium Cells -- Lithium batteries offer performance advantages well beyond
the capabilities of conventional aqueous electrolyte battery systems. Their shelflife can be well above 10-years and they will work at very low temperatures.
Lithium batteries are mainly used in small formats (coins cells up to about AA
size) because bigger sizes of lithium batteries are a safety concern in consumer
applications. Bigger (i.e. D) sizes are only used in military applications.

MOHAMED
Carbon Zinc (aka. Heavy Duty) -- The lowest cost primary cell (household) is
the zinc-acidic manganese dioxide battery. They provide only very low power,
but have a good shelf life and are well suited for clocks and remote controls.
1/1/2014
1- Primary Batteries types :
23

8- Battery Cells Classification. cont.
Zinc Air Cells These batteries have become the standard for hearing aid
batteries. They have a very long run time, because they store only the
anode material inside the cell and use the oxygen from the ambient air as
cathode.

MOHAMED
Silver Oxide Cells These batteries have a very high energy density, but
are very expensive due to the high cost of silver. Therefore, silver oxide cells
are mainly used in button cell format for watches and calculators and also
known as Lithium coin or Coin cell
1/1/2014
1- Primary Batteries: cont.
24


MOHAMED
Nickel-Metal Hydride -- Secondary NiMH batteries are an extension of the old fashioned
NiCd batteries.
NiMH batteries provide the same voltage as NiCd batteries, but offer at least 30% more
capacity. They exhibit good high current capability, and have a long cycle life.
The self-discharge rate is higher than NiCd at approximately 40% per month.
NiMH cells contain no toxic cadmium, but they still contain a large amount of nickel oxides
and also some cobalt, which are known human carcinogens and should be recycled.
Lithium Ion -- Secondary Li-Ion batteries are the latest breakthrough in rechargeable
batteries.
They are at least 30% lighter in weight than NiMH batteries and provide at least 30% more
capacity. They exhibit good high current capability, and have a long cycle life.
The self-discharge rate is better than NiMH at approximately 20% per month.
Overheating will damage the batteries and could cause a fire. Li-Ion cells contain no toxic
cadmium, but they still contain either cobalt oxides or nickel oxides, which are known
human carcinogens and should be recycled.
1/1/2014
2- Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable ):
25

Lead-Acid -- Secondary lead-acid batteries are the most popular

rechargeable batteries worldwide.
Both the battery product and the manufacturing process are proven,
economical, and reliable.
However, because they are heavy, Lead-Acid batteries are not being
used in portable, consumer applications. Lead is a toxic, carcinogenic
compound and should not enter the regular waste stream.
Recycling of Lead-Acid batteries is the environmental success story of
our time, approx. 93% of all battery lead is being recycled today in
reused in the production of new Lead-Acid batteries

MOHAMED
Nickel-Cadmium -- Secondary Ni-Cd batteries are rugged and reliable.

They exhibit a high power capability, a wide operating temperature
range, and a long cycle life, but have a low run time per charge.
They have a self-discharge rate of approximately 30% per month. They
contain about 15% toxic, carcinogenic cadmium and have to be recycled.
1/1/2014
26

Their cycle life is less than most other secondary batteries, but they
are a great consumers choice as they combine the benefits of the
popular alkaline cells with the added benefit of re-use after
recharging.

MOHAMED
cost rechargeable cells, have a long shelf life and are useful for
moderate-power applications.
1/1/2014
Rechargeable Alkaline -- Secondary alkaline batteries, the lowest
They have no toxic ingredients and can be disposed in regular

landfills (local regulations permitting).
27
HEAVY DUTY BATTERIES are still very popular and have been around for many
years because they are so cheap to purchase. Heavy Duty batteries work best in
low drain devices such as AM/FM radios, flashlights, smoke alarms and remote
controls. Over the lifetime of the device, rechargeable alkaline batteries will
provide the better value and result actual in cost savings although the initial cost
is higher.
ALKALINE BATTERIES are the most popular battery used today. Alkaline will last 5
to 10 times longer than heavy duty batteries on higher current drains, making
them more economical. They get their long life from unique construction and
the purity of the materials used. Alkaline batteries are best suited for moderate
to high drain devices such as portable CD players, electronic games, motorized
toys, tape recorders and cassette players. Again, over the lifetime of the device,
rechargeable alkaline batteries will provide the better value and result actual in
cost savings although the initial cost is slightly higher.

MOHAMED
So What Batteries Work Best in Different Devices Today?
1/1/2014
8- Battery Cells Classification . Cont.
28
RECHARGEABLE ALKALINE BATTERIES are specially designed for use 25 times or

more when charged properly in a dedicated charger for rechargeable alkaline
batteries. Rechargeable alkaline batteries come fully charged, have no memory
problems, up to a seven-year shelf life and will last up to three times longer than
a fully charged nickel cadmium rechargeable battery. They do not require to be
fully drained before recharge and will actually last longer if frequently recharged.
They will work in all applications where Heavy Duty Primary Batteries are being
used and in all applications for Alkaline Primary Batteries with not too high drain
rates.
RECHARGEABLE NiMH BATTERIES are an extension of the old fashioned NiCd
batteries. These batteries offer capacities at least 30% higher per charge than
NiCd batteries of the same size. NiMH batteries can be recharged without having
to be fully drained and can be charged several hundred times. NiMH work best in
high drain devices that chew through alkaline batteries quickly such as digital
cameras, hand held TVs and remote controlled racing toy cars.

MOHAMED
1/1/2014
8- Battery Cells Classification . Cont.
29
RECHARGEABLE Li-Ion BATTERIES are mainly used in Laptop

computers and cellphones. They have a 3 times higher voltage on a
per cell basis than NiMH batteries and are usually only sold as a
system (device w/ built-in charger), as they require a special type of
charger. More recently, single Li- Ion cells with dedicated chargers
are being offered for cameras that take Lithium cells.
RECHARGEABLE NiCd BATTERIES should not be used due to the toxic

cadmium, but are still in high demand for power tools due to their
rugged design and performance. However, NiCd batteries have to be
recycled to prevent toxic, carcinogenic cadmium entering the waste
stream.

MOHAMED
1/1/2014
30
PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES offer an outstanding shelf-life

of above 10-years and they will work at very low
temperatures. They are mainly used in imaging applications,
i.e cameras.

MOHAMED
1/1/2014
31

Primary Cell
Common Usage
Alkaline
1.5 V
CD/MD/MP3 players, toys, electronic games,

cameras, flash lights, remote controls
Carbon zinc
1.5 V
Clocks, radios, smoke alarm
Lithium coin
3.0 V
Calculators, electronic organizers
3.0/6.1 V
Cameras
Silver oxide
(button cells)
1.55 V
Watches
Zinc air
1.4 V
Hearing aids
Rechargeable
Alkaline
1.5 V
CD/MD/MP3 players, toys, electronic games,

cameras, flash lights, remote controls
NiMH
1.2 V
Digital cameras, remote controlled racing toy cars
NIiCd
1.2 V
Power Tools
Li-ion
3.6-3.7 V
8
9
10
11
Secondary Cell
(Rechargeable)
Lithium photo
Lead Acid
12 V
Notebook computers, PDAs, mobile phones,

camcorders, digital cameras
Car starter battery, lift trucks, golf charts, marine,
standby power, UPS, solar lighting
1/1/2014
Voltage (V)

MOHAMED
Battery Type
Sr.
32
However, NiMH batteries make only practical sense in very high

drain devices such as digital cameras as their self-discharge rate is
too high for applications that require power of long periods of time.
For those slow discharges, a battery type with a very low selfdischarge rate is required. Rechargeable Alkaline will fit the bill
there.
Remember, whatever battery type you use, NEVER mix battery types
for use at the same time and never mix old and new batteries. Keep
batteries in sets for best performance.

MOHAMED
Are Primary and Rechargeable Batteries interchangeable amongst

each other?
1/1/2014
33
Not all battery types are interchangeable. However, in the consumer, household
small format battery category, the following types of the same format can in
most cases be interchanged: Heavy Duty, Alkaline, and Rechargeable Alkaline
and NiMH batteries.
Although primary and rechargeable alkaline batteries are rated at a nominal
voltage of 1.5 volts, as they begin discharging, their voltage continuously drops.
Over the course of discharge, the average voltage of alkaline batteries is in fact
about 1.2 volts, very close to NiMH batteries.
The main difference is that alkaline batteries start at 1.5 volts and gradually drop
to less than 1.0 volt, while NiMH batteries stay at about 1.2 volts for most of the
service time.

MOHAMED
Are Primary and Rechargeable Batteries interchangeable amongst each other?
1/1/2014
34
Performance Since rechargeable batteries can be recharged

many times over, the cumulative total service life exceeds that
of primary batteries by a wide margin.
Savings Recharging rechargeable batteries many hundred
times is giving the consumer tremendous savings in the long
run.

MOHAMED
What are the advantages of using Rechargeable Batteries?
1/1/2014
35
So we will discuss in brief most famous using batteries in the

UPS system
Lead-Acid Batteries
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)Batteries

MOHAMED
So now we can consider there are two classifications of cells

and in the UPS system we need to use the rechargeable cells
1/1/2014
36
Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energyto-volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that
the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio.
These features, along with their low cost, makes it attractive for use
in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by
automobile starter motors.
As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead-acid
batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important
and other designs could provide higher energy densities.

MOHAMED
The leadacid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist

Gaston Plant and is the oldest type of rechargeable battery.
1/1/2014
9- Lead Acid Batteries

9-1
Introduction :
37

MOHAMED
1/1/2014

9-1
Introduction : cont.
38
For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be

used to improve storage times and reduce maintenance
requirements.
Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in
these roles, collectively known as VRLA (valve-regulated leadacid) batteries.

MOHAMED

9-1
Large-format lead-acid designs are widely used for storage in
backup power supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability
settings like hospitals, and stand-alone power systems.
1/1/2014
39
The term "maintenance free" is a misnomer as VRLA batteries still require

cleaning and regular functional testing
There are two primary types of VRLA batteries, gel cells and AGM. Gel cells add
silica dust to the electrolyte, forming a thick putty-like gel.
These are sometimes referred to as "silicone batteries". AGM, short for
"absorbed glass mat", batteries feature fiberglass mesh between the battery
plates which serves to contain the electrolyte.
Both designs offer advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional
batteries, as well as each other.

MOHAMED
Due to their construction, they can be mounted in any orientation, and do not
require constant maintenance.
1/1/2014

9-1
A VRLA battery (valve-regulated lead-acid battery), more commonly known as a
sealed battery or maintenance free battery, is a type of lead-acid rechargeable
battery
40

MOHAMED
1/1/2014

9-1
Introduction :
41
There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries,

but the most important designation is whether they are deep cycle
batteries or shallow cycle batteries
Shallow cycle batteries
Deep cycle batteries
Sealed deep-cycle lead-acid batteries

MOHAMED
Lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used in photovoltaic

(PV) and other alternative energy systems because their initial cost
is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in
the world.
1/1/2014

9-1
An electrochemical battery that uses lead and lead oxide for
electrodes and sulfuric acid for the electrolyte
42

9-1
like the type used as starting batteries in automobiles, are designed to

supply a large amount of current for a short time and stand mild
overcharge without losing electrolyte.
They have a large number of thin plates designed for maximum surface
area, and therefore maximum current output, but which can easily be
damaged by deep discharge
Starting batteries kept on continuous float charge will have corrosion in

the electrodes which will result in premature failure. Starting batteries
should be kept open circuit but charged regularly (at least once every
two weeks) to prevent sulfation

MOHAMED
Shallow cycle batteries is also called Starting Batteries
1/1/2014
43

9-1
If they are repeatedly discharged more than 20

percent, their life will be very short.
These batteries are not a good choice for a PV
(Photovoltaic solar) system.
Starting batteries are lighter weight than deep
cycle batteries of the same battery dimensions,
because the cell plates do not extend all the
way to the bottom of the battery case.

MOHAMED
Repeated deep discharges will result in

capacity loss and ultimately in premature
failure, as the electrodes disintegrate due to
mechanical stresses that arise from cycling so
unfortunately, they cannot tolerate being
deeply discharged.
1/1/2014
44

9-1
Even though they are designed to withstand deep cycling, these batteries will
have a longer life if the cycles are shallower.
All lead-acid batteries will fail prematurely if they are not recharged completely
after each cycle.
Letting a lead-acid battery stay in a discharged condition for many days at a time
will cause sulfation of the positive plate and a permanent loss of capacity.
In the world of batteries, Deep Cycle Batteries are classed as "secondary

batteries" because they can be continuously charged-up and discharged
producing what is know as the batteries charging cycle.

MOHAMED
are designed to be repeatedly discharged by as much as 80 percent of their

capacity so they are a good choice for power systems.
1/1/2014
45

9-1
A deep-cycle battery is designed to discharge between 45% and 75% of its

capacity, depending on the manufacturer and the construction of the battery.
Although these batteries can be cycled down to 20% charge, the best lifespan vs
cost method is to keep the average cycle at about 45% discharge.
There is a direct correlation between the depth of discharge of the battery, and
the number of charge and discharge cycles it can perform

MOHAMED
Deep cycle batteries are called secondary batteries because the chemical
reaction that produces and stores the electrical energy on its lead plates is fully
reversible, as opposed to standard "primary batteries" that can only be used
once and then thrown away once they are fully discharged.
1/1/2014
46

9-1
Cathodic protection, which might include

marine use
Other marine use, especially on a
sailboat lacking power generation
capability, generally smaller vessels
Trolling motors for recreational fishing
boats
Industrial electrically-propelled forklifts
and floor sweepers
Off-grid energy storage systems for solar
power or wind power, especially in small
installations for a single building

MOHAMED
Applications
1/1/2014
47

9-1
Power for instruments or equipment at

remote sites
Traffic signals
Uninterruptible power supply ('UPS'),
usually for computers and associated
equipment, but also sump pumps
Audio equipment, similarly to a UPS but
also in certain 'clean power' devices to
supply clean D.C. power isolated from the
public electric supply for inversion to A.C.
to maximize audio signal reproduction

MOHAMED
Applications
1/1/2014
48

9-1
They never need watering or an equalization

charge.
They cannot freeze or spill, so they can be
mounted in any position. Sealed batteries require
very accurate regulation to prevent overcharge
and over discharge.
Either of these conditions will drastically shorten
their lives. Sealed batteries are well-suited for
remote, unattended power systems.

MOHAMED
These type of batteries are maintenance free.
1/1/2014
Sealed deep-cycle lead-acid batteries
49
2. COVER: Permanently sealed to

the top of the case; provides
outlets for terminal posts, vent
holes for venting of gases and for
battery maintenance (checking
electrolyte, adding water).

MOHAMED
1. CASE: Container which holds

and protects all battery
components and electrolyte,
separates cells, and provides
space at the bottom for sediment
(active materials washed off
plates). Translucent plastic cases
allow checking electrolyte level
without removing vent caps.
1/1/2014

9-2
Basic Construction .
50
4. SEPARATORS: Thin, porous insulators (woven glass or plastic envelopes) are

placed between positive and negative plates. They allow passage of electrolyte,
yet prevent the plates from touching and shorting out.
5. CELLS: An assembly of connected positive and negative plates with separators
in between is called a cell or element. When immersed in electrolyte, a cell
produces about 2.1 volts (regardless of the number or size of plates). Battery cells
are connected in series, so the number of cells determines the battery voltage. A
"1 2 - volt" battery has six cells.

MOHAMED
3. PLATES: Positive and negative plates have a grid framework of antimony and
lead alloy.
Active material is pasted to the grid ... brown-colored lead dioxide (Pb02) on
positive plates, gray-colored sponge lead (Pb) on negative plates.
The number and size of the plates determine current capability ... batteries with
large plates or many plates produce more current than batteries with small plates
or few plates.
1/1/2014

9-2
Basic Construction . Cont.
51
7. CELL PARTITIONS: Part of the case, the partitions separate each cell.
8. TERMINAL POSTS: Positive and negative posts (terminals) on the case top have
thick, heavy cables connected to them. These cables connect the battery to the
vehicle's electrical system (positive) and to ground (negative).
9. VENT CAPS: Types include individual filler plugs, strip-type, or box-type. They
allow controlled release of hydrogen gas during charging (vehicle operation).
Removed, they permit checking electrolyte and, if necessary, adding water.
10. ELECTROLYTE: A mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water (H2O). It reacts
chemically with the active materials in the plates to create an electrical pressure
(voltage). And, it conducts the electrical current produced by that pressure from
plate to plate. A fully charged battery will have about 36% acid and 64% water.

MOHAMED
6. CELL CONNECTORS: Heavy, cast alloy metal straps are welded to the negative
terminal of one cell and the positive terminal of the adjoining cell until all six cells
are connected in series.
1/1/2014

9-2
Basic Construction . Cont.
52

9-3
Theory of Operation.
One metal is brown-colored lead dioxide (Pb02). It has a positive electrical charge.
This discharging will continue until the metals become alike and the acid is used up.

MOHAMED
The other metal is gray colored sponge lead (Pb). It has a negative electrical charge.
1/1/2014
A lead-acid cell works by a simple principle: when two different metals are immersed
in an acid solution, a chemical reaction creates an electrical pressure.
The action can be reversed by sending current into the cell in the opposite direction.
This charging will continue until the cell materials are restored to their original
condition.
53
The acid solution is a mixture of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and water (H20). It is called
electrolyte.
If a conductor and a load are connected between the two metals, current will flow.

MOHAMED
1/1/2014

9-3
Theory of Operation.
54
1. CHARGED: A fully charged

battery contains a negative plate of
sponge lead (Pb), a positive plate
of lead dioxide (Pb02), and
electrolyte of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
and water (H20

MOHAMED

9-3
Theory of Operation. Cont.
Electromechanical Reaction
A lead-acid storage battery can be
partially discharged and recharged
many times.
There are four stages in this
discharging/charging cycle.
1/1/2014
55
3. DISCHARGED: In a fully discharged

battery, both plates are covered with
lead sulfate (PbSO4) and the electrolyte
is diluted to mostly water (H2O).

MOHAMED

9-3
2. DISCHARGING: As the battery is
discharging, the electrolyte becomes
diluted and the plates become sulfated.
The electrolyte divides into hydrogen
(H2) and sulfate(S04) .
The hydrogen (H2) combines with
oxygen (0) from the positive plate to
form more water (H20).
The sulfate combines with the lead (Pb)
in both plates to form lead sulfate
(PbS04)
1/1/2014
56
Sulfate (S04) leaves the plates and

combines with hydrogen (H2) to
become sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Free oxygen (02) combines with lead

(Pb) on the positive plate to form lead
dioxide (Pb02).
Gassing occurs as the battery nears
full charge, and hydrogen bubbles out
at the negative plates, oxygen at the
positive.

MOHAMED

9-3
4. CHARGING: During charging, the
chemical action is reversed.
1/1/2014
57
Negative plate reaction:
Pb + HSO
Discharge
PbSO4 + 2H+ + 2e
Charge
Positive plate reaction:
PbO + HSO + 2H + + 2e
Discharge
Charge

MOHAMED
The Chemical reaction that occur in a lead-acid battery are represented

by the following equation :
1/1/2014

9-3
58
PbSO + 2HO
The total reaction can be written as

Pb + PbO+ 2HSO
Discharge
2PbSO + 2HO
Charge

MOHAMED
The Chemical reaction that occur in a lead-acid battery are represented

by the following equation :
1/1/2014

9-3
59

Routine maintenance of lead-acid aircraft batteries is required to assure

airworthiness and to maximize service life.
For vented-cell batteries, electrolyte topping must be performed on a
regular basis to replenish the water loss that occurs during charging.
Maintenance intervals are typically 2 to 4 months.
A capacity test or load test usually is included as part of the servicing
procedure.
For sealed-cell batteries, water replenishment obviously is unnecessary, but
periodic capacity measurements generally are recommended.
1/1/2014
Maintenance Requirements

MOHAMED
9-4
60

Capacity check intervals can be based either on calendar time (e.g.,

every 3 to 6 months after the first year) or operating hours (e.g., every
100 hours after the first 600 hours).
Refer to the manufacturers maintenance instructions for specific
batteries of interest.
1/1/2014
Maintenance Requirements

MOHAMED
9-4
61
i.
Shorts caused by growth on the positive grid, shedding or mossing of

active material, or mechanical defects protruding from the grid,
manifested by inability of the battery to hold a charge (rapid decline in
open circuit voltage).
ii.
Loss of electrode capacity due to active material shedding, excessive grid

corrosion, sulfation, or passivation, manifested by low capacity and/or
inability to hold voltage under load.
iii.
Water loss and resulting cell dry-out due to leaking seal, repeated cell
reversals, or excessive overcharge (this mode applies to sealed cells or to
vented cells that are improperly maintained), manifested by low capacity
and/or inability to hold voltage under load.

MOHAMED
The predominant failure modes of lead-acid cells are summarized as

follows:
1/1/2014

9-5
Failure Modes and Fault Detection
62

10- Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)Batteries
The nickelcadmium battery (NiCd battery or NiCad battery) is a type

of rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and
metallic cadmium as electrodes.
The abbreviation Ni-Cd is derived from the chemical symbols of nickel (Ni) and
cadmium (Cd): the abbreviation NiCad is a registered trademark of SAFT Corporation,
although this brand name is commonly used to describe all NiCd batteries.
Wet-cell nickel-cadmium batteries were invented in 1898. Among rechargeable
battery technologies, NiCd rapidly lost market share in the 1990s, to NiMH and Li-ion
batteries; market share dropped by 80%.
A Ni-Cd battery has a terminal voltage during discharge of around 1.2 volts which
decreases little until nearly the end of discharge.
1/1/2014
Introduction

MOHAMED
10-1
63

Ni-Cd batteries are made in a wide range of sizes and capacities, from portable
sealed types interchangeable with carbon-zinc dry cells, to large ventilated cells
used for standby power and motive power.
Compared with other types of rechargeable cells they offer good cycle life and
performance at low temperatures with a fair capacity but its significant
advantage is the ability to deliver practically its full rated capacity at high
discharge rates (discharging in one hour or less).
However, the materials are more costly than that of the lead acid battery, and
the cells have high self-discharge rates.
1/1/2014
Introduction. Cont.

MOHAMED
10-1
64

MOHAMED
10-1
Introduction. Cont.
Advantages:
Low internal resistance (less than half the equivalent NiMH cells)
High rate charge and discharge rates possible
Up to 10C discharge rates for short periods typical
Flat discharge characteristic (but falls off rapidly at the end of the cycle)
Tolerates deep discharges - can be deep cycled.
Wide temperature range (Up to 70C)
Typical cycle life is over 500 cycles.
Charging process is strongly endothermic-the battery cools during charging. This
makes it possible to charge very quickly, as the I2R heating and endothermic chemical
reaction counteract each other.
Rapid charge typically 2 hours, but can be as low as 10 to 15 minutes.
The coulombic efficiency of nickel cadmium is over 80% for a fast charge but can
drop to below 50% for slow charging.
The sealed nickel-cadmium cell can be stored in the charged or discharged state
without damage. It can be restored for service by recharging several
charge/discharge cycles.
Available in a large variety of sizes and capacities.
1/1/2014
65

10-1
Introduction. Cont.
Disadvantages:
NiCd batteries are also more costly than lead-acid batteries because nickel and cadmium are
more costly materials.
One of the NiCd's biggest disadvantages is that the battery exhibits a very marked negative
temperature coefficient. This means that as the cell temperature rises, the internal resistance
falls. This can pose considerable charging problems, particularly with the relatively simple
charging systems employed for lead-acid type batteries.
Whilst lead-acid batteries can be charged by simply connecting a dynamo to them, with a simple
electromagnetic cut-out system for when the dynamo is stationary or an over-current occurs,
the NiCd under a similar charging scheme would exhibit thermal runaway, where the charging
current would continue to rise until the over-current cut-out operated or the battery destroyed
itself.
This is the principal factor that prevents its use as engine-starting batteries. Today with
alternator-based charging systems with solid-state regulators, the construction of a suitable
charging system would be relatively simple, but the car manufacturers are reluctant to abandon
tried-and-tested technology

MOHAMED
This heavy metal is an environmental hazard, and is highly toxic to all higher forms of life.
1/1/2014
The primary trade-off with NiCd batteries is their higher cost and the use of cadmium.
66

MOHAMED
10-1 Introduction. Cont.

Applications
Motorised equipment
Power tools
Two way radios
Electric razors
Commercial and industrial portable products
Medical instrumentation
Emergency lighting
Toys
1/1/2014
67

10-2
Basic Construction .
The nickel-cadmium battery is similar in construction to the lead-acid battery with the exception
that it has individual cells which can be replaced
positive Plates
negative plates
Separators
Electrolyte
cell vent
cell container
The positive plates are made from a porous plaque on which nickel-hydroxide has been deposited.
The negative plates are made from similar plaques on which cadmium-hydroxide is deposited.
In both cases the porous plaque is obtained by sintering nickel powder to a fine mesh wire screen.
Sintering is a process which fuses together extremely small granules of powder at a high temperature.
After the active positive and negative materials are deposited on the plaque, it is formed and cut into
the proper plate size. A nickel tab is then welded to a corner of each plate and the plates are
assembled with the tabs welded to the proper terminals. The plates are separated from each other by
a continuous strip of porous plastic.
The electrolyte used in the nickel-cadmium battery is a 30 percent solution (by weight) of potassium
hydroxide (KOH) in distilled water. The specific gravity of the electrolyte remains between 1.240 and
1.300 at room temperature.
No appreciable changes occur in the electrolyte during charge or discharge. As a result, the battery
charge cannot be determined by a specific gravity check of the electrolyte. The electrolyte level should
be maintained just above the tops of the plates

MOHAMED
1/1/2014
As in the lead-acid type, the cell is the basic unit of the nickel-cadmium battery, It consists of
68

Uninterruptible Power Supply - UPS

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Uninterruptible Power Supply - UPS

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Prepared By :

Tarek Hussien Mohamed

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

This course is designed to give awareness knowledge and

Welcome to the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

The basic operation of cells and batteries

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

After finish this course the trainees will be able to understand

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

What is a UPS System?

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that has an

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems are a critical device in our

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

When selecting a UPS System , youll have to choose among a

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

In addition to acting as a backup when the power goes out,

1- What is a UPS? Cont.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

Imagine if your heart decided to quit beating for a while, of if it all of

2-Why UPS system is critical components?

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

Unfortunately, the power delivered from your utility isnt as

2-Why UPS system is critical components? cont.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

To deal with these short-lived power events, a UPS is critical.

2- Why UPS system is critical components? Cont.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Only device that protects against an outage (Power Goes out)

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

Protects against multiple types of power disturbances

3- What the aims of using UPS ?

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Data Loss: when power problems shut down equipment, valuable

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

Downtime: blackouts and brownouts (low voltage) shut down

Damage: surges and line noise can damage internal components in a

3- What the aims of using UPS ? Cont.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

4- What the alternate names of UPS ?

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

There many application of usage of

5- Application of UPS System

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

For Electrical protection system,

Operation of electrical switchgear

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN

Let us imagine we need to keep some of liquid like water, juice or

6- Whats the Major Components of UPS system?

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems

Prepared By : TAREK HUSSEIN