Coal Documentation

COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 1
COAL INFORMATION
2014 EDITION
DOCUMENTATION FOR
BEYOND 2020 FILES
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
2 - COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Changes from last edition..................................................................................................................... 3
2.
List of electronic tables ......................................................................................................................... 5
3.
Product definitions ............................................................................................................................... 7
4.
Flow definitions Statistics ............................................................................................................... 13
5.
Flow definitions Balances................................................................................................................ 24
6.
Flow definitions Calorific values ..................................................................................................... 34
7.
Geographical coverage definitions .................................................................................................... 35
8.
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 43
9.
Definitions ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Energy sources ................................................................................................................................. 46
Flows: energy balance ...................................................................................................................... 49
Coal resources and reserves ............................................................................................................ 52
Units and conversions ...................................................................................................................... 52
10.
Sources and notes ............................................................................................................................... 54

General notes ................................................................................................................................... 54
Price data .......................................................................................................................................... 55
Quarterly energy statistics ................................................................................................................ 56
Data sources..................................................................................................................................... 56
11.
Country notes....................................................................................................................................... 58
12.
Geographical coverage notes ............................................................................................................ 66
13.
Abbreviations, conversion factors and calorific values .................................................................. 68
1. CHANGES FROM LAST EDITION

Whats new?
Over 20 international organisations including the International Energy Agency, Eurostat and the United Nations
Statistics Division have been collaborating since 2005 under the umbrella of the Intersecretariat Working Group
on Energy Statistics (InterEnerStat) to harmonise a collective energy vocabulary between organisations and anticipate future needs. This work was also to feed into the UNs International Recommendations for
Energy Statistics http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/default.htm. Changes to products and flows which were
agreed upon in 2010 have been incorporated into the 2012 questionnaires, making this publication the first with
the adopted changes. Harmonised product and flow definitions are available here:
http://www.iea.org/interenerstat_v2/meetings.asp.
Hard coal comprises anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, while Brown coal comprises lignite and subbituminous coal. In previous editions, sub-bituminous coal was exceptionally included under Hard coal for 12
countries. In order to maximise the consistency of this definition and to harmonize terminology with other energyfocussed organisations, the decision has been made to exclude any sub-bituminous coal exceptions from the hard
coal definition. This therefore means that Brown coal now comprises lignite and sub-bituminous coal for all
countries. As a result, revisions in time series may appear for Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland,
Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and the United States.
Primary coal data prior to 1978 are only classified as hard coal or brown coal. Unless specified, no attempt has
been made to estimate and relocate possible sub-bituminous components of this data, if any exist. So for the same
group of countries listed above, hard coal data prior to 1978 may include some sub-bituminous coal.
Reporting of Peat products was previously incorporated within a combined BKB/Peat products product. Starting
in the 2014 edition, peat products has its own category.
Oil shale and oil sands as reported on the Solid Fossil-fuels and Manufactured Gases questionnaire were previously included with lignite. While it now has its own category, there are several things of note:
Historical production and consumption of oil shale and oil sands occurred to varying degrees in a wider range of
countries than are currently reporting data.
While supply and demand data for oil shale and oil sands exist in the Coal Information publication, data for shale
oil (as part of Other hydrocarbons) exist in the Oil Information publication, whether this is the result of in-situ
extraction technologies (Oil Information only); transformation of oil shale via liquefaction technologies (inputs
exist in Coal Information, outputs in Oil Information, combined with other data); or deeming that primary supply
begins with the saleable product and that above ground retorts are part of the extraction process rather than a
transformation process, thereby treating the second case as the first.
Shale gas, like colliery gas, is not reported on the Solid Fossil-fuels and Manufactured Gases questionnaire or
included in this publication, but is included in the Natural Gas Information publication.
The upper ceiling of the Gross calorific value that defines Lignite has been increased from 17 465 kJ/kg to
20 000 kJ/kg also using a new basis of measurement (moist but ash free) to be aligned with other coal types. At
this stage, there has been little reclassification from sub-bituminous coal to lignite for coals affected by this. The
calorific boundary between Hard coal (anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coal) and Brown coal (subbituminous coal and lignite) also changed slightly in this edition, from 23 865 kJ/kg to 24 000 kJ/kg.
Due to reductions in budget, the IEA no longer has adequate resources to provide complete information on energy
prices and taxes, so has had to suppress certain sections of Energy Prices and Taxes as of 1 January 2012. As a
result, some price series have not been updated in this edition of Coal Information. The IEA considered it necessary to reduce the coverage of this publication in order to maintain the high quality of the remaining information
in Energy Prices and Taxes and other publications. We remain hopeful that we may be able to restore these sections in the future if resources become available.
2. LIST OF ELECTRONIC TABLES

Data for all available years are provided in this series
of databases, generally from 1960 to 2012 for OECD
countries, 1971 to 2012 for non-OECD countries and
1978-2012 for OECD Imports and Exports to partner
countries. Data for some products begin in 1978.
Some data is released for 2013 in July 2014 and
should be considered preliminary. Final data for 2013
is received for the 2015 publication, and updating this
data will form the basis of the preliminary 2015 edition, released in April 2015.
World coal supply:

Coal World Supply.ivt
In this database, statistics for different types of coal
and coal products, including manufactured gases are
shown. These products are: anthracite, coking coal,
other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite,
peat, patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coal tar,
BKB/peat briquettes, gas works gas, coke oven gas,
blast furnace gas and other recovered gases. The aggregates hard coal, brown coal and steam coal are also
included. This table provides reference statistics of
coal such as indigenous production, imports, exports
and primary energy supply, based in kilotonnes for
solid fuel and TJ for gases for OECD and NonOECD countries.
This database will not be updated in 2015 to include
the OECD revisions that form the preliminary edition,
thus 2013 here refers to 2013e and provisional data
submitted in early 2014 in all cases. This ensures that
the OECD and Non-OECD data are provided within
on an equivalent basis. Final 2013 data will be provided in the 2015 publication.
OECD coal imports:

Coal Imports.ivt
This table presents detailed coal import data by country of origin for OECD member states for the following coal products and aggregates: anthracite, cokingcoal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel, coke
oven coke, coal tar, BKB, peat, peat products, hard
coal, brown coal, and steam coal. The data is reported
in kilotonnes.
Data for 2012 are final.
OECD coal exports:

Coal Exports.ivt
This table presents detailed coal export data by country of destination for OECD member states for the
following coal products and aggregates: anthracite,
coking coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel,
coke oven coke, coal tar, BKB, peat, peat products,
hard coal, brown coal and steam coal. The data is reported in kilotonnes.
OECD coal statistics:

Coal Statistics OECD.ivt
In this table, statistics for different types of coal and
coal products, including manufactured gases are
shown. These products are: anthracite, coking coal,
other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite,
patent fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coal tar, BKB,
gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, other
recovered gases, peat, peat products and oil shale and
oil sands. The aggregates hard coal, brown coal and
steam coal are also included. This table provides full
supply and consumption data of coal such as primary
energy supply, transformation sector, energy sector
and final consumption based in kilotonnes for OECD
countries.
OECD coal balances:

Coal Balance OECD.ivt
In this table, a balance for different types of coal and
coal products, including manufactured gases is shown.
These products are: anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, lignite, patent
fuel, coke oven coke, gas coke, coal tar, BKB, gas
works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, other
recovered gases, peat, peat products and oil shale and
oil sands. The aggregates hard coal, brown coal and
steam coal are also included, as is a product coal
which includes all primary coal types, and all derived
coal products, but not peat, peat products or oil shale
and oil sands. This table provides full balance data

such as primary energy supply, transformation sector
and final consumption based in kilotonnes of coal
equivalent (7,000 Gigacalories) for OECD countries
and OECD country aggregate groups. Other units are
selectable and they include kilotonnes of oil equivalent
(10,000 Gigacalories), Terajoules and Teracalories.
OECD coal calorific values:

Coal NCV OECD.ivt
In this table, calorific values for select flows of different types of coal and coal products are shown on a
country by country basis. These products are: anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel, coke oven coke,
gas coke, coal tar and BKB, peat, peat products and
oil shale and oil sands. The aggregates hard coal and
brown coal are included for years prior to 1978 only.
This table provides the calorific values used to convert raw tonnes of coal and coal products into energy
for the OECD Coal Balance data. It is shown in
Megajoules per tonne for OECD countries.
3. PRODUCT DEFINITIONS
Coal
Coal is a family name for a variety of solid organic
fuels and refers to a whole range of combustible
sedimentary rock materials spanning a continuous
quality scale. For convenience, this continuous series
is often divided into two main categories, which are
themselves divided into two subcategories:
Hard coal
Anthracite
Bituminous coal
- Coking coal
- Other bituminous coal
Brown coal
Sub-bituminous coal
Lignite
In cases where data are presented in Mtoe or Mtce in
this book and sourced to OECD/IEA Energy Balances,
the term Coal includes all primary coal types listed
above, and coal products (patent fuel, coke oven coke,
gas coke, coal tar, BKB, coke oven gas, gas works
gas, blast furnace gas, and other recovered gases). For
display purposes in some cases, peat for energy use,
peat products and oil shale and oil sands are shown
together.
Classifying different types of coal into practical categories for use at an international level is difficult for
two reasons:
Divisions between coal categories vary between classification systems, both national and international,
based on calorific value, volatile matter content, fixed
carbon content, caking and coking properties, or some
combination of two or more of these criteria.
Although the relative value of the coals within a particular category depends on the degree of dilution by
moisture and ash and contamination by sulphur,

chlorine, phosphorous and certain trace elements, these
factors do not affect the divisions between categories.
Coal quality can vary and it is not always possible to
ensure that the available descriptive and analytical
information is truly representative of the body of coal
to which it refers.
The International Coal Classification of the Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE) recognises two
broad categories of coal:
i) Hard coal: Coal of gross calorific value not less
than 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t) on an ash-free but
moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of
vitrinite of at least 0.6.
ii) Brown coal: Non-agglomerating coal with a gross
calorific value less than 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t)
and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of
less than 0.6.
The IEA has adopted the basis of these definitions of
hard coal and brown coal in this book and in other
publications for presenting statistics relating to coal
production, trade and consumption.
Historically, while also adopted by the IEA in prior
editions, the boundary conditions of these definitions
differed to what is shown above. Cooperation between
various authorities, including the IEA, has resulted in
the development of a harmonised suite of product and
energy flow definitions. These are available at:
It should be stressed that this classification system is
based on the inherent qualities of the coal in question
and not on the final use of the coal. In this way the
classification system attempts to be objective and
simple to apply, and this should also minimise the
differences between reported data from consumer and
producer nations when international trade occurs or
even producers and consumers on a national basis.
Some countries however may still choose to report

consumption by classification based on or guided by
usage, so data presented in this book may differ from
those presented in the national publications of individual countries because the countries may have
adopted a different coal classification and reporting
system that better suits their particular national needs.
As far as possible, national coal statistics reported by
the IEA in this book and in other publications have
been adjusted to be consistent with the IEA definitions noted above, however this may not always be
the case.
Due to the differing nature of the criteria for these
coal types, in some cases it is possible to fulfil some,
but not all criteria. In this case a judgement call needs
to be made. As a general rule though, para-bituminous
and ortho-bituminous coals tend to be classed as other
bituminous coal despite failing to meet one of the
calorific or vitrinite mean random reflectance criteria.
Primary coal used in pulverised (or granular) coal
injection in blast furnaces is commonly abbreviated to
PCI (or GCI) coal. (In this book PCI includes GCI).
The IEA does not have a separate product classification for PCI as the term defines a particular end-use
for coal. In IEA statistics, PCI is generally included in
steam coal, with the exception of Japan, Korea, the
Netherlands, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Turkey and
the United Kingdom, where it is included with coking
coal. This also means that PCI production and trade
are not available in this book.
In order to improve the information base for coal
market analysis and projections, these two main categories of coal have been further sub-divided in
IEA/OECD Coal Statistics from 1978 as follows:
Hard coal
Hard coal is calculated as the sum of anthracite and all
bituminous coals.
Anthracite is a high-rank, hard coal used mainly
for industrial and residential heat raising.
Bituminous coal is a medium- to high-rank coal
used for gasification, industrial coking and heat
raising and residential heat raising. Bituminous
coal that can be used in the production of a coke
capable of supporting a blast furnace charge is
known as coking coal.
Other bituminous coal, not included under coking
coal, may also be commonly known as thermal
coal; however this less formal grouping increasingly tends to include a range of brown coals. Also
included in other bituminous coal statistics are recovered slurries, middlings and other low-grade,
higher-rank coal products not further classified by
type.
Note: In prior editions, for the following countries,
hard coal data also contained sub-bituminous coal:
Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland,
Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and
the United States. Prior to 1978, where only hard coal
and brown coal are available as classification breakdowns, hard coal data for these countries may still
contain sub-bituminous coal data.
Brown coal
Brown coal is calculated as the sum of subbituminous coal and lignite. In previous editions, oil
shale mined and combusted directly was reported as
lignite, while shale oil was reported as other hydrocarbons in Oil Information. In the 2014 edition, oil
shale and oil sands have their own category, while
shale oil continues to be reported as other hydrocarbons in Oil Information.
Definitions for sub-bituminous coal and lignite are as
follows:
Sub-bituminous coal: non-agglomerating coals
with a gross calorific value between 4 777 kcal/kg
(20 GJ/t) and 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t) on an ashfree but moist basis.
Lignite: non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 4 777 kcal/kg (20 GJ/t) on an
ash-free but moist basis.
Note: In the 2014 edition, the calorific floor for subbituminous coal (on an adjusted basis) has been
raised from 4 165 kcal/kg to 4 777 kcal/kg. Very little
product reclassification from sub-bituminous coal to
lignite has occurred as a result of this change in requirements.
Steam Coal
Steam coal in this publication contains all anthracite,
other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal, but
not lignite or coking coal.
Prior to the 2012 publication, all hard coals that were
not coking coal (including the sub-bituminous coal
from the excepted countries) were classed as steam
coal. This also included by necessity countries (not
listed) where sub-bituminous coal was unable to be
separated from other bituminous coal data for reporting purposes.
For the Coal Information 2012 publication onwards,

the definition of steam coal was adjusted to include all
sub-bituminous coals. This move was done to achieve
greater congruence with practical, formal and informal definitions of steam (thermal) coal in the market
and coal industry at large.
and limited air access (initial stage of coalification). It

is available in two main forms for use as a fuel - sod
peat and milled peat. Peat is not considered a renewable
resource as its regeneration period is considerable.
The definitions of hard coal and brown coal as aggregates in terms of their component parts remain unchanged and consistent with the UNECE guidelines
above and InterEnerStat definitions. This means hard
coal can no longer be calculated by adding steam coal
data to coking coal data.
Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. Shale

oil (often obtained by in situ thermally enhanced mining practices) is reported as an oil product.
Coal products
The primary coal types mentioned above may be directly consumed or transformed into another fuel or
energy source. Derived solid fuels and liquids are
products resulting from the transformation from hard
coal, brown coal or other primary solid fuels, sometimes with the addition of other materials.
Manufactured Gases
Manufactured gases created outside of refineries,
sourced primarily from solid hydrocarbons are reported on the coal questionnaire. They include purpose built products like gas works gas, whose manufacture is often the main purpose of the transformation
process, and products like coke oven gas and blast
furnace gas which are useful energy by-products of
another process.
Oil shale and oil sands
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which contains organic matter in the form of kerogen a waxy hydrocarbon-rich material regarded as a precursor of petroleum. In solid form, it contains more inert matter than
coal, while the sand in oil sands may often be in the
form of sandstone. Oil shale may be burned directly,
or retorted to extract shale oil, the process of which is
reported as coal liquefaction transformation.
Heat and electricity

Data for electricity and heat includes disaggregated data
on inputs and outputs of combined heat and power and
on district heating. Data on heat became available in
different years for different countries and thus aggregated country data should be used with caution.
Total electricity production includes production from
both main activity producers (formerly known as public) and autoproducers. Generally, the split of total
electricity production between main activity producers
and autoproducers is available only after 1973.
Peat
2014 edition, definition changes
A solid formed from the partial decomposition of

dead vegetation under conditions of high humidity
Any changes enacted for this release to the data definitions in the following tables will be shown in red.
Coal and coal products

Flow
Short name
Definition
COAL
(For balances only.) This is the sum of all primary coals (not peat,
peat products or oil shale and oil sands) and all derived coal products (cokes, gases, tars, briquettes etc).
Hard coal
HARDCOAL
Hard coal refers to coal of gross calorific value greater than

24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis and with a
mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6. Hard coal may
include coals with a GCV greater than or equal to 24 MJ/kg and a
mean Rr < 0.6%. Hard coal is the sum of anthracite, coking coal,
other bituminous coal and for some countries, prior to 1978 (see
Note on Coal Classification above), hard coal includes subbituminous coal.
Brown coal
BROWN
Brown coal is the sum of lignite and sub-bituminous coal. For some
countries prior to 1978 (see Note on Coal Classification above),
brown coal excludes sub-bituminous coal.
Steam coal
STEAMCOAL
Steam coal is coal used for steam raising and space heating purposes and includes all anthracite and bituminous coals not included
under coking coal and for all countries; steam coal also includes
sub-bituminous coal.
Anthracite
ANTCOAL
A high rank coal used for industrial and residential applications. It

is generally less than 10% volatile matter and a high carbon content
(about 90% fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than
24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. It has a
vitrinite mean random reflectance greater than or equal to 2% and is
non-agglomerating.
Coking coal
COKCOAL
Coal with a quality that allows the production of a coke suitable to

support a blast furnace charge. Its gross calorific value is greater
than 24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis.
Other bituminous coal
BITCOAL
Other bituminous coal is used for steam raising and space heating
purposes and includes all bituminous coal that is not included under
coking coal. It usually contains more than 10% volatile matter and
relatively high carbon content (less than 90% fixed carbon). Its
gross calorific value is greater than 24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on
an ash-free but moist basis and can include parabituminous and orthobituminous coals.
Sub-bituminous coal
SUBCOAL
Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between

20 MJ/kg (~4 777 kcal/kg) and 24 MJ/kg (~5 732 kcal/kg) on a
moist but ash free basis, and containing more than 31 per cent volatile matter on a dry, mineral free basis.
Lignite
LIGNITE
Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value of less than

20 MJ/kg (4 777 kcal/kg) on a moist, but ash free basis.
Patent fuel
PATFUEL
A composition fuel manufactured from hard coal fines with the addition of a binding agent. The amount of patent fuel produced is,
therefore slightly higher than the actual amount of coal consumed in
the transformation process.

Flow
Short name
Definition
Coke oven coke
OVENCOKE
The solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal, principally coking coal, at high temperature. It is low in moisture content
and volatile matter. Also included are semi-coke, a solid product
obtained from the carbonisation of coal at a low temperature, lignite
coke, semi-coke made from lignite/brown coal, coke breeze and
foundry coke.
Gas coke
GASCOKE
A by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas in

gas works. Gas coke is used for heating purposes.
Coal tar
COALTAR
Coal tar is a result of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.

Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make
coke in the coke oven process. Coal tar can be further distilled into
different organic products (e.g. benzene, toluene, naphthalene),
which normally would be reported as a feedstock to the petrochemical industry.
Brown coal briquettes
BKB
Composition fuels manufactured from lignite/brown coal, produced

by briquetting under high pressure. These figures include dried lignite fines and dust.
Gas works gas
GASWKSGS
Covers all types of gas produced in public utility or private plants,

whose main purpose is the manufacture, transport and distribution
of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including gas
produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works), by total gasification (with or without enrichment with oil products), by cracking
of natural gas, and by reforming and simple mixing of gases and/or
air. This heading also includes substitute natural gas, which is a
high calorific value gas manufactured by chemical conversion of a
hydrocarbon fossil fuel.
Coke oven gas
COKEOVGS
Obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of coke oven coke for

the production of iron and steel.
Blast furnace gas
BLFURGS
Produced during the combustion of coke in blast furnaces in the

iron and steel industry. It is recovered and used as a fuel partly
within the plant and partly in other steel industry processes or in
power stations equipped to burn it.
Other recovered gases
OGASES
Other recovered gases were previously known as oxygen steel furnace gas, which is most commonly obtained as a by-product of the
production of steel in an oxygen-fired furnace; it is recovered upon
leaving the furnace. The gas is also known as converter gas, LD gas
or BOS gas. Other gases of similar nature are also reported in this
category, hence the change of name to be intrinsically more inclusive.
Peat
PEAT
Combustible soft, porous or compressed, fossil sedimentary deposit

of plant origin with high water content (up to 90 per cent in the raw
state), easily cut, of light to dark brown colour. Peat used for nonenergy purposes is not included.

Flow
Short name
Definition
Peat products
PEATPROD
Peat products include peat briquettes and peat pellets. Milled peat is
included in peat, not peat products..
OILSHALE
Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. Shale oil (often obtained by in situ thermally enhanced mining practices) is reported as
an oil product.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which contains organic matter in the
form of kerogen a waxy hydrocarbon-rich material regarded as a
precursor of petroleum. In solid form, it contains more inert matter
than coal, while the sand in oil sands may often be in the form of
sandstone. Oil shale may be burned directly, or retorted to extract
shale oil, the process of which is reported as coal liquefaction transformation.
4. FLOW DEFINITIONS STATISTICS

Supply
Flow
Short name
Definition
Production
INDPROD
Production refers to the quantities of fuels extracted or produced,

calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter or impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). For other hydrocarbons
(shown with crude oil), production should include synthetic crude
oil (including mineral oil extracted form bituminous minerals such
as oil shale and tar sands, etc.). Production of secondary oil products
represents the gross refinery output. Secondary coal products and
gases represent the output from coke ovens, gas works, blast furnaces and other transformation processes.
From other sources

coal
OSCOAL
From other sources

natural gas
OSNATGAS
From other sources refers to both primary energy that has not been
accounted for under production and secondary energy that has been
accounted for in the production of another fuel. For example, under
additives: benzol, alcohol and methanol produced from natural gas;
under refinery feedstocks: backflows from the petrochemical industry used as refinery feed-stocks; under other hydrocarbons (included with crude oil): liquids obtained from coal liquefaction and
GTL plants; under primary coal: recovered slurries, middlings, recuperated coal dust and other low-grade coal products that cannot be
classified according to type of coal from which they are obtained;
under gas works gas: natural gas, refinery gas, and LPG, that are
treated or mixed in gas works (i.e. gas works gas produced from
sources other than coal).
From other sources oil OSOIL

products
From other sources
renewables
OSRENEW
From other sources

not elsewhere specified
OSNONSPEC
Imports
IMPORTS
Imports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to

other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.
Exports
EXPORTS
Exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to

other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.
Supply
Flow
Short name
Definition
International marine
bunkers
MARBUNK
International marine bunkers covers those quantities delivered to

ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The
international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and
waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in
domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is
determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and
not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing
vessels and by military forces is also excluded. See definitions of
transport, fishing, and other non-specified.
International aviation
bunkers
AVBUNK
As per international marine bunkers, International aviation bunkers

covers those quantities delivered to aircraft of all flags that are engaged in international aviation. Consumption by aircraft engaged in
domestic aviation is excluded. The domestic/international split is
determined on the basis of airport of departure and airport of arrival,
and not by the flag or nationality of the aircraft. Consumption by
military forces is also excluded.
Stock changes
STOCKCHA
Stock changes reflects the difference between opening stock levels

on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the
year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers,
energy transformation industries and large consumers. Oil and gas
stock changes in pipelines are not taken into account. With the exception of large users mentioned above, changes in final users'
stocks are not taken into account. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number.
Domestic supply
DOMSUP
Domestic supply is defined as production + from other sources +

imports - exports - international marine bunkers stock changes.
Transfers
TRANSFER
Transfers comprises interproduct transfers, products transferred and

recycled products. Interproduct transfers results from reclassification
of products either because their specification has changed or because
they are blended into another product, e.g. kerosene may be reclassified as gasoil after blending with the latter in order to meet its winter
diesel specification. The net balance of interproduct transfers is zero.
Products transferred is intended for petroleum products imported for
further processing in refineries. For example, fuel oil imported for
upgrading in a refinery is transferred to the feedstocks category. Recycled products are finished products which pass a second time
through the marketing network, after having been once delivered to
final consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed).
Statistical differences
STATDIFF
Statistical difference is defined as deliveries to final consumption +

use for transformation processes and consumption by energy industry own use + losses - domestic supply - transfers. Statistical differences arise because the data for the individual components of supply
are often derived from different data sources by the national administration. Furthermore, the inclusion of changes in some large consumers' stocks in the supply part of the balance introduces distortions which also contribute to the statistical differences.
Transformation processes
Flow
Short name
Definition
Transformation
processes
TOTTRANF
Transformation processes comprise the conversion of primary

forms of energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal to coke, crude oil to oil products, and fuel oil to electricity).
Main activity producer

electricity plants
MAINELEC
Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce

electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and
the inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then
the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their
primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note
that the sale need not take place through the public grid.
Autoproducer
electricity plants
AUTOELEC
Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce

electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and
the inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then
the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their
own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They
may be privately or publicly owned.

CHP plants
MAINCHP
Combined heat and power plants refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred to
as co-generation power stations). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis.
However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention
for defining a CHP plant noted above should be adopted. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third
parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly
owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public
grid.
Autoproducer CHP
plants
AUTOCHP
Combined heat and power plants refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred to
as co-generation power stations). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis.
However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention
for defining a CHP plant noted above should be adopted. Note that
for autoproducer's CHP plants, all fuel inputs to electricity production are taken into account, while only the part of fuel inputs to heat
sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production of heat consumed
within the autoproducer's establishment are not included here but
are included with figures for the final consumption of fuels in the
appropriate consuming sector. Autoproducer undertakings generate
electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately
or publicly owned.
Flow
Short name
Definition

heat plants
MAINHEAT
Heat plants refers to plants designed to produce heat only and who
sell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial
consumers) under the provisions of a contract. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as
their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.
Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.
Autoproducer heat
plants
AUTOHEAT
Heat plants refers to plants designed to produce heat only and who
sell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial
consumers) under the provisions of a contract. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their
own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They
may be privately or publicly owned.
Heat pumps
THEAT
Heat pumps includes heat produced by heat pumps in transformation. Heat pumps that are operated within the residential sector
where the heat is not sold are not considered a transformation process and are not included here the electricity consumption would
appear as residential use.
Electric boilers
TBOILER
Includes electric boilers used to produce heat.
Chemical heat for

electricity production
TELE
Includes heat from chemical processes that is used to generate electricity.
Flow
Short name
Definition
Blast furnaces
TBLASTFUR
Blast furnaces covers the quantities of fuels used for the production
of blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. The production
of pig-iron from iron ore in blast furnaces uses fuels for supporting
the blast furnace charge and providing heat and carbon for the reduction of the iron ore. Accounting for the calorific content of the
fuels entering the process is a complex matter as transformation
(into blast furnace gas) and consumption (heat of combustion) occur simultaneously. Some carbon is also retained in the pig-iron;
almost all of this reappears later in the oxygen steel furnace gas (or
converter gas) when the pig-iron is converted to steel. In the
1992/1993 annual questionnaires, Member Countries were asked
for the first time to report in the transformation sector the quantities
of all fuels (e.g. pulverised coal injection [PCI] coal, coke oven
coke, natural gas and oil) entering blast furnaces and the quantity of
blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas produced. The Secretariat then needed to split these inputs into the transformation
and consumption components. The transformation component is
shown in the row blast furnaces/gas works in the column appropriate for the fuel, and the consumption component is shown in the
row iron and steel, in the column appropriate for the fuel. Originally, the Secretariat assumed that there was a transformation efficiency of 100%, which meant that the energy going into the transformation process was equal to the energy coming out (i.e. equivalent to the energy content of the gases produced). However, when
the IEA data were used to calculate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) methodology, as published in the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the blast furnaces were showing a carbon gain. Starting with the 1998 edition,
the Secretariat decided to assume a transformation efficiency such
that the carbon input into the blast furnaces should equal the carbon
output. This is roughly equivalent to assuming an energy transformation efficiency of 40%.
Gas works
TGASWKS
Gas works covers the quantities of fuels used for the production of
town gas.
Coke ovens
TCOKEOVS
Coke plants covers the use of fuels for the manufacture of coke and
coke oven gas.
Patent fuel plants
TPATFUEL
Patent fuel plants covers the use of fuels for the manufacture of
patent fuels.
BKB plants
TBKB
BKB plants covers the use of fuels for BKB.
Oil refineries
TREFINER
Oil refineries covers the use of hydrocarbons for the manufacture of

finished petroleum products.
Petrochemical industry TPETCHEM
Covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Note

that backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy purposes (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but in
non-energy use.
Flow
Short name
Definition
Coal liquefaction
plants
TCOALLIQ
Includes coal liquefaction plants.
Gas-to-liquids (GTL)
plants
TGTL
Includes gas-to-liquid plants.
For blended natural

gas
TBLENDGAS
Includes other gases for blending with natural gas.
Charcoal production
plants
TCHARCOAL
Includes the transformation of solid biomass into charcoal.
Not elsewhere
specified
(Transformation)
TNONSPEC
Includes non-specified transformation.
Energy industry own use and losses

Flow
Short name
Definition
Energy industry own

use
TOTENGY
Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the energy
producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting and operation of all equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and for distribution).
It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 05, 06, 19
and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].
Coal mines
EMINES
Represents the energy which is used directly within the coal industry
for hard coal and lignite mining. It excludes coal burned in pithead
power stations (included under electricity plants in transformation
processes) and free allocations to miners and their families (considered as part of household consumption and therefore included under
residential).
Oil and gas extraction
EOILGASEX
For oil and gas extraction, flared gas is not included.
Blast furnaces
EBLASTFUR
Companies own consumption of fuels in operating a furnace.
Gas works
EGASWKS
Comprises consumption of fuels at the gas works and gasification

plants.
Gasification plants for

biogas
EBIOGAS
Includes own consumption of biogas necessary to support temperatures needed for anaerobic fermentation.
Coke ovens
ECOKEOVS
Companies own consumption of fuels at the coking plant.
Patent fuel plants
EPATFUEL
Comprises own consumption of fuels by patent fuel plants.
BKB plants
EBKB
Comprises own consumption of fuels by briquetting plants.
Oil refineries
EREFINER
Comprises own consumption of fuels in refineries.
Coal liquefaction
plants
ECOALLIQ
Comprises own consumption of fuels at coal liquefaction plants.
Liquefaction (LNG) /
regasification plants
ELNG
Comprises own consumption of fuels at liquefaction (LNG)/ regasification plants.
plants
EGTL
Comprises own consumption of fuels at gas-to-liquids (GTL) plants.
Own use in electricity, EPOWERPLT Companies own consumption of fuels in electricity plants, combined
CHP and heat plants
heat and power plants (CHP) and heat plants.
Used for pumped
storage
EPUMPST
Represents electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants for pumped

storage.
Nuclear industry
ENUC
Represents the energy used in the nuclear industry.
Charcoal production
plants
ECHARCOAL
Represents the energy used in charcoal production plants.
Not elsewhere
specified (Energy)
ENONSPEC
Represents use in energy industries supporting transformations not

represented above, or support for processes unable to be reported in
their actual transformation for other reasons.
Losses
DISTLOSS
Losses in gas distribution, electricity transmission, and coal transport.
Final consumption
Flow
Short name
Definition
Final consumption
FINCONS
Equal to the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors. Energy

used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy producing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for the most
part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes).
Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final
consumption (see from other sources under supply and petrochemical
plants in transformation processes).
Starting with the 2009 edition, international aviation bunkers is no
longer included in final consumption at the country level.
Industry
TOTIND
Industry consumption is specified as follows: (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport):
Iron and steel
IRONSTL
[ISIC Rev. 4 Group 241 and Class 2431]
Chemical and
petrochemical
CHEMICAL
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 20 and 21] Excluding petrochemical feedstocks.
Non-ferrous metals
NONFERR
[ISIC Rev. 4 Group 242 and Class 2432] Basic industries.
Non-metallic minerals
NONMET
[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 23] Such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc.
Transport equipment
TRANSEQ
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 29 and 30]
Machinery
MACHINE
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 25 to 28] Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment.
Mining and quarrying
MINING
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099] Mining (excluding

fuels) and quarrying.
Food and tobacco
FOODPRO
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 10 to 12]
Paper, pulp and print
PAPERPRO
Wood and wood

products
WOODPRO
[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 16] Wood and wood products other than pulp
and paper.
Construction
CONSTRUC
[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 41 to 43]
Textile and leather
TEXTILES
Not elsewhere
specified (Industry)
INONSPEC
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 22, 31 and 32] Any manufacturing industry

not included above. Note: Most countries have difficulties supplying
an industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the not elsewhere
specified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates of industrial consumption should therefore be used with caution.
Transport
TOTTRANS
Consumption in transport covers all transport activity (in mobile engines) regardless of the economic sector to which it is contributing
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified as follows:
Final consumption
Flow
Short name
Definition
Domestic aviation
DOMESAIR
Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for domestic aviation commercial, private, agricultural, etc. It includes use for purposes
other than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines, but not airline use of
fuel for road transport. The domestic/international split should be
determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by
the nationality of the airline. Note that this may include journeys of
considerable length between two airports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). For many countries this incorrectly includes fuel
used by domestically owned carriers for outbound international
traffic;
Road
ROAD
Road includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agricultural and

industrial highway use. Excludes military consumption as well as
motor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil for use in
tractors that are not for highway use.
Rail
RAIL
Rail includes quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial railways.
Pipeline transport
PIPELINE
Includes energy used in the support and operation of pipelines transporting gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities, including the
energy used for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline. Energy for the pipeline distribution of natural or manufactured gas, hot
water or steam (ISIC Rev. 4 Division 35) from the distributor to final
users is excluded and should be reported in energy industry own use,
while the energy used for the final distribution of water (ISIC Rev. 4
Division 36) to household, industrial, commercial and other users
should be included in commercial/public services. Losses occurring
during the transport between distributor and final users should be reported as losses;
Domestic navigation
DOMESNAV
Includes fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged in international navigation (see international marine bunkers). The domestic/
international split should be determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival and not by the flag or nationality of the ship.
Note that this may include journeys of considerable length between
two ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). Fuel used for
ocean, coastal and inland fishing and military consumption are excluded;
Not elsewhere
specified (Transport)
TRNONSPE
Includes all transport not elsewhere specified. Note: International

marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are shown in Supply and are not included in transport as part of final consumption.
Other
TOTOTHER
Includes residential, commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry,

fishing and non-specified (other).
Residential
RESIDENT
Includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used for transport. Includes households with employed persons [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 97] which is a small part of total residential consumption.
Commercial and
public services
COMMPUB
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55-56, 58-66, 68-75,
77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99]
Final consumption
Flow
Short name
Definition
Agriculture/forestry
AGRICULT
Includes deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting and forestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed by such
users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use),
power or heating (agricultural and domestic) [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions
01 and 02].
Fishing
FISHING
Includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishing
covers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in the
country (including international fishing) as well as energy used in the
fishing industry [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 03]. Prior to last year, fishing
was included with agriculture/forestry and this may continue to be
the case for some countries.
Not elsewhere
specified (Other)
ONONSPEC
Includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as consumption

in the above-designated categories for which separate figures have
not been provided. Military fuel use for all mobile and stationary consumption is included here (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energy used
in living quarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered is for the
military of that country or for the military of another country.
Non-energy use
NONENUSE
Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in
the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed
into another fuel. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumption under the heading non-energy use.
Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specifically
used for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in the
energy statistics. Therefore, all non-energy use quantities are null by
definition.
Non-energy use
ind./transf./energy
NEINTREN
Non-energy in industry, transformation processes and energy industry

own use.
Of which: Non-energy
use in chemical/
petrochemical industry
NECHEM
The petrochemical industry includes cracking and reforming processes for the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butylene, synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene and other hydrocarbon-based raw materials in processes such as steam cracking, aromatics plants and
steam reforming [part of ISIC Rev. 4 Group 201].
Non-energy use in
transport
NETRANS
Non-energy use in transport.
Non-energy use in
other sectors
NEOTHER
Non-energy use in Other.
Electricity output (GWh)

Flow
Short name
Definition
Electricity output in
GWh
ELOUTPUT
Shows the total number of GWh generated by thermal power plants

separated into electricity plants and CHP plants, as well as production by nuclear and hydro, geothermal, etc.
Electricity outputmain activity

producer electricity
plants
ELMAINE
Total electricity generated in main activity producer electricity

plants.
Electricity outputautoproducer
electricity plants
ELAUTOE
Total electricity generated in autoproducer electricity plants.

producer CHP plants
ELMAINC
Total electricity generated in main activity producer CHP plants.
Electricity outputautoproducer CHP

plants
ELAUTOC
Total electricity generated in autoproducer CHP plants.
Heat output (TJ)

Flow
Short name
Definition
Heat output in TJ
HEATOUT
Shows the total amount of TJ generated by power plants separated

into CHP plants and heat plants.
Heat output-main
activity producer
CHP plants
HEMAINC
Total heat generated in main activity producer CHP plants.
Heat outputautoproducer CHP

plants
HEAUTOC
Total electricity generated in autoproducer CHP plants.
Heat output-main
activity producer heat
plant
HEMAINH
Total electricity generation in main activity producer heat plants.
Heat outputautoproducer heat

plants
HEAUTOH
Total electricity generation in autoproducer heat plants.
5. FLOW DEFINITIONS BALANCES

Supply
Flow
Short name
Definition
Production
INDPROD
Production is the production of primary energy, i.e. hard coal, lignite/brown coal, peat, crude oil, NGLs, natural gas, combustible renewables and waste, nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar and the heat
from heat pumps that is extracted from the ambient environment. Production is calculated after removal of impurities (e.g. sulphur from
natural gas). Calculation of production of hydro, geothermal, etc.
and nuclear electricity is explained in Section 6.
Imports
IMPORTS
Comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries

of the country whether or not customs clearance has taken place.
Imports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from other countries,
whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the
relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.
Exports
EXPORTS
Comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries

of the country whether or not customs clearance has taken place.
Exports comprise the amount of fuels supplied to other countries,
whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the
relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included.
International marine
bunkers
MARBUNK
Covers those quantities delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged
in international navigation. The international navigation may take place
at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and
port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing vessels and by military forces is also excluded. See domestic navigation, fishing and other non-specified.
International
aviation bunkers
AVBUNK
Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are excluded. The
domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline.
For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically owned carriers for their international departures.
Supply
Flow
Short name
Definition
Stock changes
STOCKCHA
Reflects the difference between opening stock levels on the first day
of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on
national territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation
industries and large consumers. A stock build is shown as a negative
number, and a stock draw as a positive number.
Total primary energy

supply
TPES
Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of production +

imports - exports - international marine bunkers - international
aviation bunkers stock changes.
Transfers
TRANSFER
Comprises interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled

products.
Interproduct transfers results from reclassification of products either
because their specification has changed or because they are blended
into another product, e.g. kerosene may be reclassified as gasoil after
blending with the latter in order to meet its winter diesel specification.
The net balance of interproduct transfers is zero.
Products transferred is intended for oil products imported for further
processing in refineries. For example, fuel oil imported for upgrading
in a refinery is transferred to the feedstocks category.
Recycled products are finished products which pass a second time
through the marketing network, after having been once delivered to
final consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed).
Statistical
differences
STATDIFF
Includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also includes the statistical differences that arise because of the variety of
conversion factors in the coal and oil columns.
Flow
Short name
Definition
Transformation
processes
TOTTRANF
Transformation processes comprises the conversion of primary forms of

energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal to coke,
crude oil to oil products, and fuel oil to electricity). Inputs to transformation processes are shown as negative numbers and output from
the process is shown as a positive number. Transformation losses
will appear in the total column as negative numbers.
Main activity
plants
MAINELEC
Refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one

or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs
can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Main activity producers generate electricity
for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place
through the public grid.
Autoproducer
electricity plants
AUTOELEC
Refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one

or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs
can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports
their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.
Main activity
producer CHP plants
MAINCHP
Refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power stations). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather
than on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above should be
adopted. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for
sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately
or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the
public grid.
Autoproducer CHP
plants
AUTOCHP
Refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity (sometimes referred to as co-generation power stations). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat outputs are on a unit basis rather
than on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above should be
adopted. Note that for autoproducer CHP plants, all fuel inputs to
electricity production are taken into account, while only the part of
fuel inputs to heat sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production of
heat consumed within the autoproducer's establishment are not included here but are included with figures for the final consumption of
fuels in the appropriate consuming sector. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own
use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be
privately or publicly owned.
Flow
Short name
Definition
Main activity
producer heat plants
MAINHEAT
Refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designed

to produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial consumers) under the provisions of a
contract. Main activity producers generate heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly
owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid.
Autoproducer heat
plants
AUTOHEAT
Refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designed

to produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial consumers) under the provisions of a
contract. Autoproducer undertakings generate heat, wholly or partly
for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity.
They may be privately or publicly owned.
Heat pumps
THEAT
Includes heat produced by heat pumps in transformation. Heat pumps

that are operated within the residential sector where the heat is not
sold are not considered a transformation process and
are not included here the electricity consumption would appear as
residential use.
Electric boilers
TBOILER
Includes electric boilers used to produce heat.
Chemical heat for

electricity
production
TELE
Includes heat from chemical processes that is used to generate electricity.
Blast furnaces
TBLASTFUR
Blast furnaces covers the quantities of fuels used for the production
of blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. The production of
pig-iron from iron ore in blast furnaces uses fuels for supporting the blast
furnace charge and providing heat and carbon for the reduction of the
iron ore. Accounting for the calorific content of the fuels entering the
process is a complex matter as transformation (into blast furnace gas)
and consumption (heat of combustion) occur simultaneously. Some carbon is also retained in the pig-iron; almost all of this reappears later in
the oxygen steel furnace gas (or converter gas) when the pig-iron is converted to steel. In the 1992/1993 annual questionnaires, Member Countries were asked for the first time to report in transformation processes
the quantities of all fuels (e.g. pulverised coal injection [PCI] coal, coke
oven coke, natural gas and oil) entering blast furnaces and the quantity of
blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas produced. The Secretariat
then needed to split these inputs into the transformation and consumption
components. The transformation component is shown in the row blast
furnaces in the column appropriate for the fuel, and the consumption
component is shown in the row iron and steel, in the column appropriate
for the fuel. The Secretariat decided to assume a transformation efficiency such that the carbon input into the blast furnaces should equal the
carbon output. This is roughly equivalent to assuming an energy transformation efficiency of 40%.
Gas works
TGASWKS
Includes the manufacture of town gas. Note: in the summary balances this item also includes other gases blended with natural gas
(TBLENDGAS).
Flow
Short name
Definition
Coke ovens
TCOKEOVS
Includes the manufacture of coke and coke oven gas.
Patent fuel plants
TPATFUEL
Includes the manufacture of patent fuels.
BKB plants
TBKB
Includes the manufacture of BKB.
Oil refineries
TREFINER
Includes the manufacture of finished oil products.
Petrochemical plants
TPETCHEM
Covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Note

that backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy purposes (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but in
non-energy use.
Coal liquefaction
plants
TCOALLIQ
Includes coal, oil and tar sands used to produce synthetic oil.
Gas-to-liquids
(GTL) plants
TGTL
Includes natural gas used as feedstock for the conversion to liquids,

e.g. the quantities of fuel entering the methanol product process for
transformation into methanol.
For blended natural

gas
TBLENDGAS
Includes other gases that are blended with natural gas.
Charcoal production
plants
TCHARCOAL
Includes the transformation of solid biomass into charcoal.
Not elsewhere
specified
(Transformation)
TNONSPEC
Includes other transformation processes and data unable to be specified elsewhere.

Flow
Short name
Losses
DISTLOSS
Definition
Losses in gas distribution, electricity transmission and coal transport.
Flow used in the summary balances

Energy industry own
use
OWNUSE
Flow
Short name
Energy industry own

use
TOTENERGY
Is equal to the sum of EMINES, EOILGASEX, EBLASTFUR,

EGASWKS, EBIOGAS, ECOKEOVS, EPATFUEL, EBKB, EREFINER, ECOALLIQ, ELNG, EGTL, EPOWERPLT, EPUMPST,
ENUC, ECHARCOAL, ENONSPEC and DISTLOSS.
Definition
Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the energy producing industries (e.g. for heating, lighting and operation of
all equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and for
distribution).
It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 05, 06, 19
and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721].

Flow
Short name
Definition
Coal mines
EMINES
Represents the energy which is used directly within the coal industry
for hard coal and lignite mining. It excludes coal burned in pithead
power stations (included under electricity plants in transformation
processes) and free allocations to miners and their families (considered as part of household consumption and therefore included under
residential).
Oil and gas

extraction
EOILGASEX
Represents the energy which is used for oil and gas extraction. Flared
gas is not included.
Blast furnaces
EBLASTFUR
Represents the energy which is used in blast furnaces.
Gas works
EGASWKS
Represents the energy which is used in gas works.
Gasification plants
for biogas
EBIOGAS
Represents own consumption of biogas necessary to support temperatures needed for anaerobic fermentation.
Coke ovens
ECOKEOVS
Represents the energy used in coke ovens.
Patent fuel plants
EPATFUEL
Represents the energy used in patent fuel plants.
BKB plants
EBKB
Represents the energy used in BKB plants.
Oil refineries
EREFINER
Represents the energy used in oil refineries.
Coal liquefaction
plants
ECOALLIQ
Represents the energy used in coal liquefaction plants.
Liquefaction (LNG) /
regasification plants
ELNG
Represents the energy used in LNG and regasification plants.
plants
EGTL
Represents the energy used in gas-to-liquids plants.
Own use in
electricity, CHP and
heat plants
EPOWERPLT
Represents the energy used in main activity producer electricity, CHP

and heat plants.
Used for pumped

storage
EPUMPST
Represents electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants for pumped

storage.
Nuclear industry
ENUC
Represents the energy used in the nuclear industry.
Charcoal production
plants
ECHARCOAL
Represents the energy used in charcoal production plants.
Not elsewhere
specified (Energy)
ENONSPEC
Represents use in energy industries supporting transformations not

represented above, or support for processes unable to be reported in
their actual transformation for other reasons.
Final consumption
Flow
Short name
Total final
consumption
TFC
Equal to the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors. Energy

used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy
producing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for the
most part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes).
Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not included in final
consumption (see from other sources under supply and petrochemical plants in transformation).
Starting with the 2009 edition, international aviation bunkers is no
longer included in final consumption at the country level.
Industry
TOTIND
Industry consumption is specified as follows: (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport):
Iron and steel
IRONSTL
[ISIC Rev. 4 Group 241 and Class 2431]
Chemical and
petrochemical
CHEMICAL
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 20 and 21] Excluding petrochemical feedstocks.
Non-ferrous metals
NONFERR
[ISIC Rev. 4 Group 242 and Class 2432] Basic industries.
Non-metallic
minerals
NONMET
[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 23] Such as glass, ceramic, cement, etc.
Transport
equipment
TRANSEQ
Machinery
MACHINE
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 25 to 28] Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment.
Mining and
quarrying
MINING
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 07 and 08 and Group 099] Mining (excluding

fuels) and quarrying.
Food and tobacco
FOODPRO
Paper, pulp and

print
PAPERPRO
Wood and wood

products
WOODPRO
[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 16] Wood and wood products other than pulp
and paper.
Construction
CONSTRUC
[ISIC Rev. 4 Division 41 to 43]
Textile and leather
TEXTILES
Not elsewhere
specified (Industry)
INONSPEC
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 22, 31 and 32] Any manufacturing industry

not included above. Note: Most countries have difficulties supplying
an industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the not elsewhere specified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates of
industrial consumption should therefore be used with caution.
Definition
Final consumption
Flow
Short name
Definition
Transport
TOTTRANS
Consumption in transport covers all transport activity (in mobile

engines) regardless of the economic sector to which it is contributing
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified as follows:
Domestic aviation
DOMESAIR
Includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for domestic aviation commercial, private, agricultural, etc. It includes use for purposes
other than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines, but not airline use of
fuel for road transport. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by
the nationality of the airline. Note that this may include journeys of
considerable length between two airports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). For many countries this incorrectly includes fuel
used by domestically owned carriers for outbound international traffic;
Road
ROAD
Includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agricultural and industrial highway use. Excludes military consumption as well as motor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil for use in tractors that are not for highway use;
Rail
RAIL
Includes quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial railways;
Pipeline transport
PIPELINE
Includes energy used in the support and operation of pipelines transporting gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities, including the energy
used for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline. Energy for the
pipeline distribution of natural or manufactured gas, hot water or steam
(ISIC Rev. 4 Division 35) from the distributor to final users is excluded
and should be reported in energy industry own use, while the energy
used for the final distribution of water (ISIC Rev. 4 Division 36) to
household, industrial, commercial and other users should be included in
commercial/public services. Losses occurring during the transport between distributor and final users should be reported as losses;
Domestic
navigation
DOMESNAV
Includes fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged in international navigation (see international marine bunkers). The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of port of
departure and port of arrival and not by the flag or nationality of the
ship. Note that this may include journeys of considerable length between two ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). Fuel
used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing and military consumption
are excluded;
Not elsewhere
specified
(Transport)
TRNONSPE
Includes all transport not elsewhere specified. Note: International

marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers are shown in
Supply and are not included in the transport sector as part of final
consumption.
Other
TOTOTHER
Includes residential, commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry,

fishing and non-specified (other).
Residential
RESIDENT
Includes consumption by households, excluding fuels used for transport. Includes households with employed persons [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 97] which is a small part of total residential consumption.
Final consumption
Flow
Short name
Definition
Commercial and
public services
COMMPUB
[ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55-56, 58-66, 6875, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99]
Agriculture/forestry
AGRICULT
Includes deliveries to users classified as agriculture, hunting and

forestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed by
such users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use),
power or heating (agricultural and domestic) [ISIC Rev. 4 Divisions 01
and 02].
Fishing
FISHING
Includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishing
covers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in the
country (including international fishing) as well as energy used in
the fishing industry [ISIC Rev. 4 Division 03].
Not elsewhere
specified (Other)
ONONSPEC
Includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as consumption

in the above-designated categories for which separate figures have
not been provided. Military fuel use for all mobile and stationary
consumption is included here (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energy
used in living quarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered is
for the military of that country or for the military of another country.
Non-energy use
NONENUSE
Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the
different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumption
under the heading non-energy use.
Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specifically
used for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in
the energy statistics. Therefore, the non-energy use of biomass is not
taken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition.
Non-energy use
industry/
transformation/
energy
NEINTREN
Non-energy in industry, transformation processes and energy industry own use.
Of which: Nonenergy use in

chemical/ petrochemical industry
NECHEM
The petrochemical industry includes cracking and reforming processes for the purpose of producing ethylene, propylene, butylene,
synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene and other hydrocarbon-based raw
materials in processes such as steam cracking, aromatics plants and
steam reforming [part of ISIC Rev. 4 Group 201].
Non-energy use in
transport
NETRANS
Non-energy use in transport.
Non-energy use in
other
NEOTHER
Non-energy use in Other.
Electricity output (GWh)

Flow
Short name
Electricity output in
GWh
ELOUTPUT

plants
ELMAINE
Electricity outputautoproducer
electricity plants
ELAUTOE

producer CHP
plants
ELMAINC
Electricity outputautoproducer CHP

plants
ELAUTOC
Definition
Shows the total number of GWh generated by power plants separated
into electricity plants and CHP plants. Contrary to the Basic Energy
Statistics, electricity production for hydro pumped storage is
excluded.
Heat output (TJ)

Flow
Short name
Definition
Heat output in TJ
HEATOUT
Shows the total number of TJ generated by power plants separated

into CHP plants and heat plants.
Heat output-main
activity producer
CHP plants
HEMAINC
Heat outputautoproducer CHP

plants
HEAUTOC
Heat output-main
activity producer
heat plant
HEMAINH
Heat outputautoproducer heat

plants
HEAUTOH
6. FLOW DEFINITIONS CALORIFIC

VALUES
Net calorific values
Expressed in Megajoules / tonne or kilojoules / kilogramme
Flow
Short name
Definition
Average NCV of supply
NAVERAGE
Weighted average of production, imports and negative

exports.
NCV of production
NINDPROD
NCV of imports
NIMPORTS
NCV of exports
NEXPORTS
NCV of coke ovens
NCOKEOVS
NCV of blast furnaces
NBLAST
NCV in main activity producer

electricity plants
NMAIN
NCV in autoproducer
electricity plants
NAUTOELEC
NCV in main activity CHP

plants
NMAINCHP
NCV in autoproducer CHP

plants
NAUTOCHP
NCV in main activity heat

plants
NMAINHEAT
NCV in autoproducer heat

plants
NAUTOHEAT
NCV in industry
NIND
NCV for other uses
NOTHER
Energy values for aggregated totals should be the sum

of their components multiplied by the specific calorific
value for each component, rather than using the aggregated total and this flow.
7. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
(WORLD)
Countries and regions
Flow
Short name
Definition
Australia
AUSTRALI
Excludes the overseas territories.
Austria
AUSTRIA
Belgium
BELGIUM
Canada
CANADA
Chile
CHILE
Czech Republic
CZECH
Denmark
DENMARK
Estonia
ESTONIA
Finland
FINLAND
France
FRANCE
Includes Monaco, and excludes the following overseas

departments and territories (Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique,
New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Reunion, and St.-Pierre and
Miquelon).
Germany
GERMANY
Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970

onwards.
Greece
GREECE
Hungary
HUNGARY
Iceland
ICELAND
Ireland
IRELAND
Israel
ISRAEL
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the
responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such
data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan
Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank
under the terms of international law.
Italy
ITALY
Includes San Marino and the Vatican.
Excludes the Danish Faroes and Greenland

Flow
Short name
Definition
Japan
JAPAN
Includes Okinawa.
Korea
KOREA
Luxembourg
LUXEMBOU
Mexico
MEXICO
Netherlands
NETHLAND
New Zealand
NZ
Norway
NORWAY
Poland
POLAND
Portugal
PORTUGAL
Slovak Republic
SLOVAKIA
Slovenia
SLOVENIA
Spain
SPAIN
Sweden
SWEDEN
Switzerland
SWITLAND
Turkey
TURKEY
United Kingdom
UK
The United Kingdom excludes the British overseas territories.

Coal exports to the Crown dependencies are not recorded.
Supplies of solid fuel to these islands from the UK are therefore
included as part of United Kingdom inland consumption or
deliveries.
United States
USA
Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
OECD Total
OECDTOT
Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech

Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg,
Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
OECD Americas
OECDAM
Includes Canada, Chile, Mexico and the United States.
OECD Asia Oceania
OECDAO
Includes Australia, Israel, Japan, Korea and New Zealand.
OECD Europe
OECDEUR
Includes Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark,

Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
The Netherlands excludes Aruba, Curaao, Sint Maarten, and the

special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. In
these databases the Netherlands Antilles exists and incorporates
Curaao, Sint Maarten, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.
Includes the Azores and Madeira.
Includes the Canary Islands.

Does not include Liechtenstein.

Flow
Short name
Definition
IEA Total
IEATOT
Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech

Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak
Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United
Kingdom and the United States.
IEA Americas
IEAAM
Includes Canada and the United States.
IEA Asia Oceania
IEAAO
Includes Australia, Japan, Korea and United States.
IEA Europe
IEAEUR
Includes Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak
Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
Algeria
ALGERIA
Angola
ANGOLA
Benin
BENIN
Botswana
BOTSWANA
Cameroon
CAMEROON
Congo
CONGO
Democratic Rep. of
Congo
CONGOREP
Cote d'Ivoire
COTEIVOIRE
Egypt
EGYPT
Eritrea
ERITREA
Ethiopia
ETHIOPIA
Gabon
GABON
Ghana
GHANA
Kenya
KENYA
Libya
LIBYA
Mauritius
MAURITIUS
Morocco
MOROCCO
Mozambique
MOZAMBIQUE
Namibia
NAMIBIA
Nigeria
NIGERIA
Senegal
SENEGAL
South Africa
SOUTHAFRIC

Flow
Short name
Definition
Sudan
SUDAN
South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011.

Because only aggregated data were available until 2011, the data
for Sudan also include South Sudan.
United Republic of
Tanzania
TANZANIA
Togo
TOGO
Tunisia
TUNISIA
Zambia
ZAMBIA
Zimbabwe
ZIMBABWE
Other Africa
OTHERAFRIC
Bangladesh
BANGLADESH
Brunei
BRUNEI
Cambodia
CAMBODIA
India
INDIA
Indonesia
INDONESIA
DPR of Korea
KOREADPR
Malaysia
MALAYSIA
Mongolia
MONGOLIA
Myanmar
MYANMAR
Nepal
NEPAL
Pakistan
PAKISTAN
Philippines
PHILIPPINE
Singapore
SINGAPORE
Sri Lanka
SRILANKA
Chinese Taipei
TAIPEI
Thailand
THAILAND
Viet Nam
VIETNAM
Other Asia
OTHERASIA
Includes Botswana (until 1980), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape

Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti,
Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho,
Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia (until
1990), Niger, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland and Uganda.
Includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia (until 1994), Cook

Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Laos, Macao, Maldives,
Mongolia (until 1984), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, East Timor, Tonga and Vanuatu.

Flow
Short name
Hong Kong (China)
HONGKONG
People's Republic of
China
CHINA
Albania
ALBANIA
Armenia
ARMENIA
Azerbaijan
AZERBAIJAN
Belarus
BELARUS
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
BOSNIAHERZ
Bulgaria
BULGARIA
Croatia
CROATIA
Cyprus
CYPRUS
Former Yugoslav
Republic of
Macedonia
FYROM
Georgia
GEORGIA
Gibraltar
GIBRALTAR
Kazakhstan
KAZAKHSTAN
Kosovo
KOSOVO
Kyrgyzstan
KYRGYZSTAN
Latvia
LATVIA
Lithuania
LITHUANIA
Malta
MALTA
Republic of Moldova
MOLDOVA
Definition
Note by Turkey:
The information in this document with reference to Cyprus
relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single
authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on
the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found
within the context of United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its
position concerning the Cyprus issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD
and the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the
United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in
this report relates to the area under the effective control of the
Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Flow
Short name
Montenegro
MONTENEGRO
Romania
ROMANIA
Russia
RUSSIA
Serbia
SERBIA
Tajikistan
TAJIKISTAN
Turkmenistan
TURKMENIST
Ukraine
UKRAINE
Uzbekistan
UZBEKISTAN
Former Soviet Union

(if no detail)
FSUND
Former Yugoslavia (if

no detail)
YUGOND
Argentina
ARGENTINA
Bolivia
BOLIVIA
Brazil
BRAZIL
Colombia
COLOMBIA
Costa Rica
COSTARICA
Cuba
CUBA
Dominican Republic
DOMINICANR
Ecuador
ECUADOR
El Salvador
ELSALVADOR
Guatemala
GUATEMALA
Haiti
HAITI
Honduras
HONDURAS
Jamaica
JAMAICA
Netherlands Antilles
NANTILLES
Nicaragua
NICARAGUA
Panama
PANAMA
Paraguay
PARAGUAY
Peru
PERU
Trinidad and Tobago
TRINIDAD
Definition
The Netherlands Antilles comprises Aruba (until 1986), Curaao,

Sint Maarten and the special municipalities of Bonaire,
Sint Eustatius and Saba.

Flow
Short name
Definition
Uruguay
URUGUAY
Venezuela
VENEZUELA
Other Non-OECD
Americas
OTHERLATIN
Bahrain
BAHRAIN
Islamic Republic of
Iran
IRAN
Iraq
IRAQ
Jordan
JORDAN
Kuwait
KUWAIT
Lebanon
LEBANON
Oman
OMAN
Qatar
QATAR
Saudi Arabia
SAUDIARABI
Syria
SYRIA
United Arab Emirates
UAE
Yemen
YEMEN
Africa
AFRICA
Includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (since 1981),

Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cte d'Ivoire,
Egypt, Eritrea (since 1992), Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya,
Libya, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (since 1991),
Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of
Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa.
Asia excluding China
ASIA
Includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia (since

1995), Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, DPR of Korea, Malaysia,
Mongolia (since 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia.
China Region
CHINAREG
China Region includes the Peoples Republic of China and

Hong Kong, China.
Includes Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados,

Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands,
Dominica, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Grenada,
Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, St. Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Pierre and Miquelon, St. Vincent and
Grenadines, Suriname and Turks and Caicos Islands.

Flow
Short name
Definition
Non-OECD Europe
and Eurasia
EURASIA
Includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and

Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Gibraltar, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Republic of Moldova,
Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Former Soviet Union,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Former
Yugoslavia.
Middle East
MIDDLEEAST
Includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,

Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab
Emirates and Yemen.
Non-OECD Americas
LATINAMERI
Includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,
Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and
Other Latin America.
Non-OECD Total
NONOECDTOT
World marine bunkers
WORLDMAR
World
WORLD
8. INTRODUCTION
IEA Coal Information 2014 is the latest edition of an
annual publication intended to provide sound market
information on coal to policy and market analysts and
those employed in all sectors of the coal industry.
Part IV provides, in tabular and graphic form, a more

detailed and comprehensive statistical picture of coal
developments in the 34 OECD member countries, by
regional aggregate and individually.
This monitoring and reporting of historical trends and

current energy market situation provides a strong
foundation for policy and market analysis to better
inform the policy decision process toward selecting
policy instruments that are best suited to meet domestic and/or international objectives.
Part V provides for selected partner countries, summary statistics on coal supply and end-use statistics
for about 40 countries and regions worldwide. Coal
balances and trade data for selected years are presented for 22 major OECD-partner coal-producing
and consuming countries and economies in addition to
several regional aggregates.
IEA Coal Information 2014 brings together in one

volume, the basic statistics compiled by the IEA on
coal supply, consumption, trade and prices for both
member and non-member countries1. It also includes
information on coal by-products.
Part I provides important documentation that will
assist the reader in correctly using the data in this
publication and to understand the details of the statistical methodology and collection practices related
to the coal data. In addition, a weighted average of
the supply-side calorific values used for preparing
national energy balances is presented for each applicable fuel.
Part II of the publication provides a review of world
coal market developments in 2012 and 2013e. It covers world coal production and coal reserves, coal consumption by type (total, steam, coking and lignite),
and steam and coking coal trade and prices.
Part III provides the reference tables to the Part II review on coal production, consumption, trade and
prices. It also includes some more specialised end-use
tables and selected charts.
1. This publication is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty

over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and
boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In addition,
the term country refers to a country or a territory, as the case may be.
OECD data are taken from IEA/OECD databases of

Energy Statistics that are based on annual, quarterly
and monthly submissions from OECD Member countries to the Secretariat. The Energy Data Centre of the
IEA Secretariat works closely with national administration to secure consistency in all time series with
particular regard for IEA product definitions and reporting conventions. This effort is supplemented by
surveys of energy industry publications, national statistics reports and other material. The finalized data
provide the basis for IEA/OECD Energy Balances of
OECD Countries and Energy Statistics of OECD
Countries.
The non-OECD data are based upon information collected by the IEA Secretariat, official national submissions to the United Nations in Geneva and New
York, and national energy publications. The resulting
synthesis is published in Energy Balances of NonOECD Countries and Energy Statistics of Non-OECD
Countries. Users of this publication are directed to the
Methodology section of those publications for more
detail on individual non-Member countries covered in
the publication.
OECD coal balances and statistics, including itemized
import and export data, are available on a CD-ROM,
along with world supply data. Information on ordering
the CD-ROM and other energy statistics publications

is available at the end of this book and on the IEA
website at www.iea.org/statistics.
Mr. Raphael Vial contributed to Part II, Part III and

Part V. Mr. Vladimir Kubecek had overall responsibility for this publication.
Price data in Parts II, III and IV are derived from the
quarterly publication Energy Prices and Taxes. Readers
should consult this IEA/OECD publication for detailed
information on methodology, data coverage and data
sources. Country notes and documentation are available
online in the Energy Prices and Taxes folder at:
http://wds.iea.org/WDS/.
Also in the IEA Secretariat, input from the Directorate

of Global Energy Economics was crucial to the compilation of this edition, while special thanks are also due
to the Gas, Coal and Power Markets Division and
Mr. Carlos Fernandez-Alvarez, Mr Harald Hecking
and Mr. Raimund Malischek for invaluable assistance.
The non-OECD Member countries section was headed
by Mr. Pierre Boileau, and the OECD Balances section, by Ms. Roberta Quadrelli.
In addition, a data service is available on the internet,

which provides unlimited access through an annual
subscription, as well as the possibility to obtain data
on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at
http://data.iea.org.
Further information on reporting methodologies is
also available on the IEA Web site.
Annual energy data are collected by the Energy Data
Centre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by
Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. The IEA would like to thank
and acknowledge the dedication and professionalism
of the statisticians working on energy data within
national administrations. OECD coal statistics in the
EDC were the responsibility of Mr. Julian Smith.
Editorial and desktop publishing support from

Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve is also gratefully acknowledged.
Enquiries, comments and suggestions are most welcome and should be addressed to:
Vladimir Kubecek or Julian Smith
Energy Data Centre,
International Energy Agency
9, rue de la Fdration
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
Telephone: (33) (1) 40 57 66 31 or 40 57 67 02
Telefax:
(33) (1) 40 57 66 49
E-mail:
coalaq@iea.org
Whats new?
Over 20 international organisations including the International Energy Agency, Eurostat and the United Nations
Statistics Division have been collaborating since 2005 under the umbrella of the Intersecretariat Working
Group on Energy Statistics (InterEnerStat) to harmonise a collective energy vocabulary between organisations
and anticipate future needs. This work was also to feed into the UNs International Recommendations for
Energy Statistics http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/default.htm. Changes to products and flows which were
agreed upon in 2010 have been incorporated into the 2012 questionnaires, making this publication the first with
the adopted changes. Harmonised product and flow definitions are available here:
Hard coal comprises anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, while Brown coal comprises lignite and
sub-bituminous coal. In previous editions, sub-bituminous coal was exceptionally included under Hard coal for
12 countries. In order to maximise the consistency of this definition and to harmonize terminology with other
energy-focussed organisations, the decision has been made to exclude any sub-bituminous coal exceptions from
the hard coal definition. This therefore means that Brown coal now comprises lignite and sub-bituminous coal
for all countries. As a result, revisions in time series may appear for Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France,
Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and the United States.
Primary coal data prior to 1978 are only classified as hard coal or brown coal. Unless specified, no attempt has
been made to estimate and relocate possible sub-bituminous components of this data, if any exist. So for the
same group of countries listed above, hard coal data prior to 1978 may include some sub-bituminous coal.
Reporting of Peat products was previously incorporated within a combined BKB/Peat products product. Starting in the 2014 edition, peat products has its own category.
Oil shale and oil sands as reported on the Solid Fossil-fuels and Manufactured Gases questionnaire were previously included with lignite. While it now has its own category, there are several things of note:
Historical production and consumption of oil shale and oil sands occurred to varying degrees in a wider range
of countries than are currently reporting data.
While supply and demand data for oil shale and oil sands exist in the Coal Information publication, data for
shale oil (as part of Other hydrocarbons) exist in the Oil Information publication, whether this is the result of
in-situ extraction technologies (Oil Information only); transformation of oil shale via liquefaction technologies
(inputs exist in Coal Information, outputs in Oil Information, combined with other data); or deeming that primary supply begins with the saleable product and that above ground retorts are part of the extraction process
rather than a transformation process, thereby treating the second case as the first.
Shale gas, like colliery gas, is not reported on the Solid Fossil-fuels and Manufactured Gases questionnaire or
included in this publication, but is included in the Natural Gas Information publication.
The upper ceiling of the Gross calorific value that defines Lignite has been increased from 17 465 kJ/kg to
20 000 kJ/kg also using a new basis of measurement (moist but ash free) to be aligned with other coal types. At
this stage, there has been little reclassification from sub-bituminous coal to lignite for coals affected by this.
The calorific boundary between Hard coal (anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coal) and Brown coal
(sub-bituminous coal and lignite) also changed slightly in this edition, from 23 865 kJ/kg to 24 000 kJ/kg.
Due to reductions in budget, the IEA no longer has adequate resources to provide complete information on energy prices and taxes, so has had to suppress certain sections of Energy Prices and Taxes as of 1 January 2012.
As a result, some price series have not been updated in this edition of Coal Information. The IEA considered
it necessary to reduce the coverage of this publication in order to maintain the high quality of the remaining information in Energy Prices and Taxes and other publications. We remain hopeful that we may be able to restore these sections in the future if resources become available.
9. DEFINITIONS
Energy sources
Coal
Coal is a family name for a variety of solid organic
fuels and refers to a whole range of combustible
sedimentary rock materials spanning a continuous
quality scale. For convenience, this continuous series
is often divided into two main categories, which are
themselves divided into two subcategories:
Hard coal
Anthracite
Bituminous coal
- Coking coal
- Other bituminous coal
Brown coal
Sub-bituminous coal
Lignite
In cases where data are presented in Mtoe or Mtce in
this book and sourced to OECD/IEA Energy Balances,
the term Coal includes all primary coal types listed
above, and coal products (patent fuel, coke oven coke,
gas coke, coal tar, BKB, coke oven gas, gas works
gas, blast furnace gas, and other recovered gases). For
display purposes in some cases, peat for energy use,
peat products and oil shale and oil sands are shown
together.
Classifying different types of coal into practical categories for use at an international level is difficult for
two reasons:
Divisions between coal categories vary between classification systems, both national and international,
based on calorific value, volatile matter content, fixed
carbon content, caking and coking properties, or some
combination of two or more of these criteria.
Although the relative value of the coals within a particular category depends on the degree of dilution by
moisture and ash and contamination by sulphur,
chlorine, phosphorous and certain trace elements, these
factors do not affect the divisions between categories.
Coal quality can vary and it is not always possible to
ensure that the available descriptive and analytical
information is truly representative of the body of coal
to which it refers.
The International Coal Classification of the Economic
Commission for Europe (UNECE) recognises two
broad categories of coal:
i) Hard coal: Coal of gross calorific value not less
than 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t) on an ash-free but
moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of
vitrinite of at least 0.6.
ii) Brown coal: Non-agglomerating coal with a gross
calorific value less than 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t)
and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of
less than 0.6.
The IEA has adopted the basis of these definitions of
hard coal and brown coal in this book and in other
publications for presenting statistics relating to coal
production, trade and consumption.
Historically, while also adopted by the IEA in prior
editions, the boundary conditions of these definitions
differed to what is shown above. Cooperation between
various authorities, including the IEA, has resulted in
the development of a harmonised suite of product and
energy flow definitions. These are available at:
It should be stressed that this classification system is
based on the inherent qualities of the coal in question
and not on the final use of the coal. In this way the
classification system attempts to be objective and
simple to apply, and this should also minimise the
differences between reported data from consumer and
producer nations when international trade occurs or
even producers and consumers on a national basis.
Some countries however may still choose to report

consumption by classification based on or guided by
usage, so data presented in this book may differ from
those presented in the national publications of individual countries because the countries may have
adopted a different coal classification and reporting
system that better suits their particular national needs.
As far as possible, national coal statistics reported by
the IEA in this book and in other publications have
been adjusted to be consistent with the IEA definitions noted above, however this may not always be
the case.
Due to the differing nature of the criteria for these
coal types, in some cases it is possible to fulfil some,
but not all criteria. In this case a judgement call needs
to be made. As a general rule though, para-bituminous
and ortho-bituminous coals tend to be classed as other
bituminous coal despite failing to meet one of the
calorific or vitrinite mean random reflectance criteria.
Primary coal used in pulverised (or granular) coal
injection in blast furnaces is commonly abbreviated to
PCI (or GCI) coal. (In this book PCI includes GCI).
The IEA does not have a separate product classification for PCI as the term defines a particular end-use
for coal. In IEA statistics, PCI is generally included in
steam coal, with the exception of Japan, Korea, the
Netherlands, Poland, the Slovak Republic, Turkey and
the United Kingdom, where it is included with coking
coal. This also means that PCI production and trade
are not available in this book.
In order to improve the information base for coal
market analysis and projections, these two main categories of coal have been further sub-divided in
IEA/OECD Coal Statistics from 1978 as follows:
Hard coal
Hard coal is calculated as the sum of anthracite and all
bituminous coals.
Anthracite is a high-rank, hard coal used mainly
for industrial and residential heat raising.
Bituminous coal is a medium- to high-rank coal
used for gasification, industrial coking and heat
raising and residential heat raising. Bituminous
coal that can be used in the production of a coke
capable of supporting a blast furnace charge is
known as coking coal.
Other bituminous coal, not included under coking
coal, may also be commonly known as thermal
coal; however this less formal grouping increasingly tends to include a range of brown coals. Also
included in other bituminous coal statistics are recovered slurries, middlings and other low-grade,
higher-rank coal products not further classified by
type.
Note: In prior editions, for the following countries,
hard coal data also contained sub-bituminous coal:
Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland,
Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and
the United States. Prior to 1978, where only hard coal
and brown coal are available as classification breakdowns, hard coal data for these countries may still
contain sub-bituminous coal data.
Brown coal
Brown coal is calculated as the sum of subbituminous coal and lignite. In previous editions, oil
shale mined and combusted directly was reported as
lignite, while shale oil was reported as other hydrocarbons in Oil Information. In the 2014 edition, oil
shale and oil sands have their own category, while
shale oil continues to be reported as other hydrocarbons in Oil Information.
Definitions for sub-bituminous coal and lignite are as
follows:
Sub-bituminous coal: non-agglomerating coals
with a gross calorific value between 4 777 kcal/kg
(20 GJ/t) and 5 732 kcal/kg (24 GJ/t) on an ashfree but moist basis.
Lignite: non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 4 777 kcal/kg (20 GJ/t) on an
ash-free but moist basis.
Note: In the 2014 edition, the calorific floor for subbituminous coal (on an adjusted basis) has been
raised from 4 165 kcal/kg to 4 777 kcal/kg. Very little
product reclassification from sub-bituminous coal to
lignite has occurred as a result of this change in requirements.
Steam Coal
Steam coal in this publication contains all anthracite,
other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal, but
not lignite or coking coal.
Prior to the 2012 publication, all hard coals that were
not coking coal (including the sub-bituminous coal
from the excepted countries) were classed as steam
coal. This also included by necessity countries (not
listed) where sub-bituminous coal was unable to be
separated from other bituminous coal data for reporting purposes.
For the Coal Information 2012 publication onwards,

the definition of steam coal was adjusted to include all
sub-bituminous coals. This move was done to achieve
greater congruence with practical, formal and informal definitions of steam (thermal) coal in the market
and coal industry at large.
coke oven process. Coal tar can also be the result of

low-temperature carbonisation of brown coal. Coal tar
can be further distilled into different organic products
(e.g. benzene, toluene, naphthalene), the process of
which normally would be reported in consumption as
a feedstock to the petrochemical industry.
The definitions of hard coal and brown coal as aggregates in terms of their component parts remain unchanged and consistent with the UNECE guidelines
above and InterEnerStat definitions. This means hard
coal can no longer be calculated by adding steam coal
data to coking coal data.
Quite a few countries are currently unable to report

coal tar data. For these countries, coke oven transformation losses will likely appear larger than they actually are, while consumption data will obviously be
missing from the relevant end-use sector.
Coal products
The primary coal types mentioned above may be directly consumed or transformed into another fuel or
energy source. Derived solid fuels and liquids are
products resulting from the transformation from hard
coal, brown coal or other primary solid fuels, sometimes with the addition of other materials.
Coke oven coke

Coke oven coke is the solid product obtained from the
carbonisation of coal, principally coking coal, at high
temperature. Semi-coke, the solid product obtained
from the carbonisation of coal at lower temperatures
is also included, along with coke and semi-coke made
from lignite.
Gas coke
Gas coke is a solid by-product of coal used for the
production of town gas in gas works. Gas coke is used
for heating purposes.
Patent fuel
Patent fuel is a composition fuel manufactured from
coal fines by shaping with the addition of a binding
agent such as pitch.
Brown coal briquettes (BKB)

BKB are composition fuels manufactured from brown
coal. The brown coal is crushed, dried and moulded
under high pressure into an even shaped briquette
without the addition of binders. Dried brown coke,
fines and dust and brown coal breeze are also included
here.
Coal tar
Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the destructive
distillation of bituminous coal to make coke in the
Manufactured Gases
Manufactured gases created outside of refineries,
sourced primarily from solid hydrocarbons are reported on the coal questionnaire. They include purpose built products like gas works gas, whose manufacture is often the main purpose of the transformation
process, and products like coke oven gas and blast
furnace gas which are useful energy by-products of
another process.
Coke oven gas

Coke oven gas is obtained as a by-product of solid
fuel carbonisation and gasification operations carried
out by coke producers and iron and steel plants not
connected with gas works and municipal gas plants. It
is calorifically rich, and when cleaned is predominantly H2.
Gas works gas

Gas works gas covers all types of gas produced in
public utility or private plants, whose main purpose is
the manufacture, transport and distribution of gas,
regardless of process. It includes gas produced by
carbonisation (including gas produced by coke ovens
and transferred to gas works), by total gasification
(with or without enrichment from oil products) and by
reforming and simple mixing of gases, which may
include air.
Note: Starting with the 2011 edition, gas works gas is
included with coal for the years 1990 and beyond.
Before 1990, gas works gas is included with natural
gas.
Blast furnace gas

Blast furnace gas is obtained as a by-product from
operating blast furnaces. It is recovered upon leaving
the furnace and used partly within the plant and partly
in other steel industry processes; or used in power
stations equipped to burn it. It is mainly nitrogen (N2),

with roughly equal amounts of carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide, and will contain other trace gases.
Off gases from direct reduced iron and other similar
processes may also be reported here.

Other recovered gases were previously known as oxygen steel furnace gas, which is most commonly obtained as a by-product of the production of steel in an
oxygen-fired furnace; and is recovered upon leaving
the furnace. This gas can also be known as converter
gas, LD gas or BOS gas. Other off-gases of similar
nature (generally free of N2) are also reported in this
category, hence the change of name to be intrinsically
more inclusive of other processes, metallurgy and
industries.
Peat
A solid formed from the partial decomposition of
dead vegetation under conditions of high humidity
and limited air access (initial stage of coalification). It
is available in two main forms for use as a fuel - sod
peat and milled peat. Peat is not considered a renewable
resource as its regeneration period is considerable.
Peat products
Sod peat can be pressed into briquettes. Milled peat
can also be made into briquettes or pellets for fuel use.
Briquettes are significantly denser and contain much
less water, so have a higher calorific value than peat.
They can be used on residential or industrial scale.

Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. Shale
oil (often obtained by in situ thermally enhanced mining practices) is reported as an oil product.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock which contains organic matter in the form of kerogen a waxy hydrocarbon-rich material regarded as a precursor of petroleum. In solid form, it contains more inert matter than
coal, while the sand in oil sands may often be in the
form of sandstone. Oil shale may be burned directly,
or retorted to extract shale oil, the process of which is
reported as coal liquefaction transformation.
Heat and electricity

Data for electricity and heat includes disaggregated data
on inputs and outputs of combined heat and power and
on district heating. Data on heat became available in

different years for different countries and thus aggregated country data should be used with caution.
Total electricity production includes production from
both main activity producers (formerly known as public) and autoproducers. Generally, the split of total
electricity production between main activity producers
and autoproducers is available only after 1973.
Flows: energy balance

Coal balances are presented in detail in Parts IV
and V. In Part IV, Table 5 presents uses in the rows
and selected years in the columns. Data are presented
in millions of tonnes of coal equivalent (Mtce). One
tonne of coal equivalent is 7 million kilocalories.
Each table is divided into three main parts: the first
shows supply elements such as trade and production,
the second shows the transformation processes and
energy industries, while the third shows final consumption broken down into various end-use sectors.
Both primary fuels such as coal and peat, and derived
fuels such as coke oven coke and blast furnace gas are
included in the calculations. However, derived products manifest themselves as positive outputs in the
relevant transformation process used to create them.
Generally they should be less than the inputs, which
result in a net negative entry in the transformation
flow. Given that this balance is restricted to coal and
associated products, inputs from other fuel types (such
as pitch for patent fuels, or oil, gas and renewable
inputs to blast furnaces) will not be recorded, nor will
electricity generated, which differs from a full energy
balance.
The energy balance flows detailed below have the
following functions, and may also appear in other
tables:
Supply
Production
Production is the production of primary energy,
i.e. hard coal, brown coal, peat, shale oil, etc. Production is calculated after the removal of impurities on
the bases which it is provided for sale. It is important
to note that derived products such as coke oven coke
and patent fuel, while included in the balances, do not
appear in production as they are not primary products.
Imports and exports

Imports and exports comprise amounts having
crossed the national territorial boundaries of the country, whether or not customs clearance has taken place.
Coal in transit to another country should not be included here. Both primary and secondary products are
reported.
Stock changes
Stock changes reflects the difference between opening
stock levels on the first day of the year and closing
levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national
territory held by producers, importers, energy transformation industries and large consumers. A stock
build is shown as a negative number and a stock draw
as a positive number. It is presented this way as this is
how it affects the domestic supply, as opposed to how
it describes the changes in stocks.
Total primary energy supply

Total primary energy supply (TPES) consists of production + imports - exports stock changes as an abstract concept. Given that exports and stock builds
both are represented as negative numbers, in reality
TPES = production + imports + exports + stock
changes. Marine and aviation bunkers also are not
counted in TPES.
Statistical differences
Statistical differences includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for individual fuels, as
they appear in the basic energy statistics. It also includes the statistical differences that arise because of
the variety of conversion factors in the coal and oil
columns. See the introduction to Energy Statistics of
OECD Countries for further details.
For countries that are unable to collect stock change
data, stock builds and draws will contribute to statistical differences.
Transformation processes record the transformation of
one kind of fuel or energy into another with both inputs and outputs being measured. This may bridge
several transformation processes. For instance:
Coking coal used to manufacture coke oven coke
would be reported as a negative input to the coke
oven transformation process.
The resulting coke oven coke, coal tar and coke

oven gas would be reported as a positive output to
the coke oven transformation process flow.
Energy inputs from other sources, including electricity, will not be reported in this particular instance of an exclusive coal and coal products balance. Therefore, numbers may not be indicative of
true efficiencies, but rather map the flow of coal.
The coke oven coke will largely be used to produce pig-iron in a blast furnace. Therefore, it will
be reported where it is used mainly as an input to
the blast furnace transformation process.
The by-product blast furnace gas will appear as an
output in the blast furnace transformation flow.
However, a significant amount of energy is lost in
the process of making the pig-iron, so the net
negative value in the blast furnace transformation
flow will tend to be approximately 60% of the total energy inputs.
The blast furnace gas (and coal tar and coke oven
gas) will likewise be reported where used. Some of
this will appear in the relevant consumption flows,
other parts might be used to generate electricity
and appear in electricity transformation.
In a complete energy balance, the electricity generated would be converted to the appropriate energy unit and reported as a positive output in the
applicable electricity transformation flow. This is
not the case in the coal balance, so the number
displayed in the electricity transformation flow is
the fuel input, not the process efficiency loss.
The main transformation processes reported either
create a derived coal product or by-product, and have
been described earlier in the Energy sources section or
are mentioned below.
Electricity and heat generation

Electricity and heat generation can refer to electricity
plants, combined heat and power plants (CHP), or
heat plants. Both main activity producer1 and autoproducer2 plants are included here.
1. Main activity producer generate electricity and/or heat for sale to

third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public
grid.
2. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly
or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary
activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.
Electricity plants are plants which are designed to

produce electricity only. If one or more units of the
plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs cannot
be distinguished on a unit basis), then the whole plant
is designated as a CHP plant.
Note that for autoproducer CHP plants, all fuel inputs
used to generate electricity are taken into account.
However, only the part of the fuel inputs used to produce the heat that is sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the
production of heat that is consumed within the autoproducer's establishment are not included here but are
included in the final consumption of fuels in the
appropriate consumption sector.
Heat plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) are designed to produce heat only, which is sold
to a third party under the provisions of a contract.
Heat pumps that are operated within the residential
sector, where the heat is not sold, are not considered a
transformation process and are not included here, despite the fact that equivalent electricity consumption
will appear as residential use.
Other transformation
Other transformation covers non-specified transformation and transformations not shown elsewhere,
such as coal liquefaction.
Energy industry own use

Energy industry own use contains the primary and
secondary energy consumed by transformation industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC 3 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and
Classes 0892 and 0721]. These quantities are shown
as negative figures. Included here is, for example,
own use of energy in coal mines.
Losses
Losses includes losses in gas distribution, flaring or
venting of manufactured gases, electricity transmission and coal transport.
Consumption
Total final consumption (TFC) is the sum of consumption by the different end-use sectors.
3. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic

Activities, Series M, No. 4 / Rev. 4, United Nations, New York, 2008.
Industry consumption is specified in the following

sub-sectors. Note that energy used for transport by
industry is not included here but is reported under
transport.
Iron and steel
ISIC Group 241 and

Class 2431
Chemical and
petrochemical industry
ISIC Divisions 20 and 21,

excluding petrochemical
feedstocks
Non-ferrous metals
ISIC Group 242 and Class

2432
Non-metallic minerals
ISIC Division 23, such as

glass, ceramic, cement, etc.
Transport equipment
ISIC Divisions 29 and 30
Machinery
ISIC Divisions 25 to 28,

comprises fabricated metal
products, machinery and
equipment other than
transport equipment
Mining (excluding fuels)

and quarrying
ISIC Divisions 07 and 08 and

Group 099
Food and tobacco
ISIC Divisions 10 to 12
Paper, pulp and printing
ISIC Divisions 17 and 18
Wood and wood products
ISIC Division 16, other than

pulp and paper
Construction
Textile and leather
Non-specified
ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32,

any manufacturing industry
not included above
Note: Most countries have
difficulties supplying an
industrial breakdown for all
fuels. In these cases, the
non-specified industry row
has been used. Regional
aggregates of industrial
consumption should therefore
be used with caution.
Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as

raw materials in the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel.
Transport includes all fuels used for the transport
[ISIC Divisions 49 to 51] of goods or persons between
points of departure and destination within the national
territory irrespective of the economic sector within
which the activity occurs.
Other covers residential, commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56,
58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 8588, 90-96 and 99], agriculture/forestry [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02], fishing [ISIC Division 03] and nonspecified consumption.
Coal resources and

reserves
Quantifying mineable coal is based on a consideration
of geological, mining and economic criteria. The
amount of coal in place and, in some cases, the
amount of mineable coal is influenced by national
resource measurement criteria. The basis for computing these resources varies from country to country
and, therefore, it must be borne in mind that for this
reason, direct comparisons are sometimes not possible. During the 1990s, there was a considerable discussion on the adoption of internationally recognised
standards for reporting reserves. This largely stems
from the requirements of capital markets for improved
transparency in reserve estimation where project financing is being sought. However, to date there has
not been any adoption of international standards.
There are, however, some generally recognised definitions that can be applied.
Resources
Resources refer to the amount of coal that may be
present in a deposit or a coalfield. This does not take
into account the feasibility of mining the coal economically. Not all resources are recoverable using
current technology. Reserves constitute those resources that are recoverable.
Reserves
Reserves may be defined further in terms of proved
(or measured) reserves, and probable (or indicated)
reserves, based on exploration results and the degree
of confidence in those results. Probable reserves have
been estimated with a lower degree of confidence than
proved reserves. Estimates take account of coalfields
geological characteristics, in particular the regularity,
thickness and quality of seams, the spacing of exploration boreholes and other exposures, and geological
discontinuities such as faults or folding, all of which
affect the practical recoverability of the coal.
Proved reserves
Proved reserves are those reserves that are not only
confidently considered to be recoverable, but can also
be recovered economically under current market conditions. In other words, they take into account what
current mining technology can achieve, as well as the
economics of recovery (mining, transportation and
other relevant recovery costs, such as government
royalties, and coal prices). Proved reserves will,
therefore, fluctuate according to economic pressures,
especially price.
Units and conversions

Balance units
Most IEA/OECD publications showing inter-fuel relations and projections present such information in a
common energy unit, the tonne of oil equivalent (toe).
A tonne of oil equivalent is defined as 107 kcal
(41.868 GJ), a convenient measure because it is approximately the net heat content of one ton of average
crude oil. This unit is used by the IEA/OECD in the
majority of its energy balances.
The change from using the original unit to tonne of oil
equivalent implies choosing coefficients of equivalence between different forms and sources of energy.
This problem can be approached in many different
ways. For example, one could adopt a single equivalence for each major primary energy source in all
countries, e.g. 29 307 kJ/kg (7 000 kcal/kg) for hard
coal, 41 868 kJ/kg (10 000 kcal/kg) for oil.
The main objection to this method is that it results in
distortions since there is a wide spread in calorific
values between types of coal and individual coal
products, and between calorific values of these fuels
in different countries.
The Secretariat has, therefore, obtained specific calorific factors supplied by the national administrations
for the main categories of each quality of coal and for
each flow or use (i.e. production, imports, exports,
electricity generation, coke ovens, blast furnaces and
industry). The supply side average of this particular
set of national calorific values, that allow for the conversion of energy sources from original (physical)
units to joules, are presented later in Part I.
The balances are expressed in terms of net calorific
value. The difference between net and gross predominantly being the latent heat of vaporisation of the
water produced during combustion of the fuel. For

coal and oil, net calorific value is usually around 5%
less than gross, and for most forms of hydrogen-rich
natural and manufactured gas, the difference is
9-10%. The use of net calorific value is consistent
with the practice of the Statistical Offices of the European Communities and the United Nations.
Note that throughout this publication, 1 tonne means
1 metric ton or 1000 kg. Billion refers to 1 thousand
million (109). Also, in many cases, totals shown in the
tables may not be the exact sum of their components
due to independent rounding.
Conversion (to toe and tce)

In this report some data are reported in terms of tonnes
of coal equivalent (tce) because this unit is more
widely used in the international coal industry. A tonne
of coal equivalent is defined as 7 million kilocalories
(29.3076 GJ). The relation between tonne of oil
equivalent (toe) and tonne of coal equivalent (tce) is
therefore:
1 tce = 0.7 toe
Units for gases

In the IEA/OECD publication Energy Statistics of
OECD Countries all data on gases are expressed in
terajoules, on the basis of their gross calorific value.
1 terajoule = 0.00002388 Mtoe.
To calculate the net heat content of a gas from its
gross heat content, multiply the gross heat content by
the appropriate following factor:
Gas
Natural gas
Gas works gas
Coke oven gas
Blast furnace gas
Ratio from GCV to NCV

0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
Please note that this means in order to calculate gross

from net, if necessary, you must divide the net value
by 0.9.
Electricity
Figures for electricity production, trade, and final consumption are calculated using the energy content of
the electricity, i.e. at a rate of 1 TWh = 86 ktoe.
Hydro-electricity production (excluding pumped storage) and electricity produced by other non-thermal
means (wind, tide/wave/ocean, solar PV, etc.) are accounted for similarly using 1 TWh = 86 ktoe.
The primary energy equivalent of nuclear electricity is
calculated from the gross generation by assuming a
33% efficiency, i.e. 1 TWh = (86 0.33) ktoe.
In the case of electricity produced from geothermal
heat, if the actual geothermal efficiency is not known,
then the primary equivalent is calculated assuming an
efficiency of 10%, so 1 TWh = (86 0.1) ktoe.
For electricity produced from solar thermal heat, the
primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency of 33%, so 1 TWh = (86 0.33) ktoe, unless the
actual efficiency is known.
Heat
Information on heat is supplied in terajoules and
1 terajoule = 0.02388 ktoe.
In the case of heat produced in a geothermal plant, if the
actual geothermal efficiency is not known, then the
primary equivalent is calculated assuming an efficiency of 50%, so 1 TJ = (0.02388 0.5) ktoe.
For heat produced (output) in a solar thermal plant,
the primary equivalent is equal to the heat
content (input) assuming an efficiency of 100%,
i.e. 1 TJ = 0.02388 ktoe.
For direct use of geothermal and solar thermal heat,
all the heat consumed is accounted for in production
and consumption.
For autoproducers, only heat sold is reported. Fuels
consumed by autoproducers for production of ownuse heat are reported as consumption under the classification of their main economic activity, not as heat only,
or combined heat and power (CHP) transformation.
10. SOURCES AND NOTES

General notes
Energy flows data reported for 2013 (shown as 2013e)
are preliminary estimates based on the submissions
received in early 2014 and on quarterly submissions
to the IEA from member countries.
The fuels listed as solar, wind, tide also include
wave and ocean, unless otherwise noted.
Statistics of non-OECD countries presented in this
publication are based on available data at the time of
publishing and may differ from the final non-OECD
data to be published in Energy Statistics of NonOECD Countries.
Additional information on methodologies and reporting conventions are included in the notes in Energy
Balances of OECD Countries 2014 edition and
Energy Statistics of OECD Countries 2014 edition.
Preliminary 2013 data - 2013e

Data reported for the year 2013 in this publication are
preliminary and presented as 2013e. Final 2013 data
on solid fuels and manufactured gases will be submitted by OECD Member countries to the Secretariat in
annual questionnaires in late 2014. As a result, final
data for 2013 and preliminary 2014 data will be published in the 2015 edition of Coal Information.
Selected coal data for 2013 for some non-OECD
countries have been estimated by the Secretariat, as is
the case for three OECD countries: Iceland, Israel and
Turkey.
Qualifiers
Data marked as e are estimates of the IEA Secretariat. Data marked as c mean that the data are confidential due to country specific regulations. Data
marked as .. mean that data are not available (either

not collected or not submitted by national government). Data marked as x mean that they are not
applicable or there is no meaningful explanation of a
value there. For example, the price cannot be shown if
the consumption in the country is forbidden or the
country itself did not exist as an independent entity at
a given point in time.
Treatment of blast furnace coke and PCI data

Data on coke used in and pulverised coal injected into
blast furnaces (PCI), are harmonized for all OECD
countries in order to ensure that blast furnace transformation data are consistently presented and that
comparisons between countries for consumption are
meaningful. The main effect of these revisions has
been, where necessary, to revise the reported consumption of coal in the iron and steel industry and in
blast furnace transformation, so discrepancies between IEA and national accounts may ensue. In effect,
inputs to blast furnaces may be calibrated to be proportionate to production of blast furnace gas and some
inputs to blast furnace consumption may be reported
as consumption in the iron and steel industry if there
are lower than normal outputs of blast furnace gas.
It should be noted that in IEA statistics of coal trade
and consumption, PCI is not separately specified as a
product in its own right. Rather it is included in some
form of hard coal. This methodology is based on the
fact that pulverised coal injection is a process, and this
process, unlike for coke oven coke manufacture, is
somewhat independent of coal type.
For Japan and Korea, PCI consumption is reported in
this book as a coking coal in order to be consistent
with the national practice of including imports of PCI
coal with coking coal without regard to coal type.
Other countries that report usage of coking coal as
inputs to blast furnaces (the Netherlands, Poland, the
Slovak Republic, Turkey and the United Kingdom)

may do so for this reason, or because of the respective
coal quality.
Price data
Energy prices are published quarterly in the
IEA/OECD Energy Prices and Taxes. IEA data on
coal prices are managed in two sub-systems, which
vary not only in content, but also with respect to the
data collection methods.
Import and export unit values
End-user prices
Import and export unit values

Import and export unit values are calculated quarterly
(March, June, September and December) from national customs statistics import and export volumes
and values. The basic data are collected from monthly
national trade sources (Chile, Japan, Korea, United
States, Australia and Canada) or provided monthly to
the IEA by the Statistical Office of the European
Communities (Eurostat).
Values recorded at the import stage are the sum of
cost, insurance and freight (CIF cost including
freight/fees), but exclude import duties. Values recorded at the export stage (FOB free on board), exclude seaborne or international transport, but include
inland transport costs of the exporting country.
As far as possible, the concept of general imports and
exports is used. This includes coal imports for reexport with or without processing, but excludes transit
trade.
The definitions of coal categories and the volume and
value units used in each of the above source systems
vary considerably. A certain amount of regrouping
and unit conversions is necessary once the basic data
are compiled.
The rules for regrouping coal categories are consistent
with the definitions used in the annual IEA/OECD
coal statistics. Prices are compiled for steam coal and
for coking coal. Definitions and the correspondence to
national and European classifications are discussed in
detail in the quarterly IEA publication Energy Prices
and Taxes. Comments in Energy Prices and Taxes on
certain data items, as well as general background information, are developed systematically. Data comments relate mainly to calorific values of specific coal
trade flows and to national coal definitions. Background information covers duties and trade regulations.
Due to reductions in budget, the IEA no longer has
adequate resources to provide complete information on
energy prices and taxes, so has had to suppress certain
sections of Energy Prices and Taxes as of 1 January
2012. This included steam and coking coal import and
export data for the year gone. As a result, it has not
been possible to provide these price series with 2011
through 2013 data in this edition of Coal Information.
We are hopeful that we may be able to restore these
sections in the future if resources become available.
End-user prices
End-user prices are collected quarterly from national
administrations and other relevant bodies and supplemented with data extracted from national publications.
Although a standard approach to reporting the data
has been developed, differences in definitions between countries are explained in the notes published
in Energy Prices and Taxes.
The standard approach to reporting end-use prices can
be summarised as follows:
includes transport costs to the consumer;
shows prices actually paid, i.e. net of rebates; and
includes taxes which have to be paid by the consumer as part of the transaction and which are not
refundable. This excludes value added taxes paid
in many European countries by industry (including
electric power stations) for all goods and services
(including energy). In these cases, value added
taxes are refunded to the customer, usually in the
form of a tax credit. Therefore, it is not shown as
part of the prices.
A standard coal quality for all international comparisons of end-use prices is not possible given the wide
variety of coal qualities in domestic and international
coal trade. As a result, only average prices covering a
range of different qualities are collected, along with
the calorific value of these averaged sales. If average
prices are not available, prices of a selected coal may
be chosen. Accordingly, international comparisons of
coal end-use prices may be misleading if read at face
value. Detailed notes concerning these price series are
published in Energy Prices and Taxes. Also, please
refer to Energy Prices and Taxes for the detailed description of price mechanisms in each country and
country specific notes.
Derived price data

The information collected on prices is converted by the
IEA Secretariat into a variety of secondary data in order
to facilitate its analysis. Inter-fuel price comparisons
for one country are usually made on the basis of
prices per heat unit such as a tonne of coal equivalent.
In the end-user price tables, the conversion factor used
for converting gross calories to net calories for natural
gas is 0.9.
Inter-country price comparisons are made on the basis
of a standard currency unit, e.g. US dollars. Prices for
regional totals are calculated as the weighted average
only of the available price data in the region and,
therefore, prices shown should be considered as only
indicative.
For coal exports and imports, customs unit values are
prices reported by OECD Member countries.
Customs unit values are average values derived from
customs administrations total volume and total value
data. These data indicate broad price movements as
they are averages of all qualities of coal without regard to the end-use of the coal or to the contract terms
and conditions under which the trade occurs.
This book provides current, accurate and detailed statistics on quarterly production, supply and demand
and trade of the major energy forms mainly in, but not
limited to, the OECD area.
The information contained in this publication consists
of:
Oil
-
Production of crude oil and NGL for the major

producers in the world.
Refinery balances for crude oil, NGL, refinery

feedstocks, and total (including inputs of origin
other than crude oil and NGL);
Complete product balances of production, trade,

refinery intake and output, final consumption,
stock levels and changes;
Crude, NGL and feedstock imports from 47 origins and exports to 24 destinations; and
Trade data for main product groups, LPG and

naphtha; imports from 44 origins and exports to 30
destinations.
Natural gas
End-user prices are those paid by end-users in the

power sector and in industry and are reported by
Member countries in a quarterly reporting system
which the IEAs Standing Group on Long Term
Co-operation initiated in 1981. Data received are published in the IEA quarterly publication Energy Prices
and Taxes.
Balances of supply and consumption of OECD

member countries; and
Imports from 28 origins and exports to 20 destinations.
Coal
-
World steam and coking coal, and lignite production;
World steam coal and coking coal trade; and
Unless otherwise stated, prices are reported in US

dollars in the year specified (i.e. current US dollars).
Coking coal and steam coal imports and exports

for major OECD countries.
In addition to the official price statistics presented,

coal price statistics published in the industry press are
used to summarise short-term spot steam and coking
coal price trends. Although not official in that they
are not provided by member countries, there is a high
correlation between prices published by the industry
press and national coal price statistics.
Electricity
-
Electricity production, (separately from combustible fuel, nuclear, hydro and other sources) imports,
exports and (apparent) consumption in OECD
member countries.
Data sources
Quarterly energy statistics
Readers who are interested in more recent data should
consult the OECD/IEA publication Oil, Gas, Coal and
Electricity Quarterly Statistics which is published in
January, March, June and September each year.
Historical data (1960-2012)

The annual historical data in Part IV of this report are
taken from the IEA/OECD databases of energy statistics which are primarily based on annual submissions
from all OECD Member countries.
i) IEA/OECD coal statistics

This database of annual statistics for OECD countries
covers all primary solid fuels, derived fuels and related manufactured gases. It contains detailed supply/
demand balances for each fuel, as well as information
on coal trade by origin and destination. The main data
from this system are published annually in the
IEA/OECD publication Coal Information.
ii) IEA/OECD electricity statistics

covers generating capacity and electricity production
from main activity producers and autoproducers
plants. It includes information on electricity production by fuel type and supply/demand balances for
electricity and for heat sold to third parties from different types of power and heat plants. The main data
from this system are published annually in the IEA/
OECD publication Electricity Information.
iii) IEA/OECD oil and gas statistics

covers crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks and natural
gas, as well as derived oil products. It includes
detailed supply/demand balances, trade by origin and
destination and stock levels and changes.
The main data from this system are published annually in the IEA/OECD publications Oil Information
and Natural Gas Information.
iv) IEA/OECD renewables statistics

covers hydro, solid biofuels, geothermal, renewable
municipal waste, wind, gas from biofuels, solar
photovoltaic, solar thermal, tide/wave/ocean, nonrenewable municipal waste and industrial waste. It
includes detailed supply/demand balances.
The main data from this system are published annually
in the IEA/OECD publication Renewables Information.
v) IEA/OECD energy statistics

This annual database integrates data from the four
IEA/OECD statistical database systems listed above
to provide a summary of energy supply and demand
for each OECD country. It includes detailed statistics
on production, trade and consumption for each source

of energy, expressed in original units (e.g. metric tons,
TJ, GWh).
The main data from this data system are published
annually in the IEA/OECD publication Energy Statistics of OECD Countries. Detailed country notes referring to historical data can be found in this publication.
vi) IEA/OECD energy balances

Overall energy balances are constructed annually for
all OECD countries from the basic energy statistics
described above. The overall energy balance data are
expressed in a common energy unit of tons of oil
equivalent (toe), and presented in a standard matrix
format. The balances are published annually in the
IEA/OECD publication Energy Balances of OECD
Countries in which detailed country notes referring to
historical data can be found.
vii) IEA/OECD energy prices and taxes

The statistics were discussed separately above. The
prices and taxes are published quarterly in IEA/OECD
Energy Prices and Taxes.
viii) Energy statistics of non-OECD countries

The annual historical data for non-OECD countries
presented in Part V of this report are taken from
IEA/OECD databases of energy statistics of nonOECD countries. These databases are compiled from
data submitted annually to the IEA Secretariat in
questionnaires from non-OECD Member countries of
the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
(UNECE), from data provided by other international
organisations (the United Nations in New York, the
Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa (OLADE)
in Quito, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
forum (APEC) in Tokyo and the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in
Rome, etc.), from direct communications with national administrations, industry contacts and from
published sources.
The main data from this data system are published annually in the IEA/OECD publications Energy Statistics
of Non-OECD Countries and Energy Balances of NonOECD Countries. Detailed country notes referring to
historical data can be found in these publications.
11. COUNTRY NOTES

In many cases, data submitted by Member countries to
the Secretariat do not conform to the standard reporting methodology or have other particular characteristics. Information set out below will assist readers to
interpret data for particular countries and aid in the
comparison of data among countries.
The notes given below refer to data for the years 1960
to 2012 and may also refer to 2013e preliminary data
as well as the information on CD-ROM and the online data service. In general, more detailed notes are
available for data since 1990.
Data for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous
coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite are available
separately from 1978. Prior to 1978, only data for
hard coal (anthracite + coking coal + other bituminous
coal) and brown coal (lignite + sub-bituminous coal)
are available. In prior editions to Coal Information
2014, sub-bituminous coal was included under hard
coal for the specific countries as mentioned below,
namely; Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France,
Iceland, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal
and the United States. While this is no longer the case
since 1978, data earlier than this was aggregated into
either hard coal or brown coal, and unless specified,
there has been no attempt to reclassify portions of data
from hard coal to brown coal in this period.
In 1996, the IEA Secretariat extensively revised data on
coal and coke use in blast furnaces, and in the iron and
steel industry (for those countries with blast furnaces),
based on data provided to the OECD Steel Committee and
other sources. Where necessary, the quantities of fuels
transformed into blast furnace gas have been estimated by
the IEA Secretariat based on its blast furnace model.
Australia
In the 2013 edition, data for Australia were revised
back to 2003 due to the adoption of the National
Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data as the
main energy consumption data source for the Australian Energy Statistics. As a result, there are breaks in
the time series for many data between 2002 and 2003.
The revisions have also introduced some methodological problems. The national statistics appear to have
problems identifying inputs and outputs to certain
transformation processes such as gas works plants,
electricity plants and CHP plants. Energy industry own
use and inputs to the transformation processes are
sometimes not reported separately in the correct categories. More detail is given in the notes below.
All data refer to the fiscal year, (e.g. July 2011 to June
2012 for 2012). For the 2002 data, the Australian
Administration began to use a new survey methodology which has caused shifts in the structure of industry consumption. The Australian Administration is
planning to revise the historical series.
Data on blast furnace gas for electricity production by
autoproducers begins in 1986. Consumption in wood
and wood products is included in paper, pulp and print
from 2001 onwards. The drop in BKB production in
2004 was due to a fire in the main production plant.
Only anthracite for export is reported separately; the
remainder that is consumed domestically is included
with other bituminous coal Reclassification of some
coal types in 2013 were calculated on an energy basis
and resulted in a net increase of quantities of primary
coal from 2003 to 2011. Export trade in coke oven
coke since 2004 exists, but data are unavailable for
reasons of confidentiality. Coal tar data for 2011 include tars from other fuel sources and also some
manufactured coal products in the chemical and petrochemical industry. Natural gas consumed to fuel the
distribution of natural gas in natural gas networks is
reported as transformation for gas works gas production instead of in energy industry own-use. Coke oven
gas reported as energy industry own-use in electricity
or CHP plants is used for generation purposes, while
natural gas used for own-use plant support is reported
in the transformation sector. In the 2013 edition,
production data for all manufactured gases were revised downwards as part of the new national methodology, leading to significant statistical differences
between the revised data and consumption statistics.
Prior to 1978, some sub-bituminous coal may be included in hard coal.
Austria
Historical revisions by the Austrian Administration
have resulted in some breaks in series between 1989
and 1990.
Other bituminous coal includes hard coal briquettes.
"Trockenkohle" is included with BKB because of its
high calorific value. Since 1996, gas works gas is reported with natural gas because it is distributed in the
same network. The amount of gas works gas is negligible and it is mostly consumed by households. The
last lignite mine closed in the second quarter of 2004
and lignite use for power generation ceased in 2006.
LD gas, which should normally be reported as other
recovered gases, is reported with blast furnace gas
Belgium
Sub-bituminous coal data reported in from other
sources refer to coal recuperated from coal dumps.
Production of other bituminous coal ceased on
31 August 1992. The use of coke oven gas in chemical and petrochemical activities ceased in 1996. The
decrease of bituminous coal and coke oven coke in the
iron and steel industry in 2002 is due to the closure of
several plants. Supply-side data are obtained through
survey questionnaires to consumers in lieu of customs
data.
Canada
Due to the unavailability of data, non-energy use of

coke oven coke and hard coal is included with final
consumption sectors prior to 1978 and 1980, respectively. Before 1978, lignite inputs to main activity
producer heat plants are included in final consumption. Starting in 1979, these inputs are included in
main activity producer electricity plants.
Due to a Canadian confidentiality law, it is not possible for the Canadian Administration to submit disaggregated series for all of the coal types. Between 2002
and 2006, the IEA Secretariat has estimated some of
the missing series. The data for 2007 onwards are
given directly as reported, however data may be present in non-representative products, and additionally
these ad hoc reclassification methodologies contribute
significantly to larger than normal statistical differences across products. In the 2014 edition, some revisions to the 2004 to 2006 data (mentioned above)
were received in addition to some time series and
products for 2007 to 2011. The Canadian Administration is planning to further refine its reporting.
At this point in time, oil shale and oil sands data are
not submitted, and this energy source is deemed to
enter the supply stream as shale oil (Other hydrocarbons) in the Oil Information publication.
Chile
Data are available starting in 1971.
From 1990, consumption in paper and pulp includes
forestry and consumption in agriculture is included in
non-specified industry. In general, a new methodology has been applied for data since 1990, leading to
other breaks in series between 1989 and 1990.
Other bituminous coal includes sub-bituminous coals
for all years. Because of this, sub-bituminous coal, if
present, is included in hard coal.
Czech Republic
Revisions received by the Canadian Administration

and incorporated into the 2002 edition have resulted
in breaks in series between 1989 and 1990. For the
2014 edition of this publication, the Canadian
Administration revised time series for the period
2005-2011 to include more complete survey results.
In the 2014 edition, residential consumption for the

period, 1990 through 2011, was revised for other bituminous coal, lignite, coke oven coke and BKB, as more
accurate consumption data became available. This resulted in large statistical differences. For all other
flows, final consumption data were submitted by the
Czech Administration starting with 1996 data. Due to

economic restructuring in the consumption sectors in
the late 1990s (large state enterprises subdividing and/
or privatising and the utilisation of new technologies by
businesses), there may be breaks in time series in these
sectors. Data for 1990 to 1995 were estimated based on
the Czech publication Energy Economy Year Book. In
1995, town gas production (included in gas works gas)
ceased. Revisions by the Czech Administration have
resulted in some breaks in series between 2001 and
2002. Production from other sources of other bituminous coal is from coal slurries.
Coal which had been previously classified as subbituminous coal until the 2008 edition is now reported
under lignite for all years, while actual subbituminous coal is included in other bituminous coal..
Denmark
In the 2004 edition, major revisions were made by the
Danish Administration for the 1990 to 2001 data,
which may cause breaks in time series between 1989
and 1990.
A large increase of steam coal imports in 2003 was
related to a drought in Scandinavia. Thermal power
plants were operated more intensively to replace
hydro-generated electricity that was consumed in the
country. Additionally, more coal-generated electricity
was exported to other countries in the region.
Estonia
Data for Estonia are available starting in 1990. Prior
to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union in
Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries.
In the 2013 edition, data for oil shale production for
the period 1991 to 1997 were revised to match Estonian GHG National Inventory values. Consumption
data remained unchanged. Fuels reported as coke
oven coke (semi-coke) and gas works gas are byproducts of oil shale liquefaction.
Finland
A new survey system and a reclassification of the data
lead to breaks in the time series between 1999 and
2000 for most products and sectors. The new survey
system is more detailed and has better product coverage especially in electricity, CHP and heat production,
as well as in industry.
A large increase of steam coal imports in 2003 is related to a drought in Scandinavia. Thermal power
plants were operated more intensively to replace hydrogenerated electricity that is consumed in the country.
Additionally, more coal-generated electricity was exported to other countries in the region. Likewise, peat
production is highly dependant upon favourable
weather conditions and the pricing of other fuels. The
decrease in peat and other bituminous coal usage in
main activity electricity plants in 2008 was due to
record electricity generation from hydro plants. A
similar circumstance occurred in 2012.
The first coking plant started operation in 1987, hence
imports of coking coal and production of coke oven
coke and coke oven gas started in that year. Coal tars
used for non-energy purposes are not reported in production or consu mption. The increase of other bituminous coal inputs into main activity producer electricity plants from 1993 to 1994 was due to coal replacing imported electricity and hydro power. Production of gas works gas ceased in April 1994. Prior to
2008, peat products are included with peat.
France
Prior to 1985, consumption of colliery gas is included
with the use of coke oven gas by autoproducers. Final
consumption in industry is estimated by the Secretariat
from 1986 to 2001 for some products. For 1989 to
1998, the IEA Secretariat has estimated industry consumption based on Consommations dEnergie dans
lIndustrie, SESSI. Other manufactured gases (oxygen
steel furnace gas) are included in blast furnace gas.
Distinction between coke oven gas consumption, and
consumption of other gases produced in the iron and
steel sector is ill defined, resulting in jumps in time
series and unusual efficiencies.
Germany
German data include the new federal states of
Germany from 1970 onwards.
The German Administration has changed the methodology for reporting heat. Between 2003 and 2006,
autoproducer heat output was provided, but not inputs.
Starting in 2007, more information is available on
main activity heat plants and additional inputs started
to be reported for this category. This causes breaks in
series between 2006 and 2007.
In the 2014 edition, significant revisions were submitted for all primary coal types, derived products and
manufactured gases for the period 2003 to 2011 as
previous estimations were updated with more accurate
information. Revisions primarily affected consumption, including industry and other sectors; but also
supply, statistical differences and weighted calorific
values.
Due to earlier reclassifications of several sectors by
the German Administration, breaks in series may occur between 1990 and 1992. This particularly affects
BKB, lignite and coke oven coke. BKB inputs to gas
works plants stopped in 1997. Breaks in time series
may occur between 1998 and 2005 for coke oven gas
and blast furnace gas. Up to 2002, other bituminous
coal includes anthracite. Consumption of nonrenewable municipal waste and other solid biofuels as
a reductant occurs in German blast furnaces, but is not
currently quantified. Likewise, coal tar is a by-product
of coke ovens, but not currently reported.
Greece
Electricity production using hard coal ceased in 1989.
A new main activity producer electricity plant using
imported bituminous coal was brought on-line in
1991. Production of gas works gas ceased in 1997.
Lignite has been used in main activity producer CHP
plants since 1997. Production of BKB/peat briquettes
ceased in 2009.
Hungary
and blast furnace gas were reclassified in 1998 as

main activity power plants.
Iceland
Prior to 1970, final consumption includes inputs and
outputs to heat production. The industrial classifications used by the Icelandic Administration were
changed in 1987. Final consumption increased in
2000 due to a new iron and steel plant coming on-line.
Data for 2013e have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat based on historical trends.
Ireland
Production data for peat briquettes are available from
1975. Low production of peat in 1985 was due to a
poor harvest, as was the case in 2012 where record
lows were due to an unusually wet summer. The production of gas works gas ceased in 1987 due to fuel
switching to natural gas. Other bituminous coal inputs
to main activity producer electricity plants increased
from 1986 due to three new generating units at
Moneypoint coming on-line. A reclassification causes
a break in the time series for peat consumption in the
energy industry own use in BKB/(peat products)
plants from 1989 to 1990.
Due to confidentiality reasons, inputs of anthracite, other
bituminous coal and BKB/peat briquettes into patent
fuel transformation are reported with residential
consumption.
Prior to 1990, possible imports of BKB, if present, are
included with imports of peat products, as is the case
for consumption. Imports of BKB since 1990 are not
reported at all. Rainfall in 2012 led to the lowest peat
harvest since IEA records began in 1960, requiring
large stock drawdown and increased use of biomass
for electricity generation.
Data are available from 1965.

From 1992, the production of sub-bituminous coal has
been included with lignite due to the low quality of
the coal. For 1990 to 1999, the use of this domestic
coal in main activity producer electricity and CHP
plants has also been reclassified to lignite. Autoproducer heat and power plants using coke oven gas
Israel
Israel was unable to provide data for 2013e. These
data have been estimated by the IEA Secretariat.
Italy
A change in methodology leads to breaks in series for
industry and transformation between 2003 and 2004.
From 1986 onwards, figures from lignite are given
using the same methodology as in the Bilancio Energetico Nazionale. In 1991, all industrial activities
were reclassified on the basis of ISTAT/NACE 91.
This has implied some transfer of activities which
may result in some anomalies between 1991 and earlier years. Due to a change in the survey system,
breaks in time series may occur between 1997 and
1998 for final consumption. The apparent jump in
production of coke oven gas in 2012 was the consequence of improvements in scope of reporting, rather
than a marked increase in production. As such, coke
oven gas data in prior years should be viewed as under-representing production and consumption of coke
oven gas, and likewise, coke oven efficiencies will
appear lower than actual.
Prior to 2009, sub-bituminous coal used in main activity electricity plants was included with other bituminous coal.
Japan
Between 2004 and 2007, the IEA received a series of
revisions from the Japanese Administration. The first
set of revisions received in 2004 increased the 1990
supply by 5% for coal, 2% for natural gas and 0.7%
for oil compared to the previous data. This led to an
increase of 2.5% in 1990 CO2 emissions calculated
using the Reference Approach while the Sectoral
Approach remained fairly constant. For the 2006 edition, the IEA received revisions to the coal and oil
data which had a significant impact on both the energy data and the CO2 emissions. The most significant
revisions occurred for coke oven coke, naphtha, blast
furnace gas and petroleum coke. These revisions affected consumption rather than supply in the years
concerned. As a result, the Sectoral Approach CO2
emissions increased for all the years, however at different rates. For example, the Sectoral Approach CO2
emissions for 1990 were 4.6% higher than those calculated for the 2005 edition, while the 2003 emissions
were 1.1% higher than those of the previous edition.
Due to the impact these successive revisions have had
on the final energy balance, as well as on CO2 emissions, the IEA was in close contact with the Japanese
Administration to better understand the reasons behind these changes. These changes were mainly due to
the Government of Japan's efforts to improve the input-output balances in the production of oil products
and coal products in response to inquiries from the
UNFCCC Secretariat. To cope with this issue, the
Japanese Administration established a working group
in March 2004. The working group completed its
work in April 2006. Many of its conclusions were
incorporated in the 2006 edition, but some further
revisions to the time series (especially in industry and
other) were submitted for the 2007 edition.
In the 2014 edition, further supply-side revisions to
data from 1990 through 2011 were received, primarily
to imports of other bituminous coal in order to reconcile differences between submissions to the IEA and
UNFCCC.
Starting in 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year
basis (e.g. April 2012 to March 2013 for 2012).
From 1982, residential use of coke oven coke is included in commercial/public services sector. Other
recovered gas data are available from 1982. The inputs of coke oven coke to blast furnaces, as well as
the final consumption of coke oven coke in the iron
and steel industry, have been estimated by the IEA
Secretariat starting in 1990. From 1998, inputs of
coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered
gases into autoproducer electricity plants include the
amount used to produce electricity with TRT technology (Top pressure Recovery Turbines) which was
previously included in industry. The net calorific values for coal have been recalculated by the IEA Secretariat based upon gross values submitted by Japan.
Coal injected in blast furnaces (PCI) is classified as
coking coal in order to be consistent with Japanese
trade statistics. With the 2008 edition, Japan has reclassified part of the coal inputs to coke ovens as inputs to blast furnaces.
Electricity and heat produced in CHP plants are not
included in the CHP data series, but instead are reported as separate electricity or heat components.
Data on heat produced for sale by autoproducer heat
plants are not available. Inputs of manufactured gases
to main activity electricity and heat plants are calculated based on outputs and using efficiencies of main
activity producers from other fuels. For autoproducers, the specific inputs are known, however the specific electricity production by each gas is estimated
based on a pro-rata of the total electricity generation
from all gas types.
Statistical differences in hard coal products include

stock changes since 2001. Large positive differences
for several years since 2004 are partly due to purpose
driven stock build by final consumers.
Other bituminous coal includes sub-bituminous coal.
Korea
Data are available from 1971.
Data for 2002 onwards have been reported on a different basis, causing breaks in series between 2001
and 2002, especially for inputs and outputs to electricity generation and consumption in the iron and steel
industry. The Korean Administration is planning to
revise the historical series as time and resources
permit.
Data for coal and coal products from 1971 to 2001
are based on information provided by the Korean
Administration, as well as information from the Yearbook of Energy Statistics 2002, the Yearbook of Coal
Statistics 2001 (both from the Ministry of Commerce,
Industry and Energy), and Statistics of Electric Power
in Korea 2001 (from the Korea Electric Power Corporation). During this period, import data by coal type
were estimated by the IEA Secretariat, based on statistics of the exporting countries.
Consumption of imported coke oven coke starting in
2002 is reported under non-specified industry. Consumption of manufactured gases in the iron and steel
industry starting in 2002 includes the consumption in
blast furnaces, basic oxygen steel furnaces and other
iron and steel processing plants. Blast furnace gas
used for energy purposes in blast furnaces prior to
2007 are reported in the iron and steel industry. Coal
tar production prior to 2007 is not available at this
time. The national administration is working to improve reporting of coal-derived gases consumption.
Luxembourg
Steel production from blast furnaces ceased at the end
of 1997. For the 2011 edition, the Luxembourgian
Administration revised the time series from 2000 for
most coal and coal products. Time series for brown
coal briquettes consumption were revised from 1990.
Mexico
Data are available starting in 1971 and are partly estimated based on the publication Balance Nacional Energa. The Mexican Administration submitted data
directly by questionnaire for the first time with 1992
data. As a result, some breaks in time series may occur between 1991 and 1992.
The time series for blast furnace gas and inputs of
coke oven coke to blast furnaces start in 1991. Production and some consumption of coke oven gas are
conservatively estimated by the IEA Secretariat for
1990 to 2011 with agreement from the Mexican administration. Other bituminous coal is either reported
as coking coal or sub-bituminous coal, depending
upon usage. Significant statistical differences are currently included in stock changes for some products.
Netherlands
In the national statistical system of the Netherlands,
use of fuel in manufacturing industries for CHP
production is considered to be consumption in the
transformation sector. However, in IEA statistics, this
own use for heat production (autoproduced heat) is
reported under the relevant industry sub-sector, based
on estimates provided by the Central Bureau of
Statistics.
For 1984 to 1986, production from other sources of
other bituminous coal represents a stock of "smalls"
washed for re-use. Prior to 1989, non-energy use is
included with industry consumption.
Coal exports primarily consist of re-exported volumes
after blending. International trade into and through the
hub ports of Amsterdam and Rotterdam is complicated by the capacity to purchase coal directly at these
points. The majority of coal traded is purely in transit,
where the Netherlands is neither the country of origin
or destination and these data have been removed where
possible. Prior to 2011, stock changes for primary coal
types were estimated by the Dutch Administration,
based on trade and consumption data. In the 2013
edition, non-specified exports for 2011 were estimated

by the Central Bureau of Statistics due to a lack of
information from key market players.
New Zealand
Where data refer to the fiscal year, April 2012 to
March 2013 is shown as 2012.
In the 2011 edition, the New Zealand Administration
has revised some of the coal, natural gas, oil, renewable and electricity time series back to 1990.
A reorganisation of government departments during
1987 leading to the cessation of certain data series has
resulted in several breaks in time series between 1987
and 1988. Production of gas works gas ceased in
1988. Peat, although produced in New Zealand, is not
used as a fuel. It is used for agricultural purposes
only. In final consumption, some industry data are
reported in non-specified industry for confidentiality
reasons. Breaks in time series between 2008 and 2009
are due to changes in data collector and improvements
in reporting scope. Prior to 2009, mining and quarrying is included in agriculture. Prior to 2010, construction is included with commercial/public services.
Sub-bituminous coal input into coke ovens refers to
coal that is merged with iron sands and limestone to
form the inputs for the multi-hearth-furnaces, kilns
and melters that produce direct reduced iron (Glenbrook Steel Site), with off-gases and supplemental
and natural gas driving CHP plants. This method,
while not a typical iron and steel process, produces
similar by-products. The sub-bituminous coal inputs
are reported under coke oven coke transformation and
the resulting off-gases are reported as production of
coke oven gas and blast furnace gas. Blast furnace gas
production and distribution losses prior to 1998 are
IEA Secretariat estimates. Portions of this gas will
have been used for energy purposes in the multihearth furnaces or elsewhere in the plant. Some transformation efficiencies will appear higher than normal
due to non-reporting of certain inputs, including some
confidential data.
Detailed breakdown of exports of coking coal by
country of destination since 2001 are estimated by the
IEA, based on secondary sources and partner data.
Prior to 1978, the portion of sub-bituminous coal believed to be reported in hard coal was estimated by the
Secretariat and relocated to brown coal.
Norway
Production of coking coal, coke oven coke and coke
oven gas ceased in the late 1980s. The decrease of
bituminous coal production in 2005 is due to a fire in
one of the coal mines; this entailed a break in the production for a large part of the year.
Other bituminous coal includes lignite.
Poland
Prior to 2010, own use in coal mines included
workers take home allowance which should be included in residential consumption. Other recovered
gases includes off-gases from zinc and copper smelting, ceramics kilns and steel production.
Portugal
Between 1997 and 2001, gas works gas was gradually
replaced by natural gas in the commercial/public services and residential sectors. The production of pig iron
ceased in the first quarter of 2001, leading to decreases
in supply and consumption of coking coal, coke oven
coke, coke oven gas and blast furnace gas in 2001.
Slovak Republic
There are some breaks in series between 1992 and
1993. A new survey system in 2001 leads to major
breaks in series for most products. Commercial/public
services also includes statistical differences for other
bituminous coal, lignite, patent fuel and coke oven
coke from 1980 onwards and BKB from 1989
onwards.
Slovenia
Data for Slovenia are available starting in 1990. Prior
to that, they are included in Energy Statistics of
Non-OECD Countries in Former Yugoslavia. A new
energy data collection system was implemented in

January 2001, causing some breaks in time series between 1999 and 2000.
Spain
Lignite mining was halted indefinitely in 2008. For
1999-2003, anthracite is included in other bituminous
coal. Data associated with the coke oven coke transformation process are under review by Spain and revised data are pending.
Sweden
Other bituminous coal production is coal recovered
during the quarrying of clay. Autoproducer inputs to
waste heat production that is sold are reported in the
respective final consumption sectors and not in
transformation. Some mixture of LNG with air to
form a lower calorie product is reported as gas works
gas production replacing traditional gas works gas
manufacture.
In the 2014 edition, natural gas input to gas works has
been estimated by the IEA Secretariat for 2005 to
2012.
Switzerland
From 1999, data on consumption result from a new
survey and are not comparable with data of previous
years.
From 1985, industrial consumption of gas works gas
is reported in non-specified industry to prevent the
disclosure of commercially confidential data. Allocation of consumption data between certain coal types is
estimated by the Swiss Administration, as are the net
calorific values for these coals.
Turkey
Production of gas works gas declined in 1989 due to
plant closures; the last plant closed in 1994. Use of
gas coke and gas works gas ceased in 1994. Due to
government regulations in industry and residential, in
particular, there has been a shift from the use of domestically produced coal to imported coal and natural
gas. The privatisation of state owned coke ovens in

recent years results in incomplete information on coke
oven gas distribution. Data from 2008 are provided
from the results of an improved questionnaire. Therefore, significant changes occur in consumption patterns within the iron and steel industry, coal mining as
well as across industry, residential and commercial/
public services for other bituminous coal. Some coal
used in cement kilns is reported under construction
instead of non-metallic minerals. Submitted 2012 data
utilised the latest census data, causing significant
breaks in time series between 2011 and 2012.
Lack of availability of national data for 2013 has resulted in all 2013e data being estimated by the IEA
Secretariat.
United Kingdom
Consumption shown for the commercial/public services includes consumption of some of non-specified
other. Prior to 1994, the consumption of substitute
natural gas is included with natural gas, while its production is included with gas works gas. Oxygen steel
furnace gas is reported with blast furnace gas rather
than as other recovered gases.
United States
Due to problems in reporting, there are numerous
breaks in series for the US data, particularly in 1992,
1999, 2001 and 2002. Care should be taken when
evaluating consumption by sector since inputs of fuel
to autoproducers are included in final consumption for
some years. No data are available for most energy
products in the construction and mining and quarrying
industries.
In 2002, the United States reported synfuel production as patent fuel for the first time. Prior to 2002, the
consumption of this fuel was reported with other bituminous coal. Production ceased in 2007 for economic reasons. Since the Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the US Department of Commerce
do not collect separate data on patent fuel exports by
country, total exports of patent fuel are included in the
exports of other bituminous coal for this period. Coal
tar as a by-product of coke ovens is not currently
reported.
12. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE

Australia excludes the overseas territories.
Denmark excludes the Danish Faroes and Greenland.
France includes Monaco, but excludes the following
overseas departments and territories: Guadeloupe;
Guyana; Martinique; New Caledonia; French
Polynesia; Reunion; and St.-Pierre and Miquelon.
Germany includes the new federal states of Germany
from 1970 onwards.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without
prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights;
East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West
Bank under the terms of international law.
Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican.
Japan includes Okinawa.
The Netherlands excludes Suriname and the
Netherlands Antilles1.
Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira.
Spain includes the Canary Islands.
Switzerland does not include Liechtenstein.
The United Kingdom excludes the British overseas
territories. Coal exports to the Crown dependencies
are not recorded. Supplies of solid fuel to these islands from the UK are therefore included as part of
United Kingdom inland consumption or deliveries.
United States includes 50 States and the District of
Columbia, but excludes all United States territories
1. The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries of the Netherlands (Curaao
and Sint Maarten), with the other islands joining the Netherlands as special
municipalities. However, due to a lack of detailed data, the Secretariats data
and estimates under the Netherlands Antilles still refer to the whole territory
of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010.
with the exception of coal trade with Puerto Rico.

Exports from the United States to Puerto Rico are not
shown, while imports from other countries to Puerto
Rico may be shown as United States imports from
those countries.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) comprises
Australia; Austria; Belgium; Canada; the Czech
Republic; Denmark; Estonia 2 ; Finland; France;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Japan;
Korea; Luxembourg; Netherlands; New Zealand;
Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic;
Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; the United
Kingdom and the United States;
Note: Estonia joined the IEA in May 2014.
With the addition of Chile; Iceland; Israel; Mexico;
and Slovenia, all 29 IEA member countries are also
member countries of the Organisation for Economic
Co-Operation and Development (OECD). IEA regional totals include only IEA Member countries and,
therefore, exclude non-IEA Members shown in italics
below.
OECD Americas comprises Canada; Chile; Mexico
and the United States.
OECD Asia Oceania comprises Australia; Israel;
Japan; Korea and New Zealand.
OECD Europe comprises Austria; Belgium; the
Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia2; Finland; France;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy;
Luxembourg; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal;
the Slovak Republic; Slovenia2; Spain; Sweden;
Switzerland; Turkey and the United Kingdom.
OECD Total is the sum of the three regional OECD
aggregates.
2. Data for Estonia and Slovenia begin in 1990. Prior to 1990, data
for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia
in Former Yugoslavia, in the publication, Energy Statistics of NonOECD Countries.
The European Union - 28 (EU-28) includes Austria;

Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus 3 ; the Czech
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France;
Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia;
Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; the Netherlands;
Poland; Portugal; Romania; the Slovak Republic;
Slovenia; Spain; Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Please note that in the interest of having comparable
data, all these countries are included since 1990
despite different entry dates into the European Union.
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia includes Albania;
Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina;
Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia; Gibraltar; Kazakhstan;
Kosovo4 (from 2000); Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lithuania;
Malta; the Republic of Moldova; Montenegro4 (from
2005); Romania; the Russian Federation; Serbia4; the
Former Soviet Union 5 ; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan;
Ukraine; Uzbekistan and Former Yugoslavia5.
Africa includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana
(from 1981); Cameroon; Congo; the Democratic
Republic of Congo; Cte dIvoire; Egypt; Eritrea;
Ethiopia; Gabon; Ghana; Kenya; Libya; Mauritius;
Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia (from 1991); Nigeria;
Senegal; South Africa; Sudan (including the Republic of
South Sudan6); the United Republic of Tanzania; Togo;
Tunisia; Zambia; Zimbabwe and Other Africa.
Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980);
Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cape Verde; the Central
African Republic; Chad; Comoros; Djibouti;
Equatorial Guinea; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau;
Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali;
Mauritania; Namibia (until 1990); Niger; Reunion;
Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Seychelles; Sierra
Leone; Somalia; Swaziland; Uganda and Western
Sahara (from 1990).
3. Note by Turkey:
The information in this document with reference to Cyprus relates to
the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing
both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises
the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and
equitable solution is found within the context of United Nations, Turkey
shall preserve its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and
the European Union:
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United
Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this report
relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the
Republic of Cyprus.
4. Data for Serbia include data for Montenegro until 2004 and data
for Kosovo until 1999.
5. Data are shown only as Former Soviet Union and Former Yugoslavia
until 1989. From 1990 onward, data are shown by country only.
6. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011. Because
only aggregated data were available until 2011, the data for Sudan also
include South Sudan.
Non-OECD Americas includes Argentina; Bolivia;

Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; the Dominican
Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Haiti;
Honduras; Jamaica; the Netherlands Antilles1; Nicaragua;
Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay;
Venezuela and Other non-OECD Americas.
Other non-OECD Americas includes Antigua and
Barbuda; Aruba; Bahamas; Barbados; Belize;
Bermuda; the British Virgin Islands; the Cayman
Islands; Dominica; the Falkland Islands (Malvinas);
French Guyana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guyana;
Martinique; Montserrat; Puerto Rico7 (for natural gas
and electricity); St. Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint
Pierre et Miquelon; St. Vincent and the Grenadines;
Suriname; and Turks and Caicos Islands.
Asia includes Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam;
Cambodia (from 1995); India; Indonesia; the DPR of
Korea; Malaysia; Mongolia (from 1985); Myanmar;
Nepal; Pakistan; the Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka;
Chinese Taipei; Thailand; Viet Nam and Other Asia.
Other Asia includes Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cambodia
(until 1994); Cook Islands; East Timor; Fiji; French
Polynesia; Kiribati; Laos; Macao, China; Maldives;
Mongolia (until 1984); New Caledonia; Palau (from
1994); Papua New Guinea; Samoa; the Solomon
Islands; Tonga and Vanuatu.
China Region includes the Peoples Republic of
China and Hong Kong, China.
Former Yugoslavia5 includes Bosnia and Herzegovina;
Croatia; the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia; Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia4 and Slovenia.
Former Soviet Union5 includes Armenia; Azerbaijan;
Belarus; Estonia; Georgia; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan;
Latvia; Lithuania; the Republic of Moldova; the
Russian Federation; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan;
Ukraine; and Uzbekistan.
Middle East includes Bahrain; the Islamic Republic
of Iran; Iraq; Jordan; Kuwait; Lebanon; Oman; Qatar;
Saudi Arabia; Syria; the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
Please note that the following countries have not been
considered due to lack of data:
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Liechtenstein8
(except for oil data);
Africa: Saint Helena;
America: Anguilla; and
Asia and Oceania: Christmas Island; Nauru; Niue
and Tuvalu.
7. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are
included under the United States.
8. Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland.
13. ABBREVIATIONS, CONVERSION

FACTORS AND CALORIFIC VALUES
Units and technical abbreviations
t
: metric ton = tonne = 1000 kg
kt
: thousand tonnes
Mt
toe
: million tonnes
: tonne of oil equivalent
Mtoe
: million tonnes of oil equivalent
tce
Mtce
: tonne of coal equivalent (= 0.7 toe)

: million tonnes of coal equivalent
kcal
: kilocalories (103 calories)
MBtu
GWh
USD
: million British thermal units

: million kilowatt hours
: US dollars
CIF
FAS
FOB
GDP
GCV
PCI
TPES
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
cost, insurance and freight

free alongside ship
free on board
Gross Domestic Product
gross calorific value
coals for pulverised injection
Total primary energy supply
EU
FSU
OECD
UN
UNECE
:
:
:
:
:
European Union
Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/Soviet Union
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
United Nations
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
0 or 0.0 : negligible
c
e
..
x
:
:
:
:
:
confidential
estimated
not available
nil
not applicable
General conversion factors for energy

TJ
To:
Gcal
Mtoe
From:
MBtu
GWh
947.8
0.2778
3.968
1.163 x 10-3
multiply by:
TJ
2.388 x 10-5
238.8
Gcal
4.1868 x 10
Mtoe
-3
-7
10
4.1868 x 104
107
3.968 x 107
11630
MBtu
1.0551 x 10-3
0.252
2.52 x 10-8
2.931 x 10-4
GWh
3.6
860
8.6 x 10-5
3412
st
lb
Conversion factors for mass

kg
To:
lt
From:
multiply by:
1
0.001
9.84 x 10-4
1.102 x 10-3
2.2046
tonne (t)
1000
0.984
1.1023
2204.6
long ton (lt)
1016
1.016
1.120
2240
short ton (st)
907.2
0.9072
kilogramme (kg)
pound (lb)
0.454
4.54 x 10
0.893
-4
4.46 x 10
-4
2000
5.0 x 10
-4
Conversion factors for volume

gal U.S.
To:
gal U.K.
bbl
From:
ft3
m3
multiply by:
U.S. gallon (gal)
0.8327
0.02381
0.1337
3.785
0.0038
U.K. gallon (gal)
1.201
0.02859
0.1605
4.546
0.0045
Barrel (bbl)
42.0
34.97
5.615
159.0
0.159
7.48
6.229
0.1781
28.3
0.0283
0.2642
0.220
0.0063
0.0353
0.001
264.2
220.0
6.289
35.3147
1000.0
Cubic foot (ft )

Litre (l)
3
Cubic metre (m )
Decimal prefixes
101
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
15
10
18
deca (da)
hecto (h)
kilo (k)
mega (M)
giga (G)
tera (T)
peta (P)
exa (E)
10-1
deci (d)
10
-2
centi (c)
10
-3
milli (m)
10
-6
micro ()
10
-9
nano (n)
10
-12
pico (p)
10
-15
femto (f)
10
-18
atto (a)
The conversion factors shown above are available online with greater precision at: http://www.iea.org/statistics/resources/unitconverter/.
2012 COUNTRY SPECIFIC AVERAGE NET CALORIFIC VALUES [kJ/kg]

Anthracite
Coking
coal
Other
SubLignite /
bituminous bituminous Oil shale
coal
coal
and oil
sands1
Peat
Patent
fuels
Coke
oven
coke
Coal tar
BKB /
Peat
products2
Australia
26 700
28 500
25 700
18 478
9 800
27 000
35 714
20 995
Austria
30 140
29 070
27 346
21 733
7 971
8 800
31 000
29 000
41 800
19 300
Belgium
24 283
29 250
26 292
30 480
29 308
20 682
Canada
26 381
28 125
24 219
18 238
14 286
27 457
28 591
23 161
28 591
41 800
28 193
29 390
24 936
12 219
28 423
37 244
22 006
24 229
29 300
18 300
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
27 160
10 000
28 500
15 200
Finland
29 300
24 721
10 100
29 300
37 000
10 1002
30 040
26 000
17 000
32 000
28 000
38 000
29 627
29 000
25 429
9 038
31 400
28 650
21 079
France
Germany
8 900
Greece
27 287
5 347
Hungary
32 310
24 900
17 547
7 219
29 491
38 000
19 790
28 050
26 670
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
28 000
24 919
19 816
9 095
25 060
20 771
2 9311
18 548
30 984
26 587
18 832
10 468
29 000
Japan
26 362
28 227
24 507
29 400
35 393
Korea
23 700
28 219
24 660
21 353
18 631
28 889
37 000
Luxembourg
26 700
24 400
28 500
22 200
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
29 397
20 471
14 100
26 521
29 300
28 671
24 676
20 000
29 300
28 500
41 900
29 839
28 063
20 630
14 543
29 500
Norway
28 100
28 500
Poland
29 714
22 366
8 294
23 200
28 367
37 706
17 640
Portugal
29 244
25 186
29 567
Slovak Republic
26 088
29 280
26 176
11 084
28 000
28 304
33 490
17 000
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
25 414
19 215
10 799
29 641
19 572
29 551
22 796
13 770
26 795
38 519
30 000
27 400
12 691
28 080
28 100
28 100
20 100
28 100
Turkey
29 117
26 774
22 722
8 436
28 202
United Kingdom
30 272
24 916
30 970
28 310
38 519
28 721
29 672
25 977
19 011
13 860
28 842
Switzerland
United States
Source: IEA/OECD Coal Statistics

Data are weighted averages of supply side statistics, on a net as received (NAR) basis.
Coal classification
The IEA collects statistics on coal production, trade and consumption according to a technically precise
classification based on the quality of coal as follows:
Anthracite is a high rank, non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value not less than 24 000 kJ/kg
(5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 2.0;
Coking coal is hard coal suitable for the production of coke that can support a blast furnace charge;
Other bituminous coal is an agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value not less than 24 000 kJ/kg
(5 732 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least 0.6;
Sub-bituminous coal is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value between 24 000 kJ/kg
(5 732 kcal/kg) and 20 000 kJ/kg (4 777 kcal/kg and with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of less than
0.6; and
Lignite is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 20 000 kJ/kg (4 777 kcal/kg).
However, when publishing these data, the IEA sometimes adopts a simplified classification of hard coal, steam
coal and brown coal. The correspondence is as follows:
Total coal is the sum of hard coal and brown coal;
Hard coal is the sum of coking coal, anthracite and other bituminous coal for all countries, plus, prior to 1978,
may include sub-bituminous coal for Australia, Belgium, Chile, Finland, France, Iceland, Japan, Korea,
Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and the United States;
Brown coal contains lignite and sub-bituminous coal for all countries barring the exceptions prior to 1978
above; and
Steam coal consists of anthracite, other bituminous coal and sub-bituminous coal.
The term total coal also refers to the sum of hard coal and brown coal after conversion to a common energy unit
(tonne of coal equivalent - tce). The conversion is done by multiplying the calorific value of the coal in question
(the conversion factors are submitted by national administrations to the IEA Secretariat each year) by the total
volume of hard and brown coal used, measured in physical units, i.e. in tonnes. One tce has an energy content of
29.3 Gigajoules (GJ) or 7 000 kcal and corresponds to 0.7 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe).
Defining coal consumption

Energy statistics are compiled and presented to take account of the complexity in the way fuels are used and to
avoid double counting. Misunderstandings can arise when statistics on coal consumption are used because of the
particular terminology used by energy statisticians.
Coal is used in four possible ways:
As a primary input to produce electricity or a secondary/tertiary fuel that is used elsewhere or sold - this is
referred to as use in transformation processes;
e.g. coking coal used to produce coke in a coke oven or steam coal used to produce electricity.
As a fuel used to support a transformation process - this is referred to as energy industry own use;
e.g. coke oven gas used to heat the coke oven or steam coal used to operate the power plant.
As a fuel consumed in manufacturing, industry, mining and construction, in transport, in agriculture, in
commercial and public services and in households - this is referred to as use in the final consumption sectors;
e.g. steam coal used to produce heat in cement kilns, steam coal used to produce industrial process steam.
As a raw material - this is referred to as non-energy use;
e.g. coal tar used as a chemical feedstock.
In the wider community, the term consumption is commonly understood to include all of the above end-uses. In
Parts IV and V of this book, the term consumption refers only to use in the final consumption sectors (i.e. in the
third item above). In Parts II and III, consumption, unless otherwise specified, refers to Total Primary Energy
Supply as defined in the section in Flows: energy balance in Part I Definitions.

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COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 1

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

2 - COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition)

Changes from last edition..................................................................................................................... 3

List of electronic tables ......................................................................................................................... 5

Product definitions ............................................................................................................................... 7

Flow definitions Statistics ............................................................................................................... 13

Flow definitions Balances................................................................................................................ 24

Flow definitions Calorific values ..................................................................................................... 34

Geographical coverage definitions .................................................................................................... 35

Sources and notes ............................................................................................................................... 54

Geographical coverage notes ............................................................................................................ 66

Abbreviations, conversion factors and calorific values .................................................................. 68

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 3

1. CHANGES FROM LAST EDITION

4 - COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 5

2. LIST OF ELECTRONIC TABLES

World coal supply:

OECD coal imports:

OECD coal exports:

OECD coal statistics:

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

6 - COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition)

OECD coal balances:

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

and oil sands. This table provides full balance data

OECD coal calorific values:

COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 7

moisture and ash and contamination by sulphur,

8 - COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition)

Some countries however may still choose to report

COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 9

For the Coal Information 2012 publication onwards,

and limited air access (initial stage of coalification). It

Oil shale should not be confused with shale oil. Shale

Oil shale and oil sands

Heat and electricity

2014 edition, definition changes

A solid formed from the partial decomposition of

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

10 - COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition)

Coal and coal products

Coal and coal products

Hard coal refers to coal of gross calorific value greater than

A high rank coal used for industrial and residential applications. It

Coal with a quality that allows the production of a coke suitable to

Other bituminous coal

Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between

Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value of less than

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

COAL INFORMATION: BEYOND 2020 DOCUMENTATION (2014 edition) - 11

Coal and coal products

Coke oven coke

A by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas in

Coal tar is a result of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.

Brown coal briquettes

Composition fuels manufactured from lignite/brown coal, produced

Gas works gas

Covers all types of gas produced in public utility or private plants,

Coke oven gas

Obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of coke oven coke for