Akira Zeta Reg Infinite Dims

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043
00007
International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics

Vol. 1, Nos. 1 & 2 (2004) 107157
c World Scientific Publishing Company

REGULARIZED CALCULUS: AN APPLICATION

OF ZETA REGULARIZATION TO INFINITE DIMENSIONAL
GEOMETRY AND ANALYSIS
ASADA AKIRA
Faculty of Science, Sinsyu University,
3-6-21 Nogami Takarazuka, 665-0022 Japan
asada-a@poporo.ne.jp
Received 21 October 2003
Accepted 24 December 2003
A method of regularization in infinite dimensional calculus, based on spectral zeta function and zeta regularization is proposed. As applications, a mathematical justification
of appearance of RaySinger determinant in Gaussian Path integral, regularized volume
form of the sphere of a Hilbert space with the determinant bundle, eigenvalue problems
of regularized Laplacian, are investigated. Geometric counterparts of regularization procedure are also discussed applying arguments from noncommutative geometry.
Keywords: -regularization; spectral function; fractional calculus; ( p)-forms; regularized volume form.
Contents
0. Introduction
108
1. Elliptic Operators and their Zeta Functions
112
2. Eta Function of an Elliptic Operator
113
3. The RaySinger Determinant
116
4. Variation of Special Values of (P, s) with respect

to the Mass Term
118
5. Variation of det (P + m) with respect to m
119
6. Spectral Invariants and Loop Group Bundles
121
7. Hilbert space equipped with a Schatten Class Operator
125
8. Regularized Calculus via Fractional Calculus
127
9. Polar Coordinate of Hilbert Space and Regularized Volume Form

of Infinite Dimensional Sphere
130
10. Regularization of the Laplacian on H
132
11. Regularization of the Dirac Operator on H
134
107
108
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A. Asada
12. Logarithm of Derivation I. One-Variable Functions
137
13. Logarithm of Derivation II. Several-Variable Functions
139
14. Regularized Volume Form
140
15. Grassmann Algebra with an -degree Element and -forms
142
16. Exterior Differential of ( p)-forms
144
17. Regularized Exterior Differential
147
18. Regularized Volume Form on a Mapping Space
148
19. Regularized Volume Form and the Determinant Bundle
151
20. Half Infinite Forms
153
Acknowledgment
155
References
155
0. Introduction
This is a survey paper of spectral -function and its applications to infinite
dimensional geometry and analysis. Expositions are mainly focused on regularized
calculus, a systematic way of such application.
In the study of infinite dimensional analysis and geometry, we often meet the
problem of divergence. For example, if ~v (t) = (f1 (t), f2 (t), . . .) is an infinite dimenP
sional vector, then div (~v ) is
n=1 dfn (t)/dt which might be divergent. Another
example is the Laplacian
4=
X
2
,
x2n
n=1
of a Hilbert space H. 4r, r(x) = kxk, diverges and we cannot give the polar
coordinate expression of 4. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a systematic
use of -regularization [5, 7, 913].
P s
The spectral -function (P, s) of an elliptic operator P is trP s =
n .
It is known that (P, s) allows analytic continuation and holomorphic at s = 0,
if it is defined on a compact manifold M ([14, 29, 30, 51], for the non-compact
case, cf. [54]). We may consider = (P, 0) to be the regularized dimension of
H = L2 (M ), because the eigenfunctions of P spans H and formally, (P, 0) counts
P
0
the number of eigenvalues. Since 0 (P, s) = log n s
n , (P, 0) can be regarded
as the regularized value of log det P [49].
To apply these regularizations, we consider a pair {H, G}, H a Hilbert space and
G a Schatten class operator on H, whose -function (G, s) = tr Gs is holomorphic
at s = 0. A typical example of such a pair is H = L2 (M ) and G is the Green
operator of P . Such a pairing is closely related to Connes spectral triple [23], and
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Regularized Calculus
109
more concrete but narrow. G induces Sobolev norm in H by kxkk = kGk xk. The
complete orthonormal basis {en,k } of W k is fixed to be the eigenvectors of G:
en,k = kn en ;
Gen = n en .
By this norm and H, we construct the Sobolev space W k . Since a p-form on W k

is a smooth p W k -valued function, we may define a smooth map to p W k to be
an ( p)-form, with the commutation relation
p q = ep(p)i q p ,
q p = ep(p)i p q .
If we consider only real forms, we cannot apply this rule unless is an integer.
There is no reason to expect that is an integer, which limits the application of
the method to the real valued forms. But if G is the Green operator of an elliptic
operator P , we can select a mass term m so that (G0 , 0) is an integer, where G0
is the Green operator of P + mI [6]. Hence we can assume is an integer, in this
case.
We note that this commutation relation is similar to the commutation relation
of noncomutative torus when
/ Q.
But this construction lacks information on volume form or its regularization.
To treat regularization of volume form, we use logarithm of differential forms [10].
Since dxn is the dual of /xn , wn = log(dxn ) must be the dual of log(/xn ),
which can be defined by using Laplace or Borel transformation. Regularized volume
P s
form is defined by using (s) =
n wn . Geometrically, regularized volume form
is a cross-section of the determinant bundle which is defined by using the Ray
Singer determinant of G. Analytically, the integral of the regularized volume form
is interpreted via fractional calculus. Intuitively, this calculation performs infinite
dimensional integral by counting contributions from all dimensions, but weighted by
sn . The answer is an analytic function of s. Then consider its analytic continuation
to s = 0, which is considered to be the (regularized) value of the integral.
This regularization procedure justifies the appearance of the RaySinger determinant in the Gaussian path integral:
Z
1
,
e(x,P x) Dx =
det P
H0
where P is positive non-degenerate and H 0 is some extension of H. It is also shown
that the polar coordinate expression of the regularized volume form (volume element) : d x : on H 0 takes the form
Y
: d x := r1 dr
(sin n )n1 dn d.
n=1
Note that the polar coordinate of H lacks the longitude (), and latitudes
(1 , 2 , . . .) needed to satisfy the constraints
lim sin 1 sin n = 0.
110
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A. Asada
The above volume form is defined on the space on which latitudes are independent
and longitude is added. It is also suggested that the regularized volume of the sphere
2 /2
.
of this extended space is (/2)
Owing to the constraint of latitudes, regularized volume form diverges on the
sphere of H. But to define regularized Laplacian : 4 : by
: 4 : f = 4(s)f |s=0 ,
4(s) =
2s
n
n=1
2
,
x2n
: 4 : allows polar coordinate expression [13], and its spherical part, considered on
Q
an extended space of H, has sinn+1 n as an eigenfunction.
This paper aims to review these results as applications of spectral -functions.

To be self-contained, definitions and elementary properties of spectral - and
-functions and the RaySinger determinant are reviewed in Secs. 13. Sections 4
and 5 deal with the variation of special values of -function and the RaySinger
determinant with respect to mass-term [6]. Section 6 deals with applications of
-function to the geometry of loop group bundles and related bundles [24]. This
section is also a preparation to the study of the geometric counterpart of regularized
calculus. Readers may skip Sec. 6, till they have read Sec. 18.
The pair {H, G} is introduced in Sec. 7. Useful spaces such as

(
)

X
\

xn en,k
W k0 (finite) =
W l lim nd/2 xn exists ,
n
l<k
where d is the location of the first pole of (G, s), are also defined in this section.
P
If x = xn en,k W k0 (finite) and G is positive, the regularized infinite product
:
n=1
d/2
limn n
xn := t (det G)d/2

Y
n=1
1 + nd/2
yn
,
t
d/2
where
= t, xn = yn + n t, is defined [9]. Corresponding to
this regularized product, the regularized infinite order derivation Qxn such that
Q
Q
xn := 1 is defined by
Xn :

s
Y
1
n
Q
.
f=
s f
(1 + sn ) xnn s=0
n=1 xn
n=1
Here a /xa means the fractional derivation of order a (cf. [24, 25, 45]). Regularized
infinite dimensional integral is the inverse of this operation, and we can derive (the
inverse of the square root of) the RaySinger determinant as the answer of Gaussian
path integral (Sec. 8, [11]). After explaining the polar coordinate of a Hilbert space,
the regularized volume form of the sphere in (an extended) Hilbert space is derived
in Sec. 9 [12]. These calculuses are named the regularized calculus. To show this
regularized volume form is meaningful, we review eigenvalue problems of regularized
(spherical) Laplacian and the Dirac operator in Secs. 10 and 11 [7, 13].
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111
The rest of the paper is devoted to explaining the geometric counterpart of

the regularized calculus. For this purpose, the logarithm of derivation is exposed in
Secs. 12 and 13. Our definition of logarithm of derivation uses Borel transformation:
I

Xc
X
f () z
1
n n
e d =
z ,f =
cn z n .
B[f ](z) =
2i
n!
To define Borel transformation of log z, we use the formula
n
}|
{
X tn z
et t
e]t log z =
z,
(log z)] ](log z) =
n!
(1 + t)
Rz
d
where f ]g = dz
0 f (z )g() d, and is the Euler constant [1]. This is proved
in Sec. 12. By this equality, Borel transformation of log z should be log z + , and
the following definitions are justified.

da f
d
f = (w + )]f,
= e]a(w+) ]f,
log
dx
dxa
where w = log x. To define ordinary differential form from logarithm of derivation,

we use noncommutative underlying algebra of noncommutative Hilbert space in
P s
Sec. 13. Then by using (s) =
n (wn + ), we define regularized volume form on
a flat space in Sec. 14. Before we define regularized volume form on curved space,
we review the elementary properties of ( p)-forms on a flat space in Sec. 15.
Roughly speaking, the exterior differential of an ( 1)-form is given by
d =
n=1
(1)
n1 fn
xn
d x,
fn d{n} x.
n=1
Hence a ( p)-form may not be exterior differentiable. In Sec. 16, we prove global
exactness of exterior differentiable ( p)-forms [5]. This result shows the exterior
differential operator on the space of ( p)-forms, is not nilpotent. So it gives a
geometric example of Kerners higher-order gauge theory [15, 27, 34].
For ( p)-forms, exterior differentiability is a strong constraint. For example,
P
(x) = (1)n1 xn d{n} x is not exterior differentiable. So we introduce the
regularized exterior differential : d : by
X
X
fI dI x.
sI (det G)s fI dI x, =
: d : = d(s)|s=0 , (s) =
I
For example, we have
: d : (ra ) = ( + a)r a ,
r(x) = kxk.
Regularized exterior differential is a kind of Paychas -regularized trace [19, 43, 44]
and regularized Laplacian and Dirac operator are written by using regularized exterior differential. But the underlying concepts of regularized exterior differential and
regularized calculus seems to be different. It shall be a future problem how to
relate them.
112
00007
A. Asada
In Sec. 18, we construct regularized volume form on a mapping space. Then it

is expressed as a cross-section of the determinant bundle in Sec. 19. Our definition
of the determinant bundle is not yet related to the central or abelian extension of
the structure group of the tangent bundle of Map(X, M ) (Map(X, G) or GLp , cf.
[28, 38, 40]). This will be a future problem. ( p)-forms on Map(X, M ) are also
defined. If X is a compact spin manifold, we can define half -forms on Map(X, M )
under suitable assumptions. This is discussed in Sec. 20. Calculus of half -forms
are not developed. It will be the next problem.
1. Elliptic Operators and their Zeta Functions
Let M be a d-dimensional (compact) Riemannian manifold, E a (Hermitian) vector
bundle over M , P : C (M ; E) C (M ; E), a differential operator acting on the
sections of E. The symbol (P ) : (E) (E) is defined by
X
X
P (x) .
P (x) , P =
(P ) =
x
||m
||=m
P is said to be elliptic if and only if (P ) is an isomorphism (except on 0-section).

In the rest, we assume P has no 0-mode, for simplicity.
If a (pseudo) differential operator P allows spectral decomposition, then an angle
is said to be the Agmon angle of P , if aug does not belong to {z| < aug z <
+ }, for some , where s are the eigenvalues of P . If P is non-degenerate and
has an Agmon angle, then taking to be a path in C \ {z|aug z = } surrounding
the eigenvalues of P , the -function (P, s) = (P, s) of P is defined by [42]

Z
1
s
1
(I P ) d .
(P, s) = tr
2i
If P is self-adjoint, then eigenvalues of P are real, so P has Agmon angles. If P
P s
is positive, then we can take 0 < < 2, and (P, s) =
n . While if P has
infinitely many positive and negative eigenvalues, then
X
X
is
(P, s) = + (P, s) =
s
|n |s , < < 2,
(1)
n +e
n >0
(P, s) = (P, s) =
n <0
s
n
+e
n >0
is
n <0
|n |s ,
0 < < .
If P is positive, we define etP by

Z
X
etP f =
K(t, x, )f () d =
etn n (x)(f, n ),
(2)
where n is the eigenfunction of P ; P n = n n . It is known that the heat kernel

K(t, x, ) has the following asymptotic expansion [26, 51]
X
X
an (P )t(nd)/m , t +0,
etn
tr etP
n0
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113
for the correction of residue formula in [51], cf. [53]. For further results,
cf. [17, 31, 39]. Since
Z
Z
ts1 et dt = s
(t)s1 et d(t) = (s)s ,
0
we get
tr etP ts1 dt = (s)(P, s).
Hence by the above asymptotic expansion, we have

Z
Z
X
s1
tP
(s)(P, s) =
t tr(e
) dt +
an (P )
1
(3)
1
0
0nN
tr(etP )
0nN
t(nd)/m+s1 dt
an (P )t(nd)/m ts1 dt.
The first term of the right-hand side exists for all s, the third term exists if
<((N d)/(m + s)) > 0, the second term is continued meromorphically on the
whole complex plane with possible poles at s = (d n)/m, n 0, of order 1.
Hence (P, s) is meromorphic on the whole complex plane with possible poles at
(d n)/m, n 0, with the order 1.
Note. Although P is not elliptic, if its heat kernel allows asymptotic expansion
involving fractional powers of log t (and t), then its -function is meromorophic on
the complex plane, but may have higher-order poles.
2. Eta Function of an Elliptic Operator
If P is self-adjoint with infinitely many positive and negative eigenvalues, then its
-function (P, s) is defined by
X

X
X
s
s
(P, s) =
s
|
|
=
sgn(
)|
|
.
n
n
n
n
n >0
n <0
d
+ a, 0 a < 2. Then the spectra of P
Example. Let M be S 1 = R/Z, P = 1i dt
are {2n + a; n Z}. Hence
X
X
1
1
.
(P, s) =
s
(2n + a)
(2n a)s
n1
n0
If |s| is small and a 6= 0, we have

s
1
(2n)s
s
a
1 2n

X
as
1
as
= as +
1
1
+
+
(2n)s
2n
2n
(P, s) = a
n1
1+

a s
2n
n1
= as + sa
2
(s + 1) + ,
(2)s+1
114
00007
A. Asada
where (s) is the Riemann zeta function. Since lims0 s(s + 1) = 1, we get
a
lim (P, s)(= (P, 0)) = 1 .
s0
(4)
Since we have
2
tr (P etP ) =
sgn ||
we obtain
n etn ,
2 (s+1)/2
= ( )

s+1
2
(P, s) =
s+1
2
1 Z
t(s+1)/21 et dt,
t(s+1)/2 tr(P etP ) dt.
(5)
We know the following estimate and asymptotic expansion

2
|tr (P etP )| Ctj et ,

X
2
cn (P )t(n3m)/d .
tr (P etP )
n0
Hence (P, s) is meromorphic on the whole complex plane.

If m = 1, we define an operator D on M R+ by

+ P,
D =
+P .
D=
s
s
We impose the boundary condition (A.P.S. condition)
Z
f (x, 0) (x) dx = 0, 0, i.e. + f (, 0) = 0,
(6)
where + is the projection to the positive eigenspace of P . The adjoint condition

of this condition is
(I + )f (, 0) = 0.
2
2
Let 41 = D D, 42 = DD . Then 41 is the operator s
2 +P , with the boundary
condition (A.P.S. condition [14], cf. [41])

f
= 0.
(7)
+ f (, 0) = 0, (I + )
+ P f
s
s=0
P
Setting f (x, s) = f (s) (x), this condition becomes

df
= 0, < 0.
(8)
+ f
f (x) = 0, 0,
ds
s=0
2
2
Under these conditions, the fundamental solutions of t
s
are
2 +

2
e t
(s )2
(s + )2
exp
exp
,
4t
4t
4t
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115
for 0, and

(s )2
(s + )2
+ exp
exp
4t
4t

Z
2
(s + )
2
(s+)
+e
erfc
t , erfc(x) =
e d
2 t
x
2
e t
4t
for < 0.
As for 42 , we impose the boundary condition

df
+ f
= 0, 0.
f (0) = 0, < 0,
ds
s=0
(9)
Then we have
K(t, x, s) = (et41 et42 )|(x,s;x,s)

!
2
e t s2
s
=
sgn e t + ||e2||s erfc + || t
| (x)|2
t
t

X
1 2||s
s
sgn
| (x)|2 ,
e
erfc
=
+ || t
s 2
t
Z Z
X sgn
K(t) =
K(t, x, s) dx ds =
erfc(|| t).
2
0
M
X
Hence we get
dK(t)
1 X
n en t .
=
dt
4t n
We also have
1
lim K(t) = h, h = dim KerP,
2

Z
(s + 12 ) X
1
sgn n |n |2s
K(t) + h ts1 dt =
2
2s
0
t
n 6=0
1
2)
(s +
(2s).
2s
P
Hence if K(t) has the asymptotic expansion of the form kn ak tk/2 , t +0, we
obtain
!
N
X
ak
h
2s
(P, 2s) =
+ N (s) ,
(10)
+
(s + 12 ) 2s k=n ( k2 + s)
=
(P, 0) = (2a0 + h).
(11)
Hence (P, s) is holomorphic at s = 0 in this case.

In general, it is known that (P, s) is holomorphic at s = 0, if P is an elliptic
(pseudo) differential operator on a compact manifold [14, 29, 30]. For the operators
on a manifold with boundary, we refer to [16] and [54].
116
00007
A. Asada
3. The RaySinger Determinant

If (P, s) is holomorphic at s = 0, we define the RaySinger (-regularized) determinant det P = det P by [42, 49]
0
det P = e (P,0) ,
Since 0 (P, s) =
(12)
log n s
n , we may write
Y s
det P =
nn |s=0 ,
n
where the arguments of the powers of n s are determined by the Agmon angle.
If P and P n have a common Agmon angle , then (P n , s) = (P, ns). Hence
we get
det P n = (det P )n .
(13)
But in general, det (P Q) is different from det P det Q, although P , Q and P Q have
a common Agmon angle.
If P is positive, det P is unique. In this case, (P, s) takes a real value on the
real axis, because (P, s) takes a real value if s > d/m. Since the residue at s = d/n
is given by

d
(P, s),
Ress=d/m (P, s) = lim
s
m
sd/m+0
it is a real number. Hence the coefficients of the Laurent expansion of (P, s) at
s = d/m are real numbers. Therefore (P, s) takes a real value if s > (d 1)/m.
Repeating this discussion, (P, s) takes a real value if s is a real number provided
(P, s) is finite. So det P is positive. We note that the residues of (P, s) are also
real numbers [6].
Since (tP, s) = ts (P, s), we get
0 (tP, s) = log t ts (P, s) + ts 0 (P, s).
Hence if P is positive and t > 0, denoting = (P, 0), we have
det (tP ) = t det P.
(14)
Note. Formally, this formula holds for arbitrary t. But if is not an integer, t
depends on the selected Agmon angle.
For the rest, we assume P is self-adjoint, and set
P + |P |
,
2
P |P |
,
(15)
2
P
P
where |P | is || (, ). Note that (|P |, s) = ||s is written as (P 2 , s/2).
We also set
P+ =
(P , s) =
P =
(P, s) (P, s)
,
2
(16)
00007
= (P , 0) =
(P, 0) (P, 0)
.
2
117
(17)
By definition, we have
(P, s) = (P+ , s) + eis (P , s).
Since we have
0
(P, s) = 0 (P+ ) + ieis (P , s) + eis 0 (P , s),
we obtain
det P = ei det P+ det P = ei det |P |.
(18)
By this formula, det+ P and det P are conjugate to each other. Hence | det P | is
unique. We also obtain [6]:
Theorem 1. Let P be a self-adjoint elliptic (pseudo) differential operator. Then
the following are equivalent:
(1) det P is unique.
(2) det P is a real number.
(3) is an integer.
Note 1. If P is the Dirac operator D
/ with the proper values {n }, then to define
2
/+ +m
sym det (D
/ + im) = (1)(D
,0)
det (D
/2+ + m2 ),
sym det (iD

/ + m) = det (D
/+ + m2 ),
we have
sym det (iD
/ + m) =
det (D
/ + m2 ),
2
det (D
/ + m2 ), (D
/ + m2 , 0) 0 mod 4,
q
2
2
/ + m2 ), (D
/ + m2 , 0) 2 mod 4.
sym det (D
/ + im) = det (D
sym det (D
/ + im) =
Hence sym det (D

/ + im) 6=
q
2
2
det (D
/ + m2 ) unless (D
/ + m2 , 0) 0mod 4 [6].
Note 2. There is another definition of the determinant of differential operator due

to Quillen [46]. But it gives essentially the same value [50]. RaySinger determinant
is used to the calculus of path-integral [21, 22, 32], central (or abelian) extension
of the algebra of pseudo-differential operators [35, 47] and representation of the
fundamental group [18, 20, 49].
118
00007
A. Asada
4. Variation of Special Values of (P, s) with respect

to the Mass Term
First we assume P is positive. Denoting P + m instead of P + mI, we get
X
(P + m, s) =
(n + m)s
!
k
X
sm
m
k s(s 1) (s k + 1)
s
+ (1)
=
n 1
+
n
k!
n
= (P, s) s m(P, s + 1) +
s(s 1) (s k + 1) k
m (P, s + k) + .
+(1)k
k!
Hence denoting (P, 0) = , we have
mk
.
(19)
k
Note. Originally, this formula was proved under the assumption |m| < 1 . But
P
denoting N (P, s) = n>N ns , we have
(P + m, 0) = Ress=1 (P, s)m Ress=k (P, s)
N (P, 0) = N,
N (P + m, 0) = (P + m, 0) N,
Ress=k N (P + m, s) = Ress=k (P, s),
and (19) holds for arbitrary m.

Next we assume P is self-adjoint. Since P + m = (P+ + m) (P m), we have
(P + m, s) = (P+ + m, s) + (1)s (P m, s).
As for (P + m, s), we get (P + m, s) = (P+ + m, s) (P m, s). By (18),

we have
X
mk
(P+ + m, 0) = +
Ress=k (P+ , s)
,
k
k1
(P m, 0) =
(1)k Ress=k (P , s)
k1
mk
.
k
Since (P + m, 0) = (P+ + m, 0) + (P m, 0) and

Ress=k (P + m, s) = Ress=k (P+ + m, s) + (1)k Ress=k (P m, s),
we obtain [6]
(P + m, 0) =
1k[d/m]
Ress=k (P, s)
mk
.
k
(20)
Similarly, we can compute (P + m, c) in terms of special values (and residues)

of (P, s). For example, if m = 1, c < 0 is not an integer, then
(P + m, c) = (P, c) +
X
k=1
(1)k
c(c + 1) (c + k 1)
(P, c + k)mk .
k!
00007
119
If c is a negative integer and (P + m, s) is finite at s = c, then

(P + m, c) = (P, c) +
c
X
(1)k
k=1
c+d
X
(1)
j=c+1
c(c + 1) (c + k 1)
k!
jk
1 X c (c + k 1) 1
+
j
k!
j k
k=1
Ress=j+c (P, s)mj .
Note. As stated in the Introduction, sometimes, we need integrity of (P, 0), which
cannot be expected in general. But by (20), (P + m, 0) becomes an integer, by
selecting a mass term.
5. Variation of det (P + m) with respect to m
We arrange eigenvalues of a self-adjoint P as 0 < |1 | < |2 | < . The multiplicity
of i is denoted by i,+ if it is positive and i, if it is negative. We also use the
notations
(P, +, s) = (|P |, s),
(P, , s) = (P, s).
Their Laurent expansions at s = k are denoted by

(P, , s + k) = ak,,1 s1 + ak,,0 + ak,,1 s + ,
where ak,,1 = 0 if k > d/m. Since
k1
X
d
((s + 1) (s + k 1))|s=0 =
(k 1)!
ds
i=1

1
,
i
we get

1
s (s + k 1)
1
1
d

=
(P, , s + k)
1+
ak,,1 + ak,,0 .
ds
k!
k
k
1
k
s=0
Since |P + m| = (P+ + m) + (P m), we have
(|P + m|, 0) = (|P |, 0) m Ress=1 (P, s) +
m2
Ress=2 (|P |, s) + .
2
Hence we obtain
0
(|P + m|, 0) = (|P |, 0) +

+
X
k=1
d
X
(1)
k1
k=1
1
1+
k1
1
(1)k ak,(1)k ,0 mk ,
k
ak,(1)k ,1 mk
|m| < |1 |.
(21)
Let ak,N,,i be the coefficients of the Laurent expansion of N (|P + m|, , s). Then
we have
ak,N,,1 = ak,,1 ,
ak,N,,0 = ak,,0 +
(i,+ + (1)k i, )|i |k ,
120
00007
A. Asada
0
N
(|P |, 0) = 0 (|P |, 0) +
N
X
i=1
i log |i |,
0
N
(|P + m|, 0) = 0 (|P + m|, 0) +
N
X
i=1
i log |i |.
0
Applying (21) to N
(|P + m|, 0) and using the above formulas, the following expansion holds if |m| < |N +1 |:
0 (|P + m|, 0) = 0 (|P |, 0) +

+
d
X
(1)
N
X
i=1
km
k=1
k=1
i log |i |

mk
(1)k
k
N
X
i=1
i log |i + m|
1
1++
k1
ak,(1)k ,0
N
X
i=1
ak,(1)k ,1
(i,+ + (1)k i, )|i |k
We denote this right-hand side by 0 (|P + m|, 0)N . Then, since

0 (|P + m|, 0)N = 0 (|P + m|, 0)N 1 + N,+ (log |N | log |N + m|)
+ N,(log |N | log |N m|)
X
mk
mk X
N, |N |k
(1)k N,+ |N |k
k
k
k=1
k=1

m
m
= 0 (|P + m|, 0)N 1 N,+ log 1 +
N, log 1
|N |
|N |

m
m
+ N,+ log 1 +
+ N, log 1
,
|N |
|N |
on |m| < |N |, 0 (|P + m|, 0) continued on a whole complex plane.

By 0 (|P + m|, 0)N , on |m| < |N +1 |, we obtain
i,sgn i
N
Y
m
det |P + m| = det |P |
1 + sgn i
|i |
i=1
exp
exp
(1)
k=1
d
X
k=1
(1)
km
ak,(1)k ,0
k
km
N
X
i=1
1
1+ +
k1
(i,+ + (1) i, )|i |
ak,(1)k ,1
!!
(22)
As a consequence, we have
Lemma 2 ([5]). Det|P + m| vanishes at m = i with the order i,sgn i .

This lemma will be used in the construction of the determinant bundle and the
regularized volume form on a mapping space in Sec. 19.
00007
121
Note 1. For |m| is large, this analytic continuation of det |P +m| gives det(P +m),
rather than | det(P + m)|.
Note 2. If k > d/m, we get
lim
N
X
i=1
(i,+ + (1)k i, )|i |k = ak,(1)k ,0 .
We set |P + m| = |P ||I + mG|. On |m| < |N +1 |, we may regard

det |I + mG|
sgn i
N
Y
m
=
1 + sgn i
|i |
i=1
exp
X
k=1
mk
(1)k
k
ak,(1)k ,0
N
X
i=1
(i,+ + (1)k i, )|i |k
!!
Hence we may interpret the term

exp
d
X
k=1
(1)
km
1
1+ +
k1
ak,(1)k ,1
as the multiplicative anomaly of det |P + m| = det (|P ||I + mG|).
Note 3. If P is self-adjoint but not positive, we use e (P +mI) det (|P | + mI) as
the analytic continuation of det(P + mI).
6. Spectral Invariants and Loop Group Bundles
This section deals with results on loop group bundles obtained by using spectral
invariants [3, 4]. They are used in Sec. 18.
Let X be a compact d-dimensional spin manifold, D
/ the Dirac operator acting
on the spinor fields on X. For simplicity, we assume D
/ has no 0-modes. Let G be
U (n) or SO(n), V a representation space of G, and let H the Hilbert space of
V -valued spinor fields on X. J = D
/|D
/|1 defines an involution on H. Let A(H) and
G(H) be the algebra and group of bounded and invertible operators on H, and set
glp = {T A(H)|[T, J] Ip },
GLp = {T G(H)|[T, J] Ip },
(23)
where Ip is the pth Schatten ideal [52]. Then it is known [40] that
Map(X, G) GLp ,
p > d/2.
(24)
Let = {gU V } be a Map(X, G)-bundle over a Hilbert manifold M . Then,

besides the usual connection taking the values in Map(X, g)-valued 1-forms, g
is the Lie algebra of G, has two different connections; noncommutative connection and connection with respect to the Dirac operator ([3, 4], cf. [48]).
122
00007
A. Asada
They are defined as follows:

Definition 3. A collection of smooth (continuous) maps U : U Ip , p > d/2, is
said to be a noncommutative connection of , if it satisfies
(J + U )gU V = gU V (J + V ).
(25)
Definition 4. A collection of smooth (continuous) functions AU on U taking values

in V -valued spinor fields on X is said to be a connection of with respect to the
Dirac operator D
/, if it satisfies
(D
/ + AU )gU V = gU V (D
/ + AV ).
(26)
It is shown that is recovered by its noncommutative connection (connection

with respect to the Dirac operator respectively [4]). So these connections contain
all topological informations of as a GLp -bundle.
Note 1. We can define a connection with respect to P . P is a differential operator,
similar to a connection with respect to the Dirac operator. But in a connection with
respect to P , P is not the Dirac operator, and does not contain as much information
as a connection with respect to the Dirac operator does (cf. [5]).
Note 2. f : U Map(X, G) induces the map f [ : U X G;
f [ (p, x) = (f (p))(x),
p U, x X.
[
Let = {gU V } be a Map(X, G)-bundle over M , then [ = {gU
V } is a G-bundle
over M X. A connection {U } of induces a collection of (g-valued) 1-forms
{A[U } on M X. But this collection is not a connection of [ , because the exterior
differential d on M X divides dM + dX and we only have
[
1 M [
[
1 [ [
(gU
d gU V = A[V (gU
AU gU V .
V)
V)
Hence to get a connection of [ , we need to supply additional terms {BU } such that
[
1 X [
[
1
[
(gU
d gU V = BV (gU
BU gU
V)
V)
V.
Connection with respect to the Dirac operator supplies {BU } on M .

On a based mapping space, this supplied term contains more information than
an ordinary connection. For example, let G be the based loop group and LG the
free loop group, then associated to the exact sequence
e G LG G e,
(f ) = f (),
we obtain the exact sequence of cohomology sets
H 1 (M, Gd ) H 1 (M, LGd ) H 1 (M, Gd ),
00007
123
where Gd , etc. mean the sheaves of germs of smooth map to G, etc. Hence the
-image of a G-bundle is trivial. Let be a LG-bundle, then its pth Chern class
cp ( [ ) is written
1
cp ( [ ) = cp,M + cp,S ,
cp,M H 2p (M, Z) e0 ,
cp,S H 2p1 (M, Z) e1 ,

1
where ei is the generator of H i (S 1 , Z), i = 0, 1. To describe cp,S , we need {BU }.

1
Since () is trivial, if is an G-bundle, only cp,S is meaningful. So connection
with respect to the Dirac operator (and noncommutative connection, the quantum
version of connection with respect to the Dirac operator) is more useful than an
ordinary connection for G-bundles (cf. [2, 44]).
The curvature of a noncommutative connection {U } is defined by
{RU },
RU = JU + U J + 2U .
Proposition 5 ([3]). The curvature of a noncommutative connection has the following properties:
(1) If a GLp -bundle has a noncommutative connection whose curvature takes the
values in Iq , q > p/2, then the structure group of is reduced to GLq .
(2) A GLp -bundle always has a noncommutative connection whose curvature takes
the values in Ip/2 .
By these facts, we obtain
Theorem 6 ([3, 4]). A GLp -bundle is equivalent to a GL1 -bundle as a smooth
(or topological) bundle.
The proof of this fact suggests the link of this fact and KatoRellichs Theorem
of perturbation theory [33].
By this theorem, we may consider a GLp -bundle as a loop group bundle. But if
we consider extensions of their structure groups, there are big differences between
loop group bundles and GLp -bundles, p 3 [28, 40].
Let {AU } be a connection of with respect to D
/. Then the spectra of D
/+AU (x),
x U does not depend on U . We set
A (x) = (D
/ + AU (x), 0).
A (x) is smooth at x U if D
/ + AU (x) has no zero mode. We set
[
Yk = {y M |dim.ker(D
/ + AU (y)) = k, }, Y =
Yk .
k1
Let : [1, 1] M be a path crossing Yk at s = 0. Then we have

lim A ((t)) = lim A ((t)) 2k.
t0
t+0
124
00007
A. Asada
1 iA
Hence exp(iA ) is smooth on M . Since dA = i
e
d(eiA ), dA is a closed
R
1-form on M . It may not be exact, because as for the current TA [] = M A ,
we get
Z
X Z
dTA [] =
dA .
2k
k1
Yk
If {A0U } is another connection of with respect to D

/, to set A0U = AU + BU ,
AU,t = AU + tBU gives a connection (0 t 1). We set A (t, x) = At (x). Then
on M I, we get

Z 1
A (t, x) dt .
dA0 = dA + d
0 t
Hence the de Rham class of dA does not depend on the choice of AU . If M = S 1
d
+m , we have dA = 2m d . Hence the de Rham
and X = S 1 , take D
/+AU = 1i dt
class of dA is 2me, where e is the generator of H 1 (S 1 , Z). This class is 2m ind ,
where ind : H 1 (S 1 , U ) H 1 (S 1 , Z) is the induced map of ind : U Z. We
can reduce to the case M = S 1 for arbitrary M . So denoting the de Rham class of
dA by hdA i, we obtain
Theorem 7 ([4]). hdA i does not depend on the choice of A, and we have
hdA i = 2ind .
(27)
Example. By Bott periodicity, the characteristic map of a U -bundle over M is

a map g : M U (N ). Canonical transition function gU V is
gU V (t) = ethU ethV ,
g|U = ehU .
For this transition function,

we can take {ihU } as a connection. Since the Green
d
+ hU is
operator GU of 1i dt
GU = iethU
= ie
thU
Z

e hU ( ) d + (I g)1 g
(I g)
e
0
hU
( ) d
e hU ( ) d
0
1
e
t
thU
( ) d
is trivial if and only if 1 is not an eigenvalue of g(x), for all x M . String classes
of are realized by {x| det (g(x) I) = 0} [4, 5].
As an application of this example, we have the following realization of the string
class on S 3 whose characteristic map is the identity map of S 3 .
Let g be the identity map S 3 SU (2). Then det (g(x) I) = 0 at x = I, the
identity matrix. Hence the string class of the bundle with the characteristic map g
is the dual class of a point (the genertor of H 3 (S 3 , Z)).
00007
125
Appendix to Sec. 6: Free loop group bundles and DO-bundles

Let LG be the free loop group over G. Then by the exact sequence
j
0 G LG G 0,
j() = (0),
we have the exact sequence of cohomology sets

j
H 1 (M, Gd ) H 1 (M, LGd ) H 1 (M, Gd ),

where Gd , etc. mean the sheaves of germs of smooth maps from M to G, etc. If
G = U (n) and chp (E) is the pth Chern class of a G-bundle E, then
chp (j ()) = cp0 () e0 + cp1 () e1 ,
where cp0 () H 2p (M, Z), cp1 () H 2p1 (M, Z), and ei are the generators of
H i (S 1 , Z). Since
cp0 () = chp (j ()),
cp0 () is expressed by using (Lg-valued) connection and curvature of . But to
express cp1 (), we need additional data which recover information from {BU }.
If is a G-bundle, then cp0 (j (i ())) = 0, so cp1 s are only characteristic classes.
These are the string classes [2].
If = {gU V } is a DO-bundle over M [44], denoting (g) the principal symbol
m1
of g, {(gU V )} defines a G-bundle over M \ M (or on ,S
M ). Here M is
m1
,S
m1
the cotangent bundle over M and
M is its associated S
-bundle. Since
M is a vector bundle over M , we can divide
H 2p ( M \ M, C) = (H 2p ( M, C) res1 (H 2pm+1 (M, C)).
Since H ( M, C)
= H (M, C), we may set
chp (()) = cp0 () + res1 (cp1 ()),
cp0 H 2p (M, C), cp1 H 2pm+1 (M, C).
The (DO-valued) curvature of only express cp0 ().
Note. Let {U V } be the transition function of a stM , considered acting on the

unit sphere of the fibre. Then by the cocycle rule
(gU V )(x, U V (p))(gV W )(x, V W (p)) = (gU W )(x, V W (p)),
() defines a twisted Map(S m1 , G)-bundle over M . Hence DO-bundles are
closely related to Map(S m1 , G)-bundles.
7. Hilbert space equipped with a Schatten Class Operator
Let H be a Hilbert space, G a Hermitian non-degenerate Schatten class operator
on H (cf. [52]), such that (G, s) = tr(Gs ) allows analytic continuation and holomorphic at s = 0. The typical example of such a pair {H, G} is H = L2 (M, E),
where E is a Hermitian vector bundle over M and G is the Green operator of a
126
00007
A. Asada
non-degenerate self-adjoint elliptic (pseudo) differential operator P acting on the

sections of E. In this case, we have (G, s) = (P, s), and det G = exp( 0 (G, 0)) is
equal to (det P )1 .
In the pair {H, G}, we fix the complete orthonormal basis of H to be the eigenvectors {en } of G: Gen = n en . {H, G} has the following numerical invariants:
(1) The regularized dimension = (G, 0) of H.
(2) The location d of the first pole of (G, s).
(3) The regularized volume det G of the virtual cube of H.
By using the norm k k of H and G, we define the kth Sobolev norm kxkk
of x H by kxkk = kGk xkk if Gk x is defined. We denote the completion of
{x|kxkk < } by this metric by W k . By definition, W 0 is H, and
Glk : W k W l ,
Glk x = Gl (Gk x), x W k ,
is an isometry from W k to W l . W k and W k are dual to each other by the Sobolev

duality
hx, ui = (Gk x, Gk u),
where (, ) is the inner product of H. Complete orthonormal basis of W k are fixed
to be {en,k }, en,k = kn en .
By definition, W k W l , k > l. We also set [7, 9]
[
\
W k+0 =
W l , W k0 =
W l , H = W 0 .
l>k
e,k =
d/2
n en,k
l<k
does not belong to W k but belongs to W k0 .
Definition 8. Let G be positive and {n } be arranged 1 2 > 0. Then

we define the spaces W k0 (0) and W k0 (finite) by

nX
o

W k0 (0) =
xn en,k W k0 lim d/2
x
=
0
(28)
n
n n

o
nX

(29)
W k0 (finite) =
xn en,k W k0 lim d/2
n xn exists .
n
If k = 0, we use the notations H (0), H (finite) and e instead of W 00 ,

W k0 (finite) and e,0 . By definition, we have
W k0 (finite) = W k0 (0) Ke,k ,
K = R or C.
(30)
As a topological space, we consider W k0 (0) to be a subspace of W k0 , but

W k0 (finite) is considered to be the product space of W k0 (0) and K.
P
Let x =
xn en,k , xn > 0, n = 1, 2, . . . , be an element of W k0 (finite).
Then we set
o
nX
yn en,k W k0 (finite)||yn | xn ,
Q(x) =
nX
o
yn en,k W k0 (finite)|0 yn xn .
Q(x, +) =
00007
By definition, if W k0 (finite) is a real vector space, then

[
Q(te,k ) = W k0 (finite).
[
127
(31)
t>0
Q(te,k , +) = W k0 (finite)+ .
(32)
t>0
P
Here W k0 (finite) means { xn en,k W k0 (finite)|xn 0}.
By (30), x W k0 (finite) is written uniquely as x = y + te,k . Let x =
P
P
xn en,k , y = yn en,k , assuming t 6= 0, we have
!sn
Y
d/2
P
Y
Y
Y
s
s
s
s
y
n
n
n
n
xnn =
(yn + d/2
= t n=1 n
(d/2
.
1+
n t)
n )
t
n=1
n=1
n=1
n=1
Hence if
d/2
(1 + n yn /t) converges, we get
n=1
s
xnn |s=0
= t (det G)
d/2
n=1
d/2
n y n
1+
t
(33)
Definition 9. The right-hand side of (33) is called the regularized infinite product
Q
of x1 , x2 , . . . , and denoted by : xn :.
The regularized infinite product is linear in each variable xn and positive if each
Q
xn is positive [9]. We define regularized infinite product : n{i
/ 1 ,,ip } xn : by
:
xn :=
n{i
/ 1 ,,ip }
Y
p
:
xn : .
xi1 xip n=1
(34)
xnn : by
n
Y
Y
Y
:
xnn :=
:
x j : .
x
x
1
n
n=1
n=1
j=1
As an application, we may define :
8. Regularized Calculus via Fractional Calculus

To define the limit limn n /x1 xn , we use fractional differential a /xa ,
which is defined by (cf. [45])
Z x
1
f ()
a f (x)
=
d, <(a) < 0,
xa
(a) 0 (x )a+1

Z
x
f ()
a f (x)
n
1
=
d , <a 0, n > a.
xa
xn (n a) 0 (x )an+1
Note. Since a /xa is an integral operator, it depends on the starting point. The
starting point is fixed to be the origin in the above definition. Also there are several
alternative definitions of fractional differential, such as by using Laplace (or Fourier)
128
00007
A. Asada
transformation, or by using the translation operator i,h : i,h f (. . . , xi , . . .) =

f (. . . , xi + h, . . .) and define
af
(i,h I)a f
= lim
,
a
h0
xi
ha
where (i,h I)a is defined by using the binomial expansion.
Example. We have
n!
da n
x =
xna .
dxa
(n a + 1)
This formula is valid although n is not an integer.
Definition 10. We define the regularization
Q
n
xn
of
n xn
by
Y
1
n
Q
.
(35)
=
s f
(1 + sn ) xnn s=0
n=1 xn
n=1
Q
Note. The factor 1/(1+sn) is not natural. But since (1+sn ) has singularities
Q
at {d/n|n N}, so 0 is an essential singularity of (1 + sn ), we need this factor.
If f is sufficiently regular, we have
1
n
s f = f.
s
(1 + sn ) xnn
n=1
lim
So the above definition is meaningful.

By definition,
f
Q
n=1 xn
= 0 if f does not depend on some xn , and
Q
;
xn := 1.
n=1 xn n=1
(36)
Fractional indefinite integral I a (f ) of order a with the initial condition

I (f )(0) = 0 is defined by
Z x
Z x
1
(x t)a1 f (t) dt.
(37)
I a (f )(x) =
f (t)da t =
(a)
0
0
Q
sn
Let n (1 + sn )It=x
f be
n
a
lim (1 + sn )I n ( (1 + sn )I 1 (f |t=x1 ) )|T =xn .
If f is smooth, then lima+0 I a f = f , a > 0. Hence if 1 < 1, we have

lim
n=1
n
f = f (x).
(1 + sn )It=x
n
00007
129
R
Definition 11. We define the regularized integral Q(x,+) f : d x; of f on
Q(x, +) by
Z
Y
sn
f : d x :=
(1 + sn )It=x
f |s=0 .
(38)
n
Q(x,+)
n=1
By definition, we have
Z
1 : d x : = :
:,
(39)
: d (tx) : = t : d x :,
(40)
Q(x,+)
xn
n=1
where t > 0 is a scalar.

The following example is one of the main result of this paper.
R
Example. We compute the Gaussian integral H e(x,Dx)Dx, where D is a positive non-degenerate elliptic operator whose Green operator is G and assume 1 < 1
Q
1 2
[11]. Since e2(x,Dx) = e2n xn , we calculate
Z
Q(re ,+)
Let u be
sn
en
x2n
: d x := lim
N
Y
sn
n=1
p
(d+1)/2
1
r, then
n t and bn = n
d/2
n r
0
Since lims sn
lim
1 2
n 1 n
(d/2
e
n r t)
R bn
0
lim
(bn t)
N
Y
n=1
sn
sn 1
d/2
n r
sn /2
dt = sn n
et dt = e
d/2
n r
(d/2
n r
b2n
t)
1 2
n 1 n
(d/2
e
n r t)
bn
0
dt.
(bn u)n 1 eu du.
, we have
2
sn 1 1
n t
dt
= e
b2n
P 2
Hence this limit exists, because
bn = r2 (d + 1).
Q s
Since the RaySinger determinant det D of D is n n |s=0 , to derive
Z
1
,
e(x,Dx) Dx =
det
D
H (finite)
(41)
it is sufficient to show
lim lim 2
r s0
bn
(bn t)n 1 et dt = 1.
For simplicity, we assume <s < 1. We set

1
gr (t) =
(bn t)n 1
0 t bn 1
.
bn 1 t b n
(42)
130
00007
A. Asada

s
Then we have gr (t) (bn t)n 1 . Hence by Lebesgues convergence theorem, we
obtain (40). Hence by (31), (39) holds provided the integral is taken over H (finite).
Therefore our regularization provides a mathematical justification of the appearance of the RaySinger determinant in the calculus of Gaussian Path integral.
Note. This justification is done calculating the integral on H (finite). On H, we
cannot give such justification, at least by using regularized integral.
9. Polar Coordinate of Hilbert Space and Regularized Volume
Form of Infinite Dimensional Sphere
P
Let r = kxk, x = xn en H. The polar coordinate of H is defined by
x1 = r cos 1 ,
x2 = r sin 1 cos 2 , . . . ,
xn = r sin 1 sin n1 cos n , . . . ,
0 i .
This polar coordinate has only latitudes, and lacks longitude [13]. Since
r2 = x21 + + x2n + r2 sin2 1 sin2 n , latitudes 1 , 2 , . . . are not independent,
but satisfy the constraints
lim sin 1 sin n = 0.
(43)
Since 0 sin n 1, if 0 n , the limit

t = lim sin 1 sin n
n
n=1
sin n
(44)
exists, although 1 , 2 , . . . are independent. We consider t to be a new variable

added to H. We also introduce an angle ; 0 2 , and set
= H R2 = {(x, y, z)|x H, y = t cos , z = t sin }.
H
(45)
is a Hilbert space with the norm k

H
xk2 = kxk2 + y 2 + z 2 , x
= (x, y, z), and has the
longitude . The subspace of H with the longitudes = 0, = , i.e. the subspace

0 . By definition, H
0 = H R. Identifying this R
defined by z = 0 is denoted by H
0 and H (finite).
to Re of H (finite), we may relate H
by using the reguWe compute the regularized volume form of the sphere of H
larized integral as follows.
We regard Rn to be the subspace of H spanned by e1 , . . . , en . The cube
Q(x, +) Rn is denoted by Q(x, +)n . Then we have
Z
n
n
n
Y
Y
Y
s
s
n1
s n
s
r
(1 + i )It=ai (f ) =
i
(ai xi )i 1
i=1
i=1
n2
Y
i=1
Q(a,+)n
i=1
sinni1 i dr d1 dn2 d.
00007
Here is the longitude of Rn and a =

(ai xi )
si 1
=r
si 1
ai ei . Since
(sin 1 sin i1 cos i )
for 1 i n 2, we get
n2
Y
i=1
(ai xi )
si 1
=r
1 ++sn2 n+2
n2
Y
i=1
131
n2
Y
si 1
ai
1
xi
ai
1
xi
si 1
si 1
(sin i )i ++n2 n+i+2 (cos i )i 1 .
i=1
Hence we obtain
n
Y
i=1
(ai xi )i 1 rn1
n
Y
ai
xi
i=1
n2
Y
n2
Y
sinni1 i
i=1
si 1
r1 ++n 1
s
(sin i )i ++n 1 (cos i )i 1 (sin cos )n 1 .
(46)
i=1
0 , we perform regularization of the integral of a function f

Defining Q(a, +) in H
on Q(a, +). Then, symbolically, we can write
sn 1 P
Z
Z

Y
s
an
r i2 i dr
1
f (x) : d x : =
f (x)
xn
Q(a,+)
Q(a,+)
n=1
sn (sin n )
n=1
in+1
si
(cos n )n 1 dn |s=0 .
(47)
(47) shows that for suitable test functions f , we may consider
: d x := r1 dr
(sin n )n1 dn .
(48)
n=1
Hence we have
0 is
Theorem 12 ([12]). The regularized volume form of the sphere S of H
: d :=: d :=
(sin n )n1 dn .
n=1
Similarly, the regularized volume form of the sphere S is

: d
:=: d
:=
n=1
(sin n )n1 d d.
(49)
132
00007
A. Asada
Note that since t =
sin n , we have
: d := t : d : .
(50)
Q
Note 1. Since n=1 sin n = 0 on H, : d : is singular on the sphere of H. In other
words, : d : is meaningful only when considered on S , that is only considered
0.
on H
Note 2. By (48), we may write
1
2
(x,Dx)
: d x :=
H (finite)
dr
e(x,Dx) : d : .
S
Here the factor 1/2 comes from the lack of longitude in H (finite). According to
our regularization scheme, we may write
Z
r1 dr
0
Since
R
0
e(x,Dx) : d :=
S
/2
det D
r1 er dr
0
: d : .
S
s/21 er dr = (/2)/2, we may conclude
2 /2
,
: d :=
( 2 )
i.e.
: d : d =
2 /2
.
( 2 )
(51)
Note that this answer cannot be obtained via the direct calculus of the following
limit
lim
sin2 1 sinn1 n d1 dn .
10. Regularization of the Laplacian on H

This section and the next deal with eigenvalue problems of regularized Laplacian
and Dirac operator [7, 13]. There are other applications of -regularization to infinite
dimensional analysis. But they use the same framework as previous sections.
P
Let 4 = n=1 2 /x2n be the Laplacian on H. Since H is an infinite dimensional
space, 4r diverges and we cannot give the polar coordinate expression of 4.
P
P
We consider 4 on {H, G}. Since
xn e n =
xn,k en,k implies xn,k = s
n xn ,
we have
= sn
,
xn,k
xn
i.e. 4 (k) =
n=1
2k
n
2
.
x2n
00007
133
Here 4(k) means the Laplacian of W k . In general, we set

4(s) =
2s
n
n=1
2
.
x2n
(52)
Definition 13. We define the regularized Laplacian : 4 : by

: 4 : f = 4(s)f |s=0 .
(53)
Example. Since 2 ra /xn = ara2 + a(a 2)r a4 x2n , we get

a
:4:r =
a(G, s)r
a2
n=1
= a(a + 2)r a2 .
a(a
2 a4
2)2s
n xn r
s=0
Proposition 14. : 4 : allows the following polar coordinate expression, which

depends only on the regularized dimension .
1
1
2
+
+ 2 [](= 4[]),
2
r
r r r

2
cos n
1
+ ( n 1)
.
[] =
sin n n
sin2 1 sin2 n1 n2
n=1
:4:=
(54)
(55)
Note. This polar coordinate expression seems similar to the finite dimensional
case. But contrary to the finite dimensional case, most of the coefficients ( n 1)
of the 1st order terms of (55) are negative.
We say [] is the regularized spherical Laplacian of H [13]. It is defined not
0 . To solve the
only on the unit sphere on H but also on S , the unit sphere of H
eigenvalue problem
we set (1 , 2 , . . .) =
sinn+1 n
d
dn
Q

[] = a0 ,
Tn (n ). Then each Tn should satisfy the equation

dTn
an
n+1
sin
n
+ an1 +
Tn = 0,
dn
sin2 n
(56)
(57)
where a0 , a1 , . . . is a series of real numbers. Tn s need to be continuous at the

boundary n = 0, , and the sereis a0 , a1 , . . . should be choosen to satisfy this
demand. An example of such a series and solutions are
ln N, l1 l2 0,
R
with Tn s as Gegenbauer polynomials or 0 n sinn+12l n dn , where l =
limn ln , provided is an integer [13]. It was noted that these eigenfunctions
have finite dimensional analogy if they are considered on the sphere on H. But
on S , most of these eigenfunctions have no finite dimensional analogy. Another
problem of these eigenfunctions is they seem not to behave well with the regularized
volume form on S .
an = ln (ln + n 2),
134
00007
A. Asada
But there exist eigenfunctions of [] which behave well with the regularized
volume form on S as explained below.
To get an eigenfunction of [] to behave well with the regualrized volume form
of S , we note
d2 sinc
= c(c 1) sinc2 c2 sinc .
d2
Hence taking an = n + 1 , sinan n satisfies (57). Therefore
(1 , 2 , . . . , ) =
sinn+1 n ,
(58)
n=1
satisfies
[] = ( 1),
: d :=
dn .
(59)
n=1
Note that vanishes on the sphere of H. So it is meaningful only on S .

R
R
Note. The limit limn 0 0 d1 dn diverges. But by (40), the following
regularization may be allowed.
Z
: d := .
S
We can also compute eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the periodic boundary

value problems of : 4 : of the following types

f
f
,
(60)
=
f |xn =d/2 = f |xn =d/2 ,
n
n
d/2
xn
xn
d/2
xn =
xn =n
f |xn =0 = f |xn =d/2 = 0,
(61)
which are considered on H (finite). But the discussions and answers are similar to
the case of the regularized Dirac operator [7] which will be explained in the next
section. So we omit the discussion on this boundary condition for : 4 :.
11. Regularization of the Dirac Operator on H
Let Cl(H) be the Clifford algebra generated by {en } with the relation ei ej + ej ei =
2ij over K. Here en is the corresponding element of en H. The infinite spinor
e thought to be 5 of Cl(H), is defined to be the element satisfying the following
relations ([8], cf. [36]).
e ei = (1)1 ei e ,
e e = (1)(1)/2 .
(62)
Definition 15. We say Cl[e ] is the Clifford algebra (over H) with an infinite
spinor.
Note. If Cl[e ] is an R-module, it is an associative algebra if and only if is an
integer. While if it is a C-module, to define
ei e = e(1)i e ei ,
e ei = e(1)i ei e ,
00007
135
Cl[e ] becomes an associative algebra for arbitrary . Note that the commutation
relation of e and ei is the same as that of noncommutative torus.
We introduce L2 -norms on Cl(H) and Cl(H)[e ] by the following type of inner
product, and consider them to be Hilbert spaces.
(ei1 eip , ej1 ejp ) = i1 j1 ip jp .
Note. Similarly, we can define Clifford algebra Cl(W k ) over W k to be the Clifford
algebra generated by en,k and the infinite spinor e,k of cl(W k ) [8]. By using en
and e , they are the algebra generated by the relations
ei ej + ej ei = 2k
i ij ,
e2 = (1)(1)/2 (det G)2k .
Justifications of multiplication formulas of e and e,k will be given in Sec. 14.

We consider Cl(W k ) and Cl(W k )[e,k ] to be Hilbert spaces. A spinor field on
a subset of H or H (finite) (resp. on a subset of W k or W k0 (finite)) is a smooth
map from a subset of H H (finite) (resp. from a subset of W k or W k0 (finite)) to
Cl(H)[e ] (resp. to Cl(W k )[e,k ]).
P
The Dirac operator D

/ on H is defined by
n=1 en xn . It acts on the space of
spinor fields. The regularized Dirac operator : D
/ : is defined by
:D
/:f =D
/(s)f |s=0 ,
D
/(s) =
sn en
n=1
.
xn
(63)
By definition, we have : D
/ :2 = : 4 : on the space of smooth functions.
We impose the periodic boundary condition (60) to : D
/ : considered on
H (finite), and solve its eigenvalue problem as follows [7, 13]:
Q
To set f (x1 , x2 , . . .) = n=1 fn (xn ) and fn (xn ) = un (xn ) + en vn (xn ), the equation D
/(s)f = (s)f with the boundary condition (60) induces the equations
un
= sn n (s)vn ,
xn
vn
= sn n (s)un ,
xn
with the boundary conditions

d/2
fn (d/2
n ) = fn (n ),
fn
fn d/2
(d/2
( ).
n ) =
xn
xn n
Hence we have
n (s) = mn sn ,
un = An cos(mn nd/2 xn ) + Bn sin(mn d/2

xn ).
n
Here mn s are integers. Since it must be
n=1
mn d/2
n en H (finite),
136
00007
A. Asada
we have
mn = mn+1 = = m , n N + 1,
Q
for large N . Hence if fn is meaningful, we obtain
D
/(s)f = m (G, s d/2) +
N
X
n=1
(mn
m )sd/2
n
Therefore, if (G, d/2) is finite, we have

:D
/ : f = m (G, d/2) +
N
X
n=1
(mn
(64)
m )nd/2
f.
f.
(65)
Q
The eigen spinor belonging to this eigenvalue takes the form
n=1 fn . We assume
An = Bn = 1. Then we only need to consider the following two cases:
d/2
Case 1: limn | cos(mn n xn )| = 1.

d/2
In this case, the product of infinite numbers of sin(mn n xn ) vanishes. Hence
n=1
(cos(mn nd/2 xn ) + en sin(mn nd/2 xn )) Cl(H).

d/2
Case 2: limn | sin(mn n xn )| = 1.

d/2
In this case, the product of infinite numbers of cos(mn n xn ) vanishes. Since
(cos(mn nd/2 xn ) + en sin(mn nd/2 xn ))
n=1
= e
(sin(mn nd/2 xn ) + (1)n en cos(mn nd/2 xn )),
n=1
we have f Cl(H) e , in this case.

Therefore we conclude f Cl(H)[e ]. Note that in both cases, we use the
convention (1) = (1) . Hence we have
Theorem 16 ([7, 13]). If m = 0, then the eigen spinor fields of the periodic
boundary value problem of the regularized Dirac operator are finite sum of finite
products of trigonometric functions, so they come from eigen spinor fields of finite
dimensional Dirac equations together with their eigenvalues.
If m 6= 0, the periodic boundary value problem of the regularized Dirac operator
has the eigenvalue (G, d/2) which has no finite dimensional analogy. Its eigen
spinor field also does not have finite dimensional analogy.
Note. The eigen spinor field belonging to the eigenvalue (G, d/2) vanishes on
H. But it is non-trivial when considered on H (finite).
00007
137
12. Logarithm of Derivation I. One-Variable Functions

To treat the geometric counterpart of a regularized integral, we use the logarithm
of derivation log(/xn ) = limh0 ( h /xhn I), which will be studied by using
Borel transfomation [1].
First we consider 1-variable functions. In this case, for a holomorphic function
f at the origin, its Borel transformation B[f ] is defined by
!
I
X
cn n
1
f () x/
,
B[f ](x) =
e d =
x
2i
n!
n=0
and satisfies

f
d
B[f ] = B
,
dx
t
B[f g] = B[f ]]B[g],
f ]g =
d
dx
x
0
f (x )g() d.
We also use the notation u
]n
z }| {
P
P
= u] ]u, f (]u) = cn u]n , f (u) = cn un .
Lemma 17 ([1]). Let be the Euler constant. Then we have

e]t log x =
Proof. Since log (1 + t) = t +
[n/2]
X
X
et
=1+
(1 + t)
n=2
s=1
et
xt .
(1 + t)
m=2 (1)
(m)/mtm , we get
2j1 js ,j1 ++js =n
By
Pn
1
k=1 j1 jk js
(s)=k
j1 ++js
j1 js ,
(66)
(j
)
(j
)
1
s n
t .
(1)ns
j1 js
1
1
=
j(1) (j(1) + + j(s) )
j1 jk js (j(1) + + j(s) )
=
1
,
n j1 jk js
holds for fixed j1 , . . . , js , 2 j1 js , j1 + + js , if

X
St
1
1
=
,
j(1) (j(1) + j(2) ) (j(1) + + j(t) )
j1 j2 jt
(67)
holds for t < s. Since (67) is true if t = 1, (67) is true for all t.
Since
Z x
Z x
Z
X
1 m x m
x
log(x )(log )n1 d = log x
(log )n1 d
(log )n1 d,
m
0
0
0
n=1
138
00007
A. Asada
to set log x](log x)n1 =
Pn
k=0
an,k (log x)k , we get
an,n1 = 0, an,0 = (1)n1 (n 1)!(n),

(n 1)!
an,K =
ank,0 ,
2 k n 1.
k!(n k 1)!
P
Hence, to set (log x)]n = nk=0 (log x)n , we obtain
an,n = 1,
bn,n = 1,
[n/2]
bn,0 =
bn,n1 = 0,
X
bn,k =
n!
bnk,0 ,
k!(n k)!
(1)ns
s=1 ji 2,j1 ++js =n
2 k n 1,
n!(j1 ) (js )
,
j1 (j1 + j2 ) (j1 + + js )
n 2.
By (67), bn,0 /n! is the coefficient of tn of the Taylor expansion of the entire function
et /(1 + t). Hence for arbitrary c > 0, we get |bn,0 /n!| = o(cn ). Therefore we
obtain
!
!
n
n
X
X
X
X
X
t
t
tk
k!
]n
nk
k
(log x) =
bn,k t
(log x)k
bn,k (log x)
=
n!
n!
n!
k!
n=0
n=0
k=0
k=0 n=k
!
!
n
X bn,0
Xt
et
n
n
= 1+
=
t
(log x)
xt .
n!
n!
(1
+
t)
n=2
n=0
By this lemma, we define the Borel transformation of logarithm by
B[log ](x) = log x + .
(68)
Definition 18. We define the logarithm of derivation log(d/dx) by

d
1
log
f (x) = B log
u (x)
dx
= (w + )]f (x), f (x) = B[u](x), w = log x.

Example. We have

d
1
n
n
x = x log x + 1 + +
,
log
dx
n
(69)
n 1.
For n = 0, we have (log(d/dx))1 = B[log ] = log x + .
Note. By using ]-product, we can define fractional derivation by

da f
= e]a(w+) ]f (= B[ a u]).
dxa
Appropriate domain of log(d/dx) is the space of finite exponential type functions
of w, which is denoted by F . If f, g F , we can define their ]-product. Explicitly,
we obtain w]wn1 = wn Pn1 (w), where
Pn (w) =
n
X
k=0
(1)nk
(n + 1)!
(n + 2 k)w k .
k!
00007
139
If f F , f (]x) acts on F by the ]-product. This algebra is denoted by F.

Although e]nw = 0 as an element of F , it is (n) , the nth derivative of the function as an element of F, so it is not equal to 0 in F.
13. Logarithm of Derivation II. Several-Variable Functions
Let F be the algebra of finite exponential functions of w1 , w2 , . . .. Here wi = log xi
and x1 , x2 , . . . are the coordinate functions of H (or H (finite)). We define the
]-product of wn and wm , n 6= m, by
wn ]wm = wn wm +
m n i
.
|m n| 2
(70)
Let S = {p1 , . . . , pm } be a set of natural numbers. Here we allow pi = pj , i 6= j.

T S and {T is the complement of T in S. For an element pi of T , a natural
number \(pi ) = \S (pi ) is corresponded by
\(pi ) = 1, pi = min T,
\(pi ) = 2, pi = min {{pj |\pj = 1} T,
and so on. Then we define the sign sgn T of T = {pj1 , . . . , pjk } by

sgn {pj1 , . . . , pjk } = sgn
1, . . . , k
\(pj1 ), . . . , \(pjk )
(71)
Let wn ]0 wm be wn ]wm if n 6= m and wn2 if n = m.

Definition 19 ([10]). The product wp1 ]0 ]0 wpn is defined by
X i m
sgn {{pj1 , . . . , pjn2m }wpj1 wpjn2m .
w p1 w pn +
2
2mn
The algebra generated by w1 , w2 , . . . with the ]-product is denoted by F. It acts

on F by ]-product.
Definition 20. Let f F . Then we define

a
]a(wn +)
f =e
]f, log
f = (wn + )]f.
xan
xn
(72)
By (70), we have
[wn , wm ] = sgn (m n)i,
(73)
where [wn , wm ] = [wn , wm ]] = wn ]wm wm ]wn . Hence we may regard F to be the

underlying noncommutative space of H.
By (73), we have
e]a(wn +) ]e]b(wm +) = e(a(wn +)+b(wm +)+sgn(mn)abi/2) .
140
00007
A. Asada
By this equality, assuming 1 = ei if m > n and ei if m < n, we have:

Proposition 21. We have the following formulas:
e]a(wn +) ]e]b(Wm +) = (1)ab e]b(wm +) ]e]a(wn +) , n 6= m,
a

xm
]a(wn +) ]a(wm +)
a2 sin a
, a 6= 1,
e
]e
]1 = (1)
a
xn
e](wn +) ]e](wm +) ]1 = e](wm +) ]e](wn +) ]1 = n,m .
(74)
(75)
(76)
Note. Operators such as log(/x1 + /x2 ) are not contained in F.

P
P P
If n=1 cn converges absolutely to C, then n=1 m=n+1 = C(C 1)/2. Hence
we have
e]c1 w1 ]e]c2 w2 ] = eC(C1)i/2 e]
P
s
Therefore, to set (s) =
n=1 n (wn + ), we get
s
cn w n
e](s) = e((G,s)((G,s)1)/2)i e]1 (w1 +) ]e]2 (w2 +) ] , <s > d.
(77)
Q,
Definition 22. Regularized infinite product : n=1 ]e](wn +) : thought to be
the infinite product e](w1 +) ]e](w2 +) ] is defined by
:
,
Y
n=1
Q,
n=1
]e](wn +) : ]f = e(1)i/2 e](s) ]f |s=0 .
]e](wn +) : is not defined on F . But if limn

:
,
Y
nf
x1 xn
(78)
exists, we have
nf
.
n x1 xn
]e](wn +) : ]f = lim
n=1
Since log (1 + ) = + O(2 ), we have (w ) log((1 + ) =

s
s
w+O(2 ). Hence (1+sn )1 e]n (wn +) = e]n wn +O(2s
n ). Therefore we have
P s
: f = e(1)i/2 e]( n wn ) ]f |s=0 .

: Q
n=1 xn
(79)
14. Regularized Volume Form

Let F1 be the submodule of F generated by homogeneous element of degree 1. We
denote
nX
o
nX
o
F1, =
cn wn F1 |<cn < 0 , F1,+ =
cn wn F1 |<cn > 0 .
The algebras generated by {e]u |u F1, } and 1 are denoted by exp(F1, ),

respectively.
00007
141
Denoting the constant term of u]v]1, where u exp(F1, ), and v exp(F1,+ ),

by c0 (u]v]1), we define the pairing hu, vi by
hu, vi = c0 (u]v]1).
(80)
It has the integral expression

Z 2i1
Z 2in
1
1
d1
dn u]v]]1(1 , . . .) .
lim
lim
n i1 ,...,in 2i1 0
2in 0
Hence this pairing is possible on the dense subspaces of exp(F1, ). For example,
we have
he]a(wn +) , e]b(wm +) i = 0,
a 6= b, or n 6= m,
2 sin(a)
he]a(wn +) , e]a(wn +) i = (1)(a1)
,
a
a
/ Z.
The sign of this second formula is (1)a 1a , where 1a = e2ai [10].

Let I+,c = Ic be the ideal generated by e]2(wn +) + c in exp(F1,+ ). Similar ideal
in exp(F1, ) is also denoted by Ic .
Definition 23 ([10]). We say H

= exp(F1,+ )/I0 is the algebra of fractional
differential forms on H. Its elements are said to be the fractional differential forms.
Fractional differential form was also defined by Cottrill-Shephered and Naber
[24, 25] without using logarithm of differential forms. They also defined matrix
order diferential forms [25, II] and developed their calculus on finite dimensional
space.
f
Note. Similarly, we say Cl(H)
= exp(F1,+ )/I1 is the algebra of fractional spinors
on H.
k
k and Cl(W
f
We can define the algebras W
) in the same way. In these cases,
we replace wn by wn,k = wn k log n .
Let u[ be the class of u exp(F1,+ ) in H.

Then we define the wedge product
[
[
[
[
of u v of u and v by
u[ v [ = (u]v)[ .
(81)
We also set
da xn = (e]a(wn +) )[ ,
0 < <a < 2.
(82)
Then by (74), we have

da xn db xm = (1)ab db xm da xn ,
i
Let u be
1 = e ,
n < m,
n 6= m,
1 = e
cn wn and = e]u . We set

X
u\ =
cn wn , cn cn , mod 2,
(83)
n > m.
0 <
cn < 2.
142
00007
A. Asada
Then we define the action [ f of [ to f F by

\
[ f = (e]u )]f.
Since (s)\ = (s) if |s| is small, (e](s) )[ f = e](s) ]f if |s| is small.
,
Definition 24 ([10]). The regularized infinite wedge product : n=1
dxn :
thought to be dx1 dx2 , is defined by
(1)/2 ](s) [
: ,
(e
) f |s=0 .
n=1 dxn : f = e
By definition, we may define

Z
Z
:=
f : ,
n=1
Q(x,+)
f (x) : d x : .
(84)
(85)
Q(x),+)
That is, we may consider : ,

n=1 dxn : to be the regularized volume form of H
,
(or rather of H (finite)). In the rest, we denote d x instead of : n=1
dxn :, for
simplicity.
Let I = {i1 , . . . , ip }, 1 i1 < < ip , be a set of natural numbers. Then
denoting
X
sj (wj + ),
I (s) =
j I
/
we can define :
/ dxn : to be
nI
/ dxn : similar to : n=1 dxn :. We can regard : nI
the regularization of the infinite wedge product
dx1 . . . dxi1 1 dxi1 +1 . . . dxip 1 dxip +1 dxip +2 . . . .

I
For simplicity, we denote :
x.
nI
/ dxn : by d
f
Note 1. Applying the same process to Cl(H),
we obtain -spinor. Then we can
justify our calculations in Sec. 11.
Note 2. Taking a matrix A, we can define the matrix order differential form
dA xn by
dA xn = e]A(wn +) = I +
X An
(wn + )]n .
n!
n1
But unless the Lie algebra generated by A, B is nilpotent, we cannot get a practical
commutation rule of the wedge product of dA xn and dB xm (cf. [25, II]).
15. Grassmann Algebra with an -degree Element and -forms
In Sec. 14, we defined -form d x and ( I)-form dI x, where
I = {i1 , . . . , ip },
1 i 1 < , ip , .
00007
143
Then, denoting dI x = dxi1 . . . dxip , we have by definition

dJ x dI x = d{IJ} x, J I,
dJ x dI x = 0, J * I.
(86)
We call the degree of dI x as p, where p = |I|, the number of elements of I.

The Grassmann algebra over H (resp. over W k ) with ( I)-forms is denoted
k
f
f
by Gr(H)
(resp. Gr(W
)). By (83), we have
Theorem 25. The commutation relations of the wedge products of a p-form p

and an ( q)-form q are
p q = (1)p(q) q p ,
= (1)
(q)p p
1 = ei ,
1 = e
(87)
(88)
f
Hence Gr(H)
is an associative algebra if it is considered to be a C-algebra.
f
While Gr(H) is associative if and only if is an integer, if it is considered to
be an R-algebra. Note that similar to the Clifford algebra with an -spinor, this
commutation relation is the same as that of noncommutative torus, if
/ Q.
We denote Gr(H) the Grassmann algebra over H. The module of ( p)f
forms in Gr(H)
is denoted by Gr (H). Then by (86), we can define the pairing of
p
Gr(H) and q Gr (H) by
hp , p i = c,
p p = cd x,
hp , q i = 0,
p 6= q.
(89)
By this pairing, we regard Gr (H) to be the dual space of Gr(H) and Gr(H) to
be the dual space of Gr (H). Since a differential form on an open set U of W k
takes the value in Gr(W k ), we may consider an (p)-form on U to be a smooth
map from U to p (W k ), the submodule of pth degree elements of Gr(W k ) [5]. In
other words, we can regard
k
f
Gr(W
) = Gr(W k ) Gr(W k ).
Note. In this case, the pairing of p Gr(W k ) and p Gr(W k ) should be

h, i = c,
= c det (G)2k d x.
By the definitions of W k and W k , we know G2k : W k

= W k . Regarding an
k
element of Gr(W ) to be an alternative tensor, we define
G2k,] u1 . . . up = G2k u1 . . . G2k up .
Then we have G2k,] : Gr(W k )

= Gr(W k ). We also define the map G2k,] :
k
k
Gr(W ) = Gr(W ) similarly.
Definition 26 ([5]). The Hodge -operator : Gr(W k ) Gr(W k ) is
defined by
up = (1)p det(G)k G2k,] up ,
= (1)
det(G)
(90)
2k,] p
(91)
144
00007
A. Asada
16. Exterior Differential of ( p)-forms

A smooth map from U to Gr(W k ) is the finite degree form and to Gr(W k ) is
the infinite degree form. By this interpretation, we may regard an ( p)-form on
p
z
}|
{
U to be a smooth alternative map f from U to W k W k . Then regarding
the Frechet differential of f , we define
x1 , . . . , xp1 to be parameters and denote df
the exterior differential df of f by
(x, x1 , . . . , xp1 , x)),
df (x, x1 , . . . , xp1 ) = (1)p1 tr(df
(92)
(x, x1 , . . . , xp1 , x) is a trace class operator on W k .

provided df
By using coordinate expression, we have
d
fi d
X X
J
(1)
sgn(i,J) f{i,J}
iJ
/
sgn (i, J) = i 1,
xi
dJ x,
i < j1 , J = {j1 , . . . , jp1 },
sgn (i, J) = j1 + + jk1 k,

sgn (i, J) = j1 + + jp1 p,
jk1 < i < jk ,
jp1 < i.
Since this right-hand side contains infinite sum, ( p)-forms may not be exterior
differentiable in general. In fact, we have [5, 11]:
Theorem 27. An exterior differentiable ( p)-form is exact.
Proof. Since the theorem is true if p = 0, we assume
p = 1 and set =

P
P
n1 fn
n
fn d
x. Then we have d =
n=1 (1)
xn d x. Since is exterior
P
n1 fn
differentiable, n=1 (1)
xn converges. We assume
= d,
gn,n+1 d{n,n+1} x.
n=1
Then it must be
g1,2
= f1 ,
x2
(1)
n2
gn1,n gn,n+1
xn1
xn+1
= fn , n 2.

Rx
Rx
g
We set g1,2 = 0 1 f1 dt, and gn,n+1 = 0 n+1 (1)n1 fn + xn1,n
dt. Then,
n+1
since

Z x3
Z x2
Z x2
Z x3
f1
f1 d dt =
f2 +
d dt,
g2,3 =
f2 +
x1 0
x1
0
0
0
00007
145
we get
g2,3
x2
R x3 f2
x2 +
0
f1
x1
gn1,n
=
xn1
dt. We assume
n1
X
xn
0
i=1
(1)
i1 fi
xi
dt.
(93)
Then, since
gn,n+1
gn1,n
= (1)n1 fn +
= (1)n1 fn +
xn+1
xn1
xn
0
n1
X
(1)
i1
i=1
fi
xi
dt,
we have
gn+1,n+2
gn,n+1
= (1)n fn+1 +
xn+2
xn
!
Z xn+1
Z xn n1
X
i1 fi
n1
n
(1)
(1)
fn +
d dt
= (1) fn+1 +
xn 0
xi
0
i=1
!
Z xn+1 X
n
f
i
dt.
= (1)n fn+1 +
(1)i1
xi
0
i=1

R xn+1 Pn
gn,n+1
i1 fi
Hence we have x
=
(1)
i=1
xi dt. Therefore (93) holds for any
0
n
n 1.

gn,n+1
fn
Since limn (1)i1 x
converges,

C|xn+1 |, holds for some C > 0.
x
n
n
P
Hence n=1 gn,n+1 d{n,n+1} x converges and we have the theorem for p = 1.
Let p 2 and J = {j1 , . . . , jp }, J 0 = {j1 , . . . , jp1 }.
=
X X
J0
f{J 0 ,i} d{J
,i}
x,
i>jp1
be an ( p)-form. Formal exterior differential d of is given by

d =
X
J0
X
X f{J 0 ,j}
f{J 0 ,j} {J 0 ,j}
0
{J
,j}
j+p
dyk d
x+
d
x .
(1)
xk
xj
0
j>j
kJ
p1
sumj>jp1 (1)j f{J 0 ,j} /xj and the sum of these sums with respect to J 0 converges
if is exterior differentiable.
If = d,
=
X X
J0
i>jp1
g{J 0 ,i,i+1} d{J
,i,i+1}
x,
146
00007
A. Asada
is an exterior differentiable ( p 1)-form. Then since d is given by

X
X
g{J 0 ,k,jp1 +1}
xk
J0
k<jp1 ,kJ
/ 0

g{J 0 ,jp1 +1,jp1 +2}
0
jp1 p+1
d{J ,jp1 +1} x
+(1)
xjp1 +2
!

X
g{J 0 ,j,j+1} {J 0 ,j+1}
j+p g{J 0 ,j+1,j+2}
(1)
+
d
x ,
xj+2
xj
j>j
+1
p1
it must be
f{J 0 ,jp1 +1}
f{J 0 ,j}
g{J 0 ,k,jp1 +1}

g{J 0 ,jp1 +1,jp1 +2}
+ (1)jp1 p+1
=
x
xjp1 +2
k
k<jp1 ,kJ
/ 0

g{J 0 ,j+1,j+2}
g{J 0 ,j,j+1}
= (1)j+p
, j > jp1 + 1.
xj+2
xj
Since the right-hand sides of these equalities are finite sums, we can replace
f{J 0 ,jp1 +1} by
f{J 0 ,1} = f{J 0 ,jp1 +1}
k<jp1 ,kJ
/ 0
Then, starting from

g{J 0 ,jp1 +1,jp1 +2} =
xjp1 +1
g{J 0 ,k,jp1 +1}

.
xk
f{J 0 ,1} dt,
we determine g{J 0 ,j} s successfully by

Z xj+1
g{J 0 ,j1,j}
g{J 0 ,j,j+1} =
(1)j+p f{J 0 ,j}
dt,
xj
0
j > jp1 + 1.
Since this formula is the same as the case p = 1, converges if is exterior

differentiable. Hence we have the theorem.
Note 1. d2 6= 0 on the space of ( p)-forms, by this theorem. For example, take
P
= (1 1/2n )xn xn+1 d{n,n+1} x, we have
d =
n=1
(1)n
xn {n}
d
x,
2n
d2 = d x 6= 0.
Therefore we can construct a geometric model of Kerners higher order gauge

theory based on differential d such that [15, 27, 34]
dN 1 6= 0,
dN = 0,
N 3,
by using suitable subspace of the space of ( p)-forms.

Note 2. If f is a function, then d(f ) = df + f d. Hence
d2 (f ) = d2 f df d + df d + f d2 = f d2 .
00007
147
In general, we obtain
d2n (f ) = f d2n ,
d2n+1 (f ) = df d2n + f d2n+1 .
(94)
If an ( p)-form is exterior differentiable, then = d, so is written as dv,

that is = d2 v. By (94), by using smooth partition of unity, we can construct v
globally. Hence also exists globally.
17. Regularized Exterior Differential
I
Since dxn,k = k
dx;k in
n dxn , as an element of Gr (H), the ( p)-form d
k
Gr (W ) is
ki1 kip (det(G)k dI x, I = {i1 , . . . , ip }.

P
So for an ( I)-form = I fI dI x, we set
X
si1 sip det(G)s fI dI x.
(s) =
(95)
Since dxn (s) should be s

n dxn , we can define (s) for a finite degree form , by
the same way. Note that d(s) 6= (d)(s), in general.
Definition 28 ([11, 12]). We define the regularized exterior differential : d :
of by
: d : = d((s))|s=0 .
(96)
The factor det(G)s has no effect in the definition of regularized exterior differential. This factor should be meaningful when we consider regularized differential
on curved spaces.
Note. Except for the factor det(G)s , this definition is the same as the definitions
of regularized Laplacian and Dirac operator given in Secs. 10 and 11.
If is exterior differentiable, then we have : d : = d. Since a finite degree
form is always exterior differentiable, we need not consider regularized exterior differential for finite degree forms. While there exist regularized exterior differentiable,
but not exterior differentiable ( p)-forms, so regularized exterior differential is
meaningful only on the space of ( p)-forms.
Example. Let =
tiable, but since
n=1 (1)
(s) =
n1
xn d{n} x. Then (s) is not exterior differen-
(1)n1 sn det(G)s d{n} x,
n=1
we have d(s) = (G, s) det(G)s d x, if <s > d. Hence we obtain

: d : = d x,
: d : (ra ) = (a + )d x.
148
00007
A. Asada
By this second equality, r is not exterior differentiable, but closed with

respect to regularized exterior differential. We may regard r to be the (regularized) volume form of the sphere of H (or H (finite)). But at present, we cannot
yet relate r and the regularized volume form of the sphere obtained in Sec. 9.
Note. We have
(s) = d(s),
(s) =
n
X
X
sk xk xk+1 d{k,k+1} x,
n=1 k=1
Cdn
if <s > 0. Because |xn xn+1 | <

for some C > 0. Hence (s) is not exterior
differentiable, but exact if 0 < <s d.
We can define regularization : dm : of dm . Then we have (: d :)m =: dm :,
m = 1, 2, . . .. So : d : is not nilpotent.
Note. Since exterior differential d of an ( p)-form is defined by using trace,
we can interpret regularized exterior differntial as a kind of -regularized trace of
Paycha.
The formal adjoint of d is defined as = 1 d. The regularization : : of
is defined by : delta := 1 : d : . Since : d : p = d, we have : : q = .
Similar to the finite dimensional case, we have 4 = d + d. Then we have
: 4 : p = (d : : + : : d)p
:4:
= (: d : + : d :)
(97)
.
(98)
Because : d := d and : := on the space of finite degree forms.

By using K
ahler expression d + of D
/, we obtain
:D
/ :=: d : + : : .
(99)
Hence we can interpret regularization of differential operators by using regularized

exterior differential [12].
18. Regularized Volume Form on a Mapping Space
Let Map(X, M ) be the space of Sobolev k-class maps from an n-dimensional compact spin manifold X with the Dirac operator D
/, to an N -dimensional smooth
manifold. We assume k > n/2. Under this assumption, elements of W k (X) or
W k (X, E), the space of Sobolev k-class spinors, are continuous by the Sobolev
embedding theorem.
In the rest, we only consider the connected component of constant maps in
Map(X, M ) which is also denoted by Map(X, M ). Then the graph
Gr(f ) = {(x, f (x))|x X} X M,
of f Map(X, M ) is homotopic to X , M . Since the normal bundle of X
in X M is trivial, the normal bundle of Gr(f ) in X M is trivial. Hence there is a
00007
149
neighborhood U(Gr(f )) of Gr(f ) such that U(Gr(f )) is diffeomorphic to Gr R N .

Hence Map(X, M ) is a Sobolev manifold modeled by W k (x) RN , where W k (X)
is the kth Sobolev space of scalar fields on X.
If M is a real algebraic manifold defined by the equations
F1 (x1 , . . . , xm ) = = Fj (x1 , . . . , xm ) = 0,
in Rm , then Map(X, M ) is a connected component of the algebraic set in
W k (X) Rm determined by
F1 (f1 , . . . , fm ) = = Fj (f1 , . . . , fm ) = 0,
fi W k (X).
(100)
k
Since F1 , . . . , Fj are polynomials, Eqs. (100) are meaningful lifting W (X) to

W k (X, E), the k-Sobolev space of spinor fields on X, under a fixed ordering of
variables X1 , . . . , Xm . Hence Map(X, M ) is contained in a connected component
C of an algebraic set in W k (X, E) Rm . Taking a sufficiently small neighborhood
M of Map(X, M ) in C, M is a deformation retract of Map(X, M ) and a Sobolev
manifold modeled by W k (X, E) [5]. For simplicity, we use M instead of Map(X, M )
and consider Map(X, M ) to be a Sobolev manifold modeled by W k (X, E).
In the rest, D stands for 4 IN or D
/ IN acting on Rn -valued functions on X
or on the (vector of) spinor field on X added mass-terms if necessary. The Green
operator of D is denoted by G.
Since the tangent space T of Map(X, M ) is either of W k (X) RN or
W k (X, E) RN , we equip G with T . But for the later discussions, it is more
convenient to use D instead of G. So we consider T as being equipped with D.
Let {gU V } be the transition functions of the tangent bundle = (M ) of
M , then the transition functions of the tangent bundle X = (Map(X, M )) of
X
X
Map(X, M ) are given by {gU
V }, where gU V means
X
(gU
V (f ))(x) = gU V (f (x)),
f : X U V.
Hence is a Map(X, G)-bundle, where G is the structure group of . Since X is

a spin manifold, we may regard Map(X, G) GLp , p > n/2. Hence it is a loop
group bundle as a smooth bundle.
Since Map(X, M ) is a Hilbert manifold, by using smooth partition of unity, we
can construct a connection {AU } of X with respect to D. Since D is self-adjoint,
we can take AU so that AU (x) is Hermitian for any x U . But if D = D
/ IN and
D + AU (x) is always non-degenerate, then we obtain global polarization J on X .
X
X
Since gU
V J = JgU V , there exists {hU }, hU : U Map(X, G) such that

aU V
0
1
hU g U V hV =
.
0
bU V
{aU V } and {bU V } define Hilbert bundles, so they are trivial by Kuipers Theorem [37]. Therefore X is trivial. On the other hand, if D = 4 IN , we can
choose AU so that D + AU (x) is non-degenerate for any x U , because we can add
mass-term mI to AU . Hence we obtain
150
00007
A. Asada
Proposition 29. (i) If Map(X, M ) is modeled by W k (X) RN , then X has a

connection {AU } with respect to D = 4IN such that D+AU (x) is non-degenerate
for any x U and U .
(ii) If Map(X, M ) is modeled by W k (X, E) RN , then X has a connection {AU }
with respect to D = D
/ IN such that D + AU (x) is non-degenerate for any x U
and U , if and only if X is trivial as a GLp -bundle.
Since D + AU (x) and D + AV (x) are unitary equivalent, they have the same
spectra. Hence (D + AU (x), s), or (D + AU (x), s) does not depend on U . We set
A (x, s) = (D + AU (x), s),
A (x, s) = (D + AU (x), s).
The function detA (x) = det(D + AU (x)) is defined by

det(D + AU (x)) = det(D + AU (x) + mI)|m=0 .
(101)
By (22), if D + AU (x) is non-degenerate, then this definition coincides with the

RaySinger determinant of D +AU (x), and if D +AU (x) degenerates, then det(D +
AU (x)) = 0. Note that although D + AU (x) and D + AV (x) have the same spectra,
det(D + AU (x)) and det(D + AV (x)) may be different if they are defined by (101).
We set
Y = {x Map(X, M )| ker(D + AU (x)) 6= {0}}
= {x Map(X, M )| det(x) = 0}.
A
Then on Map(X, M ) \ Y , is trivial.

Let {hU } be the trivialization of X |(Map(X, M ) \ Y ). Then to set
DY (x) = hU (x)1 (D + AU (x))hU (x) (= D + A0U (x)),
{A0U } is a connection of X |(Map(X, M ) \ Y ) with respect to D. Since DY (x)
is non-degenerate, DY2 (x) has the Green operator GY (x) whose eigenvalues and
eigenfiunctions are
1 (x) 2 (x) > 0,
GY (x)ei (x) = i e( x).
On an arcwise-connected component of Map(X, M ) \ Y , we can take both i (x)

and ei (x) to be continuous in x.
As in Sec. 14, we set
X
(s)(x) =
n (x)s (wn (x) + ),
where wn (x) is thought to be log xn (x), x1 (x), x2 (x), . . . are the coordinates of the
fibre of X given by e1 (x), e2 (x), . . .. Since we may consider (s)\ = (s), if |s| is
small, we set
e(x)((x)1)/2 e](s) |s=0 =: ,
n=1 dxn (x) :,
(102)
Definition 30 ([10]). We say : ,

n=1 dxn : is the regularized volume form of
Map(X, M ).
00007
151
Note. This volume form depends on the choice of DY . Its regularization uses
spectres of DY2 . So it must be called to be the regularized volume form with respect
to DY2 . But for simplicity, we only call it regularized volume form.
19. Regularized Volume Form and the Determinant Bundle
Since limn 1 (xn ) = , if limn Xn Y , limn (s)(xn ) diverges. Hence
the regularized volume form
(x)((x)1)/2 ](x)
: ,
e
|s=0 ,
n=1 dxn (x) := e
has singularities along Y . Since n (x)1 is an eigenvalue of DY2 (x), the counter
term to this singularity is (det DY )2 .
(x)((x)1)/2
. This factor
(det DY (x))2 : ,
n=1 dxn (x) : also has the factor e
may be a multiple-valued function on Map(X, Y ). But this ambuigity is resolved
by using the covering of Map(X, M ).
The singularity that comes from Y is resolved by constructing a line bundle
over Map(X, M ). The regularized volume form is a cross-section of 2 . Hence can
be interpreted as the determinant bundle of Map(X, M ).
Let {AU } be a connection of X with respect to D. det(D + AU (x) is defined
by (101). Note that it may be
det(D + AU (x) + mI)|m=0 6= det((D + AU (x) + mI) + m0 I)|m0 =m .
But by (22), we have
det(D + AU (x) + mI)|m=0
C (= C \ {0}),
det((D + AU (x) + mI) + m0 I)m0 =m
although det(D + AU (x)) = 0. Since D + AU (x) and D + AV (x) have the same
spectra, we get
det(D + AU (x))
: U V C.
det(D + AV (x))
(103)
Lemma 31. As a smooth bundle, {det(D + AU )/ det(D + AV )} does not depend

on the choice of connection {AU }.
Proof. If {A0U } is another connection of X with respect to D, then to set
AU,t = AU + BU ,
0 t 1,
BU = A0U AU ,
{AU,t } becomes a connection of X with respect to D. Since det(D + AU,t ) depends

smoothly on t, the bundles {det(D +AU )/ det(d+AV )} and {det(D +A0U )/ det(D +
A0V )} belong to the same connected components of H 2 (Map(X, M ), Z), which is
discrete. Hence they are the same as smooth bundles.
Since det(h1
U (D + AU )hU )/ det(D + AU ) : U C , the equivalence class of
the line bundle {det(D + AU )/ det(D + AV )} is not influenced by the change of the
transition function of X . Hence we have the lemma.
152
00007
A. Asada
Definition 32. We denote the bundle {det(D + AV )/ det(D + AU )} by and call

the determinant bundle of Map(X, M ).
By the definition of and the regularized volume form : ,
n=1 dxn :, the regularized volume form (transformed by {hU }) is a cross-section of 2 . We denote this
cross-section by dvol(DY2 ).
Definition 33. We call dvol(DY2 ) the regularized volume form of Map(X, M ) with
respect to DY2 .
For simplicity, we denote dvol instead of dvol(DY2 ) and call the regularized
volume form of Map(X, M ).
Note. The power 2 of comes from our definition of (s). Because its coefficients
are the square of eigenvalues of D.
Let X, be the cotangent bundle of Map(X, M ). By the Sobolev duality, the
fibre of X, is W k , where W k stands for either W k (X) RN or W k (X, E)
RN .
Definition 34. We call a smooth cross-section of p (W k ) 2 to be an ( p)form on Map(X, M ).
By definition, if {U } is an ( p)-form, then
U = fU1 ,
fU = det(D + AU )2 ,
(104)
where is a cross-section of X, . By (104), (D + Au (x))2k gives a pairing of the

fibres of p X and p X, 2 which may be considered as the Sobolev duality.
Therefore we can apply the definition of the Hodge -operator (90), (91) in this
case. Hence we can define the exterior differential d for ( p)-forms. Its local
properties are the same as in Secs. 16 and 17. Especially, any exterior differentiable
( p)-form on Map(X, M ) is exact on Map(X, M ). Hence we cannot expect
( p)-dimensional de Rham theory on Map(X, M ).
Precisely, let
Bdp .: The sheaf of germs of smooth closed ( p)-forms,
p
Cex.d
.: The sheaf of germs of smooth exterior differentiable ( p)-forms.
Then we have the exact sequences
i
p
p
0 Bdp Cex.d
dCex.d
0,
i
p1
p1
0 Bdp dCex.d
d2 Cex.d
0.
p
p1
Since Cex.d
and d2 Cex.d
are both fine sheaves, we get
q+1
H p (Map(X, M ), Bdq )
= H p1 (Map(X, M ), dCex.d ),
q1
H p (Map(X, M ), B q )
),
= H p (Map(X, M ), dC
d
ex.d
00007
153
by these exact sequences. Hence we have

H 0 (Map(X, M ), dC q+p1 )/d(H 0 (Map(X, M ), C q+p1 ).
=
ex.d
ex.d
By this isomorphism and Note 2 of Sec. 16, we conclude

= 0,
p 1.
Note. Owing to the existence of the factor det G in the definition of regularized
exterior differential, we may define regularized exterior differential on Map(X, M ).
20. Half Infinite Forms
In this section, we assume Map(X, M ) is modeled by W k (X, E) RN , and
dim Y > 1, that is Map(X, M ) \ Y is arcwise-connected.
Let W k (X)x,+ (resp. W k (X)x, ) be the positive (resp. negative) eigen space
of D + AU (x) in Wxk , the fiber of X at x Map(X, M ). Then we have
W k (X) = W k (X)x,+ W k (X)x, ,
x
/ Y.
Since Map(X, Y ) \ Y is arcwise connected, there is a path such that

Map(X, M ) \ Y,
(0) = x, (1) = y,
for any x, y
/ Map(X, M ) \ Y . By the definition of Y , D + AU ((t)), 0 t 1
does not have 0-mode. Hence it induces a unitary operator U,x,y : W k (X)x,
=
k
W (X)y, . Hence we have
X
X
X |(Map(X, M ) \ Y ) = +

,
X
,x
= W k (X)x, .
(105)
X
X
Here ,x
means the fibre of
at x.
Let n, (x) and en, (x) be the proper value and function of D + AU (x);
(D + AU (x))en, (x) = n, (x)en, (x),
x
/ Map(X, M ) \ Y.
Let xn, be the coordinate of W k (X)x, determined by en, and wn, (x) is the
same as wn (x). Then we set
(s)(x) =
sn, (wn, (x) + ),
n=1
and define :
,
n=1
:
dxn, : by
,
n=1
dxn, := e (x)( (x)1)/2 e] (s)(x) |s=0 .
(106)
We define the operator (D +AU (x)) by (15). Then we can define det(D +AU (x))
similar to det(D + AU (x)). By definition, we have
det(D + AU (x)) 6= 0, x
/ Y,
det(D + AU (x)) = 0, x Y.
154
00007
A. Asada
Since det(D + AV (x)) / det(D + AU (x)) C , x Map(X, M ), we define the

line bundles by

det(D + AV (x))
=
.
det(D + AU (x))
By definitions, : ,
n=1 dxn, : define cross-sections dvol (D + A) of .
Definition 35. We call dvol+ (D + A) (resp. dvol (D + A)) to be the regularized

positive (resp. negative) volume form of Map(X, M ) with respect to D + A.
For simplicity, we write dvol instead of dvolp m(D + A) and say regularized
positive (or negative) half volume form of Map(X, M ).
Since are line bundles, + is a line bundle. dvol+ dvol is a
cross-section of this bundle. Giving the commutation rule
u v = (1)+ v u,
u a cross-section of + and v a cross-section of , we interprete this tensor product
to be the wedge product. Then
dvol(D + A) = dvol+ (D + A) dvol (D + A),
(107)
should be the regularized volume form of Map(X, M ) with respect to D + A.

X
X
The bundles
are not extended to bundles over Map(X, M ). But
are
X,
X
extended to bundles on Map(X, M ). Similarly, denoting the dual bundles
X
of
,
X
2
X,
)
,
= (
X,
are extended to bundles
over Map(X, M ). Since + might be different
from 2 , dvol(D + a) might be different from dvol(DY2 ).
Note. If + and are equivalent, then we have

X
X X
+

= + .
Hence under the same assumption, we get

p
^
X
(
+
p
^
(108)
!
p
+
.
X
Definition 36. (i) We call a smooth cross-section (p,0) of p +
(resp. (0,p) of
p X
) to be a (p, +)-form (resp. (p, )-form) on Map(X, M ).
X,
p+1
(ii) We call a smooth cross-section (p,0) of p +
+
(resp. (0,p) of
X,
p+1
p ) to be an ( p, +)-form (resp. ( p, )-form) on Map(X, M ).
( p, )-forms are said to be half infinite forms. For example, dvol are
X
X
(, )-forms, so they are half infinite forms. By using p (
+

) and so on, we
can define several mixed type forms. But (108) shows unless assuming flatness of
, we cannot define nilpotent exterior differential for these forms.
00007
155
Acknowledgement
Just before starting to write this paper, I was informed that Prof. Gr. Tsagas of
Aristotole University of Thessaloniki passed away. Many parts of this paper were
first reported at a workshop on Global Analysis, Differential Geometry and Lie
Algebras at Thessaloniki, organized by Prof. Tsagas. Here, I express my heartfelt
thanks to Prof. Tsagas and dedicate this paper to his memory.
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Akira Zeta Reg Infinite Dims

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March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics

REGULARIZED CALCULUS: AN APPLICATION

1. Elliptic Operators and their Zeta Functions

2. Eta Function of an Elliptic Operator

3. The RaySinger Determinant

4. Variation of Special Values of (P, s) with respect

5. Variation of det (P + m) with respect to m

6. Spectral Invariants and Loop Group Bundles

7. Hilbert space equipped with a Schatten Class Operator

8. Regularized Calculus via Fractional Calculus

9. Polar Coordinate of Hilbert Space and Regularized Volume Form

10. Regularization of the Laplacian on H

11. Regularization of the Dirac Operator on H

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

12. Logarithm of Derivation I. One-Variable Functions

13. Logarithm of Derivation II. Several-Variable Functions

14. Regularized Volume Form

15. Grassmann Algebra with an -degree Element and -forms

16. Exterior Differential of ( p)-forms

17. Regularized Exterior Differential

18. Regularized Volume Form on a Mapping Space

19. Regularized Volume Form and the Determinant Bundle

20. Half Infinite Forms

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

By this norm and H, we construct the Sobolev space W k . Since a p-form on W k

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

This paper aims to review these results as applications of spectral -functions.

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

The rest of the paper is devoted to explaining the geometric counterpart of

To define Borel transformation of log z, we use the formula

where w = log x. To define ordinary differential form from logarithm of derivation,

For example, we have

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

In Sec. 18, we construct regularized volume form on a mapping space. Then it

P is said to be elliptic if and only if (P ) is an isomorphism (except on 0-section).

If P is positive, we define etP by

where n is the eigenfunction of P ; P n = n n . It is known that the heat kernel

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

tr etP ts1 dt = (s)(P, s).

Hence by the above asymptotic expansion, we have

an (P )t(nd)/m ts1 dt.

If |s| is small and a 6= 0, we have

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

t(s+1)/2 tr(P etP ) dt.

We know the following estimate and asymptotic expansion

|tr (P etP )| Ctj et ,

Hence (P, s) is meromorphic on the whole complex plane.

where + is the projection to the positive eigenspace of P . The adjoint condition

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

K(t, x, s) = (et41 et42 )|(x,s;x,s)

(P, 0) = (2a0 + h).

Hence (P, s) is holomorphic at s = 0 in this case.

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

3. The RaySinger Determinant

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

(P, s) = 0 (P+ ) + ieis (P , s) + eis 0 (P , s),

sym det (iD

Hence sym det (D

Note 2. There is another definition of the determinant of differential operator due

March 16, 2004 19:14 WSPC/IJGMMP-J043

4. Variation of Special Values of (P, s) with respect

Ress=k N (P + m, s) = Ress=k (P, s),

and (19) holds for arbitrary m.