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Abstract
Underbalanced drilling (UBD) has the potential to add value
by maximizing productivity and ultimate recovery by reducing
formation damage. The benefits of UBD are of course
dependent on the ability to maintain underbalanced conditions
throughout the entire life of a well, especially during the
drilling phase.
The ability to maintain underbalanced
conditions is complicated because real UBD wells are rarely,
if ever, in a steady-state condition and are subject to
constantly changing or transient flow behavior. Improved
understanding of the transient flow behavior will increase the
ability of the rigsite engineer to maintain the desired
bottomhole pressure and thus minimize potential formation
damaging, overbalanced periods. This paper illustrates how
detailed transient analysis provides a rigorous engineering
basis for selection of the appropriate methods, to maintain
optimum downhole conditions by minimizing bottomhole
pressure instability.
Methods to mitigate destabilizing transient effects with
drill pipe injection are relatively well understood, due to
extensive case histories, but less experience is available with
concentric casing (CC) injection and thus less is known on
options to control pressure instability.
The UbitTS transient flow simulator is used to optimize
design and operational parameters to minimize well slugging
tendency and pressure instability when the concentric casing
injection technique is employed. Reference is made to a
generic test well, but the methodology has application to all
UBD operations considering CC injection.
Introduction
The primary purpose of this paper is to provide insight for
achieving
stable
underbalanced
conditions
during
underbalanced drilling operations utilizing a concentric casing
injection method. Since pressure instability is inherently a
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Nomenclature
UbitTS = Underbalanced Interactive Transient Training
Simulator
CC
= Concentric Casing
GLR
= Gas to Liquid Ratio
MWD = Measurement While Drilling
BHP
= Bottomhole Pressure
BHCP = Bottomhole Circulating Pressure
GOR = Gas/Oil Ratio
ECD
= Equivalent Circulating Density
TFA
= Total Flow Area
Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge Shell Global Implementation Team,
for permission to write this paper, Petroleum Development
Oman, Scandpower and Blade Energy Partners.
Ubitts vs Olga
Olga Interface
Olga Engine
Oil
5 cP
780 kg/m
Nitrogen
3
0 m /m
500 cP
930 kg/m
Density
SS Operating Window
Oil Injection Rates
20 to 35 m /min
161.72 88.92
= 0.0143m2
Cross Section Area of Primary Annulus = A1 = 4
1E6
215.92 177.82
* (890) = 10.485m3
Volume of CC Annulus = VCC = 4
1E6
m3
min = 62.94 m
Slug rise =
0.0143m2
min
m
m
= 48.2
TVD rise rate = cos(40) 62.94
min
min
ASSUMING only N2 is leaving the well then:
Pressure rise is = 48.2 m/min x 8.24 kPa/m = 397.168 kPa/min
ASSUMING a BHCP of 7000 kPa and the annular injection pressure of 7000 kPa:
0.9
Interactive Control
Visualization of dynamic
behavior
Interactive analysis of
impact of user control or
change in conditions
Procedures analysis
Training
Simulation of UBD
700 m
890 m
40
GOR
Viscosity
V2 =
Ubitts Interface
9 5/8"
7"
3 1/2"
Density
Injection Gas
Reservoir Fluid
References
1. P. J. Frink, P. V. Suryanarayana, P. R. Brand, J. E. Wooten,
Blade Energy Partners; J. O. Romma, Scandpower SA.,
Development and Use of an Underbalanced Transient Training
Simulator, IADC Underbalanced Operations Technology
Conference and Exhibition, Scotland, 27-28 November, 2001.
2. Underbalanced Advanced Well Design Manual, Blade Energy
Partners, Dallas Texas, 2001
3. Bendiksen, K. H., Malnes, D., Moe, R., and Nuland, S., The
Dynamic Two-Fluid Model OLGA: Theory and Application,
SPE Production Engineering, May 1992, pp. 171-180.
4. Straume, T., Nordsveen, M., and Bendiksen, K., Numerical
Simulation of Slugging in Pipelines, Proceedings of the ASME
International Symposium of Multiphase Flow in Wells and
Pipelines, Anaheim, Nov. 1992.
5. Zheng Gang Xu., Solutions to Slugging Problems Using
Multiphase Simulations, Presented at Multiphase Meeting
Conference, Aberdeen, March 12-13, 1997.
6. Olga 2000 User Documentation, Scandpower A/S. Norway,
2000.
890 m
1500 m
90
m3
(739.1m3 689.83m3 )
= 0.099
kPa
500kPa
kPa
m3
m3
(critical rate)
0.099
= 39.3
kPa
min
min
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IADC/SPE 81631
1
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Slugging
3200 to 8800 kPa
4000 s
Slugging
3200 to 8400 kPa
3000 s
Slugging
3200 to 8300 kPa
2500 s
Slugging
3200 to 8300 kPa
2000 s
Slugging
3300 to 8000 kPa
1800 s
Stable
4200 kPa
0s
Slugging
3500 to 8500 kPa
4000 s
Slugging
3500 to 8500 kPa
3000 s
Slugging
3500 to 8500 kPa
2500 s
Slugging
3600 to 8500 kPa
2100 s
Slugging
3800 to 6600 kPa
1800 s
Stable
4500 kPa
0s
Slugging
5000 to 9000 kPa
3500 s
Slugging
4900 to 9000 kPa
2800 s
Slugging
4800 to 9000 kPa
2400 s
Slugging
5500 to 6500 kPa
2000 s
Stable
5800 kPa
0s
Stable
5600 kPa
0s
500
Stable
11500 kPa
0s
Stable
11300 kPa
0s
Stable
11100 kPa
0s
Stable
11100 kPa
0s
Stable
10700 kPa
0s
Stable
10500 kPa
0s
30
35
6000
0.02
Gas Rate
(m3/min)
m3/s
5000
kPa
Slugging
4700 to 9300 kPa
3500 s
Slugging
4500 to 9400 kPa
2800 s
Slugging
4300 to 9400 kPa
2300 s
Slugging
4200 to 9300 kPa
1900 s
Slugging
4200 to 9200 kPa
1700 s
Slugging
4200 to 9000 kPa
1500 s
Slugging
5200 to 9500 kPa
3500 s
Slugging
4900 to 9500 kPa
2700 s
Slugging
4800 to 9500 kPa
2200 s
Slugging
4700 to 9400 kPa
1800 s
Slugging
4700 to 9300 kPa
1700 s
Slugging
4700 to 9000 kPa
1500 s
Slugging
6700 to 10000 kPa
3000 s
Slugging
6300 to 10000 kPa
2500 s
Slugging
6000 to 10000 kPa
2200 s
Slugging
6000 to 9800 kPa
2000 s
Stable
7500 kPa
0s
Stable
7200 kPa
0s
500
Stable
12500 kPa
0s
Stable
12400 kPa
0s
Stable
12300 kPa
0s
Stable
12200 kPa
0s
Stable
12100 kPa
0s
Stable
12000 kPa
0s
0.015
10
0.01
15
4000
0.005
20
3500
3000
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
5500
4500
25
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
Time [h]
2.5
3.5
30
35
1
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Condition
BHP Fluctuation (UP)
Slug Frequency (UT)
Slugging
3200 to 8800 kPa
4000 s
Slugging
3200 to 8400 kPa
3000 s
Slugging
3200 to 8300 kPa
2500 s
Slugging
3200 to 8300 kPa
2000 s
Slugging
3300 to 8000 kPa
1800 s
Stable
4200 kPa
0s
Slugging
3500 to 8500 kPa
4000 s
Slugging
3500 to 8500 kPa
3000 s
Slugging
3500 to 8500 kPa
2500 s
Slugging
3600 to 8500 kPa
2100 s
Slugging
3800 to 6600 kPa
1800 s
Stable
4500 kPa
0s
Slugging
5000 to 9000 kPa
3500 s
Slugging
4900 to 9000 kPa
2800 s
Slugging
4800 to 9000 kPa
2400 s
Slugging
5500 to 6500 kPa
2000 s
Stable
5800 kPa
0s
Stable
5600 kPa
0s
500
Stable
11500 kPa
0s
Stable
11300 kPa
0s
Stable
11100 kPa
0s
Stable
11100 kPa
0s
Stable
10700 kPa
0s
Stable
10500 kPa
0s
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