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Outubro de 2007
R [mK/W]
ln(De Di )
2kL
ln(De Di )
2k
D j ln(De Di )
L
kA
R [K/W]
(1)
L
k
R [m2K/W]
Casca esfrica
(1 Di ) (1 De )
2k
(2)
Conveco
em superfcie
1
hA
1 (2)
hD j
1
h
2k
2k
k
2k
Raio crtico [m]
h
h
1) por unidade de comprimento de cilindro; 2) Resistncia definida em relao rea j.
Distribuio de temperatura em slidos com fontes de calor uniforme q&
Parede plana com temperaturas impostas Ts1 em x=0 e Ts2 em x=L.
T (x ) =
q& L2
2k
x 2 Ts ,2 Ts ,1 x Ts ,1 + Ts ,2
1 2 +
+
L
2
2
L
Caso com superfcie adiabtica em x=0 ou r=0 e conveco na superfcie x=L ou r=R.
Parede plana
T (x ) =
Cilndro
q& L2 x 2
q&L
1 2 + T +
h
2k L
Esfera
2
q& R 2
1 r + T + q& R
T (r ) =
4 k R 2
2h
T (r ) =
2
q& R 2
1 r + T + q& R
6 k
3h
R 2
Rendimento de Alhetas
Configuraes de superfcies estendidas consideradas:
- Alhetas planas e pinos (seco circular) com diferentes perfis caracterizados por:
t
y=
2
x
r
D
r=
2
t x
2 l
Dx
r=
2l
Dx
r=
2l
t x
y=
2 l
t x 2
y=
2 l
y=
Dx 2
r=
2l
Alheta y = (t/2)(x/ l )n
Config. n Parmetro u
Pino r = (D/2)(x/ l )n
n Parmetro u
u = l 2h kt
u = l 4h kD
u = 2l 2h kt
1
2
u = (4 3)l 4h kD
3
2
u = 4l 2h kt
u = 2l 4h kD
u = 2l 2h kt
u = (2 3)l 4h kD
Rendimento
funo do parmetro u
tgh (u )
=
u
2 I1 (u )
=
u I 0 (u )
=
4 * I 2 (u )
u * I1 (u )
2
1+ 1+ u2
dr
r1
r2
t
r1
Ac
r2
u1 =
l 2h / kt
ou u1 = R 1 2h / kt e u 2 = R 2 2h / kt ou u 2 = u1 (R 2 R 1 )
(R 2 R 1 1)
1.0
y (x)
0.9
(b)
0.8
0.7
(c)
0.6
hf
(a)
(d)
0.5
(e)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
(a)
0.9
5.0
4.0
5.0
x
t/2
(b)
0.8
(c)
0.7
(d)
0.6
hf
4.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Grficos extrados de Gardner, 1945 Notar que o argumento inclui o factor 2 omitido no Incropera
1.0
ri
0.8
L
t
0.6
ro
hf
ro
=1
ri
0.4
1.4
0.2
1.6
1.8
4
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
1.0
0.9
xe
xb L
0.8
0.7
0.6
hf
0.5
0.4
xe /x
0.3
4.0
0.2
3.0
=1
.0
2.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Grficos extrados de Gardner, 1945 Notar que o argumento inclui o factor 2 omitido no Incropera
O ultimo grfico diz respeito a alhetas de seco varivel que deduzido com perfil hiperblico.
x
x
e = t ou d = D
l
l
onde t a espessura da alheta na base e D o dimetro do pino na base da alheta.
I u x/l
(x ) I 0 2 m x
x
u = 2l 2h kt
e = t
=
= 0
I 0 (u )
b
I 0 2m l
l
(
(
x
d = D
l
x
e = t
l
)
)
3
3
I 0 4 mx 4
3
I 0 u (x / l ) 4
(x )
=
=
u = (4 3)l 4h kD
3
b
I 0 (u )
I 0 4 ml 4
3
1
1 I 4 mx 4
1
I1 u (x / l ) 4
(x ) l 4 1
u = 4l 2h kt
=
=
1
b
x I 4ml 14 I1 (u ) * (x / l ) 4
1
1
1 I 2 mx 2
(x ) l 2 1
= I1 u x l u = 2l 4h kD
=
1
b
x I 2ml 2 I1 (u ) * x l
1
x
d = D
l
1 + u2 1
x (x ) x
e = t
u = 2l 2h kt
= onde r =
2
l
l b
2
1 + u2 1
x (x ) x
u = (2 3)l 4h kD
d = D
= onde r =
2
l
l b
2
xR
(r ) K1 (u 2 )I 0 (u ) + I1 (u 2 )K 0 (u )
onde u = r 2h / kt ou u = u1 1 + 2 1
=
l R1
b
K1 (u 2 )I 0 (u1 ) + I1 (u 2 )K 0 (u1 )
com u1 =
l 2h / kt
ou u1 = R 1 2h / kt e u 2 = R 2 2h / kt ou u 2 = u1 (R 2 R 1 )
(R 2 R 1 1)
1.000
0.993
0.974
0.944
0.905
0.860
0.813
0.764
0.716
0.670
0.627
0.587
0.550
0.516
0.485
0.457
0.431
0.408
0.387
0.368
0.350
0.334
0.319
0.305
0.293
0.281
0.271
0.261
0.251
0.243
0.235
1.000
0.992
0.968
0.932
0.886
0.835
0.780
0.726
0.674
0.624
0.579
0.537
0.499
0.465
0.434
0.407
0.382
0.360
0.339
0.321
0.305
0.290
0.276
0.263
0.252
0.241
0.232
0.223
0.214
0.207
0.199
1.000
0.991
0.964
0.922
0.871
0.813
0.754
0.696
0.640
0.589
0.542
0.499
0.461
0.428
0.397
0.370
0.346
0.325
0.306
0.288
0.273
0.258
0.246
0.234
0.223
0.213
0.204
0.196
0.188
0.181
0.175
1.000
0.989
0.956
0.907
0.846
0.781
0.714
0.651
0.592
0.538
0.490
0.447
0.410
0.377
0.347
0.322
0.299
0.279
0.261
0.245
0.231
0.218
0.206
0.196
0.186
0.177
0.169
0.162
0.155
0.149
0.143
7
1.000
0.986
0.945
0.885
0.813
0.737
0.663
0.594
0.531
0.476
0.428
0.386
0.350
0.318
0.291
0.267
0.247
0.228
0.212
0.198
0.185
0.174
0.164
0.155
0.147
0.139
0.132
0.126
0.121
0.115
0.111
1.000
0.981
0.928
0.852
0.765
0.677
0.594
0.521
0.457
0.402
0.356
0.316
0.283
0.254
0.230
0.209
0.191
0.175
0.162
0.150
0.139
0.130
0.122
0.114
0.107
0.101
0.096
0.091
0.086
0.082
0.079
Alhetas planas
r=R(x/l)2
r=R(x/l)
r=R(x/l)1/2
r=R
y=(t/2)(x/l)
1.000
0.996
0.983
0.963
0.938
0.908
0.877
0.845
0.812
0.781
0.750
0.721
0.693
0.666
0.642
0.618
0.596
0.575
0.556
0.537
0.520
0.503
0.488
0.473
0.459
0.446
0.434
0.422
0.411
0.400
0.390
1.000
0.993
0.974
0.945
0.908
0.866
0.823
0.779
0.736
0.696
0.658
0.623
0.591
0.561
0.534
0.508
0.485
0.464
0.445
0.426
0.410
0.394
0.380
0.366
0.353
0.342
0.331
0.320
0.310
0.301
0.293
1.000
0.991
0.966
0.928
0.880
0.828
0.775
0.723
0.674
0.628
0.586
0.549
0.515
0.484
0.457
0.432
0.409
0.389
0.370
0.353
0.338
0.323
0.310
0.298
0.287
0.276
0.267
0.258
0.249
0.241
0.234
1.000
0.987
0.950
0.895
0.830
0.762
0.695
0.632
0.576
0.526
0.482
0.444
0.410
0.380
0.355
0.332
0.311
0.293
0.277
0.263
0.250
0.238
0.227
0.217
0.208
0.200
0.192
0.185
0.179
0.172
0.167
1.000
0.993
0.974
0.944
0.905
0.861
0.814
0.765
0.717
0.671
0.628
0.588
0.551
0.517
0.486
0.458
0.432
0.409
0.388
0.369
0.351
0.335
0.320
0.307
0.294
0.282
0.272
0.262
0.252
0.244
0.236
y=(t/2)(x/l) y=(t/2)(x/l).5
1.000
0.990
0.962
0.920
0.868
0.812
0.756
0.701
0.651
0.605
0.563
0.526
0.492
0.462
0.435
0.411
0.389
0.370
0.352
0.335
0.321
0.307
0.294
0.283
0.272
0.262
0.253
0.244
0.236
0.228
0.221
1.000
0.987
0.951
0.898
0.838
0.776
0.716
0.662
0.613
0.569
0.530
0.495
0.465
0.437
0.413
0.391
0.371
0.353
0.337
0.322
0.308
0.295
0.284
0.273
0.263
0.253
0.245
0.237
0.229
0.222
0.215
y=t/2
1.000
0.981
0.931
0.865
0.797
0.732
0.673
0.621
0.576
0.535
0.500
0.469
0.441
0.416
0.393
0.373
0.355
0.338
0.323
0.309
0.297
0.285
0.274
0.264
0.254
0.246
0.237
0.230
0.223
0.216
0.210
= exp
= exp[ Bi * Fo] ou
i
i
cV
onde A a rea de transferncia de calor e V o volume do slido.
Outro parmetro indicado nas solues a energia transferida em relao ao mximo
possvel cVi definido para este caso por Q/QI=(1-)
x
= C n exp( n2 Fo )cos n
i n =1
L
onde:
4 sin ( n )
Cn =
e n uma soluo de n tan ( n ) = Bi
2 n + sin (2 n )
A energia transferida em relao ao mximo possvel c2Li obtida de:
4 sin ( n )
sen( n )
Q
sen( n )
= 1
= 1
exp( n2 Fo )
Qi
i n
n
n =1 2 n + sin (2 n )
2 J 1 ( n )
r
=
exp( n2 Fo )J 0 n
2
2
i n =1 n (J 0 ( n ) + J 1 ( n ))
R
Fraco de energia transferida
2 J 1 ( n )
2 J ( )
J 1 ( n )
Q
= 1 2
= 1
exp( n2 Fo ) 1 n
2
2
i n
n
Q0
n =1 n (J 0 ( n ) + J 1 ( n ))
Em ambas as equaes n so as razes da equao n J1 ( n ) / J 0 ( n ) = Bi e o valor para
n=1 encontra-se na tabela A2 em funo do nmero de Biot.
Para Fo < 0,21 o primeiro termo permite um erro inferior a 1%:
r
r
Bi, Fo, = 0 (Bi, Fo ) * Bi,
i
0 R
R i
onde se define o valor 0=T0-Too para a temperatura relativa no centro do cilindro (r=0).
A figura C1 apresenta a parcela referidas 0/i e a figura C2 a parcela /0
A figura C3 apresenta a variao de 0/i para baixos n Fourier com base em toda srie.
A figura C4 apresenta a fraco de energia acumulada em funo de Bi2Fo.
Esfera
r
sen n
4[sen( n ) n cos( n )]
R
exp n2 Fo
=
r
2 n sin (2 n )
n =1
n
R
2
4[sen( n ) n cos( n )]
exp n2 Fo
= 1. 3 *
n [2 n sin (2 n )]
n =1
Distribuio de temperatura
r 0
(Bi, Fo) * Bi, r
Bi, Fo, =
i
0
R i
R
onde se define o valor 0=T0-Too para a temperatura relativa no centro da esfera (r=0).
A figura C1 apresenta a parcela referidas 0/i e a figura C2 a parcela /0
A figura C3 apresenta a variao de 0/i para baixos n Fourier com base em toda srie.
A figura C4 apresenta a fraco de energia acumulada em funo de Bi2Fo.
C1
0.0998
0.1410
0.1732
0.1987
0.2217
0.2425
0.2615
0.2791
0.2956
0.3111
0.3779
0.4328
0.4801
0.5218
0.5932
0.6533
0.7051
0.7506
0.7910
0.8274
0.8603
1.0769
1.1925
1.2646
1.3138
1.3496
1.3766
1.3978
1.4149
1.4289
1.4961
1.5202
1.5325
1.5400
1.5552
1.5708
1.0017
1.0033
1.0049
1.0066
1.0082
1.0098
1.0114
1.0130
1.0145
1.0160
1.0237
1.0311
1.0382
1.0450
1.0580
1.0701
1.0814
1.0919
1.1016
1.1107
1.1191
1.1795
1.2102
1.2287
1.2402
1.2479
1.2532
1.2570
1.2598
1.2620
1.2699
1.2717
1.2723
1.2727
1.2731
1.2733
Cilindro
Esfera
C1
0.1412
0.1995
0.2439
0.2814
0.3142
0.3438
0.3708
0.3960
0.4195
0.4417
0.5376
0.6170
0.6856
0.7465
0.8516
0.9408
1.0185
1.0873
1.1490
1.2048
1.2558
1.5995
1.7887
1.9081
1.9898
2.0490
2.0937
2.1286
2.1566
2.1795
2.2881
2.3261
2.3455
2.3572
2.3809
2.4048
10
1.0025
1.0050
1.0075
1.0099
1.0124
1.0148
1.0173
1.0197
1.0222
1.0246
1.0365
1.0483
1.0598
1.0712
1.0932
1.1143
1.1346
1.1539
1.1725
1.1902
1.2071
1.3384
1.4191
1.4698
1.5029
1.5253
1.5411
1.5526
1.5611
1.5677
1.5919
1.5973
1.5993
1.6002
1.6015
1.6018
C1
0.1730
0.2445
0.2989
0.3450
0.3852
0.4217
0.4550
0.4860
0.5150
0.5423
0.6608
0.7593
0.8448
0.9208
1.0528
1.1656
1.2644
1.3525
1.4320
1.5044
1.5708
2.0288
2.2889
2.4556
2.5704
2.6537
2.7165
2.7654
2.8044
2.8363
2.9857
3.0372
3.0632
3.0788
3.1102
3.1416
1.0030
1.0060
1.0090
1.0120
1.0149
1.0179
1.0209
1.0239
1.0268
1.0298
1.0445
1.0592
1.0737
1.0880
1.1164
1.1441
1.1713
1.1978
1.2236
1.2488
1.2732
1.4793
1.6227
1.7201
1.7870
1.8338
1.8674
1.8921
1.9106
1.9249
1.9781
1.9898
1.9942
1.9962
1.9990
2.0000
Fo=t/L2
P1 Variao de temperatura no centro de placa em funo de Bi e Fo (Fo>0,24)
11
P3
o
i
12
C1
o
i
C2
o
i
13
C3
o
i
14
E1
o
i
Fo=t/R2
E2
o
i
15
C3
o
i
16
2 t
Ti Ts
k
k 2
2 t Ti T
2 t
2 t
k (Ts Ti )
h t
h 2 t
t
k
k
erf Funo Erro e erfc=1-erf Complementar
A soluo do caso com conveco apresentada sob forma grfica na figura seguinte:
(Notar que se usa uma definio diferente da do Incropera que considera (T-Ti)/(T-Ti))
q =
q"
T Ti =
exp
erfc
k
2 t
4 t k
Tabela 3 - Funo erro (utilizada em solues de transientes)
0.02
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.18
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.022565
0.067622
0.112463
0.156947
0.200936
0.244296
0.286900
0.328627
0.369365
0.409009
0.447468
0.484655
0.520500
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.96
1.00
0.537899
0.571616
0.603856
0.634586
0.663782
0.691433
0.717537
0.742101
0.765143
0.786687
0.806768
0.825424
0.842701
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
0.842701
0.880205
0.910314
0.934008
0.952285
0.966105
0.976348
0.983790
0.989091
0.992790
0.995322
0.997021
0.998137
2.25
2.35
2.45
2.55
2.65
2.75
2.85
2.95
3.05
3.15
3.25
3.35
3.45
0.998537
0.999111
0.999469
0.999689
0.999822
0.999899
0.999944
0.999970
0.999984
0.999992
0.999996
0.999998
0.999999
17